·AST!Jl)Y 9F .

USAIDASSISTANCE
TO BRAZIL! 1961-,.19.7 4 ·

-FINAL REPORT ·

tn ful filJaent of
IQC I POC~I~l406i0l~4088'""00
· · Wof'Jc Order 1· t

. .
~blli tted . to: ·.

Burea.u for Program and Policy Coordination

Center for Development Infoniation ind Eyaluati
U.S.; :Agency for International Devele>pment
· . Vashi:rigton. o.c. · '

Su~i tted by:

Checchi and COmpany ..
· 1730 .Rhode Island Avenue. N. W.
Washingto~~ D.C. •. 20036-3193

June 2~ 1986
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TABLE OF CONTENTS .

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LIST O~ ACRONYMS
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·. PREFACE
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EXE CUTI VE SUMMARY i'.'"fi.•···

.·. ·. Section l •INTRODUCTION···

.. Section II . THLAID ERA: CHANGI~G ENVIRONMENTS

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. . .. . A• . · The Goulart ·Years: 1961 '._ March, 19~4 ·. -

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B. Stabilization, April 1964-1969· .··

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. C. ··. $elective Sectoral Support: ·1970'-1974 .. ·.·;·· ·' 10 · .

Section Irl AlD'S CONTRIBUTION TOWARD ECONOMIC STABlLI.ZATlON . :. ... : .

Section IV ·TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, HUMAN RESOURCES, AND 24 ··..·.·

INSTITUTIONS . •. :'

A. Educa.tion .. 25
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L Primary and secondary Schools
2. Higher Educat.i on· : 26 ;·

B~ A~ricult~re
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C. Hea.lth, Nutrition .and Sanitation ·

1. · Health .·. '.34 .; ·. ·
2. Nutrition - i 35,· .·. :
3. Sanitation . ' 36. :

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D. Public Adm in i s tr a ti on ·.::-37 .
E. Public Safety . . jg .

F. Road .· and ..Highways

G. Electric Power
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H. Science and Technology 44 · .
I. Promotion of Private Enterprise '·' 46 . ·-.·

J .• Labor Relatfons 47
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Sectiqn V AID ORGA~IZATIO.N ANC PERSONNEL 48>

Section VI . CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 51

·A. ·. Assisting De.ve lopment through Institution~ Sl ··.··
· auilding~ The Brazilian Expe~ience ·
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B. .· .Suggestions for Further Study .·. 56

. C•.• RecorrmendaUohs f_or M~ intaining an AID ·. .·s:r . ·
.· Re.l ationship with Brazil · · ·
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TABLES · '.' . '
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l u~s. GOVERNMENT: LOANS AND GRANTS AUTHORIZED . '• li .

ANO .OBLIGATED FOR BRAZIL, 1961-1963, .
1964-1969, 1970-1974 {mil lions US$) ·

2 BRAZlL:· AID DOLLAR LOANS .AND GRANTS AUTHORIZED 1·3r.. ;.;

DURING THE GOULART YEARS, 1961 - MARCH 31 • .·
1964 {mill ions US$)
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3 BRAZ IL: A.ID . DOLLAR LOANS AND GRANTS AUTHOR I ZED

· DURING -THE STABILIZATION YEARS. APRJL 1964 -
o·ECEMBER 1969 (millions us:; · . : " ~

4 BR.6.ZlL~ . AID DOLLAR LOANS AND GRANTS AUTHORIZED . .· 18' ·: .

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DURiNG THE CLOSING YEARS. 1970-1974
l~illi~ns USS) .
5 . DISBURSEMENTS ON AID LOANS ANO TECHNICAL
ASSISTANCE GRANTS, INU.S. DOLLARS, CLASSIFIED
. BY FIELD OF ACTl VITY, 1953-1978 .
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6 . THE BRAZILIAN DISTRJBUTION OF rncOME, 1960.;.1976 ' 22 ; .
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APPENDICES ...: .:·.

A LIST OF SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE INTERVIEWED .

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B STATISTICAL APPENDIX. . :•'
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UST OF. AC~ONYMS
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AID A.gency for Interna.tiona l Development

AI FLO Amer i can Instftute for Free Labor Development . _.,
BNE · Bank of the North.east
BPR · Bureau of Public Roads
CERT A Regional Center for Administrative Training
CET State Council . of Technology ..
. CNAE National School Feeding Campaign, Ministry of Education and ~ .
Culture
CPPQ · National Research Council
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CRAM - .Regional Center of Municipal Admi ni.stration
OASP Administrative Department of P~blic Service
. EMBRAPA - Brazilian Agri cui ture and Li.vestoclc Research Corpora ti on ..'
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FGV - Getul i o Vargas Foundation .- . . ~

FINEP finan-ciera for Project Studies . .' ·. ·~·.

f-IPE Instf. t~te for Economic

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Research, Univer.s i ty of Sao Paulo
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FUMCAP Capital . Market Development Fund, Central Bank ·

FU NC ET sta.te. Fund
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for Scientific
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and Technical Development ·
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GOB Government of Brazil . .

ISAM . Brazil-I an ·Institute for Municipa 1 Adininjst.r a ti6ri
. IIAA - lnsti tute o.f Inter-American Affairs·
IMF · Interna tiona 1 Monetary Fund . . ·- ·. ...
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IPE lnstftute for . Economi

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c Research, University of Sao Paulo
!PT Technical Research Institute
IRS In tern al .· Revenue Service
ISP Institute for Public Services ' .

ITAL - Food and Technology Institute .. .!

PASA Participating Agency Service Agreement

PERSP - Special Studies Unit, Ministry of Health - - .:··.

· ?LANASA · National Sanitation Plan

SESP Servicio Especial de Salud Pub.l ica (Health service)
SUDENE - Superintendency for the Development of the Nor theast
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PREFACE

This report provides a broad review of the operations of AID ih Brazi l

from 1961 to 1974, including background on the development of the program
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prior to 1961. The objective is to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness
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of various forms of assistance.

In early 1985, a data base was assembled from the documentation avail-
able in Washington. During March and April of 1985, a· three-man team con-
sisting of C.A. Boonstra, Vincent Rotundo, and Harry Carr, visited Brazil
for .i nterviews and field observations.

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The study focuses o.n the character and intent of AID operations, and
on their results. Data, . whi1e copious, ·are sometimes incomplete or incon-
sistent. Some important documents stil 1 await declassification. Reports .·' '
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and project documents from over one hundred techni ca 1 assi s ta nee projects
and loans were reviewed. Information about these reports and documents is ·-· •.
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available in the appendices.

The many people interviewed in Brazil, mostly Brazilians who wor ked ·
closely with AID in cooperative assistance programs, were extremely help~

ful. Many are still associated with institutions assisted by AID. Ho-ward
Lusk, the AID representative in Brasilia on the Embassy staff, assisted the ,
team with advice and guidance. lit Rio de Janeiro. similar support was
provided by consular officers.

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 EXECUTIVE Sll4MARY

From 1961 to 1974, Brazil was one of the largest ;-ecipi ents of devel:...
OPment assistance provided by the Agency for Interna.tional Oeve;i opment
(AID). Projects funded were numerous and diverse, ranging from improved ' .. · r ,, .,

agricultural inputs for small farmers in underdeveloped regions, to support ~·

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for development finance institutions in Brazil ' s financ ·ial centers . ...
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In its early years, AIDi Brazil made a parti cular eff ort to impr oYe
living conditions and to promote development in northeast Brazil, a vast
underdeveloped region with a third of the country's. population . However, . ..
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by 1964, the primary interest was in economic stabilization. When balance . ..·. -~
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of payments and budget problems were ameliorated> in 1968, AID returned to · : .... .· ·'

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development as a principal objective. .' · , . ·.
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Assessing AID's· accomplishments is comp lica ted by frequent chan.ge.s in . ·

the po1itka1 and economic environment, and i. n the emphasis and ob jec ti v~ s

of its principal programs. Throughout th~ program there was a continuing ' .

stream of technical assistance, grants and 1oans directed a t .de ve lopme nt. ·
However, at times during the program, emphasis was placed on meeting im-
mediate needs rather than on long-term i mpacts. Meas ured by i npu t s of
.··_,
funds and personnel, maj or sector~ assisted were education, agri c ulture, ·
hea l th, sanitation and public administration. AID contributed signifi-
cantly t o infra s tructure improvement by providing fun ds for electric power • .· ...
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roads, housing, industry, capital market develo pment and planning.

In nearly all technical areas advanced training in the U.S. was used
to improve professional skills needed in the development process . Training : ·· .
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was backed up by institution-building in Brazil, through in-country train '"" . .. ' ...... :

ing, ' grants and loans for facilities and planning.

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Di sbursements for economic stabilization and for physica l infrastruc-
ture were the largest dollar inputs of the AID era. They hel ped t o ma ke ... ··

possible the rapid economic growth of the early 1970s. Comparatively the
expenditures for · technical assistance and development were smaller , but

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In Brazil to<lay. AID assistance is . most

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"'f.'11'.e~""~' rect "" ::!: ro st ~v 1 1.1ent for its contr ibut i ons in improving human re- ·.. . '. ~,. .

} ,.:f•.,1r ;: i;: -:t. . i n 'j ;: H;,; ~ fon ~ • tee hno 109y. and p roductivity .

r l'!~ .'~) $t $u C.'C essf:; 1 efforts .:ere those whi ch provided advanced train-
if!g ; .., ~M ·.i. S .• h 1p:rovet; u..niversi t ies and institutions. and assisted plan-
,..,, f ~~J .'Hl·•1 ~ o ~;H·~~ t r~fo rms. Th.e least successful, with respect t;; devel"". : ·
1:.;;,.~11'! ;t.rHt r,J~Ong b~n<Cf1 ts, ~re those which attempted to provide :services . · ..·, .
t~; ;: ~· ~1 ;; l ~ 10 w~ ~mJ,e rd.e ve1opell regions, as 1n the Northeast. • .=·

.f~ A 2) "~ f l ,«:S i /t:IJ:n, ~t ::iecame- evident that development objectives

..-".t-1"~ ~;..-:-n ft Ul· !~ ·1eo -:: 1ri tr"e more- '.Jeileloped regions . consistent lllith their
..j1'f.'!L ~~ t : :it:~ ::' tf ~~~ ;-'t tl t z!' the a,vailab·l·e a.s si .sta.nce. In the unde·rdeve·l-
'}~ .: ~,,. '~" ! ~·~ ~~ ~-;e U ts :;; t .u s , , ta nee ~ rided
to be trans i tor y. overcome by.
;1•:;;~.., ·1 ~ !J i1 :,;r i•t'i ir1~ t .n"= t:-.aaitforia 1 µatterns of the s ocie ty . Increas-
H ·;;: ~. q :! :;f' :; ,;;-r">. C'it. ..~ ... ·~ !1".0~~H t ect tr:}war d increasi ng- Brazil 's own capacity; .·
• '.'.l " 'i ;:;r . '.r:<'l" ~\ 1 ~.•!"<"1' '" <-:-~ :; ~ .- :~s of H s. aeveiopea regions, to push forward the
:>n L • ~,;,~ ~~ ,+~ ~ H:·:~ r,~ fo r : iu ti.;:.-e :lec fo r gr owth f n the underdeve 1oped portion~

.; -" t~ •:::wn r.:r , _

~: :- •.:..v~:,-~ ,.,.1 : :- ~ $ !.r~te gy fo r prov id }ng .a ssis ta nce to underdeveloped

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t "" ~~- :> ~~,,,~ -""'<!~d • l tn .::t H .,..a t egy br 11e10-:r.g a n advanced de '1 eloping country~ '":

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Sect1on I
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INTRODUCTION .·.::.

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This . section provides a . conte.X.t .fer review of AID efforts , in Btaz{i°~

.... ;

It gives a chronological expositi.ol'l of the AID program. contrasting i A~O's . '•·

objectives with those of the Gove~nment° of Brazil (GOB). · U;S~ ass~stan'.ce
to Brazil dates from 1942; however. the .Agency for International Develop~
ment (AID) operated . fOr only t~ir~een years from 1961 to 1974:> In '. 1962,
when AID embarked on large-scale programs and proj~cts to assist Bra;ilfa~ :
development, economic growth was already a well'""established policy ~b~i-ng':
pursued aggressively by · the Brazi 1 ian Government. The achieve.m ents· had
· been considerable. · Growth in the . gross domestic product from 1956 through ·
1960 averaged six percent annually. Indu.s tria1 operations. particu'larly
those industries which were oriented .
to import substitution were an·. rn~
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creasingly large supplement to basic agri cultural crops. Infra's trutture .·· . .. . .

investments in the previous decade had been large~ the most recent being , ·
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the construction of the monument.al capital City of Brasilia . ·

This growth was taking place mainly in the south and central areas of
Brazil. a · region. hav i ng about two-thirds of the country ~ s populatfori', an .
abund.:>nce of resources. and a dominance in political · power. · DevelOprnent~· ·
had scarcely touched the rest of the country. Almost a third of · the
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la ti on was in Northeast Brazil• an area poor in resources and having: ·all ···
the characteristics Of serious underdevelopment. Additionally. there ~~re :
· vast regions of the interior and of the Amazon basin which had few peo;p le-.
potentially great resources, but virtua 11y no development at all. ;>,
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Brazil's situation was complex .and unique. The country's

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nat~~al • .

resour~es were tremendous in relation to population.. For government offi~ '

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ci.a l s, the problem was not deficiency or lack of interest in growth, itf.was
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the persistent tendency . of growth . to overrun the supply of deve1oprrient

capital. · i.'°;.: ··.

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Growth in Southern Brazil brought into focus. the continuing unde r -

development and even deterioration of Northeast Brazil. The relatfonship
had long been similar to that of a mother country and its distant colony.
The Northeast was dependent on the south for markets, labor migration,
basic food, materials, and help in time of cyclical drought. Its basic
crops 9f cotton and sugar were marketed and processed by outside i.nterests . . ·." ~· -

Federa 1 assistance programs were attempted repeatedly. particularly during . .

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drought . periods, but accomplished little besides inducing greater depe.n- · ·: · ·-._,,.'

dency on politi cs and the federal government.

ln 1959, only two years before the AID operations began 1 the federal'
government made its most significant move toward development in the North -
east. It established the Superi.ntendency for Deve1opment of the Northeast
(SUDENE}, headquartered at Recife and charged with establishing,. operating,
and controlling all aspects of federal ·assistance . for . development in- the
area. SUDENE approached the problem primarily as a structural one . . Its
priorities were (1) industrial investment; (2) transforming the sugar econ-:- .· .
omy, an outmoded industry occupying the best iigri cul tura 1 lands, thtough .. •
crop diversification, food production for local and outside . markets; (3 )
assisting migration to new and better lands on the northern frontier of tt.e
region.

By the time of AID ' s arrival. SUDENE was a large and strong presence
in the Northeast. With other agencies previously established, it formeq
what is sometimes termed the "underdevelopment industry" of the Northeast,
characterized by an abundance of bureaucracy and planning but a deficiency .
in project implementation.

In 1960, in a hemisphere-wide conference, President Kubitschek of

Brazil proposed an "Operation America" within which the U.S. would pledge
massive dollar assistance to the less developed countries of Latin America.
This proposal was a forerunner of the Alliance for Progress, established in
March 1961 under the sponsorship of the Kennedy Administration.
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Brazil and the U.S . had considerably different concepts regarding · the
provision and use of funds for development. The GOB perceived its needs as .' · ·

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the acquisition of funds to help in serv1crng the growing and unmanageable ·

foreign debt, the maintenance of growth of the rapidly developing · south, -:··.;·..

and the financing of SUDENE and its related agencies in the Northeas.t . In
contrast. the U.S. objectives were provi sfon of techni ca 1 assi st:ance . .and ·. ·
supporting funds to relieve poverty and to promote growth in low income : ·
sectors.

The U.S. had been providing technical assistance to Brazil since 1942.
. ... .
Bilateral teams had been working together on projects of special interest
to both countries. To meet war-time needs, U.S. Rubber Development Corpo-
ration had pr.!)moted harvest of wild rubber and the·estab1ishment of plan-
tations in the Amazon region. substituting for Southeast Asian supplies . .
The U.S. Geological s~rvey helped in the search for strategic mine~a1s.

The newly-formed Institute of Interamerican Affairs (IIAA) arid the

Brazilian Gover.nment jointly established cooperative groups to implement
programs in agriculture. nutrition, industrial education, and health. The
most notable of these was the cooperative health service, Servicto Especial
de Sande Pub l i ca ( SESP) in the Amazon region. The cooperative service
operated from 1942 to 1960. Two hundred U.S. personnel served with i~.
In-service training was provided to 12, 000 Braz fl ians. One hundred. thirty ..
one small public water systems were . built.

In 1948, responding to Brazil's desire for assistance in economic

development, the Joint Brazi1-U.S. Technical Commission (Abbink/Bu1hoes ·
Mission) was initiated. The problems in developing agriculture and live-
stock, industries, minerals, fisheries, storage, transportation, energy,
and banking were studied by U.S. and Brazilian technicians together. ·. Their
report in 1949 stressed the need for foreign capital inputs to promote .
development. It described needed policy initiatives to reduce inflation
and b.::l lance of payments pressures. to conduct tariff reform. and undertake
railroad rehabilitation.

·"·
 Following the Abbink./Bulhoes Mission, the two g_o vernments in mid-1951
established a Joint Brazil-U.S. Economic Development Commission ( the Knapp/
Bohan Mission) to work out specific deve 1opment projects in a form which ·
could be submitted for consideration of financing institutions, particu-
larly the Eximbank. and World Bank. Operating through 1953, its si.x sub.;. ·
commissions made detailed studies on infrastructure projects in electric
energy, railway transport, ports and water transport, agriculture~ and
technical assistance requirements.

Of 42 projects submitted, the Eximbank financed the foreign currency

component of 25. The Knapp/Bohan Plan was the basis for development plan-
ning during the next two decades. An early product of the joint commiss i on
in the 1950's wa s the Brazil National Economic Development Bank ( BNDE). an
institution which has been the key agency providing credit for industry and
development.

The Joint Commission advanced the provision of technical assistance

significantly. The Commission provided 421 scholarships and fe11ow s hips ·
for advanced studies in the U.S. Bilateral technical coo peration under
Point IV was oriented to support the joint program, expandin g on the pr e-
viously established IIAA programs in public health, agr icul ture. industrial
tra i ning, and minerals investigations. In 1953, a bilateral agricultural
s~rvice was es tab 1i s·hed. It assisted rural universities and programs in
agricultural credit. Soon thereafter, assistan ce was prov·i ded similarly in
educati on, pub lic and business admi:iistration, and public safety. The
total inputs were modest, totaling $64 million. Ei g ht million dollars of
that was part of a worldwide malaria eradication campaign. By 1960, the
operating patterns and areas of technical assistance in Brazil were well
es ta b1 i s he d .

In Brazilian development history, the Joi nt Comm ission of the ear l y

1950's remains a most significant influence. The participating Braz ilian s
were able and sti ll provide much of the country's economic l eadership .

4
 In the late 1950' s, the Brazilian Government involved i ts elf in proj-
ects requiring vast expenditures other than those in the joint development
plan. Among these .w ere the construction of the new capital, Brasilia, the
nationalization of the petroleum and the communications industrjes, and the
establishment of large public enterprises in electric energy and mining.

A newly elected president took office early in 1961; he resigned a few ·.

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months later. His replacement, the former vice president, was aligned
politically with populist and leftist groups. Simultaneously, peasant
movements in Northeast Brazil were causing pol i ti ca 1 concern, particularly
disturbing to the U.S. when viewed against the background of Castro's Cuba .

In 1961, when AID began planning its enlarged assistance program, the
situation had become near chaotic financially and politically. Infla.tion
was accelerating, investment declining and capital flight taking place.
The economy was slowing. The capacity to finance development and to ser-
vice debt was seriously impaired.

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 Section II
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THE AID ERA: CHANGING ENVIRONME~S

.The AW program in Brazil lasted 13 years, during which its objectives

and priori ties shifted radically in response to differing needs. Three
distinct periods are apparent. During the initial AID per iod (1961-1964), ·. ·
the political arid economic environment deteriorated and few positiVe ·
results from U.S. assistance are . visible. The second period b~gan ·;n · April ·
1964 when military forces removed the presiden t. .The military dominated ,
subsequent governments, making economic stabilization their first priority~ .·
Period three began in 1969 when rapid economic growth supported by .AID was .•.
reestablished. AID priorities shifted to sector support for Brazilian
en ti ties and away fro~ direct advisory assistance. AID operations ended
formally in 1974, although final disbursements continued through 1978 . ·
·'

AID' s largest inputs were directed towards economic stabilization, ...

linked also to infrastructure development and technical assistan ce. Trans~ :
itory operations included the provision of emergency food relief. Iri the
final years of the program, human resou·r ce.s and institutional developme·~t: .
received the greatest financial assistance. The longest continuous thre?.ct .,
in development philosophy from the 1940 ' s through the end of the AI D e.ra:
was assistance in human resources and institutional deve l opment .

In each of the three periods, conti nuing conceptual differences be-

tween Brazilian agencies and AID are evident. The priorities · Of Bra Z.il
were directed consistently toward obtaining funds from abroad to support ·. · ·
its ageneies and its programs. The GOB desired technical ass1stance
primarily at higher levels for the purpose of equipping its professional·s •·
and institutions to carry on development. Reducing income disparities
among regions and g·roups was not an immediate obje~tive; the Brazilians '
viewed this as an end resu1 t from long-range struct ura 1 c hange and "trickle
down" from growth in the developed regions.

6
 Ear l y AID objectives, corresponding to those of the All iance for
Progress, differed from the Brazilian concept. AID resources were to be
directed primarily to underdeveloped regions for the benefit of low income
groups. Technical assistance to the underdeveloped regions was a higher
priority than assistance to the more developed regions . Grea te r equality
in income distribution, among groups and regions, was an early AID objec-
tive. Financial supporting assistance was to be provided only when Brazil's
own stabi l ization management was adequate.

Over 13 years, AID moved steadily towards the Brazi 1 ian concept. Tech-
nical assistance wa.s oriented i ncreas i ngl y toward higher education and
training. Sector loans funding programs of Brazilian entities were t he
principal form of assistance. AIO's early emphasis on quick impac t pro-
grams for the underdeveloped regions had been largely abandoned. In AID's .: ·.:

final years in Brazil, income disparities we re increasing.

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A. The Goulart Years: 1961 - March, 1964

As the largest and most important of the underdeveloped countries par-

:.·.:..
ticipating in the Alliance for Progress, Bra zil expected commensurately a
large share of the Alliance funds. However, the AID program for Brazil ran
into serious difficulties almost immediately. The government of President .
Goulart was considered nationalist, leftwar d-leaning, inept, and at times
hostile to U.S. interests. Populist moves by the government had reduced
investor confidence. Capital lending programs of the Exiinbank. mu ltilat-
eral agencies, and other offshore sources were largely ha lted. IMF nego-
tiations were stalled.

Within the Alliance for Progress, Brazil desired pri ncipally U.S.
dollar inputs t o f inan ce imports and to assist in debt service. Presiden t
Kennedy promised $100 million for these purposes. It was assumed that the
Goulart government would adopt stabi1izati on measures to deal . with the
economic crisis. When adequate measures were not taken, relations wor-
sened. In 1962 and 1963, the U.S. implemented its corrmitment reluctantly

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..:.• .· with. two l oans for $74.5 and $25.5 million, more as a token goodwi)l ges- ·
_. ·=:.• . ·
ture within the Alliance . for Progress than an expression of confidence fo
the Gaul a rt · program.
.~.-

. .... :··
Meanwhile ., AID established as its highest priority .the ' provi~sfon of . .·. "' .. . ~

includi~g
·,,..
tech'nicai and development assistance in Northeast Brazil, emer-:-., ·. .
gency food supplies · to relieve hunger in that re gion. · Elsewh\!re it prb"'". .·.
po.s ed to continue the existing U.S. technical assistance programs, and to
assist economic stabil i za ti·On to the ex tent that government measures Were, ·: -
taken to utn ize s uch ass i stance more effective 1y .

th e Northeas t , the environment proved unfavorable to AID' s am~

In
bitious ef"forts. SUDENE, the cooperating agencyi insisted or. rnan~gef!le'nt '.
control and on. retaining its priorities for long-range structural change~ ·. .'

AID sought quick impact in raising living standards through impr.ovf.r19 :

practites in education. health, sanitation. and agriculture • . With SUDENEis
.
C· /

1a rge; inexperienced. and i 11-equi pped bureaucracy on one side, and ~·ctf an::.:. :
oriented AID staff with limited capabilities on the other. fricti;on ··. was
constant.

In Apr i l 1962 , AID agreed with SUDENE to commit $131 million . for.joint '
development and technical assistance projects, as - well as PL-480. comm9d\~ .,:
ties and counterpart cruzeiro inputs. To speed action. AID establis.h~d ~{
. . the SUD.ENE. headquarters city, a separate . office
Recife, .
.
for prograrrmfog
. .. ,,·and ·
operations. To circumvent problems with · SUDENE ~ AID negotiated proje.c ts ·
directly with state g(>vernments (the so-called ''i slands of san'itY'.'.) aMd >
involved itself directly in operational matters . The problems, continued;:
state and ·l ocal agencies lacked capacity t o cooperate and administer ' pros-:
ects . Fric.t ion w.i th. :SUDENE increased.
.
Small groups w1thin the Northea.st
..

· received . so~e
..
benefits, particu1ar1y 1n food and teacher · training:: , t.·
.

beginning- was made on road construction and power development. Thefe wa.s , :,_·;
little quick impact on regional development.
.'· .-.

·~ .. · .. . :.
··..

·~ . . .. ' .'; : '.·

•• l .•

: i, .
~ . .:. :.:
. :·~·: . ...· . .. .

.... ..
.

'. ·.· ..
8
·'· .. .
: ,. ."
. ' .. ,. ..

·. : . :··-.. ' ·'

:-: ...... :.·· . .. .
 ·-·· :' -::
B~ Stabilization, April 1964-1969
·.:··- ·.

The military-dominated government takin~ power in April 1964 declared ··

economic stabilization a principal objective and designated a civilian
cabinet minister and supporting staff known for ttiefr support of stab·i liza- ·.
tion measures.
. .
In this more favorable environment, AID responded with ah
almost immediate shHt to economic stabilization as a priority objective.
Technical assistance was increased as well, but with more emphasis oh in-
frastructure, economic reforms, higher education, and institutiOnal growth,
than had been the case during the Goulart years.

In the Northeast, SUDENE was redrganized and the trictions diminished.

AID was, by now, more aware of the obstacles blocking quick iinpac·t pr.');.. ~ .....

grams. Political disturbances were no longer considered a major problem.

in part because of repressive action by the new government. AID moved
somewhat closer to the Brazilian structurai obj~ctives, shifting its)rior- >
ities in technical assistance toward land reform, industrial growth and
basic public services, including roads and power .

AID operations expanded rapidly. In nine months (Apri 1·-oecembe:r:

1964), $279 million in program and capital loans. plus substantial <ifs~
bursements of carryovers fr om the Goti'lart years, were authorized. '·. Fr em
April 1964 through 1968, total program and ca pi ta 1 1oans approached one
billion dollars.

By 1968 , it was clear that the character of AID assistance once again .
needed reshaping. Economic stabilization had worked. need
There was les$
for program loans and a decreased willingness on the part of the Brazilian·
governmer t to accept program conditions. In the U.S., increasing cohce'rns
about political repression and the government's intentions· for return .,to a
democratic sys tern were voiced.

In 1969, the AID program was reviewed; new ~uthorizations for ~rpgra~ ·
and capital loans were stopped . During this interim year, AID continued.
disbursements on existing loan authorizations and ~chnical assistance. ..

·. . .
c. Selective Sectoral Support: 1970 - !974
·····.'

These were the "miracle years" of Brazilian economic growth. .Annual

.. ·· .«'
increases in the gross domestic product were nearly 12 percent. Inflation
declined and exports increased. Savings and foreign investment expanded.
Exchange re~erves were adequate. The · domestic budget was in reasonable
balance. Brazi1, using its own r.e sources. was embarking on large infra-
, .
structi1re projects, among them the highway across the Amazon basin, the
expansion of : tate enterprises in mining and industry, the planning of the
world's largest hydroe 1ectri c facility and th~ dave lopment of far-reaching
projects for national integration.

AID's financial support was no longer critically needed. On the other

hand, selected sectors important to development were being left under-
funded, outside the first ranking Brazilian priorities. In 1968, AID made
)
a pioneering sector loan for education; in 1970, it followed up with ftir-:-
J
ther sector loans to Brazilian agencies for education, health, and sanita- .· .::/.'

tion. In 1971, sector support was provided to Brazilian development pro- ,

grams in Northeast Brazil, directed to rural roads, agricultural mark~ting ·. ·
facilities, and small and medium industry. These were followed in 1973 by ,
sector loans for education, capital market development, and science and
techno 1ogy.

The environment for these programs was highly favorab l e, with em~hasis

on improving Brazil's own capacity to continue its development. The AID

strategy shifted again, this time in the direction of assistance appro-
priate for an adva.nced, developing country.

In the U.S . • the concept of the AiD role was assistance to under'.'"
;·
developed countries. Questions were raised about provision of long-terin,
·:: .. <.-
highly concessionary loans to a coul\try no longer in urgent need. Addi-'- . .·,:.j·

tionally, in Brazil th2re was continuing political repression and reports

of human rights violations. The decision was made . to end the AID program · ..~
.
.· .. . .·..::
~

in Brazil. The last technical assistance grants were made in 1972 . The .
final loan was made in 1973. Disbursements of concessionary loans con-:-
tinued for another five years, through 1978.

10 .~ .. ·. \ . ./

..
: :· ..
 .· ·. .·..
Table l

., .
U.S. GOVERNMENT: LOANS AND GP.ANTS AUTHORIZED
·: ~
. . AND OBLIGATED . FOR BRAZIL, .
1961-1963, 1964~1969, 1970:..1974
{millions US $)

1961-63 1964-'69 1970-74 T6.ta1 -.·,

AID: . "179 .1 1 ,079.7 22s~1 1,4-s3~9· ····

·toans 137.4 995.3 17$.8 J ,31l;5 .•.. ·•· .
Grants 41. 7 84.4 46.3 Tl't~4. ·

Food for Peace (PL 480) : 205.2 369.3 119 ;Q .. 693. 5

Ti~le I Loans Payable USS 91.8 43 . ~ . T35.0 •· · .···
Title I Loans Payable CrS 157.6 115 .4 · 2~73~.o , .:.•

Title II Grants 22.0 70.8 47 . 8 l40~6' ·~ ····

Title II Voluntary Agencies 25.6 91.3 28 .0 . 144. 9 ·•. .
:";,

Social Trust Fund (IDB Loans) 52.3 . 12.4 0~2

"l . . •

· Peace Corps &Others (Grants) 2.5 25 . 7 19.3 47:5

. - ~:

Military Assistance: 74 . 4 152 ."8 103 .6 330;8

Loans 71 . 9. 96:. 1 168:0~

Grants 74.4 80.9 7 ~5 . 162.8

i :.

Export-Import Bank 183.3 131.6 906 . 0 1,220.• 9 -

All Other 15.8 5.9 21 ·~ 7 .•

Total U.S. Government

Loans · and Grants 696.8 1 '787. 3 l ,379 .1 3,863.2

· ': . ... ": ":

Source: U~ s ~ Overseas Loans ·and Grants, Obli qati ons and Loan Authorizat\ ons, . .
July l , 1945 - September 30, 1983, CONG-R~oros .

: :: .. . ; :: ·

11 "~ ...

. "
. . ~
· '
..
l';~:, -. .· ~
1•. ·A.•,·.:c.~:; .;_.·~·.:l,·"iiii·.·,~·:·:····.:&;:.·-· -=:.,,:y· ~·:. ·iii;;;, ,,.., ·......f· ·&-··~ ".-·-~--· ~··...............-....~-··....,. ~·. ,,.·,., .·.·· ~"'·'c.,• ~.:_.·:.-.,~~- ·."r:, :,._: , .
1
1
.·...
";.·;i.. ~-
· .:'..i:.·-
_i::; llil
·. ..·._..... ',.:.:.·c·· ··.·_·- -··
........... . . ·.;' . .··'i·.•.:-i~-...
. ·..•· . i i ..·.." .·.,·.: . . ..·. .·_.. ,-~ ~
·' ·,"·· ·:;iiii.·.....·...
";,"::~ .• iii;;;
~; -~~-:I.ii . = .. . ti- ;..'...._
.· ~::---~~-~ . ~ ""- · ..........................
rt.~ ~ • :i ___
?' .. i ' ; .;.. :;. - 0_
;;: . .,..,~-
,,._.. ___ ,._. . -- . .........·, ,,• •,,, • ',,'.>C"
 ·. t.··

Section III

AID'S CONTR~BUTJON TOWARD ECONOMIC STABILIZATION

. 'his section describes the nature and resu1ts of AID's economic stabi- ··
lizatfon effor.t s in Br;izil. Economic stabilization support w~s the la~gest
single financial operation of t,,e AID era. About
•. .
$.62'5 million was loaned
to Brazil in . the six years between .1962 and t.968 in the form o·f progr~m ·
loans. specifically ':o assist th~ .GOB in fo·r eign debt service, finan:;i!'l9 ·
its budget hficit, -financing imports and gaining control of the . money · ·
..
supply. This was ... bout rialf of an 1,:-:.ns made b.; AID during the years of .·
its Brazil operations.

EquaPy important, but 1~ss measurable, v.;as the stabi~izati6n support '
provided b_; other types of loans and gr~its. "~se included large
capftal
loans for intrastruttul"e development, ·provision of Food for Peace commc:>d{-:
ties, counterpart cruzeiros available to Brazi1ian agencies from program ··
loans and from, PL-480 commodities, and large annuai grants for . technic'a l
assistance. . Additi~nally, the U.S. provided dollar inputs through .the · ·,.-
Social Trust Fund, administered by the Interamerican .Development Bank.

The terms on program, capital, and sector loans were highly conces.~ ··. ·
sionary. All wer~ wholly or partly repayable in 40 . years, with ten years' .
grace; at interestra,tes ranging from 3/4 percent in ' the early 1960's U) a
high of six percent in the 1970's. Total loans on these terms, from 1'962
through 1973, were approximately 1.3 billion dollars.

When AID began its operations in Brazil in 1961, the most desired forrn-_
of assistance was dollar loans for economic stabilization. A newl.y instaJ- , ..
led~ politically fractured government, and a rapidly deteriorating eco.nornic
situation, created an unfavorable environment for stabilization.

.. . .

12

.. :'.

·, .

! . ' .. '
);_,-..:,...
 : . ~ .

Table 2 . . ..
..
·. · ',
• ..J
I
.. ·. :····

BRAZIL: AID DOLLAR LOANS AND GRANTS AUTHORIZED

DURING THE GOULART YEARS_, 1961 - MARCH 3.1, 1964 ...
. ::·:·.
(millions US $) ,.. · ·. .·

Jan.-Mar. ·: :.· . •"

1962 1963 1964 Total

.··~· . .
Loans: ·
Program 74.5 25.5 100:0 •
Electr1c Power 23.2 . 23.2
· Transportation 11.oll 16.4l/ 27;4
Industry &Mining · 7.4 2.0 .6. gll 16.3
Hea1th 6.5 6_5
81.9 61. 7 29.81/ i7: .4 . ..

Grants:
Agriculture. L2 8.8 y 11.LO
Education 3.2 2.6 2/ ·' .8
Health/Sanitation 2.4 4. :5 y ') . 9
Transportati on 0.3 1.8 y 2~1

· Public Adm./Safety 0.6 1.3 y l.9

Other 2.4 4.4 2/ 6:.8
- ·~

10 .1 23.4 y 33.5

Source: Agency for International Development. .. . ' .

l/ Authorized during Goulart years but 1oan agreements not signed unti 1 ··after ... ·
Apri 1 1.
y For purposes of this study, annua1 grants classified as available in
April-December 1964. (See Table 3)

·.·..
. · ... :

13
·· ··: .
.··· .,: .·

:.·'.·., · .

-.. .. :_. =·..-,..'

 In an effort to spur progress toward stabilization, an AID loan of
$74.5 million was provided for import procurement, fulfilling in part the
commitment of $100 million made by Presir1ent Kennedy to assist economic
stabil i za ti on. Subsequently, in 1962 and 1%3 Brazil a tte.m pted two sta-bi-
1 i za tion programs, but neither came close to meeting its objectives. In
1963, AID loaned $25.5 million to the Bank of ~razil for emergency relief,
fulfilling the balance of the Kennedy commitment. In some respects, these
loans had the opposite of their intended effect; by providing a small
measure of temporary relief, they weakened those groups that were pressing
for a strong stabilization program and strengthened those groups seeking
Goulart's overthrow.

Over the years there has been much discussion about whether a bolder,
larger . input by the U.S . might have influenced the weak Goulart Government
to establ i sh adequate stabilintion measures, reversing the economic de-
cline ana avoiding the over-t:hrow in 1964 of democratic government. The
record f•. t 1961-63 shows that these matters were much debated but not
resolvEd. The prob.lems were political as well as economic . '. .Jithout a
favorable environment, the AID inputs were almost certain to be ineffec-
tive .

The military-dominated government which took power in April 1964

established economic stabi1 i za tion and growth as its top priority. Econ-
omists n: '?led to the implementing ·cabinet positions were internationally
experiencA and highly competent, many of them trained in the U. S. and/or
through se rvice with the joint planning commissions of 1949-53.

AID provided an interim contingency loan of $50 million almost irrme-

diately with virtually no strings attached, to bridge the gap between
administrations. This loan is regarded by Brazilian economists as the most
significant single action of AID during all of its Brazil operations .
Politically, it signaled U.S. support for the new government and confidence
in its economic team; economically it implied further support for reform
and stabilization efforts.

14
 ..
-' ··. ~- --

.,·· · -
By December 1964. the stabi 1i za tion program was underway and AID ·~- ;

agreed to proviqe a $150 million program l oan. The loan was released in
1965 in four trenches, each conditioned on progress toward the estabHshed
stabilization goals . The terms were readily acceptable to Brazil. The ·
loan was essential to stabilization ; it lessened somewhat the impact of .
atisteri ty and strengthened pol i ti ca 1ly the economic team.

Stabilization efforts were effective. Exports began to grow, and

gross domestic product ended its decline and turned upward. Imports were
reduced and the trade balance became favorable. A sharp devaluation of the
cruzeiro in 1965 was followed by a decline in the inflation rate to 24 -
percent in 1966, the lowest since the late 1950 ' s.

Exchange reserves and import supplies . however, remained precarious .

Brazil sought additional support to assure success of its stabiliza.tion .
policies. In 1966, AID responded with another program loan of $150 mil .:..
lion. This loan was conditioned on achievement of monetary and fiscal
\·_ ..
objectives. and on providing additional room for U.S. imports . Improvement
continued and by early 1967 the economic indicators were turn i ng upward. . .. . .
.. ' :.. ; ~ . .

There were setbacks in 1967. With the end of the Castelo Branco
presidency and a change in the economic team, uncertainty about implementa -
tion of the stabiliza.t ion policies was coupled with growing liquidity in
money and credit. Exchange reserves fell sharply and foreign debt became
more difficult to service . At that time about 85 percent of the debt wa s
short-term, payable within a ye~r .

·:' ; .
Again AID provided a program loan, this time for $150 million condi -
tioned on the achievement of defined stabili zation objectives. including
increased imports from the U. S. an~ the reduction of inflati~n. The con-
ditions were rigidly enforced and only $100 million was disbursed. In
.· . . ..·
1968, AID provided further support with a final program loan of $75 mil-
l ion . supp1emented by reauthorization of the $50 million carried over from
the 1967 loan .
... . '

15

~ • _. .,·. =_: .
. ·· . · ..· ·.· ... ··

Table 3

BRAZIL: AID DOLLAR LOANS AND GRANTS AUTHORIZED

DURING . THE STABILIZATION YEARS, APRIL 1964 - · DECEMBER 1969
(mill ions us S)

Apr. -oe·c.
196.4 , 965 1966 1967 1968 i 969. .Tota ls
Loans:
Program 200.0 150 . 0 100.0 75.0
Agriculture/
Natural Re~ources 15.0 20 .oll a.JI 13 ~· 4 56~8
Education 32.0 32~0

Health/Sanitation 5., - 28.8 33.9 <

Electric Power 48.4 60.3 15. 1 41. 9 27 . 4 193 . l .'
Transportation 14.7 15.0 20.4 13. 0 63 ., l .·
. : .~ :

Industry &Mining 0.8 2.8 14.8 18.4

Miscellaneous 11.0 . 5. 8 16.8
278.0 89. 1 225 . 4 163 .3 182.4 938.8
Grants:
Agriculture 3. 2 1. 1 2.1 5. 1 3.4 3". 2 18.1
Education 1. 7 2.2 1.6 1 .9 2.6 2.0 12~0
'.3 ..1
•'

Health/Nutrition 1.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 ,.

- ·.:-
Transportation 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 2.0
Public Adm./.Safety l .1 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 ·4.f
Industry & Mining 0.1 0.3 0: 1 0.5
..
Private Enterprise 1.4 l. 1 0.8 1. 1 0.2 0.5 5.:1
Labor 0. 1 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.8 ' 3;J
'
Other 3.6 6.0 6.8 4.8 3. l 2. 4 26:}
13.2 12.4 13 . 2 14.7 11 . 3 10. 1 14~ 9

Source: Agency for International Development. . 1·.:· .

" ... . .
1.J Disbursements were only $1.0 milliorL ,··

y Mi nera 1 and water resources.

: . . ,·

16

' .·.· -
 Substantial economic reforms had been made, one of the most signifi-
cant being tax collection. Innovative measures had been established for
indexing savings, wages, and contracts; the rate of inflation was falling.
The weakest link in the economic chain was the structure of foreign debt;
with any setbacks to growth another crisis in debt service could arise.
Brazil sought additional program loans, the 40-year terms of which would
bring about improvements in the debt structure.

By 1ate 1968 , the AID operations were under intensive review. Not
only was Brazilian recovery evident, and the need for program loans debata-
ble, but a trend was emerging toward greater political repression and
·. _,
further postponement of a return to democratic government. In the U.S.,
the victory of the Republic Party in the 1968 elections was causing a
review and possible change in policies for assistance abroad. The review
continued through 1969, during which no new loan authorizations were made.
·.•.
Meanwhile, the disbursements from previously authorized 1oans kept the
concessionary dollar inflow at high 1evels. Supporting grants for tech-
nical assistance were continued.

In 1970, Brazil was entering its four "miracle" years. Gross domestic
product was growing by 10 percent to 12 percent annually. The annual rate
of inflation was falling, exports of agricultural comnodities and indus-
trial items and imports were surpassing a11 expectations. Exchange reserves
were growing steadily and, while debt was also increasing, loan terms had
. · ..-
been stretched out to a point where there wa s no current servicing problem. ,
...· ~.
. '

Prior to 1968, AID was the source of almost all assistance i.nflows.
ThE::reafter, financing from other sources began to exceed that of AID. The
. . .·
World Bank and Interamerican Development Bank be~ame the principal pro-
viders of development assistance. diminishing sharply the importance of AID
... _
operations. Credit for C'Jmmercia l operations and investment was increas-
ingly available from normal trade sources, including Eximbank.

17
.: .·_

......................______.....________________
, ~~------~~ --~. ~ ., -.. . .
·.. i'
_.··. .····

Table 4
·.·.
BRAZIL: . AID DOL.LAR LOANS AND GRANTS AUTHORIZED ...
DURING THE CL_OSING YEARS, 1970 -- 1974 . .··. ·.. ·
{millions US $)
; ..... '

·. . . . ·

:· 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 Total

. ,_. . . .
: <:. .·
Loans:
"·' · Agri cu 1tu re 15.0 7.6 22.6 ;·": ! ,,_:

Education 50.0 50.0

•

Health/ Sanitation 25 . 0 7.6 -32 . 6 .

..
..

Electric Power 2.5 2;5

Transportation 25.0 25. Q'.
Industry & Mining \ 25.0 . '.25 ~- 0 .. :; ' ·...
Science & Technology 1s.·o - ·. 1 s ~o ,··
:···

75.0 67.5 30.2 .'172.7 ··

Grants:
Agricu1ture 3. 3 3. 0 2. 0 . $.3
Education 2.8 2.6 3. 1 8 ~S'>
Public Adm./Safety 0.-6 0.4 0. l 1 . ., .·..·. .· ..
....
Labor 1.0 0.4 0.6 2 . 0.

'
Other 4 .2 4.4 3.6 - - ·12.2·. ,···
11.0 10 . 8 9.4 32.,,

Source: Agency for !nternati ona 1 Development .

,.

··.: '

18 . ..

~ ."
·:··:··.

f . ·

~· . ~> --- ~· ·: ~ .· . , ... .· · ": ·: ,1· . .... ~ ·

;. · ...
 In its own development efforts the Brazilian government was mov ing
forward on vast new projects, independent of AID. These included the con-
struction of trans-Amazon highways, the planning for the world's largest
hydroelectric project, and related industrial activities.

The focus of AID operations was once again on techni ca 1 assistance, on

smaller infrastructure needs, and on the improvement of human resources and
institutions. Assistance was being provided by sector· loans to Brazilian
entities, a type of ·assistance which began in 1968 with loans for educa- ·
tion, health and sanitation.

.
In the years from 1970-·73, AID made ten loans totaling $173 million.
Most had the characteristics of sector loans, providing support for a.ge.n"'"
cies to carry out projects which had been designed with the help of A'ID
techni ca 1 advisors. The highly concessionary terms of the l oans improved
further the structure of Brazil 1 s overseas debt; inte rnal ly the loans re-
duced the pressure on Brazil's budget.

With the change to sector loan strategy. AID began to phase out its
direct local participation in technical assistance. The Northeast Brazil
''
regional office was closed and AID personnel levels were reduced. In 1974i
AID programming was ended, excluding disbursement under existing l cans
which continued to 1978.

The U.S. Comptroller General, in a 1974 review of the AID operations,

reported that the provision of the highly concessionary loans f rom 1970-74
was unnecessary. Also it found indications that the Government of Brazil
might have proceeded itself to fund the projects for ·which AID made these
loans. Other observers have noted the possibility that lessened avail-
..
ability of the AID loans in these years might have influenced the Brazilian
governmer. t toward better priorities in its use of funds.

As a means of improving human resources and building institutions th~

1
sector loans of 1970-74 may have contributed more to Brazil s developme.nt
than the larger stabilization loans of earlier years. Fr om 1974 onward,
the world petroleum eris is undermined the economic stabilization a c hieved
. '. ':

'· > ·.
19

r. .·

· ··. : ·.
 Table 5
. "·' ··:'

DISBURSEMENTS ON AI[) LOANS ANO TECHN ICAL ASSISTANCE GRANTS,

IN U.S. DOLLARS, CLASSIFIED BY FIELD OF ACTIVITY, 1953 ~ 1978 . -··~;.

. -: ...
Technical Assistancelf . Do 1lar Loans ·
No. Ool lat. No.
Field of Activity Projects Grants Loa.n s Don ars
Program Loans 7 625.0 .·.

Agriculture & Natura 1 Resources 31 50.6 7 50.8

Education 25 40.6 2 82.0
Health/Sanitation 17 25.4 7 65.4
Electr.i c Power 3 1. 0 16 208.5
Transportation 7 7. 2 8 83 . 4
Industry &Mining 6 5.4 6 37 . 2 .
Private Enterprise/Promotion 11 5.4 3 22 .6
Science & Technology l 14 .8
Public Administration/Safety 10 25 .2 2.6
Community Development/Housing 9 2. 0 . ·-
Labor 6 6.5
Miscel.laneous 22 38.0 2 14.2
147 207 .3· y 65 1,235. 1.Y

Source: Agency for International Development.

l/ Some techni ca 1 assistance projects began before AID became operative;

they are included here if taken over by AID from 1961 onward .

y Includes $190.1 million orant; $17 .2 million on mixed basis.

lf Loans authorized and obligated were $1,282.4 million.

i .

20

,.
,· . ·.
. · .· .· ..... . .. . ..
·~ ... > ... .·•
..:·..;
;
 . ,.
:· i:

the . previous decade. By 1980, Brazil again was in a difficult economic

situation. In contrast, the improvement in human resources and institu-
tions is a continuing and increasingly important impact on development ·.···

throughout Brazil.
. .: , ..
. ·'.• .;

It has been widely noted that the large AID financial assistance was
.,,. .~
.. .- •'::
not accompanied by any narrowing of the disparities in income distribution. . • .'(
. -:: ... ·;:
This became increasingly evident during the "miracle 11 years and fostered
much criticism, in donor countries, of the trends in Brazilian development. ·

Oa ta on income distribution are. deficient. Few analysts agree on

procedural methods, but in the case of Brazil there is virtually no dispute
on the broact conclusion . Put simply, in 1960 the low percentile (10%) of
.. ·' -~-. :· - ~­
..
the population appears to have received two percent of the total income; in ~

- .···.·
1976 only one percent. Meanwhile, the top percentile increased its share
of income from 40 percent in 1960 to 50 percent in 1976. . .. '·

.· ... .
In 1960, the lowest 30 percent of the population r·eceived 6.9 percent
.. , . -...... •'.'
·''\

of the income; i~ 1~76 it received 5.9 percent. The share of the upper 30 : :~: . . ..·

percent meanwhile rose from 66 percent to 75 percent. In absolute terms

all income levels were higher in 1976 than in 1960. but the increase for .. ;

the bottom percentile was 35 percent; for the top percentile. 221 percent. ·
Similarly. in absolute terms. the lower 30 percent had an increase of 103
percent; the upper 30 percent rose by 160 percent.

In Brazi 1, the regional differences are great. Large segments of the

population derive few immediate benefits from economic stabilization,
industrialization, and export growth. Even within regions the sectdrial
differences are great. Increases in agri cul tura 1 productivity have little
or no impact on the incomes of subsistence farmers. Regionally, and within
each region, the differences in education. ski 11 s and opportunities between :
high and low income groups are large. Resources and institutions have not
yet rea.ched the stage where large income transfers are possible through
fisc~1. tax, and welfare policy.

21

. . .. :·...
 ..
.,

·.··

.· . . :.

:~ ...
·rabie 6

The .Bra:ilian Di.stri~ution of Income, 1960-76 •

_. •Abtohate IMD1M ~I
. Rctatlv~ -inco"me'l.erets . . .· (A~rare 1nn"a1-.-. fOf'-=k .
{Perce-ntace of tot:.!_lflcome)- · income {'Oup.·1910 USS)• ·: ·_·_·.. ·
Income
crou,. .. . ·. ·. · CJiance
(P~ntile) ·. ' 1960t · 197ot 1916 -i960/i6 196ot
10- . i.9 l.Z i.o·. -4741- ·. 102 . . 91 138 ' -~-· ..
lO 2~ 0 2..2 2.2 +lo-Jr 112 167 S03 170".'
10 3.0 2.9 '1-1. ...:1°". .167 lll 313. 123~ . ·
10 4..4 3.7 3.2 ·. -31~ . . 243 :?11 . . '51 86~ .·.··
10 (">.} 4.9 4•.4 ..:.zs,. : _·. 339 . 357 616 82S
10 7.S 6.0 S.l -32'> '' ·.•20 . 446 112 .· 1°'" ...,..
10 9-.0 . 1.3 . 6.7 . ·. ~26~ ·- · 498 s~ ·. 9l1 BK
10 1 L3 9.9 9.8 -llr. ·. ' t>26 728 _•.. l.37S .i m.. ·.
i .
.· ..
:10 .. , 15.2 .15..2. 14.S ·. -S~ . ·.: : 845 1Jl9 ' 2,03! . i'411o
~
•" 10~ . 39~6 46.7 - so.4·-·_. i27'9 ·. ~ 2~ 197 3,.Ui ' .· 7.057 .· 221t,4
r--:·. • I ••

28.3 34~ 1 - 31.9 +Mt)(, . 3,138 S.032 10.604 ·- 238~ - - ..

. ·l·
.· ...·. . .u.9 _ .. 14.7 li.4 . . ...~,,.- .6.631 10~818 .· 24.,32:! .•·267't
SO{JRCE: C~p-~~ froin l~;i.,i~;. s~;.w (RiC> de Janeiro: lnallM~ B~~:ci~
. ceosr.ari~. ~ :F4'tatf~,~~~ . 19~9-~·. PP.··~~· :. .· . · . /.· ·· · ·
•Jn· 1970 i!ie dollar. waa •orth 4~6 cri.•ercu. .· _ . . __ . . ..
!The 1960 . and ·1910 fil\ir'a an
obt~ned . from the democraphic ce.NU&: tlM•1916 -~ . -·· .
"~ obufoed froni tile househ~id eipmditure "'"~- PN AD (P~ ·N1c:ioftii p0r_A.1Doiua, -· ·. .
d c Dorriieilio1 }• Both ~ti ol riiufel refer to the tt0nomic&lly actin -populatioft, A nrit:ry:o( ·
ttat\stie&J problems ·ii;tincoun t~f91! _iri tryin( to com pm thew -Lwo tOUrcea;_ice diKu~ ill
-rhc Distribution-of Income in B~.''_ Worlc! Ba"k StaffWoritinc Papern0.)S6(:W~
.tnn. 0 .C., 1979), pP:, i-37, llowc-~r; 110 Ont diliput~ the i;-.r.1--tRnd l~wanri~aMd ~ -
.equality shown up by l:b;,;1 ta11<.:~ . · · · · · · ·.

. · ~ ...

.. -

· ..
22
. ..
~:

. •·.·
 ' .
·~.

. ..
Brazilian economists view large income disparities .· as a Mcessary .
phase in the course · of rapid economic stabilization, development~ .and -·
.. .-.·· .::... ·- ~:
growth. Contentration of income at the upper levels is viewed .as a source ~ ,'
.;•:
of growth; providing investment funds and incentives. ·. Lower economic . · ' : ~ ;-~· .

groups only derive immediate benefits from higher incomes in a'bsoiuie

terms. Income disparity can decrease only gradually through acqui,s:i tion . . ~ :

of more skills and greater involvement in the economic rn~instream by lower

income workers. . . -: . .

·. . ·.

Since the early 1970 1 s there has been widespread critidsm among
developmfi!nt economists elsewhere that Brazilian growth policies ignore the >
•' •,'•

11
needs of low income groups, the trickle down 11 is doomed to failure, and ,
that the type of development fostered by AID and other f()reign ass:istance
inputs is of benefit chiefly to higher income groups.
.· ... . \ '· . .· .

AID programs did not entirely ignore the problem of income disparity. ·.· • ·. '.·: .<
.....
Technical assistance in the Northeast was de s ign~d to bring low <incorrie-
groups into the commercial economy. Productivity was to be increased by
better education, health. rural credit, seed, fertilizer, and promotion cf
sma 11 industry. However, in a country as large as Brazi 1. the AID programs
had little or no impact on the broad problem . When AID shifted .to the >
broader objectives of economic stabilization and overall growth, 1t was
more closely attuned to the Brazilian concept that equipping the popglation
·.·.
:.
with skills, facilities, savings and opportunities is the main objectlve of .·
a development program.

, • 't~
·~,.
..-....• ~· .

. ' . ·-
23
:i ·.
' : ~

··,,,·' .
. ...
 ._;· . . .
· _ _-_-: ;

: _;;.·

.. , 1 • . . ;
:·· ... .
.. :··.· ...
:·.-· · Section IV
~ ·..·.
.. . ·..

. : ~: .. ·. .

. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE,'. Hll4AN RESOURCES, ANO IM.STITUTIONS _. · ·.

·f
·.·
. ·..

.. :- . · ....· ·.-
-'.
.. . . . ··. . . . ·. : .. . ·..
·. . · ..
This section proyides an overview of AIO's technical a~~si~ta~c~
s
. . . . . • I

grams by sector . . Iii .today · Brazil, the assistance provided during ~e AID 1

era i.s ll1()st .remembered in those areas -where · i t he1 ped to · imp~ove = ·~u-man_:
re•sources' institutions. techno1 ogy' and ' productivity. . .·
}

bol1ar expenditures for these purposes were small compar.e d to i thbse

for economic sta~ili+ation and physiCal infrastruc.ture • . AfD ' gra.nt( Jor
technical assistance from 1962 through 1974 were $207 mi1r;~f1 ~ . Ho~~v~r::.> ..
the grant figure does not· measure accurately the input for these
A large portion of .the capital .loans, fo particular the sect(,r lOans ;> s·~-p·­
·.. ported programs for techni ca1 assi s~nce and i nsti tu ti on-bui 1ding . '. Mu'ch
fin~nci ng was provided- from counterpart cruz~iros d~rhed . f~~m p~ogra~•
ioans · a,nd - PL-48.0 commodities. and from matching _inputs of .the ·sratil · i~11 >
Government: .· Al.so the grant figure d'oes . not inclu~e the
hundreds of U.S. technicians paid directly by AID. - . " .......
~

The techni,cal assista.nce proje·cts funded ,by A.IP during ,J9()2-74 .

well over one hu'ndred, too many for individual ana l ysis in this repd;t-." ..
Many of< the~ began- under Point IV in i954. Some. were _converted. : a f~~r:-
AfD1 s departure. into permanent activities which continue ' today ; ·.··. -
... ..

In broad terms the sectors emphasized in AID technical assistance. a'nQ.~

' ~ ·.·.

i. .': .·
institution-building were education. agriculture, health/sanitation~ .and
- public a-dmin-istra tion .' These categories are necessarily -over.lapping 1• > Ih
each of . them. much of . the .assistance was provi i:ted in the form ~f
and education. - Better teach1ng and research at universi .ties was
the provision of assistance in each of the sectors. . .
. :·· .

. ~ . .
. :.. ..
:,: ':'.
.. . . :.
. ·.:' 24

.. · ~. .. ~

..., ~--- ..·

: .. ..
_ _,·. . · . ~ . :..
'• ,•
 A. Edu ca ti on ...
.' :
. ..~~..-:
1.··
Assistance was provided by AID for the publicly supported systems o f ·•··
primary and secondary schools, for regionally important universfties in~. ::. :.
·.
,.
eluding federal, state, and private. and for non-profit foundations .car- . .
L-- .
·_
rying on programs of teaching. and research.

. 1. Primary and Secondary Schools

Deficiencies in primary and secondary education have been and continue :

to be a major obstacle to Brazi 1 1 s development. In 1962 • . when the ~triis :trY
of Education announced an Emergency Plan of Education, AID agreed to sup-:- ·
port the program primarily. in North~ast Brazil.
. the most deficient region
-
:· ·.
..
School fa c ilities were inadequate, teachers poorly trained, if -a~ all; .. ' .:

teaching materials and te;i<tbooks wer·e lacking . AID assistance was proyided
I in grants for schoo1 construction. for teacher training, and for par~ic1-
1· pant training in the U.S. Technical advisors were provided in each state
to help in administration and educationa~ planning .
-.
t
i Organizationally, AID operated through SUDENE, the federal gbvern~
'• ·

i ''. . . ' .~ .

ment's agency for the Northeast. in cooperation with each of nine 'sta'te
I •••••• •
governments and their state secretariats for education. Split responsibil,~
i ties were a constant problem. SUDENE was more interested in
managjn'9:... . , ,·

funds than in · coope~ation, state personnel lacked professional capaci~y. ·

funds were frequently misused • . contracting procedures did not meet AlO
requirements and building materials seldom met specifications. ~ongdelays
(due to lack of building mate.rials and qualified workers) and accelerat1ng·
inflation diminished the purchasing power of cruzeiro· grants and budg_e ted
.
i
I.
,'•
funds . Language and cul tura 1 barriers created di ffi cult working re la ti on- .
IC· . ships between AID technical advisers. SUDENE and state governments. · ·,
I •.
r
L.. As · a ·consequence the early AID education effort in the Northeast.
I<.
.. (
,.1··''( produced little of lasting benefit . Of 16,235 classrooms orivina1Jy
I
.·
projected, only 1,634 were completed. Training was provided to thousands: '·
~- : ..
of primary and secondary · teachers but much of the impact was tra.nsi tor)'; .
1· .·· after training they were not adequately paid or supported and drifted. off ;
~.... :

!_

25 .. :" ..

;. _ ..

: .··.·.• . .:
 Improved administrative structure was established successfully in many
s·tates, with .trained management, but trained administrators were replaced ' ·
by po 1 i tica l appointees.

The frustrating efforts of the early years we.re followed by a switch ·· . -~·-

to technical assistance and training primarily in school administration. and :

planning, at the federal and the state levels . After the mid:..196U':s,
. .
the
AID advisors and activities were invo1 ved principally in he l"ping their
counterparts in these matters, including textbooks and teacher training. '
'·' .
Implem~ntation of these long-range improvements was fu.nded, in AID' s fina l
years. by two AID sector loans. the first being $32 million in 1968 and the .:
second b~ing $50 million in 1970.
. ·. . . . ..~·.
·:·:
These latter efforts were far more successful .than the initialpro- , . .·, ·
:: . ~.

grams des.i gned for qui ck impact. They helped to es tab 1 i sh permanently a '>.
··. ~;-·

greatly improved organizational and administrative system,. at both federal . .-:: ... .....

and state . levels. There are now better statistical information~ educ~·,::: ·.
tional standards, textbooks, and teacher training schools . . The ->sc~ool:: .· ·
1unch program, begun under the Food for Peace program, became a pe~manent · . ·_ >
operation within the state school systems.
..· '

2. Higher Educ-a ti on
. ., _ .· ..
Modernization and improvement of Brazil ' s archaic university system . ·.1.

was a well-recognized development nee'd. Some reforms had begun, suppo~ted '
. ~ '· . ..: .
· ~:

~ "'· , ...

with contributions from U.S. foundations and Point IV assistance . · ln1954, . - ~ .. ' . :

work began on the establishment of a modern school of business at the S~te .. ....
University of Sao Paulo . . Later teaching and research in economics - was .. ·•
. . .
-·-. ... .
added. In Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, support for similar purposes was ..
. :-
provided to the Getulio Vargas Foundatfon (FGV). In rural universities, ~\

. ·: :~ .. :
1.~· .... the Point IY programs cente~ed on assistance to Vicosa, in the state of ·
Minas Gerais, and· to the state University of Sao Paulo - {Piracicaba).

Mea.nwhile, there was a growing demand for universities to provide . .: · ..

engineers in technical areas important to development - industrial, mechan-
ical, metallurgical, electrical and transportation fields; professionals . in . · .·.· .: .

26
'· , ..

. ,_, .. ~- ,~~·, . .· ( · 3. . .. n'"f .. · . H ' ... ' . , .n ) ·. ; .. . ....

. .. , ..···· :;., .. :. •'• .
 ' · '"

. .· ·:-· ~··
.:' ·.
sciences. from agriculture to nuclear research; and in public administra.- ~ ...-~: : _..

tfon. .::-:.
..,_.
- - ~>-· ..

The cooperating agencies supporting the AID-assisted reforms were the -.'·. '·

Council of . University Rectors (CREB) and the Ministry of Educafion. The

jointly-proposed university reforms were far-reaching. substantive~ .and : . :
.. ; .~.
...

rapid. Within universities. the educational and research structures · were .... . .

remodeled along lines existing in the U.S •• discarding much of the French . ···
. . . · .'

model previously dominating. The institutions were administratively re..., -

structured, course content was changed, the semester system was inaugu- .. ~ .
::: - ·

rated, full-time status for faculty was established along wi th creden:tials

needed for the different levels of professorships. The old'.'"time catedr13.tico . ·. .· ~·

····: -... • -~
. . -: ~.
who could never be removed until retirement was eliminated. .. .:· ·:

.
Much of the effort was directed toward making Brazil more self- -..;
_;.

.
....
sustaining in its university structure. by developing its · own capacities
.
for training at the graduate level. Standards were established .for
the
--~ .
: ;.•

awarding of master and doctoral degrees similar to those of U.S. graduate

·. ;.. .
schools. AID participated by providing graduate training in the U.S . •
in-service training in Brazi 1, temporary assignment of teaching and admi ri-
i stra tive staff. and seminars and short-courses held in Bra~il.
:· <.

:.. .. :_ :·;::·-~
The university reforms were deve 1opmen t-oriented, directed toward . .· . - .: · .
~- .:
studies, teaching, and research in economics. business, engineering. tech-
nology. and the sciences . There now exist a number of flourishing re~e~rch . ·
institutes begun in the AID era. some of them directly associated with edu-
cational institutions and others which are semi-autonomous but which retain .·
close educational ties.

The strategy supported by AID envisioned a widening circle of inf)u:...

.ence from a concentrated initial effort to iinprove the capacities of a .
relatively few key institutions within each subject area and geographical
region.

_ ... :
. ; . =.

27
.. ·..
···..
~

. ' I '
:. ·_
' ' .;:.: .
 In the economic area, these were:

•
Program,
Fundacao Getulio Vargas (FGV). In 1954.
.
under the . Point IV . ' ·
Michigan State University contracted to provide staff and training
for FGV's school of business administration in Sao Paulo . . This'project
...:.. ...
.
continued .under AID; also, AID entered into a support program for the eco- '
nomic research and educational programs of the FGV in Rio de Janeiro, in:...
.,
eluding public administration, statistics, and publications. AID provided . ' :.-

grants in dollars and cruzeiros for training in the U.S. and for ~cquisi­ ·· ..
tion of buildings and equipment in Brazil. Specialists from U.S. universi-
ties were contracted to work temporarily with FGV in Brazil.

• State University of Sao Paulo. AID picked up and e.Xpq.nded a

. . .
..··..
teaching and research program begun in 1954 by the Ford Fo~ndation and by .. .' )

Point IV. Yanderbil t and Michigan State Universities were the contractors
:,: .
providing staff and participant training. By the mid-196b's. the ·schools
:· :.
of economics ctnd business admini strati on were we 11-establ i shed, provid:ing ·~ .:
·..
graduate training at master and Ph.D. levels and developing strong tns.tf- .
tutes for . economic research. The Economic Research Institute (IPE). exists
. . . .. ·.

within the university; the Foundation for Economic Research (FIPE) i•s inde~· · .''.J .
. ;

pendently funded for the purpose of contract research but is associa~d , ·.,

closely with universi~y operations.

In agriculture, _the programs for higher education were centered on

universities within the regionally different farming areas of Brazil: ,., ·. .
...
• The Rural University of Vicosa, in the state of Minas Gerais. · .. •'
.
..
.. ..
; . .·
..
Founded in 1924, with its first rector a former land-grant college presi- .
.· ··. ·
dent from the U.S., Yicosa had long been receptive to U.S. concepts . in
agricultural education and research. Assistance in the 1950's was provided
by U.S. foundations and by Point IV, the latter contracting Purdtie Univer-
sity to provide staff and training. This assistance was continued and
expanded by AID. Vi cosa now is an important center for educa tiOn and re-
search in agriculture, food processing, forest products, and nutrition. It
provides graduates with advanced degrees to educational institutions, in..:
dustries, and government, and within the state of Minas Gerais, carries on ·
l.
' . 28
'
' .
f .

.. ..···

. . .
 ··.·.

: ..
some extension services. · It is unique in having many of the cha.racteris- ·
ti cs of U.S. 1 and-grant colleges which combine education, research. and . .. I,

.· ..
extension. a concept which generally has not worked out well in the less-
developed countries.
•••.. • >-

• The agricultur~_ l school of. the State ::11iv-t::rsit1 of Sao Paulo, at

Piraeicaba .. Located in tt:ie most important agricultura·1 state of Brazil, . ·
the schooi was assisted first by Point IV and subsequently by AID. The ·
principal contractor providing faculty. training. and research facilftie:s
was Ohio State University. Piracicaba is now a flourishing institution and
includes a graduate school and an extensive research program. ·

• The agricultural school of the Federal University of Rio Gra:nde

do Sul, at Santa Maria in Southern Brazil. AID . initiated and supported a
program for improvement of curricula and research - primarily through ; con-
tracts with the University of· Wisconsin . . Rio Grande do Sul is the ohly
region of Brazil producing temperate climate cro.ps and livestock where -. ,:·::_
· .. . . ..
research results .. from the U.S. are quickly adaptable_. Along with VTcosa , .· .. . . ... ~

and Piracicaba, the university at Santa Maria has become a principa·1 center
for advanced study and research.
.•.. ·..·.·:i
:· _·..... .• ,':.[;1·
.i: : •• -_ · -.· •

• The agricultural school of the Federal University of Ceara. at ' ':. <. - < :·:;j.

Fortaleza in Northeast Brazil. The University of Arizona was . contracted by ·.. ,

.: '
AID to assist the development of a regional center for agricultural educa"'". · .-, :•i ' I

tion and research specializing in the problems of the Northeast, an area

previously lacking in such facilities. The project succeeded in pro~iding

extensive partici·pant training and improved staff; today, the school has a
faculty providing courses at the graduate level and conducting some re..:
search . However, this school is less successful than the other agricul-
tural universities which received AID assistance. The secondary schools of
·-:
the region do not turn out the quality of students n.eeded for the courses, · ·.

the budget of the school has not provided adequate support, and · the· re-
search needs of the region are unique and far more di ffi cult than else-
. ·..· ..·
where.
:· :· ... ··

.._
. . ..
' ,i •,1

.........

.; '. ~ ..· ;

29

~: . :'
··r '
 . ·. ..
< ·

i.. · ,·.·· .
. · ..·

AID support of engineering education was provided in three universL- ·

ties: ., .·
.. -~ :

• The Federa1 .· University of Rio .de Janeiro. Within the university '. ~ ' .

..·, :

there was es tab 1i shed a cooperating agency to coordinate the n~i{~nai . " '."•:

effort to . improve graduate educa tfon in engineering. known as COPPE. ·. ~. AID ; ·..
· supported a participant training program at Rensselaer and ·M.LT. universi- ·
ties helping COPPE to build . a teaching cadre with master and doctorate
degrees from these and other leading u.S. schools. The switch to ful· l~ti me ·. ·. · ., !

faculty enabled professors to devote more time not only to students. qui · ..
al~o to resear~h . · Since the beginning of the · COP~E effort. ; t~e schbol h~s : ·
awarded 2, 30.9 master degrees and 200 doctorates.
.
Regular engineering
.. . .
gr~d- ·...
- · .. . . . . ':.--:

uates. about 10.000, are working in a11 aspec ts of industry,

and teaching. The school has been active in research, haVing
proximately 1,200 projects for private industry .

·,:·.
• The Pontifical University of Rio de Janeiro . The Science . and :
Technology Center at this private university was assisted bY Stanfor:d >uni- ·.
versity and the University of Houston, with funding from AID. Stanford
helped to remodel its admini.stration system and Houston provided a revised · ·
engineering curricula; American professors · from both universities wor,ke.d . in
the program; training in the U.S. was provided to Bra.z ilian participants.

' ' .
. ..
In 1962, the engineering school had no one on its teaching staff with
a graduate degree . Today 219 professors out of a to ta 1 328 · have gr~duate ·
degrees. · Since 1965, the school has awarded 1, 100 M.S. degrees and over ,,40 · ·
Ph.Os. There has developed a close association with private industry, with . .

the university now operating a special office for coordinating industry~

spons6red research.

·• The Uni_versity of Minas Gerais at 8elo Horizonte. The engineer7

ing faculty at this university, strategically situated i n the mining arid ... . .· ' ;
steel-producing region. was improved by participant training and graduate ;. ·
school capability provided by AID. Eletrabras. the governm~n~~owned
hold1ng company for electric utilities, est.ablished its program for master·
. . . .: .
_

degree training in electrical engineering. here. ::· ,-:,, .

' ·:.
' . .. :
30 ; ·:·
.

f. . ·

-.! . · .
 In public administration. the· educational institutions establishing
advanced training with AID assistance were pri nci pally :

• Fundacao Getu1io Vargas. In Rio de Janeiro, AID assisted FGV 1n

establishing graduate work and research closely coordinated with ttie
schools of business management and economics.
·~

• University of Sao Paulo. Advanced studies in public administra-.

tion were established using AID advisors and participant t raining in °the
u. s. .

• University of Bahia. Emphasis in this school was on public

administration in Northeast Brazil. 3tudies and research were coordinated ,·
with the Institute for Public Services in Bahia. the Regional Center for
Municipal Adminis-tration in Pernambuco, and the Regio nal Center for
Admln.:_. ·,<

istration Training in Ceara.

B. Agriculture
. ' '• .

Improvement of agriculture was a principal · AID objective. Progta.~_s ·•· .....

and projects were numerous and highiy varied, rangi.ng from del ivery ' ·'cir ·. "'" ..::···
•,
better services for small farmers to the training of advanced resear<;h
specialists. U.S . specialists were assigned within governme nt agenci~s.
research stations, and extension services. AID supported programs for land
reform, greater fertilizer use. agricultural credit facilities, irrigation.-
soil surveys, rationalization of the sugar industry, aq uaculture, pesti-
cides, disease control , seed improvement, star.age, and marketing . . Many of
the projects were coordinated with the training and related activities of
the agricultural colleges.

Under Point IV and the early years of AID there was a considerable
effort ·to transplant to Brazil the U.S. land-grant college concept com- ·
bining education, research, and extension. To some extent this t ook root
.·
at one insti tution, Vicosa, but generally i t did not f it well into • the
Brazilian environment. The rural universities had neither resources nor ·:- . : : . .. .·~ .
.,... ··

government.al responsibility; the existing extension and research s e rv~i ces

 .

:·/ .
operated by federa 1 and state agencies were bureaucra ti cal ly structured and ·
. . .
highly political. AID programming increasingly concentrated on assisting •
education at the universities, and working with other entities far deliv~
ering services to farmers. .. -:
. .·

In Northeast Brazil, AID made · a special effort to assist small farm~

.
.
·, ers, many of them on a subsistence basis . Not much was accomplished. The
! ·•·.
1.· state and federal extension services could not be quickly improved; there
was no adequate basis in research; U.S. _technical specialists could not .
spread their influence very far. Broad programs such as resettlement and
land reform were overwhelmed by established tradition arid politica·1 resis-:- .
tance, active and passive. Frequently there were basic conceptua 1 dHfer~
ences between AID and Brazi 1 ian agencies, par ti cul arly SUD ENE whkh had . ·
principal development responsibility for the region.
. ·. '. ~ ..

Early research efforts ran into similar difficu ltie.s. U.S. technical
. . .

i· . advisors, when placed within agricultural research agencies, seldom had ·

I
L adequate equipment or assistance. In some cases, U.S. technicians ,· ihem..:.
'
·.. . · ·:
selves carried on research. Among the best r emembered is the worl< of ' an ... ~.

AID specia 1 is t highly successful in adapting soybean varieties . to .Brazilian ·•

needs . For a time. there was intensive work on developing a high protejn -
I
corn; when achieved, it had qua 1 i ties not suited to Brazilian · farm· and
nutrition practices and was little used. More succe ssfi.Jl was a pond
.. · ..·
fishery research project in Northeast Brazil. directed by an Auburn Univer- .· ·.
sity specialist.
l
l By 1969, the direct research activities were largel y halted, in part
because they were not highly productive in their existing patterns, and in
part because of a storm of publicity in U.S. newspapers and Co ngress con:-
cerning AID funding of research on "bats and noxious birds". construed to
1 ·
be an example of excessive AID involvement in l ocal problems.

A9ainst this background, AID assistance to agriculture shifted. to

broader ob jectives . Improved marketing fa cilities, mar ket news serv ices,
!
'. agricultural statistics, storage facilities, seed i mprovement, ir rigation,
and soil improvement were supported wi th techn.ical ad visors , gr a nts , and .
~··
' ·.
I
. 1oans. In these areas, the AID programs we re fa r more successful than in
32

. ..
·
·. ·;

. ~ .. :. ·. .·.· .·.
the earlier efforts to provide s ervices to indi vi dual farmers. The seed
improvement project. for example. produced lasting benefits in better
standards. grading. and r e gulatory procedures. Production an d ma rketin g of
the improved seeds assisted greatly the expansion of ma j or corrmercial
c~?ps, i ncludinQ corn, beans, grains, and soybeans. Equally imp ortant, t he
activities in these area s were establishing within government a genc ies a n
involvement with programs within their capacities to carry out.

Meanwhile, t he assistance to agricultural colleges was enhanci ng sub -

stantially the r e search capacity of the nation but an ade quate a gency to
conduct the research was lacking. In the late 1960's. the Nati onal Resear c h
Council of Brazil (CNPQ), backed by coordinating agencies i ncludi ng the
uni versi ti es , proposed a new approach to agricultura l research. This
resulted in the establishment, in 1973, of the s emi-autonomo us Brazilian
Agricultural and Livestock Research Corporation (EMBRAPA ) . '. 1atterned oh
Brazilian institutional arrangements in other research areas, EMBRAPA was
given responsibility for maintaining professional staff. conducting nati on-
wide agricultural and related research, and coordinating and supporting the
similar research of federal, state, and local entities, including the rura l
universities.
. !. ::·.

AI D supported EMBRAPA with participant training at the gradua te leve l

in the U.S., and with loans for construction of research f a c ilities in . :"·:::
.-·
·:
·.. ....
_ , ..
Brazil . It hel ped this institution to bec ome. in - little more than a
decade . one of the leading re sea rch centers in tropical and sub-trop ical
agriculture. Within Brazil it carries on researcn at six lo cati ons. ass o-
ciating with the geographically distinct needs of the country, and coor -
dinates and supports research at the rural universiti es and t he developme nt · .
agencies. Increasingly the di ssemi nation of its research has~ led EMBRAPA
i nto extension activities, coordina ting with a nd assisting the f ederal and
state systems. . ,_

33

.. " I :.' ' , ,. :' ,: ·, . :. ,;~: . .,_ , '

 .. ·'
-;··. : .· ..:

C. Health, Nutr i tion, and Sanitation

: .- .. .. ~---

1. Hea 1th

In World War II, -the U.S. had begun to provide .a ssistQ.nce to . Brazil ·•
for the i.mprovement of hea 1th services, main ly through a joi ntly "adminis;"
tered cooperative entity known as the Servicio Especial d,e Saude Pub:l ka c •. . · ·
. (SESP). Most of the early work was in the Amazon region, where malaria and
other tropical diseases impeded the procurement of com~dities desired for .
· ,_·. ..
wartime use. The U.S . provided technical specialists to work witfi· ..sESP.
training in the U.S. for its staff, grants for equipment, and loans for · ·. .
' ·. -: .
major projects in malaria control.
., :. '• .

Cooperation in health projects was the longest sustained a.ctivity ih

U. S. assistance, being sponsored in turn by the Institute of Inter.,.American
Affairs, Point IV, and AID. Additionally,· a great deal . of assi~tance was i :.
provided directly by the U.S. Public Health . Service an.d by U.S. priv~te
foundations and medi ca 1 ·groups.
. .·,._ . . ·

By 1960, when AID estab.l ished its work in health, SESP had become a
· semi-autonomous foundation within the Ministry of Hea 1th, providing health
clinics, public health education, occupational health services-, nursing
e ducation, dental care, sanitary engineering services, and epidemiological ,<
studies.

During the early 1960' s, AID supported SESP with funding and technical ·.
assistance on a major program to improve the health situation in the North-
east. Grants and loans were made for construction of heal th centers,. pur-
chase of mobile health units, potable water systems, and sanitation sys- ·· · ·,.·,
terns. AID provided training for staff in Brazil and in the U.S. , As ln · .. :.
<·-" ·. ·<·:·:._· · ·,.
other projects . providing services to people, there were notable benefits i .
: .. ··...
but also many problems. In particular, it was difficult to. reach and help-
isolated rural dwellers; often there was inadequate long-range . support . a~d
competence to maintain health centers and water systems once they were .• ·
built.

34

-.
·..

:,, I
-·.: .
;_·.

[>. :
1·.

i
'.
From the mid-1960's onward AID increasing1y directed its assistance
. '.
!~-
toward improving the overa11 competence of the Ministry of Health in· plan-
!
i.··· ning and administration. AID support helped to establish a Planning,
Evaluation, Research, and Special Studies Unit (PWRSP}. Two large loans
[·
were made for malaria eradication, in 1964 and again in 1968. The fi.nal
'f
assistance provided by AID was a sector loan in 1913 for $7 . 6 million to
f'
t assist ·the expansion of integrated health delivery systems.
t

r The SESP at present is the dominant force in Brazil for pub lic health
t• .·
activities. In addition to its own operations, it helps to establish state
I ag~ncies and to train their personnel.
li
f
I .
I. 2. Nutrition
I
f.
t: .
In family planning, Brazilian students participated in training
I
I through the AID-supported Latin American Regional Training Project designed
r .·
~ ·.·

to provide participating countries · with qualified paramedical and other

I health personnel. The training covered demography, research, communica-
[ 1·.. .
tion, curriculum development, population education, clinical facilities.
._.-,

I
~· . and administration and 1nanagement. Brazil's participation in this regional
iI· program started in the early 1970's and continues today.
I-t· ·: •
I
'
i1· .. AID provided food commodities through Food for Peace. It also gave
: grant funding between 1963 and 1974 to the Brazilian Na tiona 1 School Fee.d-
i
t··.
L-"·
t.:. ·
ing Campaign {CNAE) of the Ministry · of Education and Culture. The grant
:'·.
i
program provided management assistance, support staff, training courses for
~
i.. ·· CNAE regional coordinators and participant training. The program encom- •. ·..
i
r. passed nutrition education in schools, milk distribution to infants and
1actatir.g mothers, de.\t-elopment of training manuals for administration of
local maternal/child care programs, and p,~rticipant trai ning of officia ls.

The Brazilian Institute for Municipal Administration (!BAM) was em-

[
I ployed to establish administrative mechanisms for participating municipal
!
agencies. A Works Front Program in the Northeast provided supplemental
feeding as partial payment to rural workers employed in regional and com-
munity development projects.

;_:.· 35
,..
I.·
f"-
'
 Between 1971 and . 1976, the CNAE . introduced 'two fortified staples .·...
. .
~- .
mandioca flour and bread -- and promoted the use.. of high protein. foods
. and
.·. ,.
'

food .additives such as fish concentrate in mater ;·:al health programs.

, .·
.. The · Food for · Peace program ·raised the Brazi 1 ian · consciousness<>re-
' : :· . . '·

gardJngnutrition: at the school age level and established .school feed:in'gas . ' r.
·.:
a national priority. Moreover, with the levels of feeding involved~ ' the . : ~ ..

program strengthened Brazilian organi za tiom• l capacity to transport·, store,

deliver; and administer commodities.

3.. Sanitation
••. ~: >

. ">· ·.·
AID loans to the predecessor agency of the Nationa1 Housing :, Bank,
launched the Government of Brazil's efforts in the field of sanitation.: < . ~ . . .

Fr-om 1961 to 1977, AID ca pi ta l assistance pro Jee.ts amount~ ng:: to ,$45 m) llfon >
supported the construction of sewage and treatment facilities throLJghi: 'the ·
Guanabara Water Project. Funds were provided largely throu:g h the Na~iona·1
Housing Bank for distributio~ to municipalities.

Funds covered · construction costs as we 11 . as

equipment. . Loan's ·
techni ca 1 . assi star.ce which accompanied them were programmed in ·conjun<?tlon,
with the development of a National Sanitation Pla~, PLANASA. i

With assistance of the National Housing Bank. state ·lev.el

. . . .

treatment · faci 1 i ties were gradually established to take over saiiita~i on

functions from muni ci pa 1 i ti es and better qualify san ita.t i on projects ' for
National Housing Bank l oans.
·- ·.· . .

The SESP Foundation. mentioned in tne sub-secti on on health assis~

tance. assisted loca_l, state and federal institutions in water treatment ' ·.
and sewer system planning and operation. The Foundation's role was norma.,.;.
.. -~ . .
tive, not operational. It set water quality standards. · operational ·norms . •···
and undertook planning. system development a nd training.
. · .;·,

.·· .-. ··

36

: ~ ·. :·· ..

.. :,·..... ·.
.. . . .\,._:'.i, _:>·,·.· .
~

:_ . ... ,, ,. , :-·,·
 ·,:··· :·:

··:. ... ··.

The Plan ·finally reached 250 cities and rDost

National sa,"nitation
smaller municipalities
.
. The . state system of Sao Paulo which .operated
. . . its . . ~ . . ..

own sanitation works is an important exception . . ..

• =: '1 • • •-~

: , ·.,;.

D. Pub.1 i c Administration
..
~ .. -.

The public administration progra·ms in Brazil extended over aP;proxi~

mately 20 years from the early 1950's · to the early 1970'5. ·· rhe foc' J~ <~as '
on devefopment planning, statistics for development adminis.tration, t!ax·' a:n:d
fi .nancia 1 adnilni strati on, public safety. state and . muni ci pal admin.i sfra:.::
tion. and higher education in the Held of pub1ic admfoistratibn. · , ..

' ' '

Major public administration institutions were strengthened ·

national level, most notably the graduate schools .of publi c ,administr(ltto'n .
of the universities of Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, and Bahia as weil
..., .
<as ~

' the Getulio Vargas Foundation. and the Administrative Oepartmeht of Public
• . . . .· . . . :. . :_ . _·. . I ~ .. . .. ; .

Service (OASP). At . the state and regional levels support .was provJde4 to
the Institute for Public Services (ISP) based in Bahia, the .Regional te~~ter
of Municipal Adminfatration ba:;ed in Perambuco (CRAM). and . the R~ifona! ,
Center for Administrative Training {CERTA) based in Ceara.

Many of these · organizations themselves went on to

training and technital assistance agencies in the field o.f : public ad~'i .nis-:
tration. devel()pmental ~,~s~is.J
At least one major institution receiving key
tance . from the program--Bra~i lian Ins.ti tute for ·Municipa 1 · Admihi sttat5oh
..
(IBAM)--,heJped in the development of similar institutions .in nine :'. Latiri ' ·
American countries from Guatemala to. Paraguay.
, ... : ··.
' ... ·. .. ... _.:·:.: .. .

Program costs .were approximately $32 mill.ion and the support ' of 9'0 .
fong-tefm ·. techni ca 1 advisof"s. Other forms f assistance included bull di:n.g
construction loans. and equipment such as an IBM 370 computecr syst~m : ·
Approximately 500 professionals received training in gra.duate public a. dm~n~ , ·
istration. Those participant trainees have gone Cr'I to become professors~>
and· high level officials in the public sector. . . .. .

~ -.
37
.·· .....

.. '
. ' .
~ .. ~

...... :. '. ·.·: .; .· .. .

-
.. . . . . -. "! .
· .. . . ·· ",j:·
 The 'Improvement of Government Admini strati on' project relied · heavily ·
on long-term advisory services. Specialists were assigned in groups to
. ::
various · departments within DASP (Administrative Department of .· Public
Service). They were given . general advisory responsibilities. Advisory
·' •'

grqups were organized around functional specializations such as personnel

classification, organization and methods. budget and financial administra-
tion and personnel. However, their effectiveness was weakened · by · their ·
physical location outside of DASP and by their not being formally respon- .. ,..
• ',

: ~:·.·~.Y
sible to DASP staff. A similar form of ,long-term advisory service was
supplied in the Development Planning and Administration project.
', '

"
Long-term ad vi sor"y services were provided in the Sta ti sti cal Dev~lop:- ~ : ...
.. .·
ment Project. These advisors were assigned specific responsibilities in · • .· ! ~ .....

. ·. ·' ~·

systems ctes·lgn and procedures and had closer relations with counterpart .·
staff than in the DASP model. The tax administration project used long ,am:i '
short-term advisory services, employing an IRS team working- with ttie ·.
Government in overall tax systems reform, data gathering and enforcement ~ ...

: ·..:~.
Projects such as the Regional Centers for Administration and Training ·
and Municipal and State Administration used short-term specialists. In the -. ,_· .:.
•, ' .· ·.·.,' ··
Northeast a USAID Public Administration Officer mainta'ined close advisory ,.
relations with the project institutions. Fi nancia 1 assistance was pro::.
vided to cover operating expenses, staff salaries, arid equipment and mate-
,.,
rials. - Large scale cruzeiro assistance was provided in the Municipal and
State Administration project for building construction. . : ·~ ··;..

·. ·.. ·:·.
... .. :
AID' s practice of using long-term technical advisors in the . lat~
. .. . . . ~':
1950's and early · l960's was less effective t_han the later use of short-term -·~
':: '

professionals supported by direct hire AID staff. Long-term experts as . ... ·..
· .. :·..
well as AID's later use of salary supplements and staff training tencteq fa
· ·, :':'
establish dependencies which, when AID support was removed, made la,ter · . :-

adjustment difficult. Some institutions in the Northeast failed at .that

point while others recovered only after an initial shock. For these insti--
tutions~ recovery was generally sparked by an influx of previously AID- -
trained public administrators and teachers.

38
...···,.. ·.

~' J '
·.. ;, ···
..... ~· ,

.·. . ?. •.··.... -: . .. ...... . . ........1.:::·.....;,- ..·. ......,.,.,.. .•... · .·., . ·> ~- .• ~-~. ,...,.. -~~-.· ~· .~ .; -~.""-~---·~ ~~~:~~.~---~-~-..~ "-l~~~: ·i- ~-~~L~~~->J.~~~
 . .
· Overa 11 the · pub1 i c admini strati on programs were judged successful; . :. ·

part'i ,ularly during the stabil iza ti on years when tt}e environment was tliS}hlY
favorable to government reform and improvement. .Programs created and rein-
forced public administration operational and training_ institutions. _-

A large number of the trained Brazilian professionals went on to tea¢h .

at and develop public administration institutions establishedand supribrted : ·
by AID. In 1960, there 'were only a few public administration tralning
institutions. Today, there are more schools of · public administration in
Brazi.l than law schools. ' '. : ··.·

::. . , :

Achievements were greatest in those AID projects which focused o:n t he

establishment of administrative systems, such as the tax reform effort a.nd ·
the statistical development project which included American technology and
equipment. American technology was generally regarded as superiot and ---.. -· , ·
successful. Systems combining U.S. technical assistance and U.S. technol- - '
ogy were adopted as a whole, using staff trained by AID for implementation ~
: . . ~. . .

£. Public Safety . .. . -~ .

The most controversial of a 11 technical assistance and grants were

those which AID provided in public safety programs. to"ta1iiig· $8 . 3 mi11ion
. . .. .

from 1959 through 1974. AID's program was designed to improve policy;;pro-
·:·.
cedures and practices, at state and federal levels. This was done through
participant training in the U.S. and in Brazil, provision. · of technical
.·...
advisors to pol ice academies. introduction of improved systems for train-'-
·::-
ing, records. organization, and management, and grants for communication·· . ··. ..:.i ··. ·.•
. ·. ·:. ·:
and office equipment.

The existence of a military dominated government from 1964 onward;

with police forces involved at t imes in repressive political action, q;..:.
rected unfavorable publicity toward technical assistance in public sa f ety . ,
Few Brazilians questioned the need for better police training and proce- ·
dures but foreign assistance for this purpose was widely perceived . as
involvement in too politically sensitive an area.

39 ', :. r,
.. .";

. .·
..... ·.

~>
. ;-.
·,
. .. ~
 A review of the program indicates its positive impact on the police
academies, both federal and state, and in capabilities for law enforcement~

particularly with respect to records ah~ communications. However, in the

face of rising criticism the program was sharply reduced in 1971 and termi-
nated in 1972.

The experience in Brazil suggests that technica.1 assistance .in

pol i ti ca lly sensitive areas is better provided by direct contract be tween ~ • : • J - :: =.

national and foreign entities, without intermediary services of a develop-

ment agency such as AID.

F. Road and Highways

An inadequate . road network and poor road maintenance were among

Brazil's greatest infrastructure deficiencies. Assistance in buildinQ and
. :
maintaining roads was a principal activity throughout the AID era. Tech-
~-·

.. '. • ... :

nical advisors were provided. largely from the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads
(BPR). Loans for construction were made both in dollars and in counterpart
cruzeiros. Loans were also made for import of needed highway equipment.

Initial activity centered on Northeast Brazil. which in the early ·:~

. ,·:
.. .
. ..
1960's had few all-weather roads. AID advisors participated directly in ·· .>
the road design and construction. They provided further assistance in
restructuring the state and federal highway departments, in es tablis.hing ··
training programs, and in procuring suitable equipment.

·:··
Neither SUDENE nor loca 1 contractors had adequate management or proce'-
dures to use funds effectively. Matching cruzeiro inputs by the state and
federal agencies, overcome by rapid inflation, were frequently insuffici en t .· .'·•

to complete projects. Of $38. 4 mi 11 ion loaned by AID to SUDENE in 1964,,

only $24.5 million was actually disbursed. involving long delays. In the
.F · .

early 1960 1 s progress was disappointingly slow, but over the decade the
.. ~ :

road system of the Northeast was considerably improved.

40
.· '•

; ·. .
 Eventually the capital cities of the Northeast and the agricultural
zones of the interior benefited by all-weather.roads. Completion of ·these
roads was regarded at the time as one of the principal AID achievements iri
the Northeast. Once established, roads fell quickly into disrepair because
cf insufficient · management and maintenance. In 1985, the road network
remains a principal problem in the Northeast. Efforts are being made today
to re-establish the training and maintenance programs introduced by the ; ·:· .

Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) with AID in the 1960's.

Later in the decade, assistance shifted toward the more developed

areas of central and south Brazil, parti cularly the states of Minas Gerais, ·
Sao Paulo, and Rio Grande do Sul. BPR technical advisors assisted in road
design and construction, which was financed largely by the state and fed-
eral governments. AID loans were made chiefly for the import of equipment
needed in construction and maintenance. These loans did not work out very
well. Brazilian manufacturers were developing a capacity to produce this
type of machinery. The import of U.S. equipment was blocked by a law pro-
hi biting import of goods manufactured domes ti ca 11y. Sao Paulo used only
$8.6 million of a $20 million loan; Rio Grande do Sul used only SS milli on
of a $13 million loan.

One of the ATD projects assisted by both advisors and by a large

cruzeiro loan was the four-laning of the Rio-Sao Paulo highway, in the most
developed and intensively used area of the country. While clearly a devel-
opment need, support for this highway was of a greatly dHferent nature
from the initial pattern of AlD . efforts, designed to help underdeveloped
regions.

In AID's closing years, road projects returned to the rural areas. A

sector loan of $25 million was made to the National Economic Development
Bank which administered a program of rural road construction. A pr i ncipal
objective was establishment of farm-to-market roads in the Northea s t and
other less developed areas.

From today's point-of-view the most helpful form of AID assistance was
technical assistance, improving Brazil's capacity to bui l d and maintain

41
roads. Personne1 were trained and institutions established which continue
today and have become steadily more productive. The experience with capi-
tal loans for construction, maintenance, and equipment was less rewarding.
Projects repeatedly ran into contracting, operatior:a l, and legal problems
which were frustrating to the AID officials involved. All too often, after
the roads were built, the ongoing maintenance was inadequate and costly in- . •, : ·--~-: ..

puts had to be made again in re-construction.

G. Electric Power ' .·

~ . :-
... ,_:~-
.'·

Greater capacity in generating and transmitting electric power had

been among the chief recorrrnendations of the Brqzil-U.S. Joint Conrnission of
the early l950's. The country, notably short in fossil fuels, had tremen-
...
dous hydroelectric potentiai. After th~ conrnission's work, neither funds
nor personnel were adequate to progress very far in the planned expansion.
Meanwhile, the power shortages were worsening in all parts of the country,
holding back industrialization and economic growth in the more developed
areas, and preventing the expansion of lines into poorly developed regions~

Commission-designed projects, there.fore, were already available to

utilize quickly a considerable portion of the AID funds available for in-
frastructure. AID's dollar loans for electric power totaled $20 million,
about 30 percent of a 11 ca pi ta 1 1oans for i nfrastr·1cture. Al most a 11 cf
these loans were made in the five-year period 1963-1968.

After program loans, electric power was by far the largest financial
input of the AID era. The loans were made at a time when Brazil had. no
other sources fo~ such financing. AID was in effect the banker for the
projects, a role which ended when alternative financing was again avail- ·.--:_.
able. Even without AID the projects would have been built eventually. AID
funds, however. greatly accelerated the process and contributed importantly . ·, . .

toward the r ~ pid industrial growth of the early 1970 s.

1

The technical assistance provided by AID is considered today as a

component of perhaps equa 1 importance. In-country AID advisors worked

42
 ~ ·•

closely with those responsible for project design, construction, and sup-
porting facilities. Large numbers of engineers were sent for training 3.t
... --::
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and other U.S. universities; many received
master and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering. Augmenting this, the
go~ernment-owned holding company for electric utilities, Eletrobras, assis-
ted by AID, established an elaborate program for ongoing in-house training
facilities for engineer~ng and management personnel. In the first phase,
50 engineers were trained in the U.S; in the second, participant training
.. .....
•'
-
at the post-graduate level was established at sites throughout Brazil. ,,. : ·.- -

Today Eletrobras sponsors 138 different courses at 26 Brazilian universi- · .. .

l

ties covering all aspects of electric power, including a master's degree

program begun with AID assistance in Minas Gerais.

Principal beneficiaries of the rapid growth in electric power were the

more developed areas of the south central region, particularly Sao Paulo
and Rio de Janeiro, and the coastal cities of the Northeast. In the N~rth­

east and elsewhere in the less developed areas. AID provided technical
assistance in rural electrification. The problems here are largely trans-
mission and distribution. One of the important producing facilities helped
by AID was Boa Esperanca, in the remote Northeast state of Piaui. This was
an important supplement to power previ.ous1y available only from Pau1o
Alfonso on the San Francisco River. Boa Esperanca made possible a grid
facilitating the rapid expansion of lines in rural areas of the region.

In retrospect the acceleration of construction and training in elec-

tric power appears as one of AID's most important contributions to Brazil's
development. Electric power now provides most of Brazil's energy. Avail-
ability of power was a significant factor producing the growth surge of the
early 1970's. When the world oil crisis struck in 1974, electric power
·--..·-
he~ped Brazil to alleviate its effects. Projects since AID's departure
have vastly increased the total availability of power. Further expansion
.. :·.
is still taking place.

43

.. ,:

·'. • •,, .
H. Science and Technology .·: .·

Raising the capacity and skills in science and technology in Brazil

was an important objective for many of AID 1 s programs. Much of the effort
in university support and in graduate training was supportive of · this
objective.

Soon there became evident a need not only for training but also for
. ;,. .
the establishment of research facilities capab l e of providing comprehen-
sive, market-oriented, state-of-the-art research services to private indus- . ··.:·· ·

try and to agricu1 ture . By 1973, the inadequacies o.f the existing facilf.,.
ties were clearly a restraint on economic growth~ For example, the testing
of Brazilian ra i 1road eq:.d pment, in large part manufactured locally; was
being done abroad with consequent delays and high eipense. The food indus.,.
tries, trying to meet the unique Brazilian demandst were relying exces-
sively '?n research and production techniques of foreign countries.

For agriculture. the research needs caused AID to support the organi-
zation in 1973 of EMBRAPA. described earlier in this report. In the same .
ye~r. AID agreed to ·provide assistance to the state of Sao Paulo. the

leading industrial area, for the advancement of industrial sciences and

technologies. The areas of special interest were food technology, metal-
lurgy. building materials, testing laboratories, product standards, quality
control, and market research.

AID provided a $15 million loan to the Sao Paulo State Council of
Technology (CET} which, for coordinating purposes. established the Fundo
Estadual de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico {FUNCET}. Also AID
provided an institutional development advisor and U.S. training for par-
ticipants. The operating entity for industrial research was the already
established Ins ti tu to de Pesqui sas Tecnol ogi ca ( IPT). The Denver Research
Institute was con tr acted to work with the I PT. assisted by teams from U. S.
universities including Vanderbilt, Stanford, and MIT. Assistance was pro-
vided also by U.S. government entities, most notably the National Bureau bf ' .\ .. · .. .

Standards.

44

,;·
 .: ,•" ...~

. :,...._

.:'
... ~ ·.•..
....
For agro-industry, there was established the Iristituto de Tecnologia ·
de Al imentos (ITAL). Techni ca 1 assistance was provided by U.S. nutrittional
and food processing specialists; AID provided also advanced training fo the ' : ·. ::•.
• >
.~ ' i
·... ··.
U.S. for program participants. ::- . ·....:
·..
I••';
. . . . ··· . ,.,.·
Both of the research operations have become important
.
Brazilian .fos.ti- ~ ..
'''• -
tutions. IPT, in addition to independent and contract research, serves as
the equivalent of the U.S. Bureau of Standards. ITAL has helped producers
,. '
improve greatly the processing of . fish, meat, vegetables, and fruits, .· .. ... . . . -·~::· ·,· '~ :
: ~
establish better nutritional standards, and modernize packaging and label;.;.
ing.

Results achieved in this loan are widely regarded as one of AID's most
. . ...~
valuable contributions to Brazil's development. However, it raised impor- · ·......

tant questions regarding the nature and purpose of u.s~ assistance · pro~
grams. In sharp contrast to AID policies of the early 1960's, the loan w:as ·.
made to the state most . advanced in development. The state could have
funded the institute itself; it desired AID assistance primarily because of
the highly concE~ssionary loan terms and the linkage which AID pr·o vided with
..: . .
U.S. research institutions . For AID, the loan was considered desirable. to .
·~

maintain the orientation of Brazil Is most advanced . research ins ti totioils· ·: . : : (,,\
'I • • ' ~ ~ ••

'·.·,
.
toward cooperative effort with the U.S . building on and enhancing the link- · ~·

·... :··.:
ages established in its previous assistance efforts . . ~: . ,' .:·.
·'
.\ • ,·

:·,.

In reviewing the loan, the U.S. Comptroller Genera·1 asserted that the ... :·:.
hi.ghly concessio.nary ·terms were unjustified, that the state of Sao Paulo "·1' '=

could have used other resources for the r>roject without AID assistance, and
that AID funds were appropriated by Congress to help meet needs in under-
: · .. :·
developed regions.

The industrial research loan, the last major AID operation in Brazil,
was the final act in 13 years of changing strategy in development assis-
tance. AID's operations began with an emphasis on delivering servic;es to
people in Brazil's most underdeveloped region. They ended 13 years later
with a loan to advance science and technology in Brazil's most developed.
region. • . ..• 1:

.. .....:.. : .·.

45

:; :.} .....
.· . '. . . .
·. .. . . :. ·.

·~ ~ r~
... . ... ,·;.. ·. ·.:· .
 I. Promotion of Private Enterprise

AID 1 s strategy for promoting private enterprise focused on the. im'."'.'

provement . of management capabilities. development banking. and capital
markets. This was . implemented by selective technical assistance to ad'"'.
vanced business schools, participant training, industrial seminars, and ·
provision of advisors in credit and investment institutions.
. .
. ~.

AID 1 s loans supported government-sponsored enterprises and relate~ ·

only remotely to private initiative. No other sources of dollar financing
. ·,
were then available. Several loans were important. In its early years·. -
AID made a few dollar loans for industrial installations in the Northeast~
none of which were very successful. Several more loans were . provided in
the first stabilization years, the largest being $14.8 million for a fer'"'. ·
tilizer plant, again with little success.

Much more important were AID's cruzeiro loans to the National Economic .
Development Bank, for re-lending in economic development. In dollar value,
calculated at exchange rates when repayments were made, these totaled over. .· ,
$100 mil 1ion, much of which was used in ere di t to private enterprise.

In 1965, AID provided a dollar loan of $11 million to a new agency,

Financiera for Project Studies (FINEP) for the purpose of funding feasibi- ·
lity studies for new commercial projects.

In AID 1 s final years, sector loans became a principal instrument for

promoting private enterprise. The Northeast Development Bank was assisted
in 1971 with a $10 million dollar loan for establishing a regional training .
and research center in the Northeast. to promote small a.nd medium industry.
In the same year, a. dollar loan of $15 million was made to assist the
es.t ablishment of a capital market development fund (FUMCAP) in the Central
Bank of Brazil . The loan provided seed capital for investment banking and
for enlarging the public market for stocks and bonds. In conjunction with
the loan, AID provided technical assistance utilizing the resources of the .
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to improve regulatory and market
practices. Within a few years, a healthy capital market developed.
·,. ·

46

' :.·:_
 .·. :.·
. .. ·- :~ .. .
";'

.. ..... .

.· ...

As in other sectoral activit.ies, AID assistance began with d irect · .. · .....

.•. ·.-• . · ,···.' · :·=

assistance . to a few industries and ended with broad sectoral support of

·... ·::..
Braztlian pro~rams. ' . · .. • .. ·= ::. '.

'· .

J. · Labor Relations :. ,· ,::

. . : ..... ;
AID was not directly involved in labor programs in Brazil. however, it ·:
funded the ope~ations of the American Institute for Free t abor Devel'.opment ·· ·
(AIFLO). Inevitably; the expenditures for this purpose WE;-re criticized by
those opposed . to unions and at times there was considerable pol:itica·l
sensitivity on the issue.

During the AID era, approximately $4.3 million in grant funds were ·' < .J. :~.

provided to the AIFLD. They were used for participant training in the u~s~
and in Brazil, for leadership exchange travel, and to a_ssist local unions
in promoting free, non-communist labor objectives. This ena bled the d:~S~
labor movement to maintain contacts with existing and future leaders in . the ·
Brazilian labor movements and to assist their efforts in Brazi l.

Overall, during the AID era •. union action in Brazil was greatly re- .·.- · ..
stricted by the military dominated government. Wage levels were estab- ": •:

lished by government edict. strikes were banned and political actfv·ity

suppressed. AIFLD's principal objective was to maintain contact and to :.. :_:·..·.;..

help in preparing leadership for the future. Today, the Brazilian unions
are gradua 11y recovering a greater freedom of action . Their leadership
includes many of those who cooperated with AIFLD in the AID era.

~ <··

. . .... ;
. .·: -~ .:;

47
•
. · ,.
·· · . ... ;.;· ,'
 ·.. ···.
" '~

·.__ .

Section V .. ' .. ·..

. . .·:.
AID ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL : ..
. ·-·

. .
. ·.· .

· ,_,
,·...
..... 1
In this section, the character of AID s organization and personnel are . ·
:· ' " described . to ·. provide a broader picture of the implementing app~ratus . of i
Braz.il programs. The nature of this implementing apparatus signific~ntly; .
influences. the achievements in techniCal assistance, . economic . stabiliza- :: '
:;·

tion~ and in strengthening human resources and instituffons~

.... ·.

AID . had continuing difficulties in recruiting and maintaining sta.ff "

capable of working harmoniously with Brazilian counterparts. Many fa fled ; :
to overcome cultural and language barriers, particularly in theN.o rtheast · · ..
and .i n rural areas. Some were technically competent but easily frustrated·~
Sources knowledgeable of AID operations say . that. l~ss than half-of. u~s~ .~ -- · ·.
personnel were able to work successfully within the Brazilian environmeni ·. .
and with Brazi 1 ian . agencies. The di ff i cul ti es were gr ea test on projedt~ ? ~ · , ..... ~- _.. :
.·
.~· . .
providing services directly to people in . the less developed re-gi'ons • .>
American personnel .worked much better in the area o.f high"'"level planning, ,,·. >:'i.'··
institution bujlding, and in the more developed regio ns. AID's techntca1 -< , ,
assistance programs. along with economic stabilization and. capi.tal loans, . '
·' ·. .'
similarly, were more successful in the latter areas. '-'··
.:.·.-...
-:·
··... ·
::_; :

AID attempted to compensate for personnei deficiencies by increasing -

its numbers. By the mid-1960 1 s, about 500 U.S. personnel were emp loyed f~ _..
... :..
,·
its programs, .s upported by some 400 locally hired Brazilians. This was a~ :
quadrupling of . the numbers four years earlier. The 1ess competent ind,(-
viduals were not only unproductive but in some cases caused fric:tior( and · ·
program setbacks. There was much experimentation using direct hire, . ton~ _<
' ) tractors, and participating agency service contracts (PASA) in an effor_t to ·
find the best means for acquiring needed personne 1. Each method had advan..,
tages: for example, contracts with 'universities to assist in setting up '
business schools and assistance of PASA specialists to help in .t ax reform
were the most practical means of technical assistance in those areas. How.""
ever, contractors sometimes recruited poorly-screened staff rather thari
\ ·..:

..'.'.

48

1:-J ._._-··.
 drawing on in-house talent. The PASA agencies occasionally sent mediocre
staff or those nearing retirement.

The American staff in AID's early years was predominantly direct hire;
,··.
...
::
from 1965 to 1968, it was mostly contract and PASA; from 1969 onward, it
returned.: to direct hire. In AID's final ye.ars, 1969-1974, Amedcan staff
was less than half that of the mid-1960's.

:· ).

Brazilian and American sources today believe that the AID operatiori in
the 1960 ' s was chronically overstaffed. While attri butable in p.a rt to
trial and error in employment practices, and the difficulty of finding
people effective fo the Brazilian environment, the overs.taffi ng reportedly
: ':

·· .. ·.··.
impaired effective performance and in some cases made working relati onships ·
more difficult .

The need for personnel was increased by maintenance of two head- ·.

quarters, in Rio de Janeiro and in Recife. each with staff for progranmi.l'.)g,
.··::_·::
operations, supervision, monitoring and maintenance .
; .

A large amount of financial support was required to provide fringe ,

benefits beyond those normally available to government ~mployees ~ Benefits
·. ·,, · '
were established to make AID employment more attractive, in particular to .
compensate for disruptive short-term assignments. Financing came largely
...
from a Brazilian-held trust fund established with counterpart cruzefros, to ·~·

be used by mutual agreement for local costs of technical assistance and

other mutually agreed purposes. Liberal support for AID personnel in the
form of housing, provision of furniture, veh i cles, drivers, household ser-
vices, and schools was provided.

The rapid increase in U.S. staff probably could not have been achieved
without these benefits . On the other hand, they set AID's U.S . empl oyees
.. ·.. apart as a privileged class, particularly in Recife, a small city where the
U.S. presence was very noticeable.

49

.. ·..·
.. · ... ·· -~ ·.. ." .. - ~ ·-
 Education and agriculture sectors used the most U.S. personnel. In
1967-68, of an estimated 338 American employees, about 80 were in educ~tion
and 50 in agriculture. Other areas of spedal importance were heal th,
. .
pub- .

1i c safety. and Food for Peace. Some projects re 1ied on sh or t:-term person...: ·
nel where the levels fluctuated greatly. This was particularly the case
during the stabilization years of 1964-68.

50

· ... · .. :-~ > ·.. .

 ' ·. I'

·Section ·v1

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ., :.

··.· ·.· .:

,.,
_.. .. Assisting Development throug_h Institution-Building: The Brazilfan . ·.:. ~- . :

Experience .. ~ ··...

. During the course . of its thirteen years in ·Brazi 1 the · Agency fo:r
International Oeve lopment . changed its objecti ve.s and · stra;tegy sev¢~al '
_times . anciutilized a 'wide variety of· techniques in the effort to -promote
and: assist the process of
social and econ·omic development. . In the early
years, there was a . considerable · element of experimentation in searching·' for
. . .· .

means to improve- 1eve ls of 1 iving in Brazi 1 1 s poorest regions .· . Thereafter;

there was a shift to economic stabilization and economic growth at ~the-·
national level. followed in the final years by an emphasis o.h the buildin:g
of i nsti tuti ons needed in an advanced deve 1opi n.g country.
·.. ·.. . ~-

Because of the shifting objective and programs, it is · not possible

today to make categorical judgments on AID' s effectiveness overall. ·. How.,_
ever, it . is possible to identify the specific AID inputs which retrosp~C~·~·
tively, ,in 1985, appear to have made the most positive and 1a·sting contr;t~ ·;
butions toward , assi.stirlg Brazilian de·•e
lopment. Conversely~ there were
activities wh.ich had only transitory or marginal importance.
. ' .

Broadly .speaking, AID had its greatest successes in helping, to b~il·d,'<:

the institutions needed for Braz.il to
.
function as an . advanced deve1opjng
. . ... ..•.

country . These ; nstituti ans survive today; whi1 e early benefi c iaries · ..;.,ere ··
largely the more developed areas the long-range impact
.
has been to . impro:ve
. . -:· .

life in the le,ss developed regions as well ~ AID in the mid-1960'.s suc~ ·-
ceededalso in ' helping Brazil to stabilize its economy and move into to an ·._ ._
-era of strong economic growth. Long-range conti.nuation of such· gains , :i~ ­
overwhelm_ed by cycl_ical changes; Brazii again seek.s . help today for ~~bi} i~.,;\
zation programs . However, the AID stabilization programs fulfilled BraiiT~s , :\ " ,
needs a~ . the time and, perhaps more importantly, provided the
. .
envfronmen:t
~ . .
: ·. : .. . .

, in which institutions. could be reformed and structured for future -needs~

51

:,,; ...
. . . . '.:. <.
 Less successful were i n the programs and projects intended to improve
levels of living for people in Brazil's poorest regions. This was AID 1 s
·.·.·
original objective; it was the principal activity in the early years and . -:: ,:;'
.;
the effort continued during the entire period of assistance. Gradually the
character of the AID effort changed from direct participation in .· provi(Hng .
· schools, heal th centers, food, and services toward enha ncement of the ..
...·:: .. ,'

Brazilian capacities to do these things themselves.

:. .~

In assessing AID' s effectiveness. t .he Checthi team was impressed par~ .

ticularly by the several achievements listed below. The Judgments therein
are drawn from the descriptive data in previous sections of this report, .. - __ :· .:...
1
from observation of Brazil s deve 1opmen t today, and from ih terviews with·
many people in Brazil who were associated or acquainted with AID 1 s programs
and projects.

1. The most important and lasting AID contribution was the assis-
tance to institutions enhancing Brazil• s capacities to deal with problems
of a rapidly growing, mocternizing, and increasingly complex society . ·

.. ·.·: ····"
2. of the university system was an outstandin accom::- . .• " t

pl i shment 1nst1tut1ona c ange

• Universities participating in the AID programs were well sel~c­

ted, strongly motivat.ed, firmly established, and able t o carry on
after the end of AID assistance . .·.. ~:

.... .·

• The single most important component within the university program

was training in the U.S. at the graduate level. · Closely allied
·, .

was the work of U.S. university teams within the Brazilian uni-
versities, contracted by AID to plan the restructuring and to
select the faculty and students for advanced training. ..
·

• Universities assisted by AID provide much of the staff today far

upgrading other universities and research i risti tu.ti ons. and much
···-;
·:,-

of the leadership in industry and government. . .. .·

.
,·
3. Improvement of research institutions was a major contribution ad.., . · ·
vanci ng the pace of Brazil's deve 1opment .. -

• AID helped to make this possible, in part by improving graduate

level instruction in the universities and in part by direct
financial support for research institutions ..

..·.··

52
: ~.

·-. :.. .. . ·.
.: .
. '-: ·.
1 ••

:.
: ~·· . . . ·:·
•..: 7 ..,··:··..
·.· ............ · ·. -:·
 • Agri cul tura 1, industrial, and economic rese.a rch now moves forward
under its own momentum, placing Brazil in a leader.ship posftio.n
among the developing countries . · · ··

· · 4. AID · assistance helped to ..establish . institutfona'.l changes im.- ..

proving efficiency in government, particularly in the federal ministries . ;.>
..
·. · : . · · ,· . ..
• AID-as.sisted reform -of the federal . tax structure and coi'lectfon ·:
procedures significantly increased . government revenu~s and • ·. ··
speeded economic stabilization. _
:··.

• Effective planni ng boards were estahi ished in man1 agencies .

While. the most notable of these were in the · Ministries .of ·.Plan- ;
ning, Education, and Health, effective planning boards were· also ·'
establiShed at federal and state levels for power, highways., and . _
local schocils and services. . .. '< .. ·

/ Assistance provided to the government-owned .electric ·:utility ;

Eletrobras, was notably successful in establ ishing . con.tinuing
· programs for professional training and planning. · ·
t The planning assistance was most effective in techrii'cally-.-:·: ·
oriented agenci es. There was less success and some failures · when . . .
planning was attempted in politically-influ.enced or highly-tradi".".
tional sectors . for example the state and local agencies in ' the
leas t developed regions . · · ·

5. Institutions for development and investment banking were greatly ,

improved by AID assistance .....
AID funds . in dollars and cruzeiros channeled ' t hrough the National ... -. ._.,
Economic Development Bank and the Bank of the Northeast, a.nd . its .: ·
cooperative effort in planning of projects, enabled these. insti- .·
tutions and their supporting financial enti 't ies to incre·ase ·
significantly the pace of industrial. agricultu·r al, and infra'.'"
structure growth. ·

• AID technical assistance and loans made it possib l e f or the ·

Central Bank. to establish a capital market development fund, t.o.
improve the organization and regulation of the security markets, .
and to make the capital market a principal source of funds · for
development. ·-.-.:. ,

• AID assisted the private sector in training, seminars , .a(ld i n ·

public infrastructure such as marketing facilities.
. .
• In the early years, AID made a few capital loans directly· to •··· · .·..
private industry, mainly because other financing was not .then ·. :.
available. These were troublesome and soon discontinued.
. ~--. ,.

• Exce pt for the . successful effort with El etrobras, AID avoi.ded the . ·
provision of funds to state enterprises, several of which ex,;o . ..: ...·

panded rapidly in the latter years. · •,_ • ·. . . . ~ -;- .. :. .

. ,...
..".: .· :.·
 . .:
.·.· ·.• :=

6. Direct financial inputs assisting economic stabilization · were ..... ' ~.

necessary and highly effective in 1964-66; subsequent program and sector·

1 oans were oriented increasingly toward development and thus more di sere..;
tionary

• AID program 1o~ns from 1964 to 1966 were essentia.l in helpln.g

Brazi-1 to achieve rapid economic stabilization and to improve the
environment for social and economic development. They ·were
highly concessionary, timely. and we 11-coord ina ted with needed
fiscal and social reforms. .. ..

•.,-:·
• · Program 1oans in 1967-68 were useful and effective in assuring .··: ;
con ti nuance of the stabi 1 i zation effort, but the highly conces- •,,,

..<--. ··~:
s i oriary terms were less critically needed and more difficult to
administer. Increasingly they were conditioned to meeting stahi.:..
lization goals and on larger imports from the U.S.

• Sector · loans from 1968 onward were tied directly to the dual
objectives of financial support for Brazil and to the expansion
of i nsti tu ti ons and infrastructure important to Brazilian deveJ-
opment. Brazil had achieved many of its stabilization goals and
. - .·. ··
had funds available in its own resources, directing .them in some ·. _ J -. ..

cases to development projects of low priority. particularly .the ..

Amazon Highway. Highly concessional AID loans were no longer _ ___,......- -

...·. ·~:.
- -:-
critical; however, they did deliver assistance of the type help.;. ···
fu1 primarily to a country . .in the advanced stage of develo!)rent

7. Speeding the dev(:lopment of electric power was the most important

AID c~ntribution to physical infrastructure

• AID . financing made possible an early and essential increase in

electric energy production and transmission at a time when . no
alternative financing was available.

• The l.oans were well coordinated with institution-building . in

Eletrobras and other entities producing and distributing electric
power.

8. Loa.ns and technical assistance for road and highway construction

had mixed results
... -:~. \·,
•
· ..
Projects were delayed and sometimes blocked by inadequate insti-
tutional structure in Brazil. . '
. .. .
. • •. • .;

• Ins ti tution-buil ding was par ti cul arly difficult in the Northea.st
and the poorly developed regions, which were · AID's chief targets
... ; : .:
.-:

in the ear1y years.

• In latter years, the chief beneficiaries of AID assistance were .

the more developed regions having better institutional structures
and more resources for ongoing maintenance'.

54 .::..

., .

... ·.. ..
).· .... ., .. ~· ·-" . -..~ - .... ,.,_ ..
 .·

i · :_
· •
•• Nevertheless. the AID assistance provided numerous roads and
highways need~d for development; it also provided basic institu-
ti ona 1 patterns and engineering skil 1 s which have been improving
· steadily in the years since AID's departure. ·

]· - 9~ Provision of services to people, un1ess accompanied by institu-

I.·· ·-> .'·
tion-building. had little 1asting impact

• Only small numbers of people were reached by the early AID pro-.
grams in the Northeast designed to provide directly the construe:- ·· .··:-

'· tion of schools, health centers, water and sewage systems, agrf:... ··
cultural supplies, and food. ·

• Without supporting institutions. physical facilities constructed ·

under AID programs tended to be poorly maintained, sometimes used '· ·
briefly or not at all.
L.
• Assistance projects of · this type could have been more effective ·
as models for institutional development, rather than a:s area.~ide . -~·-· ...
programs for delivery of such services . Their numbers would have
been fewer, more in line with resources. motivation, and the per-: ·.·
sonnel which could be provided to operate them. ·

• These judgments relate to the impact . which AID projects tiad on ,.

development~ not to the delivery of transitory services such as :
food and medicines for crucial human needs in an emergency.

! .. 10. In technical assistance, the best results were achieved in small, ,.

well-defined projects in the more developed areas

• These small projects provided lasting impact in the form of. in-
stitutions and activities oriented toward development, enhan~ing:
~ .. the capacity of Brazil itself t o assist the · 1ess <deve1oped
i . regions. · · · ·
. ·~ . : ..,

• The more developed regions were more strongly motivated and .had. . ·
greater capacity to utilize AI0 1 s technical assistance; a1 ;s.o · il.S~ >
personnel werebetter adapted to provide assistance in thi:Senvi~
ronment.
i ..
11. Income disparities increased during the AID era

• The economic growth which fo 11 owed s ta bi l lza tion too k p) ace

largely in the urban centers and productive agricultural 1an~s: of
south a·nd central Brazil, not in the underdeveloped' regions prig~::
i nally targeted by AID. ·

t · Brazil• s own development " .$trategy was directed consistentJy .

'· ~- toward incr~asing the total national product, assuming that lower
income groups would benefit eventually from growth in incomes at
all levels, from greater capital investment, and from larger
demand for all products and services. ·
:· ~

55
. " •,•
 • Reducing income disparities was an AID objective in its early
years and again in its final years . However. there were no
evident parallels in the prevailing Brazilian concept.

12. Institutions assisted by AID strongly desire to maintain the ·.

development linkages which were established with institutions in the U.S • .

• Cooperative relationships and interchanges between · U.S. and

Brazilian institutions continue informally. but without :the
sponsoring role previously occupied by AID. they are gradually - - -.-·- .
fading. .

• Brazil today considers itself an advanced developing country; for

its continuing development in the institutional area. it seeks .
cooperative arrangements rather than direct assistance.

• Such linkages could be strengthened by a small jointly funded

program assuring the continuing exchange of specialists and
placements in both countries for advanced training and research~

B. Suggestions for Further Study

Institutional development and growth in Brazil was a principal objec..., ·.

tive of the AID programs. The efforts were largely successful and the
institutions today are flourishing. The Checchi team believes that study
of selected institutions would contribute to a better understanding of the
development process in Brazil.

• Brazi 1 i an Agri cul tura 1 and Livestock Research Corporation

(Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria - EMBRAPA). Various approaches ·:. . .
. ·. -~

were attempted in an effort to establish a workable system in research and

extension. Gradua 1 ly. the concept of a semi-autonomous institute to carry
on research and to coordinate research and extension efforts of the federal
and state government, rural univers·ities. and agricultural and 1ivestoc.k
industries evolved. AID provided support for EMBRAPA in its initial yea;s.
·.·.=.
Today £MBRAPA is one of the leading agricultural research institutes in the
· . ..
Third World. ..
·

• Sao Paulo Technical ~esearch Institute {Ins ti tu to de Pesquisas

Tecnologica - IPT). This state-supported institute has been a prindpal

56

:. . . ·.'.·: r .:.:_'- ·· ,..

... ;,,. : '... . " . ' ., ·.~:. :_,

;i • • I • .. ( (;' ..·. , ' ; ·: · er i ' · cir "'i,Lh · ··
 .....
force in the expansion and coordination of technical resear c h for indus-
trial and commercial growth. It was assisted by the AID loan for scie nce
and technology for the State of Sao Paulo. .· . .·...
·.

• The development- institutions of Northeast Brazil . A stu.dy in

this area would center appropriately on the Bank of the Northeast (BNE).
· With AID assistance. this bank grew rapidly and has become a principal ,. · ..

instrument for development cooperation and growth . The study would include
•. . •l.. ·

the several major development institutions fo unded t o assist the Northeast, · .. ...-~ :

providing insight into overall development problems.

. .:·.
: . .•. ~
• · Brazilian Ministry of Finance Tax Department. AID's pro ject to ' I•, ',','

increase the . ef fee ti veness and efficiency of tax co 11 e c ti on was cons i dered
highly succes sful. Increased tax revenues contributed significantly to J .

rapid national growth. From 1965 to 1968 gross receipts from income .ta x
and excise tax on industrial products increased 100 percent. The federal
budget deficit declined from 2.3 percent of GNP in 1965 to 0. 4 percent in
1970. The rate of inflation dropped from 55 percent in 1965 to 20 percent
in 1971. AID provided technical assistance in taxation through a PASA
arrangement with the U.S. IRS.

.
• Brazilian Institutions in Economics, Business, and Public Admini-
stration. Studies of institutions in these areas could be made individu-
·,
ally or in groups. Representative institutions i~clude Getuli.o Varg·a s
Foundation (FGV), Institutes for Economic Research of the University of Sao
Paulo (IPE and FIPE} and the Institute for Municipal Administration (!BAM).

c. Recorllllendations for Maintaining an AID Relationship. with Brazil

Brazil, as an advanced developing country, now has institutions with

the capacity to plan and implement programs for its less developed regions.
They provide staff training and development throughout the nation. How..,.
ever, these institutions are relatively_ few in number. Their funding and
personnel are inadequate for keeping abreast of technical and technological .-:·./
advances outside Brazil. Continued close associations abroad are needed ·.
:

and desired . There are countries assisting such relationships, principally

.. ·:··

57
,·.
'· : ~ ..
 Canada •. G~rmany. France. and Japan. but among the institutions whi.ch pre-
viously received AID ·support. there is a strong preference for some ·ongoing
but moderate assistance from the U.S.

Thi.s desire provides an opportunity for the U.S. to d~velop a strategy

for Brazil. as an advanced developing country. providing limited assistance
which has the following characteristics: .. ·~ ·

• highly selective in the institutional recipients ~ ·: " .

. -..":·
• designed to update and maintain professional competence

t · facilitative in nature

• follows rather than pre-empts Brazilian patterns

• has rapid response

• beneficial for cooperating institutions in both countries

• has an administrative structure appropriate to the special needs

of an advanced developing country

For implementation, the Checchi team suggests establishment of a U.S.

government pro.gram with funds to promote and make possible a continuing"
exchange. of faculty and research personne 1 at the doctoral. post-do:cto~al. '
and spe~ialized professional levels; exchange of professi9nal ex~~rt~ for .
consultative services; graduate level training and profess1onal observa·::..
. .. ·.
tional travel. and a unit in AID/Washington to serve as a clearing ·house _· ,-.
for developmental institutions both in the U.S. a.nd in Brazil.
• • I ': ·,~ -,.

In Brazil, there should be an officer for local operations~ He. or · she

should have executive and technical experience with AID development pro.;. .. · ',

grams. administrative structures. and procedures. Within the Embassy. the

officer would be responsible for maintaining close relation.ships with the ·· ·-·,.
se 1ected iiisti tutions. for admini strati on of the program~ and for coor-
dination with the Embassy's program in leadership exchange.

.. ,· .
58

>:..·. . ... ..
~
,... : . .

•• # .:
·.. ·.: ..
; ·
__ ~: ::: ."·. .......· ·. ·, , .. .. : ..i ~
.,
·'· .. .....
~
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agency for International DevelopmE:c~t. Brazil: Completed Project Assistance and

ActiVities. · Washing.t on, D.C., Se·p tember 30, 1983 . .: · · . ·~

. ·.·
Agency for International Development, Evaluation Paper · 1A. The Use of Program ; ·..
'.
Loans to Influence . Policy. PFC/Evaluation Staff, Washington, D.C., M.jrch 1970 • .

Agency for !nternational Development. Final Report for Administrator's

. Evaluation Review on Rural Poverty. Checchi and Company, Wasr . \gt on , D.C.,
April 1975.

Agency for International Development . Northeast Brazil: A Succeeding Program .

of Regional Development. Recife, June 1969. ,,,

Agency for International Development. Phase-Out Plan for Brazil. Novemb e r

1973 . '; .
···:··.• ·

·· .. : ....
Alves, Elisen. International Centers and National Systems for . Agricultural .· .. :~,

Research, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa). Brasi-lia.

March 1985.

Androde Alves , Elisen Roberto de. Pesqu.isa .Agr<;>pecuaria; Empresa Brasileria de ·

Pesquisa Agropecuaria (Embroya) . Brasilia, 1985. '· ' '·.

Baer, Werner. The Brazilian Growth and Development Experience: 1964-197 5. · In · · · . :·-·.
:.: ;:·.
1·
·.
.·-. -·
Brazil in the Seventies, edited by Riordan Roett. American Enterprise Instit,ute,
for Public Policy Rese.a rch, 1976. · ·· _.· ..
·.· :.

Brazil: An Interim Assessment of Rural Development Pr.ograms for the N-Ortheast • . · . :~ ."
tiorld Bank Country Study, Washington, D.C., 1983.

Brazil:· · A Review of Agricultural Policies. World Bank Country Stµdy;

Washington, D.C. 1982 (Second printing November 1983).

Brazil: Economic Memorandum. World Bank Country Study, .Washington, D•.c., 1984 ~

Cas~ro, Claudio d~ Monra. The Impact of European and American Irif luence on . ·. ·:. .,.

Brazilian Higher Education. European Journal of Education 18, no. 4, 1983•

,..
Castro, Joane de. Death in the Northeast. Random House, New York, 1969 .

Conjuntura Economica. Monthly economic review, Fundacao Getµlio Vargos; Rio de .

Janeiro.
._ .,.,
Desempenho da Economia Regional do Nordeste. Superintendencia do
Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (SUDENE),. Recife, 1984. : . ....
: . ·• ~~..

Final Report - Program of Assistance in Institutional Development, AID Loan,

512/L/008. Denver Researt"..h Institute, October 1978, submitted to State of Sao · :·
·. '
!
Paulo •

.. .. . ·.

. ·.. . ·, . ... :. :·,"_:", .-' - ~ .. : .

, •,, , . ,'
 Fishlow, Albert. 0 Brazilian Size Distribution of. Income.... American Economic
Review 62, no. 2 .(May 1972), 391-402.

Frederick, · Kenneth D• . U.S. Contribution to Agricultural Development in Brazi.l. .

California Institute of Technology, October 1969.

Furtado, Celso. 0 Brazil Pos-Mitagre. Paz e Terra Rio de Janeiro, 1981.

. · ·.

General Accounting Office, Comptroller General of the U.S. The Br.a z.i lian
Economic Boom~ How Should the U.S. Relate to It? Washington, D.C., August
1974.

lnstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatiatica (IBGE). America estatistico do . , .·

Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, 1976-1984.

Joint · Brazil-United States Economic Development Commission. Institute of

Inter-American Affairs, Foreign Operations Administration, 1954.

Juca, Joselice. 35 Anos de Historia. Shess, Recife, 1982.

. .. ,
~

Katzman, Martin T. Cities and Frontiers in Brazil: Regional Dimensions of

Economic Development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA., 1977 .•

Knight, Peter T. and Ricardo Moran. Brazil: Poverty and Basic !ieeds Series.
World Bank, Washington, D.C., December 1961.

Kutcher, Gary P. and Pasquale L. Scandizzo. The Agricultural Economy of

Northeast Brazil. Copyright by World Bank. Johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore, MD, 1981.
·,._
Land Reform in Brazil's Northeast. AID, June 1970. :· ·.·.

.. .
Langoni, Carlos. Distribuicao da renda e desenvolvimiento economico do Brasi.1 : ... , '
•/.:
Editora Expresso e Cultura, R,._o de .;raneiro, 1973.
.. ·... :·..•.
Leff, Nathaniel H. Underdevelopment and Development in Brazil. London · and
Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1982.

0 Brazil, Ramo A. Auto-Suficienida Energetica e Minerale. Publication of

Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy, 1985. . ... ·· '·

Page, Joseph A. The Revolution that Never Was: Northeast Brazil, ~955-65.
Grossman Publishers, New York, 1972.
. '·
: , .... .
Perera, Luiz, Cartos Bresser. Development and Crisis in Brazil, 1930-1983.
Westview· Press, Boulder, CO., 1984.
. ::·:_.
Pesquisos ·Desemodvidos no U.F. (Vicosa) Com A poro da FINEP. University of ·
V~cosa, Minos Gerais, Brazil, 1984.
...·: ·:

Projeto Nordeste - Concepcao Basica. Ministerio do Interior, Recife, 1984.

Robock, Stephan H. Brazil: A Study in Development Progress. Brookings

Institute, 1975.

(.: . ·=· ..-; . ..

 Robock, Stephan .H. Brazil~s Developing Northeast: A Study of Regional
Planning and For~ign Aid. Brookings Institute, 1963.

Roett, Riordan, ed. Brazil in the Sixties. Vanderbilt University Press,

Nashville, TN., 1972.

Roett, Riordan. The Politics of Foreign Aid in the Brazilian Northeast.

Vanderbilt University Press, Nashvi.lle, tN., 1972.

Skidmore, Thomas E. Elites, Masses and Modernization in Latin America.

University of Texas Press, 1979.

Skidmore, Thomas E. Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964. Oxford University Press,

196 7.

Tendler, Judith, Inside Foreign Aid. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975 ..

The Distribution of Income in Brazil. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 356,
Washington, D.c., September 1979.

Webb, Kempton E. The Changing Face of Northeast Brazil. Columbia University

Press, New York, 1974.
. ·,-·

Yeganiantz, Levon et ·al. Brazilian Agriculture and Agricultural Resear.c h.

Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embraya), Brasilia. 1984.

...
·'

,•.:

·'
-~ .

·.';

. - ;

..... .
·_.. •.

Appendix A
··...
LIST OF SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE INTERVIEWED
CHECCHI BRAZIL STUDY

.. ·'
·.. ~.· ..

Airton 01 i vei ra de Abreu :·. ~~ ·..

' .... ~ .
. >
Di rector-Superi ntendente
.. ..
CEMAR
Centrais Eletricas do Maranhao S.A. ..
'. ~ '.
SAO Luis

Jose Paulo Almeida e Albuquerque :· ·.-

Vi ce-Reitor par.a Assuntos Academi co ... · -'·· ·:.._.

· :_ ..
. ... ..~ · .

Pontificia lkliversidade Catholica do Rio de Janeiro - PUC-RJ

Fabio J. R. Alvares, Asistente Do Presidente,

Banco Nacional de Habitacao .{BNH)
Rio de Janeiro

Eliseu Roberto de Andrade Alves

President ......
Empresa Brasi1eira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria
(EMBRAPA)
Brasilia
._
.. ; ·:. <
Gaston Cesar de And raj e, Asesor, Former Di rector Genera1 , ~~- .' .:·:
.··., ··.
Fundacao Servicio Especial de Saude Publ ica ·:· : .
( Fundacao SESP)
·..:,.r:
Rio de Janeiro

Bertoldo Cruz Grande de Arruda

Professor, Fonner Director,
Institute :Nacional de Al imentos e Nutricao (!NAN)
Recife
.:···:

~: . .

: .. '
~·
L.:Y'
..\JI:. ·
. ·.. . . . . :·
 ·.·
.. i ~ • :
. ,· .. •• .• '=
. ·~
. -
. ~-

Robert Ballantyne
Intennnerican Developnent Bank
Rio de Janeiro

Professor Hel io Barros

Secretaria do £nsin6 Superior
Ministry of Education and Cuiture
Brasilia

Margarida Ma.r i a Costa Batista

Re~fred, Fonner Director,
Institute de Servicios Publicos
El Salvador

Alfredo Behrens
Inst ituto de Pesqui sas Economic as ( IPEA-INPES)
Rio de Janeiro

Professor Carlos Osmar Bertera

Di r-e ctor
Escol a de Admini stracao de Empresas de Sao Paulo
Fundacao Getulio Vargas

Mari a Nubia . Barbasa Bonfi n

Assessora-Chefe do Secretaria de Educacao
Estado do Maranhao
Sao Luis

Solange Lamejo Vieira Borges

Director, Centro Interdi sciplinar de Servicios Publicos (I SP}
El Salvador

Or. Guil henine Brandao

Consel ho Nat tonal de Desenvo1 emento Ci ent ifi co et Technico
CNP
Brasilia .
.. : . ~'

2
 ... .. . ' ·. ·. . •:'

........

·. _. , ·. ·

.. ' .
~·

. ·:· ..

Ma rt t.n . Bregman-·_-. .
..:: . . . . ·: ..
: ·· ..

Northeast -•.Busi n~ss Operations

'Rio de Jan~i ro . . . . . "... i .
. "., :
... ;:·: .:
. : .. .

.. ·
Sra
. ·.
Euvides Brito
::
.:.·

· · . ~l'tt,etari a de Educa~ao
· > Governo do Di std cto Fed¢ra1 .·· .·
·. ~

.Brasiiia

. ·:"' · .
Vicente de Castro Saraiva Cam~ra .
- . ·.. .~ .
·.·: ..
Dir.e ct·o r, · srasil ia Office
SUOENE . ' .
. :

Brasilia

Antonio Carlos Co el ho Campi na -

Profes-sor _ . ~. '

· Faculdade de C:conomfa e Ai:im.i n1 stracao ... ·.. ··

. f·. .
Unt versity of Sao Paulo
. . --.·:;· . .
. .,;
·.....
Cesar -Cals
.~ . . ...
senador ·,
. . ..
For:mer Minister o'. Mines -and Energ.;·
.:. .
..·
Fonner Di'r-ector of -Boa ~speranc-a Hydroelectric Power· Ph.nt
.. .·.. ·... Brasilia
.· ··. . . . ,

Pa:ulo Alberto Sa Ribeiro Campos -·

Prestde:n t ·.:·
· ·. -Ci ~ · siderurg i ca do Nordeste (COSINOR)
Foryn~r En9i neer with AID
.. · · · Recite ··_ .
. . .· .. •".:•
·... . ..· ··.:.··. . . .·:·
. ·, .

Jesus • I rv~ndro_ Campo

. . . ; · ' ·. .: Di recto~,.: Furldacao ·, Inst it~to de .
. '
.., · .,dmfofstf·ac~o ~nitipal ·(FIAM)
. ·. ·:. :5 ·.

Recife
...·· .
·• •· ·
:·...
' .· .·... ·. ....
3
: · . ,.·
·.. · :' .

.· · ··> . ·· . ·,. ·. . .
. -.
'· .. : .
~:

·. .;:: :.~ . .: ·. . :. . ..: .'..: ~ : . : ·~·· . .: ..; . ' ..

 ·.. ';_,:...
··."... ...: ·.
·::::: ·.·

·:· .. :... :

-.....
.. :
Roberto Campos
;
,.
·. .
'·
Senator ·
Form~r Mi'nister of Planning
,• . ' ·

· Brasilia . ·: .:

~Joao 7 ME!mede Cardoso

C~orctenador de Operacoes do fundo .·
E~tadual de Desenvol vlmento ·Ci enti fito · e Tecno1 ogi a ,- FUNEi .
. ·•. · lfov~rno do Est ado de Sao P~ul o
. · '•

Joao· car:neire, Adminis~rador,

Superintendencia de oesenvolvemento do Nordeste (SUDENE) ·
Recife ··

Cl a!Jdio de ·Moura Castro

Di rector~ Centro Nacional de Re.curses Humanos
Institute de Planejamento Ec.enomico e Social (IPEA)
Brasilia

Otavio_. 8u1 Mes

Fonner' Ministe·r .Q.f Fl nance
. : .. ·.
Getul io . va·r gas Fot1ndation ·
Rio d.e J·a neiro ·

Oarce.v ~ClQs
. Fo:rmer Di rector: de Recursos Huinanos

...... ·..... . .
:.
~ :·

. .:-· .
·. · : : ,"

Lui s o. Coi·rolo ·
· ··· Wor1d Bank Representative
Rec1fe . . .·
·..._·
.··. ·: :··. :·

4
.~

:. ·.· .. . : ;· . .: .
·. . ~· . ·..'
. . .:
....
..·... .... '. .. ~~.:. .
 .. ·. , .

·Aderb_al .· Cost:a
.. .
Assi~tant . for .Interriatio:1al Affairs
..· .
; ~ :.
.. .. ,
Side_r"urgfa Brasil ei ra
(S I OERBRAS)
Brasilia · <
.· .
' \ :

· Manoel . Augusto co sta ·· .

· _:i'nstituto BrasiTeira de Estadf~tica e Georgrafi a

· Dt~ector Geral t Centro de Estudi os .de Pol it fcas de Populacao .·.·
e 0esenvol vimento
·.·. Rio de Janeiro
· ... ·
Edmond Cu~'f!iin s ·
· Former Chief of USA![} Road Projects in Northeast Brazil ··
Rio de Janeiro . . .. ~

., . .

Stephen Oachi, Consul General . ..~ . . . . ...

· l!. S. Consulate Sa-o Paulo : ".

· Former Di rector, Peace Corps '8-raz.i 1
Sao Pa~lo

Lu { z H~rold Dirickson
Director •Executf va
I rrst ituto de Pesqui sas Technol ogicas do Est ado de . • , I

Sao Paulo

Wi lli am Ellis
Repre.sen~.ative.

Interamerkan Development Bank

Rio _de Janeiro
. . . .

Iva~ :'Fachfoetti .· ·.
Retj r _ed, -f()rmer Oir~ctor ·
Insti tute de·. s~rv icios Publ icos (ISP) . ·
El Sa1v ador· ·

.· ·. . ·
.. . . (: . ·-·· . . ... . .: .. ~,'" ;
 :.".··:: ....: ·
'.· . . .·,:
l ..

··
·~
. -
... . . '.'.· ·. ::,

Celso . Furtado ..· :_.. .. _ -..:

First Superintendent ·of SUOENE •{1959-1964)

·· Rio de Janeiro ·

Mari a Beatrix R. 01 ivei ra Gonca.l ves

· Secretarta General ··
. .- . Cortselho de Reitort!s das Universidades Brasil ei ras
Brtas i 1 ia
:.

:. .

James Griffith
Professor .of Forestry . ...·

University of Vicosa

. Jose .J arbas Studart Gurgel

:.·- ..
Di rector of Aquaculture
·.·.-· ':°
Oepartamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas (ONOCS)
Fortaleza ·, ... ~:.

Paula de Jesus · · .. ··
Director ·.
Departamento de Recursos Humanos
SUDENE - -Superientendencice do Oeseh.volvimento do Nordeste:
Recife · .' . · ··.·. :

Carlos ktoni o Moreira Leite ·

Oepartam~nto ·de Econania' Rural
Ui'liversidade Federal ,de Vicosa
.....-.
Vicosa
. .
~.

·: ..
··.
Paulo. Matos de. Lema, Director
Centro Admfnlstrati vo da Bahia, · Secretari a da lndustri a ·
·. .

· Comerdo, e Turismo ·
Governor . to Es.tado :da Bahia - Salvador
E1 Sa lv ad.o r
·.·.·"..

_. ' .::

· .. . ...

·,•
·: ~ -
. .. . .
 . . ·' ,: ·,· ,··
·.::.. ..... ·
. .··.

· Ruy Aguiar da Si 1 va Leme

· Pro:fessor
.Facul dade de Economi a· e Admirii stracao
University of Sao Paulo .· ·.· ..

Fransi sea. Hi Ji no Barbosa Lima ' •• • . . • • •I .~ .. .

. Retired, ·. Fonner Otrec1:or

· . Escola de Administtacao
· Untversidad de · Pernambuco
Recife ·,,,

Samuel levy, Professor, ·Of Economics

. Fundacao Getul io Vargas
Rio de Janeiro

Luiz · Carlos Oanin Lobo, Coordenador . .·.. ·:.<

·,.
Organi zacao .dos Es1:ados Mlericanos ( OEA)
Brasilia

. Oeoli ndo Lopes

Assistant for Foreign Cooper:ation
Superintendencia do · Desenvol vimento do Nordeste. (SUOENE}
Redfe-

Lui z Simoes - Lopes

-President ·
Get1Jl i o ·Vargas Foundation
Rio de Janei.ro

Mateos - Jo~.e Lopes

Di reCtor de .Engenari a
··, ..
Companliia- Htdr-o El ~trica do Sao Francisco
.Reci-fe
. .··

.; .
7
: ·: ~
'•••' · ....

. . .. ::::·
... ,,· ., .. . -~ ·.. : .:. . .. .
~

.·. · :.. :.. · . ·.

 Fransisco Vidal ·· Luna, Di rector
. .

cocirdinadoria de Pianeiamento Regional

Instituto de Pl anej amento Economico e Social {IPEA) ·- : '. . .. ·.- ·; ._,
. . . · . 1•·.·
.· _:.:_

Brasilia .

Antonio Rocha Magal haes ·

lnstJtuto de Planej arnento Economico e Social (IPEA)
· Bras.ilia

G~ralso Arias Maia

Professor
.Department · of Agronomy
University of Ceara
Fortaleza
' .- ·. ··_ ..

Jacques Marcovitch
Director
:~ .

Facul dade de Economi a e Admi~i str~cao

University of Sao Paulo

Ge:orge . Ma rt in
Asesor
lnstjtuto de Pl anej amento Economi co e Socia1 (!PEA)
- . ~ .

Brasilia

Carlos Brunet Martins

Director
·Centro de Ci enci as Agrari as
Universi~y of Ceara
·. Fortaleza

· Oionesfo de Sousa Martins

Professor de Admini stracao
Escola de Admini stracao
lkliversidad da Bahia
El Sa 1vador
: .. .·
. ~ I ' " ; :· ; •

. : . ~: ··:
.. ; .· !·' .
.. . . ··
'· '.'.
~': ::
'':'" :
,,_, , . . ... - .. .·'. · . .. ·.
' ... ,.. · ::~ .. "·· .'. :::.<·.::_~· :~. ,· . ,• :-. ··:<: .':.i-.: .•".:: ·.:.,: ... :.;. . , . ·-·. · -.:.·
·. · ..

Jose Augusto Martins

. -- ,

Director~ · Escola Politecnica . -·.

Universidade de _Sao Paul.o \ "..·.· ...

. - . -~ ...
:-- ·.: .. ·:·.

()i ego. Lorden o de Melo

Director
Instituto Brasileira de Admini stracao Municipal
Rio de Janeiro

J. M. Pompeu Memori a
Assistant for International Cooperation ·. , ·
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropeculaia (EMBRAPA)
Brasil i'a

Ana ·Maria Mendonca

· Suplente Oeputado Federal .
Congreso Nacional
Brasilia

Antonio B. Morais
Assistant to Di rector
Departamento Nacional de Ct>ras Contra as Secas (DNOCS) =·:

Fortalza ._, _;_~'<::·:·:\

.:
:.. ':'"
, (

~-.
_...._ '• ~··

RaimondoMorrocos
Secretario de Admini stracao
Fundacao Sevicio Especial de Saude Publ ica ( Fundacao SESP.)
Ri.o de Janeiro

. Paulo Jlbrto, Di rector

.Escola .· Brasi 1 i ra de Admi ni stracao
Fundacao Getul io Vargas
Rio de Janeiro

•
· Arthur Moura
Mendes Jr~ Company
Fonner Defense Attache, u. s. Embassy
.·· ·.
Rio de •Janeiro ._ .._-_. :. t·

Miguel Octavio
Profesor de Administracao
. Universidad de Pernambuco
Recife

Deogenes Walter 01 ivei ra

Secretai"io Adjunto
S~cretari a de Cooperacao Economic a e Tecnica Internacio.nal (SUB I NJ
Secret aria de Pl anejamento da Presidenci a da Republ ica ·
Brasilia

Edgar Arl i ndo de Mattos 01 i vei ra

secretarto de Educacao
Reel ife.

Joao Batista Araujo de 01 i vei ra

Programa Nae ion al de Desburacrati zacao
Brasilia

Affonso Celso Pastore

Former President of Central Bank
Facul d.ade de Economia e Admini stracao
University of Sao Paulo

Jarbas Pass~rinho
Former Minister of Education and Culture
Brasilia

--_.·._··_- _· .
. _ _.,- ,_
.;-:·
 George Peace .
·Former Deputy Di rector
USA IO Recife
Rio de , Janeiro

Francisco Franco de Abreu Pereira

Director of Irrigation
Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas (ONOCS)
Forta1 eza

Jurandir Maraes Picanco, Jr.

Vice Presidente de Planej.amento . .,. ...
COELCE - Coinpanhia de Electricidade do Ceara
Forta1 eza

<:mar Ribeiro
Technical Director
National Center for Storage Training
Vicosa

Luiz . Rocha
Governador - Estado do Maranhao
Sao Luis
. .,.·

Antonio Galdas Rolin

.·
Di rector Reg ion al
Fundacaode Asistencia Escolar (FAE)
E1 Salvador

· .Emanual Sader
Chefe da asesori a de operacoes Es pee i ai s e de Rel acoes Internacionai-s ·
· . de Presidenci a, Banco Nacional de Habltacao (BNH} : '· :

Ria de Janeiro
• ... ·

11
 · Mario Cezar A. Sales
Di retor de Planej amento
DAER -: Departamento Autonomo de . Estrades de Rodagen
· Estado do Ceara
Fortaleza

Edmundo Barbosa da Si 1 va
President
Jari Forest Products Company
Rio de Janeiro

. Leonides Alves de Silva Fi 1ho

Preseidente
,·

Instituto. Nacional de Admini stracao para o Oesenvol vimento, ( INAD)

Recife

Alvaro de Pinho Simnoes

Repr~sentante en Brasilia
Fundacao Servicio Especial de Saude Publ ica (Fundaeao SESP}
Brasilia

Mario Simonsen
Fonner Minister of Finance
·. ·:
Getul fo Vargas Foundation ...

Rio de Janeiro

Belmiro Siqueira, Retired Fonner Director Geral

-
Departamento Admini strativo do Servicio Publ ico (OASP )
Rio de Janeiro ... : ,··

. Alvaro Luis de Sousa

Superi ntendenci a de Desenvol vimento do No.rdeste (SUDENE),
Fonner Director, Centro Regional de Administracao Muni.cipal
~~- .. '

· Recife • • 1"

...
. . '. .. ··.

12

. . . .
~ •' ..: "'~ :·\ ·. · ..:. ·' ·.,_ ...-:-. ~:, ·:_
.:·. :·:.. ·.:~. .:~--: .. ;.. ... ....
' . .:. ~.: ... ,. _
 ... ·'"

Le.d a .Maria Taj ra

Secretarfa de Educacao
Estado do Maranha.o
Sao Luis
. ~:

· Miro Teixeira, Secretario Geral

. Oepartamento Admini strati vo do Servici o Publ ico (DASP)
Brasilia

Joao Paulo dos Reis Vel 1 oso

Fonner Minister of Planning
President, Brazflian Capital Markets Institute
President, Cia. Invesplan de Participacoes . .•·. ·•.

Rio de Janeiro

Walter Veloso, Dir~tor Regional

Fundacao de . Asi~tencia Esc/oJar {FEA)
Brasilia

Cl i bas Vi era
Vice Rector
University of Vicosa

. , . ... .~· ..::

Beatric Warl ich .. /.

Professor of Economics : ·. ; ' ·-

Fundacao Getulio Vargas
Rio de Janeiro

Stephen Wolynec
Di re.tor - Oepartamento do Meta 1 urg i a
IPT - Instituto de Pesqui sas Technologicas do Estado de Sao Paulo
Sao Paulo

;.·· .. ·:,
<

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13

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 Edison Zarur
,,._,
Chefe do Dept. de Capacitacao e Desenvol virnento de Pessoal ·: :

Eletrobras - Centrais Eletricas Brasileiras, SA

Rio de Janeiro .• .
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 Appendix B

STATISTICAL APPENDIX

I. Internati ona 1 Economic Assistance

A. U.S. Capital Assistance
1. Statement of AID loan Implementation and -Disbursement
Progress, 1978.
2. Loans Authorized and Obligated by U.S. Agencies; Amounts
of Disbursements, Repayments; and Balances Outstanding,
1946 - 1983.
3. USAID: Capital Assistance Expenditures, by Section,
1960 - 1983.
4. USAID: Dollar Loans Authorized, by Fi .seal Year and
Sector, 1962 - 1972.
5. USAIO: Capital Assi~tance Projects, by Sector
.. ; ... 6. Completed Cruzeiro Loans ..:~

8. U.S. Technical Assistance

1. U.S. Dollar Grants - Net Obligations, by Sector,
' "·.
1960 - 1983.
2. Expenditures - Technical Assistance, by Sector,
1960 - 1983.
3. Technica1 Assistance Projects, by Sector.
C. Combined U.S . Capital and Technical Assistance
l. AID Expenditures - Total Assistance, by Year
2. U. S. Overseas - Loans and Grants - Obligations and
Loan Authorizations
3. U.S. Foreign Assistance - Obligations and Loan . ···:-:

Authorizations . ..•

D. Non-U.S. Assistance
1. Total Multilateral Assistance Flows (Net), 1960 - 1982.
2. Overseas Development Assistance Inflows, 1960 - 1982.
3. Total Overseas Development Assistance Flows from OECD
Countries, 1960 - 1982.

-: , .. _,.· . .. . ~ - .· .. . ·. _. . ·. - :.... . . . .,._: , ...

. . . ... • ~ , .·., ,:..,. • r . . '. . ·~ ~·'" ·~·- ,~-·-:-.
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·.<-:•·.:.... . ·... ·,, .: '·. - . ~
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.' .:..\..•..
..
 II. USAID/Brazi1 Personnel Summaries

A. U.S . Personnel Working for AID, by Sector, 1964 - 1972.

B. U.S. Personnel Working for AID, by Employment Category,
1964 - 1974.
C. Brazilian Nationals Working for AID, 1964 1974.

I II. Development Interlinks Involving Uni versi ti es

IV. Food for Peace

A. Dollar Value of Cornnodi ties PrograJT1Tied under Title I ,

Public Law 480 - Agreements Signed
B. Uses of Foreign Currency as Provided . in Title I ,
Public Law. 480 - Agreements Signed

V. Macro Performance of the Brazilian Economy, 1951 - 1982.

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·· ..:

·· :·..

. . .

MACRO .PERFORMANCE OF THE BRAZILIAN ECONOMY, 1951

. ..··
 Table . l ~l: BRAZIL - MACRO PER:FOR..'iANCE OF THE BRAZilIAN ECONOMY~
l95l-l98i
' • • r" ".:·; .; ~ :.. : -.~ :.:.
··· '
.-•.
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Annual Gro~h llates (%) . lmpliit~t .

GDP . . GD~ .
!xpons Impor~s
per Agr~:- (USS (USS oeflator
Years GDP Capita Industry culture mil;tion) million) ( 7.) . .

·.. • .
1951-55 6. 8 3. 7. 7.7 5.1 l,488 l, 64~ ·15~· 6

1956-&l 6~ 9 3.7 10.l 3.8 l ;333 1,38~ 20~ 6~. . '·.

-...
l 9 61-65 4.5 L 6 3.8 5.8 1,409 1,356 6LT... .
...
1966-70 7.2 4.7 · 9.7 0--8 2,065 2,981 26.9 '
..

i971-:73 12.8 10.0 14.3 6.4 3, 9 64 4,708 i9~0 ..

1974-78 7.0 4.4 7.7 s. l 1!''1. : l,.29 12,588 39~3 -->

1979 6. 8 4. 1 6. 6 5.0 15,244 18' 083 5:6. 8 ; ·· _:· ·::·

..
,.

1980 7.9 5.2 7.9 6. 3 20,132 22,955' 94.T

1981 -1.9 -4.4 -5. A 6. ·8 23,293 22,080 109.l

•,:

1982/ a LO -1. 5 1. 2 2.0 20,17 5. 19. 397 100 .• 0 'c

. , ..

Prelimiuary Estimates.

Conjuntura Econ6mica, various issues; and ·: .' .

FGV, C.entral Bank, Relatorio Anual, · various issues .•

Source: Brazi1: Economic Menorandum, Wor1 d Bank, 1984

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·- ...

BRAZIL: LOANS AUTHORIZ~O AND 08LlGATED BY U.S. AGENCIES;

AMOUNTS OF DISBURSEMENTS, REPAYMENTS, ANO SA~ANCES OUTSTANDING, 1946-1983
(mi 11 ions US $)

Repayments
Authorized and Obligated Including Outs tan ding ·
Agency l 946..:61 1962.-79- ----- 1980"'.83 Total s DisbursementsY Interest Dec. lL 1983

AID 0.5 1 ,31 l.O 1,311.5 l. 185 . 0 469.4 715 ~ 6

FOod for P~ace
(PL 480) 157 .5 278.4 435.9 437.0 142.0 295 .0
Other i:conomi c
·. Ass.istance l/ 22 . 5 64 ,9 o. 1 87 . 5 103. 7 116.0 - 12.3
Military
Assi s tance 272 .0 272.0 264.6 305.5 - 40.9
Eximbank l,155.3 1 ,775 .6 305.0 3,235.9 3,527.7 3,467.9 59.8
All Other 10:0 31.5 101. 5 102 .4 122.2 - 19.8

Totals 1,335.8 3,771.9 336.6 5,444.3 5,620.4 4,623.0 997.4

Source: Agency for International OevelopmenL

·.·. 11 Inclu~es Social · Trust Fund administered by Inter-American Development Bank.
y . Incl ud~s capita l.i ied interest. .

···.. .

,.

' ·... ·.-· ~ ':'' . . ~- ~

 . :. .·

EXPEND !TURES
. •' ~ : CAPITAL ASSISTANCE PROJECTS
1960 - 1983
(U . S. $ 000)

Industry Publi c Safety ColTV']unity Dev . Private

··.. ·. ·. . Education & Ad111in i strati on & l~e 1 fare Enterprise Other Total
. . --~ AQrfcultute . and .Mininq Transportat ion Labor Hea 1th

1960 -
1961 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1%2 - 4,279
1%4 0 4,279 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.. .· 1965 . 3,757 9, 143 0 0 9Z2 0 0 0 0 0 13,842.
1966 . },893 • 21,491 6,259 0 38 0 0 0 0 3,062 38,743
. 1967 2 ,843 39 ,548 15 ,253 0 .387 6 0 0 0 5,726 63,757
1968 3, 799 .34 ,957 8,396 0 434 0 0 0 l, 218 961 49 ' 765
1969 . 10,572 20,319 6,564 0 1 ,987 0 0 0 53 2, 338 41 ,833
1970 0 17. 118 6,355 0 1,4'94 0 0 0 0 1,562 26 ,529
197 1 0 19,669 . 5, l 71 0 6,095 ·o 0 0 0 884 3i,819
1972 0 15,455 2,lll 0 6,692 0 0 0 0 1,336 25,594
1973 . 5,025 12,574 960 0 3,514 0 0 0 0 915 22,988
1974 3,783 9,271 11,907 0 . 9 ,902 0 0 0 3,563 334 36,760
1975 . 4,204 8,389 10, l 50 0 12,098 0 0 0 1,052 35 35,926
1976 300 832 6,740 0 107 0 0 0 89 0 8,068
•.. 19].7
ttiru } · No expenditures 1isted
.. l98l )

·.· Total .. 42; )76 . 213,065 79,866 0 43 ,670 0 0 0 5,975 17 , 153 . 401 ,905
~

Sour ce : AI D/Hashin<iton.

··. .- =.·-

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"· ~ ..:·
. ·' ·. . . :. '-~

. . =· ::.. ·

DOLLAR LOANS AtrrHORIZED TO .BRAZIL BY FISCAL*YEAR AND SECTORS

. . . · ($ i-1lLL~ONS) . . . '.•. .!:
.· .. . '
PRE- ·.
iNVEST. . ,.,
IND I TRANS I HOOS ING I HEALTH/ TECH. PROG. ANNUAL · ··
FY . PO\IBR · · MINING · gQMM. UR.DEV. filll!Q.. SA NIT. AGRI.:.. ASSIST. LOANS· . CYrHER .· TafALS
~-

; ..
: .' . 1962 74.5 74. 5 .·.
',:·: ;

1963 15.5 4.9 13.2 · 4.0 25.5 63.1 .·

196'· . 52.5 7.3 17.5 6.4 . 14.5 50 .. 0 148.2

1965 51.4 2.8 13.9 -- 150.0 . 218.1

1966 2'·. 0 14.9 -s.1 1.0 8.9 150.0 203.9

1.967 40.8 5.5 13.2 99.8 159.9

1968 28.l 32.0. 25.7 11. .9 . 73.8 5 •.8 17/. 3

1969 -- . .. ·...;.

'
·.'I

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. : .. .: 1970 ...... 50.0 25.0 75.0

. ..
1971 2.5 10.0 25.0 15.0 15.0 67 . 5 . . .

·. :· .. ··. 1972 ·. . -- . -·- ·.':.··

_·.·_ A_,-.1_·.·~.• ·t.~·. 1··. 4. ._.. .

. · .· rr()'r _.. .
. . .

_:_-.s ·. · 2s ··o·
.. •.. ·•. . . ·. 90;. o . · si.o .· 62.2 .. s·s.6 12.9 ·· 623.6 ·~ 20.s 1,i-86 ~ 9 ~...... ::-/•

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 BRAZIL
CAPITAL ASSlSTAltCE PROJECTS
AID DOLLAR FINAllCED. COSTS
(Thous1nds of Dollars)

FIELD Of ACTtV ITY DATES

PROJECT TITLE START FINISH TOTAL COSTS

AGRICUL Tl.llE & NATURAL RESOURCES .

Food Prod~t1on-Fert111zers 1973 14,504
Resettleunt Project 1959 19f;8 210
Northeast Agricultural Marketing 1973 - 1977 12. 728
Mineral & Water Resources 19157 1977 5,331
Agricultural Research · 1971 197g .i 0 ,24.5
Agriculture· & Marketing 1972 1977 892
Higher Agricultural Education 1974 197A 6,845
TOTAL:
INOUSTRY &MINillG
Fortaleza E'rnergency Power 1963 1965 2, 315
Cenat-Power EJcpans1on Progr1111· 1964 1971 '4,tl~
Paranaense Power· Expansion 1965 1973 l!,39°
Fornas-TranS1111ssion Systew 1g54 1974 16.•6"'~
Peixoto Power Plan Ex1>1ns1on 1964 1972 17 . ~~9.
Sao Francesco Hydroelectric lg54 1971 . 6·,.;>/ )
Rio Lfght SA 1965 1975 39 ; rt3·6
Da 8o ·Hydroelectric Canpany 1965 1974 io.ii:a.
Hascarenhas Hydroelectric 1966 1974 12,jiJS
s·a nti Cruz · Power Project 1963 1974 15;300
Elee Po-er System Expansion 1963 1967 s,o n
Electrobas-Power Training & Tech. Assi stance 1967 1975 702
Synthetic Rubber -Plant · ~962 1967 2~<383 .
Chelf ca 1 Recovery Systt111s 1965 1971 749·
ClrbOil Black Plant 1961 19157 l,915
Food Production 1966 19158 969
Ultrafert11-Fert111zer Plant 1966 1973 H,806
Deve loi-ent ·Bank ig153 lg515 4,0GO
Electrobas-Power Traintng & Tech. Assistance 1972 1977 . 2,09f
Pas so Rea 1 . Hydro Pl ant 1969 1977 z.e,1S7
Santa Cruz Ther111al Plant Eltpans1on 1967 1975 34,631
Science & Technology oevelo1111ent 1973 14,799
TOTAL: 245 , 177

TRAKSPORTATIOlt
Hfghway Eng1neer1ng & Training Adv. Service 1964 1974 . 1,376
M1nu Gerias Highway Department 1965 . 1973 12 ,871
Sao Paulo Highway Construction 1966 1975 . a,513
Highway Construction 19154 1975 t:l, 149
Highway Ma intenance 1964 1973 H,S32
Rio Grande .do Sol Highway 1970 1977 5,005
Rural .Road Construction 197l 1977 25,000
Afr .Navfgatfon Aids 1964 lg715 '.2,575
TOTAL: 83,381 .·.
HEALTH &.SANITAT10fl ,:. . -:~

Sursao Sewage Maintenance Equip1ent 1966 1973 '2.165

Guanabara Water Colapany 1966 1973 2,923
Hurifctpal Water System 1970 1975 · 15,246 · •, ' ... ·
Urban Sanitation 1971 1977 24,991
Integrated Health Delivery Sys·teni 1973 1978 3,465
Hahrh Eradtcat1on 1968 1974 16,584
TOT~L: 65,374 • .

: .·.··

.... ·. · ,.::....
 BRAZIL CAPITAL ASSISTANCE PROJECTS - Page 2

FIELD Of ACHVHY DATES

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _P_R_OJ_E_C_T_T_I_TL""E'--------------------s_t_AR_t_ _ _F_I_H_IS_H____T_O_TA_l_CO_s_r_s_....,_..,

PRIVATE ENTERP!U SE/PROMOTION

Production Equipnent/Mach1nery Expansion 1965 1973 9,338
Cap10l .1'.arket Oeveloprnent Fund 1972 1978 3,277 · . , .:' ·:
Hortheast Slllall/\;ledii. Industry 1973 1971 10,000 • • •• <,.
~· .
TOTAL : . 22,615

PUSLIC SAFETY I PUBlIC-Al»IINISTRATION

. ·,. ,
. : :
.,
.. ...•. ·..
~

Stat ht-tea.I Development 1969 1978 . . 2,626 ' :: I ,' :~ '

. ,•,

TOTAl : 2,626 ;' .

OTHER GEHERAL/MISCEL.LAICEOUS
Feas1bfl 1ty Study·Finep 1966 1974
• ... >
TOTAL~ 8,-)65 .. . ... ,, . .

TOTAL AMOUNT FUHOED ON A LOAN BASIS 478,893

COUNTRY TOTAL A.'10UNT FUNDED 478,893

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COMPLETED CRUZEIRO WANS

DECDmER ,1, 197A

lDAiJ ii~ OORRCMER Ft:1RFO.$E; AMOtr.rr DISIJUHSEO DOUAR ~UlVA.LENT 11

5l'1>E Econo::i,ic Develop:nent· Cr$ 1,510,815.15 . $ . 22,891~1~6

512-G-00 1
n:roE Econo:uic Develop:olent .9,5SO,o62. 4} 56, ::>2j,942 .
?12-~002 '
51~..;G-0)5 BNDE Eeono::d c · Development ll,705 ,57•~. 51 9,780,d75
512~(r.oc6 SNDE Econot!.lc Dt'VelopMent 6 ,821,569.67 },6}5,737
5L'>-G-012 SUOL~'E Ele~entnry r:ducation 17 ,280,592·00 11,}g0,72'
51;: ... c;...011 STATE OF GOIAz School Gonstructlon 1,300 ,ooo. ()() i,,01,09s
512-G-O)O CE::·tA '!' Electric POW(!r E>q>anslon 7 ,70<>t()()(). ()() 2,785,}79
10,000,()()().00 4,954~258
51£-'J-O~l DAER/RS PJgrrJay Con~trcction
51 Z -~-0~5 3~:DE: Econo~c o~velop:ncr.t 27 ,4</i ,100. h2 l},'!70,139
:· 1:?-r",-0)6 n:•:::t !UC'-Sao Paulo P.igh:'l\Y Cons.t ru-:tlon 14,100,000.00 7,621,622
~ i.: .... c-on · .s!JD!'...7rt: =:r: tligtr.,sy Maintenance Equipment . 4 ,500,000.00 2,),02,584
; 12-.:i-0)9 CAIXA . ECO?lCM!CA/. MG Lew Cos~ H~using construction L<>Ms 5 ,ooo ,000. 00 2,702 ,70,
512-r,,..0:;0 D::::l/PR Parani Coff~~ Ro~ Construction · l0,000,000.00 .5 ,i.19,452
?12-G-0~2 s:;tt Wllter S\lpply Fund 81000,000.00 , ,556,200
512- <r04} Dr:R/tlG Highway t'aintenance E:tuipment 9,000,000.00 lt ,9,1,5CYT
512-tr04~ C:---v.i:G Trans::!s~ion Line Construction i. p»,ooo. oo 1,9}6,}60.
. 512 .. -:;..o!. 5 C~PER 00 Synthetic Rubber Plant 2 ,ooo ,ooo. 00 1,095,890
51~--0-0;.:6
... •'
D::R
· . ,Ip.A.RA
.. HighWay !"4int.e nance F.quipment · 1,000,000.00 547,945
512-G-043 . COPEf., Power EJn:>ansion- 4 ,()()() ,000. 00 1,778,100
. 5.12-G-0'•9 . MINI5'mY or tlAVY Acqui d tioll eJld. Rehabilitation of Drydock1 J00,000.00 l'6,,6S.
512-G-052 · · 3NM Trade Unlon HoUsing . · 5 ,000,000.00 i,280,549
512-G-0$6 · tif.INIS'IRY OF KF.ALTH H8.l.ar1a ProjectVchicle1 2,196;969-~ 1,2711359
512-G-CYT i Kxl!ANA HOgiana Diverdtication Pr06reaa .
Cr$165 ,~ ,$'1$.76
2,t~,872.14
Jl6l,~i;ill"

!t .A l t}le <>N'icial exchange !'.'ate frota. US~ vb~n, pa,1.lc~t1 · ..,ere !DMe• ..
•• At ~he ott!Ci~ exct;i&fl8e rat~ rron,. USDO on the d•t'e (9/15/7~) ...~ W&I il.:Mle by Central Bank•

:
. ,,., .. .. ·.·.···
. ,,·
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·-.:.; "·-.~. ·:.. ., .. ; ','., ..
 . . f.

B.· U.S. Technical Assistance

. , :-.

·. .
··.. ,
,.

. ..
.... . ~ .

.. . ,: ,::- .: .· . .
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:{!Ji!g:i;7l;'lf':\t'\~~/.Wj~P:,:.;,~';'} '';l"/: • ~· ' . 5 , C.·" ··· :: .. ' '· '·<. ·:.. ";''' :. · .,. ,;,.. I '· ' •'. ·~ : "' · .· ···~· ·· . , ,. ,, •·. ··: · , _" ' ' ,·· < '·' •'••:
.• ...
·· · · ·· ..

~
U.8. OOLLAR GRANT8 •NET OBLIGATIONS
' ($000)

ItfD/ TRAMS/ HOWil«J HF.ALm/ PRIVATE PUBLIC

ty

1962
-
POWER

12
- 405 - 261 --6
MINH«J C<Mt. UR.DEV. EOO.

3,16..
SAHIT.
--
2.395
--
.AGRI.

1,230
Etfl'ERl'RISI

51
-
LABOR

-14
-- SAFETY

573
~
l,975
ANNUAL 'l'OTt1 LS

10, 058
1963 6o 655 1,849 65 ~.583 4r489 . 8,824 133 136 l,268 3,316 23,400

1964 150 57 46?. 139 l,713 lo'>09 3,l90 1,396 116 ;:.,057 3,428 13,<'37

1965 ' 116 -0- 254 4oS 2,152 27'f l,058 1,146 736 653 5,584 12~]fl,6

1966 219 -0.. 463 70 l,553 415 2,()<)6 79'• 466 531 6,620 13,227

1967 105 330 268 187 1,661 415 ~.1~0 1,119 227 638 1',404 111, 714

19".>8 53 ' 61 166 155 2,638 349 ),401 244 8119 572 2,836 li,332
1969 29· -23 203 439 .1,987 159 3,2.4o 515 755 765 · 2,040 1 0,10~

1970 82 -12 85 6 2,786 25·r 3,3118 -20 1,025 556 3,765 Jl. fj7(}

1971 102 145 151 -16 2,558 l.o4 2 ,957 28 42~ 391 3,900 10,7li7

1972 70 37 57 -111 ·
~o69 8 · ~,f!°2 -161 6ho 01 3
'8?.3 ' 3 768
tf ,239 1,1136 08Ii ' ,n ~ 5 , 36•7.. ·i;:_Q<J2 t !;J<l'. E;~
TCYrAT.S 1,000 i,655 _L_.. 10J37t
===· - t S> .

..
~ Dtlt..a cover• coa.mi t.111enh tor econOaitc and technical •Hhtance a111do by A.I. i>. c'~ l i.onh ~Y b'e · defined •• develop.ent oblillilqont: M A. I. D, runda .
All 1111nual · cot'.lllitillent datll aa well u tbe cumulative tota~~ ar'l on 8 "net" ba4l.a , U1at h, nelf obllgations from tunlt. '1pproprlated for that fhcul
ye!lr, pl.u~ or miri~a reobUgatiori1 .o;- d~obligatfona of priOr )'e~r t'\in~ai A "!nu8Jlgure ~n~icat.;! deobl14ia.t ,1 ona in e:icceiwuf 'new. obllgcstlona.
 . , ·.. ·:

.··;.· ..
';_ .. ·.. ,::.· ···
. ~. .. .. . . ...
.. -: -- · .- .. · .
- ..- ........ . .......
- .-.. . ..: : ' · .. Brazil .... . .. ..
.' ---- .
· __ _- ___ :

·. ·-
~' . . .. ·.lX PE~DI TURES . ..
TECHN ICAL ~SSIS TANCE PROJECTS
196 - 1983
.. ..
(u; s. s 000 ) ' .

. ·····.· Industry . Public Safety · CollV!lunity Dev. · Pdva te .

Year tu
.· Aa ri cu 1 re·. ..·and MininQ · Transportati o Labor Health. Educ.a t ion & Admi ii .i s t ration & ~le 1fare .
..
fr.:.erpri S_ft '-. _ .0 <her__ Tot~·

196011 1 ;364 440 242 173 825 ·aso 2,450 BZ 814 1.2~:
. .
1961Y .1 ,205 670.. 2l1 133 sn 883 l,706. 31! I , 564 7 ,29> .
l962l! . .l ,262 468 ,•' 325 32 2.512 . 3, 181 'H2 9 l ,873 l0,59: .
..
.
..
l96l n/a n/a n/a n/a ry/a n/a n/a n/ a . n/a . · n/a ·. n/ r.
1964 1,556 127 763 50 636 733 1,040 40 l ,833 6, 77£
1965 8,419?/ (3 ,032)ff 4~6 112 1,30T : 7,233?./ (3,329) i l 36 5 ,21 5 '16,5":
)366 . 6 ,_062 142 811 .424 1, 181 2 :Jal
,··.
.972 . 22i 0 · 5 ,94 ~> 18 ,.1 40
..
1967 5 ,434 499 1,018 774 663 . 2 ;664 1,662 272 0 4,631 17,617. '

1. 1968 s,a4s 209 ·. l ,025 786 ' ,. 4,308 ..

2,869 2 ,124. 21 .8 1.018 2 ,2 39 20,641
l%S 2.9al so . 521 733 ?.961 1,619 1, l 53 247 297 1,729. 12,293
l ~ ~7 0 3,S!H 75 434 846
__ .:·
2 ,004 . 2,579 ' 1,809 187 261 2,414 14,jOO

I
~;
:c;n
1972
rn::i~

19:'4
3 .t?t.,
3 ,7 9~

2, l f.4
3,26ll·
..
l04
178
98
306
44~
216
165
24
7?6
608
395
l
1;270
793
2,313
2 ' 106
2,442
2,622
2 ,509
2 ,774
l,708
1;369
408
169
-14 '
--36
-8
0
213
-100
18
-6
2,896
. 3 ,141
l ,288
1149
u :462 .
12 ;ses
9,370
9,09)
·

l 975· 2,570 887 ' 37 6 1,546 3, 175 .337' 0 13 237 8j808

.. . .. '; .. ... 0 0

1976 l,233 i,087 0 0 345 141 o· 0 0 2,806

.., _:· :-'.
_

1977)
thru) No expenditures listed.
1983) ·. ..

total

.. ., . • , . . ·
0$,~~~.~e_: __A.l_Q/J'la~~ing~9n_, , _ . .-.,.- __ ... .. .- ~ -- .:= - .- , .. -- ·: .. ..
_ ....... .
,
!_r'.:· · Obllciati ons : ~" L~an· ~nd ' Crani",° '; .' < • .··.
~-.. : .
•, : -.. ..
_
:· :. ~;·
-. . --. .
.- ..
.. lndic,jtes ' reclassiftation ;or orojec ts by sector~
 8RAZrL
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECTS
AIO DOLLAR FINANCED COSTS
(Thousands of Oollars)

FIELD Of ACTIVITY · OATES

. PROJECT TITLE . START FtktSR TOTAL COSTS

AGRICULTURE ANO .NATIJ!AL RESOURCES

Techn1c1l · Asst1 stance Support .Act1v1ty 1953 t,044 ' ·;

Regional Agr1culture 1954 1957 6

Agricultural Research & Eii:tenston - Northeast 1963 1965 83
Rural Extensfon. Service Improvement 19153 1968 235
Rural ,vocational Education· & Tra1nfng 1963 1972 540
Agricultural Research & Extension Inst. Dev. 1963 1975 8;532
Colonization & Resettlement - Northeast 1963 1965 27
Water · ·Resources Northeast 1962 1965 . 95
Frontler Hoatestud Progr• 1963 1970 574
Topography Mappfng 1970 1,873
Water Development & Irrigation 1963 1970 127
Meteoro.logfcal Data Col lectfon & . 1965 1970 51 .... :.
··
M1grat1on & · R esettlE!l!lent 1963 1970 72
Food 01stribut1on · · 1g62 1966 52
Rural Rehab it 1tation & Reforn1 1964 1975 1,294
Feri111zer & Insecticide Oenonstration 1963 1965 210 ..."" -.-_:
Land & Water Resour.ces Group 1953 1965 . 2 ,132'
Oevelo!Jl!ent of High Protein in Corn 1963 1974 ALS
Improved Price Support &Food 1963 19?2 1,285 "-;·
Agricultural Econ01111cs & Cooperatives 1953 1962 217.
Expanded I I11proved Agricultural Systet11s · 1963 1971 l ; tll '
Agricultural Products & Marketfng 1963 1964 14
£stab11sh Nationwide Market lttws 1964 1972 . 226 : .,'·. .
Oevelopnent of Agriculture Cooperatives 1963 1973 2;019
WorkshOp-WOl!lens Ruri 1 L1 fe 1956 1958 .9
Agrkultural Advisory Services 1953 .1964 601
Agrfcultuc:al Serv1cfo 1953 1965 2~'. 653 .·
Agricultural Techn1cal Support 1970 1976 . 5.85 .
Natural Resources Pl ann1ng & Engineering 1966 - 1974 1,117
Agricultural Educat1on 1963 1978 20,243
F1sh·.Products/Process1ng & Hartet1ng 1964 1976 .3,191'
ioTAL: 50,634
INDUSTRY AND MINING
Undfst. Activity Cost 1::161 243
Mining Resourc·U Oevelopillent 1948 1961 155 "
National Minerals Surve.)' & Geolog1cal Training 1945 1970 4;791
Rural COll'lllunity Electr1f1cat1on 1962 1965 36
Rural El ectri .ficatfon 1963 1971 .130
Engineering & Construction 1955 1957 10
Productivity Center 1952 1956 186
School Construct1on-Engineer1ng Supervis1on 1971 1972 18 :-'
Power Systems Improvenient 1963 1970 804
TOTAL: 6., 373

iRAHSPORTATIOH

Roads - ·Northeast 1962 1370 1.. 584

R R Shop & Hafntenance Training 1956 1962 167
Heteorologfc1l Training 1962 1966 . 33
Air Navfgatfon Afds & Traff1c Con. 1955 1970 . 3. 036
Aer.ophotography Training 1956 1952 5)
Engineertng iransportat Ion 1956 1957 103
Hfghway Engineering & Training Advisory service 1963 1970 2,213
TOTAL: 1, 189

. .... ·-·~. -- . .
'. !
 ·: '. ~'

...... : :: ;
. . BRAilL TECHNICAL Ass i.STANCE PRoJECTS - Page 2
..... . .
.FIELD QF xtttvtfy · OXTE$
PROJECT TITLE START FIHISM TOTAL COSTS

· LABOR. .·....
•· Trade Union Oevelopnierit ' (AIFLO) · 1960 1974 ~4. I27 ...
. -~~ . Un1on. to Un1on Leadership EXchange . 1965 1974 i 821 . ,
... ..
Labor M1n. Serv1ce Expansion & lmpro.v enent 1960 1974 •1;,304
Social Security · Technical ' Training 1958 1960 4
Einploy111ent Service .I ·Manpo.er: . 1962 1965 2.5
Manpower Planning .I Analys1s 1965 1974 i : ·235 .. .
·. · ,

TOTAL: '61516 .:.. ~ .

. ·;· .'·· .
. HEALTH AND SANlT"TlOIC '
:1·

T~chnical Ass1stance Support Acthfty

COl!lllun1ty water Supply
--•·
1960
1953 .
1965
l 273 '· ···
.·• 20 ; .
·•

, C011111Vn1ty -Wa ter Suppl y - Northeast .1961 . 1965 . · ·108

Guanabara Water . Supply 1963 1965 25
·. Sanitary Eng. 1942 . 1960 '61-j '
Urban .Water &. Sewer Syste111s 1961 1974 .;J ~ 182. . ·.·
. Pro . F l L Hulth Service . 1943 1.964 . . . ·698
National Pub l1c Health Planning & C()ordinatfon . 1965 1974 ' 705
Trafn1ng Health P'erson~l 1943 1964 599 ·~·
C011111unity Health ~ Northeast 1962 l966 '397 .
Publ 1c Health Advisory Service . 1960 1964 .200 .·.
· Public Health Methods 1960 . 1965 411
Occupat1onal ltealtli · 1960 1964 -107 .. ·.
Coninun ity tiea 1th - Northeast 1962 1965 ·.'!f f .
Hll!al th Cooj>er1tion Service 1942 1960 2.458 ·.
Aln1ntstrat1ve Hll!al th I Safety Progrant 1943 1960 439 ':· ·
Technkal Support-Health · 1958 1967 1 4~ us
: ·.-::..
TOTAL: 25,411 - .
EDUCATtOIC ·
TechnlCal Ass1stance Support Act1v1ty
Improvenent Texttle Education
--
.1952
1953
1.959
652
. 174 ..
Nat fon1l lndtis.t rhl ·vocational Trng, ·Developnient 1966 1972 2,989
Industri al Vocational Education - Northeast 1963. ·' 1964 .. .·s
Industria l· Education Cooperation servke 1946 .1965 . r ; 22·2·
El enent'ary Ed tic at ion - HortllEut · 1962 1966 ": 197 ,.•
. Ehmentary Educ_ation Phnnfng 1964 197? 918 .
Eleni-!nt iry Education Serv1 c1-o 1956 1965 3.92
Teacher Educatfon I Tra 1ning . 1966 197Z 127 ..
Secondary Educatfon · 1957 . 1962 192
Geology _Educat1on · 1956 1.967 . 792 '.
_Marfne Eng1rieering & Nav. Arc . 1957 1966. 257
Survey Institution Tech. Mr 1957 . 1958 3
Engfneer1ng Educatfon .• ll!hers1ty of Brazil . 1962 1972 ' l ;093 .
Ad111t Literacy Trainfng . · 1965 1972 •. 83
National Higher Education Phnnfng & Refor11 1959 1974 1>767
Schoo 1 Construction Fad 11 ty fllj)l"Oveaent .· 1956 1970 1 ~ 65 7
Social SCtence ·Research & Ingtneer t ng 1955 1971 : 387
·0eveloiwent Sc1ence & Technical Research 1968 . 1972 ' 25.S
EducitfOri Advisory Service 1946 1965 523
Sctentf-f'1c & Educ1tton Publfcat1ons 1962 1976 "1;088 ·
Htgher _Edueat1on 1958 1979 15,380.·
Ui1vers1ty Adllfn1strative lf;;provement & -llef'om 1965 1973' 1.328
· Educatfon ·Tra ining· I Plann i n; ' 19152 1976 8, 289
£ducat.i on Technfcal Support 1970 1974 ' ·. 834
TOTAL: 40 , 6d~
., '•

"· : :"

' .~· ',.

·· . .. .
. ·. .

• ... ~ ' ,: I , • ' .,·

 ·.. ..:·::..' . ,•' '' •'•
. . .. ..
\ '

. BRAZlL fEC~~ICAL A~Sbi;"CE PROJECTS • Page 3 .· ..

. . PROJECT TITLE START

. PUBLIC ' SAFETY AND PUBLIC Atl4INISTRATION ..
ImproNenent:Sao Paulo P~b11c Adm1nhtrat1on 1958 . . ' . 12
·pu_b lfc ,Safety . · . .. · . · 1959 ' 1974 ' ' 8 ,299 •
lmprov·ernent Gove,.nment Admfnhtr"atfve Pl: 1952 . 1965 · !· . · :Z.795
BaMa ln.stftutfon of State Aan1 nfstrat1ori 19154-65 .· 19157 . •. . 78
[collOmk QevelOP111ent . Phnn.t ng .... 1962 1974 ~ · 1:~·-a12
.Reg t ona 1 Dev.e lopnent Pl arin1 ng .· Sudene 1966 ,. 1974 ' ·r. •, . 598
Public Adlill n#tration>. 1955- 56 1970 , · ··s , 4_55 •._-.
1958 . • ·. . ·. (9
. Iinp,.ove11ent Census . Stltht1cs Techniques_: . 1959
Project Mlnagaent . · 1965 ···• 1969 ·. . .lZ ...
Reg10:1al Centers fo,. Mllt ntsuat1on & Tr aining ~9155 .. . 1980 :- . . 6,053 .
.TOTAL
.. . :· . 25,223 . j

COftotUNiTY DEV~LClPME~TI soc IAL WELFARE

Cotm1unity · Serv fce ... 1956 1959 219 .

Area .Connun i ty Developnent 1952 1964 380
Ccie11111inf t y Devel opiient. 19155 .· .. · · ZO
1962
U,.ban Ccaiaunfty $elf Help & Coop~~tion 1962 1972. .. 356 . - ; •·;·
:
Housing · · 19515 1960 64 . ;.

· Ho1,1sin9 . .· 19152 1965 ' :

8 .• ' ...."
Housi ng - Northeast 1962. 1966 .· ~ ' . 35 . ;

Na·t i onal Housing Bank 1 9~-'60 1974 918 :

.•...
Self He.l p ltlus1ng ' 1965 1970 21
.: ·~ ·. .. . '• ..
TOTAL: : 2;021 .,· .
~••
. ......::.
'; .

PRJVATE ENTERPRISE/PR~TIOM - ·.:··.

,• ' , ' I ·,
,v· .... ..
·.· ·. .....
. .· .
. . . .. : . .. . :.,..-.~·
Capital Mlrltet. Oevelop11ent 1964 1913 . . 549,· ;· '• ,,
Regular Audiovisual Workshop 1957 1958 · .4a ,
lndustr-111 Dev~lopment •· ltortheast 1963 ' 1964 ·. .. '. 23 >·'
Interwedht'e Credit Inst:ltution .Expansion 1966 1970 ' .. ..
~
,•

110 :
Central . Banlt Tra1n1ng · . : . 1964 197.4 ;.:: 645
Ind. · Engtnee,.fng SuNeys :of Food I Fore. ..
1956: 1970 .·. 163 ·..
Technical Ass1stance-Reg1ona1 ~' State (nd. 0,.g. ' 1963 1972 278
Sudene Ind. P,.og,.n Investment Incentive 19615 ' 1972 '" 180' :" :•·
Productivi t y Imp. Saslc Consc•p. ''
1961. 1972 842 ,; ' ·....
St fni'uh~fon of Comun1ty Org. fo,. Ind. Dev. 19153 ·· 1972 2.524 :- ..
Export Eicpans1~n & Production · 1969 1973
''

.'15 .- .... \'

. TOTAL:
... · . ·. . . . . . .

OTHER :GENERAL/MtSCELlANEOUS·
' . .
,' .
··., _,. ..·
~ -~· ... '•

Audfovfsu1l ·eente,.s ··· 1956 1964 ' 983 .·

Pe~cefu 1 Use AtCllll c Ener-gy · 1957 1964 66
Miscellaneous Gener-il Tra1.n1ng '' 1952 1955 962 .
Tour1 Siii · 1956 1959 31
Resea,.C:li I I ndustrtal Sur-veys '• 1961 . 1963 35 ..
£iwergency' Ohaster Rel te:r · 1960 1961. 286
Joint Conlfttee · 1950 1956 . .. '·. " . 537,... ·' .-··;'.·=·.
Gibbs & ;:Ols, lnc ~ 1952 . 1956 . • ,' 449 > ·.. '
Reg fona 1 Ec oiloftl 1c · Oe.ve1opiaen.t Surveys 1961 1.9154 . •60 .. . ·" :· , ;..
Resource Inven.tory .,. Nort heast · 19153 1964 ' l
Northeast. a,g·1onal Ot'i! 10111ent 1962 . 1964 38
Food : ·fo,.-. Peace. 1963 1964 7
EconOllllC t . SOci a1 Research I Planning 1962 1967 48
Marltet.1ng SEininar 1962 1964 16
Partne,.s of ttie Alliance 1966 1970 405
Cr edit Unfon Development · . . 1966 1970 53 .•' ~.
··. T,.atnfng for Regional Oevelo111ent 1970 1975 ' 431 . •. . ...". .'
Food for Peace Planri1rig ·& Supervision 1963 1974 '.3;295 . · .>-., ,. ,
Special Oeveloi:-ent ·Act Alianca Mtri 197f 1973 155 . .. .. ; " ,-_ ' ..
Food " For-t'H feat 1ol! ' 1971 19715 . 4Jf
International Marcotfcs Control ' 1973 . 1980 . ·• .59-7 .··
Techn fc!I Support · 1951 1975 29,060
TOTAL : 3 7, 992.
TOTAL AMOUNT FUNDED OH A GRANT BASIS 190,138
TOTAL AMoUNT FIJHOEO ON A 11IXED BASIS 17,202
COUNTRY TOTAL AHOUNT FUNDED . 20' ,340 r ... .··~
':
: I • • • ~ \ :: •

.~·. ;:- -'".\ :?

. :.··· . ....
•"
. :.

~
''
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·':_

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I ',

c. Combined U.S. Capital and Technical Assi:stance

. ~····.

.......
. ··?:":,"?
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...:.~

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:= ...
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:'

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.·
. sra:Z;1 ·• · - .
·· . . . . ·. . ·. - . .
· ·. · .. ·
. · EXPENDITURES · · .. .'.· :~-. ; . .

- . . .. · . . ·. · · . TOTAL ASSISTANCE
·, .
( P.rograrn and . P~oj ect) J

. ~ :- . ··. ·
• ' •• ~ ••

. ·.....
., . .1965 .;.. .1983
(U . S. $ 000)

Project Program
Year Assistance . Ass1stance Tota1
1965 92,901 70,500 287 ,901 .
-· ..
1966 56,883 ··. 74,059 .130,942
.....
.... 1967 81.374 132 ,298 213~6/2 .. .
. -

1968 70,406 55,337 125;143 ..

..

. . . 1969 . 54,126 . 72 ,620 126,746 : ·- .

19.70 40,829 49,095 89,924

.1971 45,281 37,249 ·az,530
1972 38,179 13,926 52, 105
1973 32,358 3,607 35,965
.1974 47,851 . 15,964 63,815
1975 44.736 10,520 ·. 55 ,256 .
1976 ll, 109 . 12,750 -23,859
..
1977 15,894 19 ,938 35 ,832 . .

1978 l0,797 0 10~797 • i

~

· .. '

...

Source: AID/Washington .

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BRAZIL ,··. ·
-· .. ..........
.. : . . . .TOTA~ MULTILATERAL ASSISTP.NCE FLOWS (NET) '. ~ .:
;, ..
1960 .· - l982 '.
. ·,.
(US$ OOO's) --- · · - 11
:", • .
:

. . . :. .
·: ', · ;. " . .!.~: ... ~
.-_ :_.-.:. · -·
.. OPEC . .·· . .-,. ·. : ... ~ .
· Year EEC ·. · IBRO .IDB IFC IDA ·. UN .·Total , · · Countr1es
1960 · 6.l · -15.5 4.0 -0. 7 .· -6~ 1 · ·· ..· ~6.1 <' <.:'
. .- ·...
1961 ·· -. '17.4 -24.1 -0.2 -i.o -T.0 ....· .·
. 1962 . . .. - 7.. 9 :..13.4 -0 . 2 1.4 .. -4. 3
: .'
;· •· ,;4. 3. ,·.·
. '. .·

.1963. .DA 12.0 -0.'7 -15~2 .2.1 -1.4 -l.J

. . • 1964 . 2A · .. . . ··. :. '5 .Q ·.• ..·---·:·
. -6 . 5 13 .5 -0.8 · · -3.S 5.b _:. .-

.. 1965 .... -13 . 6 LS -1. 8 2.2 -11.6 . ·. :· ·-t1.6

. . " . .':
- .~ .
1966 . -16 . 1 25.5 2~ 1 .. 2.8 14.2 . . ·:::. .-·:: . -. .. 2
··:.14. ; .. . : ·.. . :,_ -...~;. :
.1967 -6.6 54.7' ·..: ··7:9 2.8 58.7 ·. ss:i ·
·. 1968 Not ·Available N/A .. '. ·,, : . - ~ !, ~,.· ,.
~

1969 . 33.2 85.6 . 3.0 s.2 . 12a:o ' 128~0: ' I, )

·1910 59 ~4 80. 0 3.8 6.3 · 149.5 : ' l49.5 .

1971 89. 3 . . 65. 8 . 10. 0 6.9 ·. 172.0 ·.. ·. .·•. 17?•
.· ·o··. .
' ~ ·~ ' ·

1972 . 0.1 .. 137 ~ 0 101.2 . 14.6 7 .4 .. 260.3 . ,. 200. J: ':

. · 1973 162.3 . 83;8 16~4 . 9.3 . 271.8 . · n'l.ii)
·. 1974 224 . 5 147 . 1 48 ; 9 13.0 433.. 5 .: - . . ' .· 4J}.5 ~/ .. : "
1975 ·: o.3 221.s · u1.a . 49.o •· · -. . 15 . 6 . 404; 2 '.io4'~ ·I · ·_.,·
.1976 124.4 ··.·. 94.0 ·. 29.3 . 13.0 260.8 . - · ..
. ·.·'i ..·.

1977 . . 195 . 9 . . 9 1. 7
1
8. 9 10~5 307.0 - ·.
_. ; __

. 1978 0.2 188.5 90. 6 .·:.. -9. 3 11.6 .·. 281. 5 . 2 .9

1979 . ·0.2 225 . 1 . .153.3 '."15 ~ 3 18.7 381;9 . l 5 . 4·
1980 242.2 130.2 70.7 19.4 462.5 5.6 ' . : 468. l /
.. · :;
'· .
1981 .- -- - 249.7 140~3 97;0 19. l . 506. 1 1. 6
·. .•. . 1982 .,. . 405.0 212.1 . 116.5 16.2 749.8 ' .. ..
··· ··,. ...
:· .

. . ..

·Source : OECO.

' •.:·
(~ ·~ :
(:. ·:
:···
e:.,~, .•
.. . ....- ,'- ~-. .,

E~'-,:-:-:s" :

...
 ....

.:

,
., ..
BRAZIL: . OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE INFLOWS, 1960-82
·.
. .:

:
.,
..

..
(millions us $)
.·
:
Other ·.. ..... . "
.. .
-.
OECD 1I
. u.s ..· Countries IBRD IDB IFC UN Othe.r- · ·. ·· TO'fa·;
..
' 1960 11 . 1 6 .1 -l5.5 4.0 -0.7 ..
' , ..
: 1961 206.0 28;4 ' 17.4 ~-24. 1 -0.2
1962 113 .0 35~2 7.9 -13.4 -0.:2 1.4 ., .-
. ·.. ·. . 2/
196~ 100.0 72.6 0.4 12.0 -0.7 2. 1 · •15 . Z -
93.0 45.2 . . . 2/
1964 -6.5 13.5 -0.8 2.4 :-3.6 "'.'"
1965 134.4 112 .1 -13~6 . 1.5 -l.8 2~2 . 2:34.8
..
·.

1966 ' 286.0 49 . 7 -16. l 25.S 2.1 2.8 ·'ls·o.-o

1967 200~0 21.6 -6.6 54 . 7 7.9 2·.a 2Eo ~'.4
.
1968 ... n.a . n.a. - - ..

1969 146.0 24 . 5 33.2. 85.6 3.0 6.2 -

'.
1970 125.0 37,4 59.4 80.0 3.8 6.3 ·.
•'.

1971 113 .0 36 .1 89;3 65.8 10.0 6.9

1972 59.0 . 41.8 137;0 101.2 i4.6 7.4 b~l
:
1973 55.0 29.5 162. 3 83.8 16.4 .· 9~ 3. .-
1974· 80.0 58.8 224 . 5 , 147.1 48. 9 13.0 · - .:.

i 975 61.0 8LO 221~5 117. 8 49.0 -· 15.6 ·. 0 ..3 :

1976 51-.0 58.9 124 .4' 94.0 29.3 13:0 ·.
.. ·1977 22.0 76.2 195.9 91.1 ·. 8.9 10.5
...
.. 1978 12.0 113 . 8 188 .5 90.6 -9. 3 .• 11.'6 3. l
·3 /
15. 6 3/
=--,
.. . 1979 6.0 98.4 225. 1 . . . 153. 3 -15.3 · 1e. 7.
:l980 2.0 ll0.5 242.2 130.2 70.7 19 . 4 ·· s s 3i
•. . ,3/
.·.. l~81 1. 0 259.7 249.7 140.3 97.0 19. 1 .·.1 ~; 6~
}982 1 .o 215.l 4.os:o 212 .1 116. 5 16.2 ..
.....·. ,

·. ·.·· source: OECD~

l/ · Principally . G~nnany, 1961-82; Japan, 1963-65 and. 1975~82; .

· • :.-
· .._ : -·· . and France, 1974-82.
... • . ·... .. .·. ·_ .
: " ~ ·. .

1=._I IDA
. . . . .. . ,

·.· . JI Almost all from OPEC countries.

.. . ~· . . .. . . : ' .
•" i '.

6·C,,;{;,•• .i: .:1fa~tf4\{1; '•;il~·r +h •.•+ • t x ;1fr i '·* , v, a..: •". t . . . .. , •. , ., ··J·t . , ,w. ;•f,u' ,: ;:A\ics.i&¥aLif .£~~~
 :.-··.
,· .(
·. '. ·
-~. ~ ·... ·

Page l of 2
BRAZIL
TOTAL OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ASS I STANCE FLOWS FROM OECO COUNTR !ES ·
. 1960 ~ 1982
(In 1JSS 1000' s) ·

"O

-........
c
Total ODA .
"O"' QI
u
c: ...c:
_Gross
· "'
c c
........"' ...
0. V>
.· ..
u"' "':) ::> .

l960 Total
· - Loans
-· -· i 1.0
-· ...·. ·
--
Grants ti.o
1961 Total 15.6 11.1 1. 7 .. 206. 0 ._-_2232.¢5:._: 43 ,_, ·.- -
· Loans 15.5 11.l 1.7 197 . 0 - -
Grants 0.1 9.0 - - ---~~ l .. .
. ~-

1962 Total
Loans
2.0 2.2
2.2
3.6
3.6
10.6
10.5
11 •.1
11.1
0.3 5.3
5.3
il3;0
$7.0 .-it~::·~ '.:.
Gran.t s 2.0 0.1 0.3 2.6.0 213") ·

1963 Total 1.1 17.3 20.4 16.2 17.7 0. 1 lOO;o· \,}.5•:'.<':< <
Loans 1.1 17 . 3 18.2 lli.2 17 . 6 64.1) •_ ·134:•.3 ·-- .·._-__. ,
Grants ·. 2. 2 0.1 0 . ·. 36.0 3fli. ]

1964 Total 4.3 6.4 21.2 10.2 0 •.1 ·- o.s 2.3 93.0 13~:' 2
Loans 4.3 6.4 lR.4 10 •.2 0.6 2.3 . 56 .0 9!kl
Grants 2.8 O.L 37.0 4oU
·.-,.·
-1965 Total 2.0 15.8 50. 6 7.8 ~G . 8 1.1 1.0 3.1 134.4 2~6!.5
Loans 2.0 45.9 - 7.7 30. 6 0.9 ,3.0
Grants . 15.8
4.7 0.1 _-0. 2
l. l
0. 1 0.1 ._
93.9- ';:W0::9 ·
4!}; s. .. ; 4 5_~ F)
1966 Tot~)
Loans
Grant_s
.0.1 0.3 1. 2
1. 2
8.9
4.2·
4.7
18.6
18.2 . 15.3
0.4 0. 3
15.6 1.2
1. 2 . -
0;1
o.s
. 0. 4
3.4
l.2
0; 2
~~t~
. 47.0
.-..~~~H· .'.:;:t.
.
,,
53~ -o ·
O. i. 0.3 ·-.: ·' ·: ·· ..-

1967 Total
Loa ns
O.S
O. S
0.3 0.4
0.4
13.8
8.2
0.3 0.6
0.6
0.1
i~~:~ - -_- ";~~I ~ - ,_//;
Grants .; 0.3 S.6 0.3 0. 1 0.1 'iS-. fJ ~ 1~ 1 . .

1968 Total 'f. '•'

.Loan·s 'II/ A
Grants
1969 Total 0.4 0.8 2.S 19.6 0. 1 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.3 . 146.0 1i-0ts ·
Loans o.s 2.5 11.9 ' 99. ri ! j 4•;2
. 5fr'. 3 .
Grants 0.3 7.7 0.1 0.6 0. 1 0.1 0.3 47 .o

1970 Total 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.1 3.0 28.6 0.1 0.5 o.s 1.5 0.7 0.5 • •-12_
5 .0 H;z...4·
Loans 0. 6 0.7 3.0 19.4 -- l.5 as.a u CJ.l2.
°Grants 0.3 - 9. 2 . 0.1 o.s 0.8 0. 7 b.s 40.0 - - - - :5_~ : l

1971 Total 0.3 2.4 1.3 29.1 0.1 0.6 0. 5 1.0 0.2 -o.6 _-_ ~- 1l3~'0 - i49i 1 -·
Loans . 2.2 1. 3 16 . 0 1.0 · ·n.o g 7:~ s .
Grants 0.3 0.2 13.l 1).1 0.6 0.5 ,0.2 O.fi . Jli.O 5,1 \f

· .. . 1972 Tc ;1-l 0.3 2.1 7.8 36.4 0.4 0.9 1.1 l.O 0~4 0. 8
Lo.ins · 2.6 7.8 23. ? 1.0
Grants 0.3 12.6 0.4 0. 9 l .l 0.4 0.8

1913 -Total 0.6 1.8 0.1 21.s 0.6 1.5 1.6 0.1 0.2 0. 3 l. 2
Loanf 1. 7 7.7 0.2 .
Grants 0.6 O~l 0 •.1 . 13.8 0.6 1.5 1.4 0.1 d.2 o•.3 1.2

.·.·
.\ _, ....

- . :, .

:;.·
.··::.-.: .

- .. ": .
· - .-;,
.. :· ... :=
.. ..
. ·.
,.;.'
Page 2 of 2
BRAZIL
TOTAL OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FLOWS FROM.OECO COUNTRIES
1960 - 1982
(in USS lOOO's)

..,...,s::
-....,,,..... e
:::s ...
"""'
.. .
-0
c:
>.
c "'
'i: >. c -....""'....."'
... - ......."' .. .,c:
.S .. Cl)
u
~ ·~
.. .....
-0 ;?1 ell ell
f'
N
Total ODA O> c ..:: -c ~·
"'
i: c:: c ..... Q. 11> ·~ ~
:::s
~
~ ~
Gross ~
ell
"'
<...> Cl ...... z:
0
z: :::i ::>
"" "? U')
"'
1974 Tool 0.6 1.1 0.1 19.7 24.8 0.3 5.2 1.9 0.1 0.1 0~5 4.3 80.0 .
Loans 0.6 19.7 10.6 2.• 9 3.0 67~4
Grants 0.6 0.5 0.1 14.2 0.3 2.3 1.9 0.1 O~l 0.6 1.4 i3.0

19::", Total 1.J 0.8 2.3 14.8 29.8 0.2 23.l 2.0 0.1 0.2 7.4 6LO ·.
Loans ' l.2 i.2 14.8 15.0 19.8 5.9 50.0
Grants \). l 0.8 1.0 14.8 0.2 3.2 2.0 0.1 0.2 l. 5 ll.O

1976 Total 0.2 0.8 3.7 0.1 1.4 25.;'. (), 6 18.9 3.7 0.3 4;1 SLO 109.9
: Loans 1.9 1.4 10.2 14.7 1.7 2.8 46.0 78.9
Grants 0.2 0.8 1.8 0.1 15.0 0.6 4.2 1. 9 0.3 1. 3 s.o Jl.l.

1977 Total 1.0 1.1 1.5 2.3 34.9 1.3 28.6 3.0 o.s 2.1 n.o 98.2
Loans 0.5 0.3 2.3 16.0 23.l 0.4 1.1 18.0 6L8
Grants 0.4 1.1 1.2 18.9 1.3 5.5 2.6 0.5 1.0 4.0 36.4

1978 Total 0.9 0.9 2.4 21.9 46.1 1.4 34.8 3.3 0.7 1.4 12.0
Loans 0.4 O.:l 20.3 21.9 26.2 8.0
Grants 0.6 0.9 2.1 1.6 24.2 1.4 8.6 3.3 0.7 1.4 4.0
1979 Total 0.3 1.1 2.2 0.1 8.2 51.4 1.7 27.l 3.0 0.4 0.1 2.2 .. 6.0
Loans
t>rants
{0.4}
0.7 1.1
0.7
1.5 0.1
8.2 17.4
34.0 1. 7
18.4
8.7 3.0 0.4
-0.7 2.2
5~0
1.0
1980 Total 1.5 1.1 1.8 0.1 14.1 57~0 1.2 23.4 7.3 0.1 0.6 2.3 2;0
Loans (0;9) 0.5 4.4 18.5 11.3
Grants 0.6 1.1 1.4 0.1 9. 7 38.5 l. 2 12.1 7.3 0.1 o.r; 2.3 ~.o .
1981 Total 0.4 1.0 3.1 115.6 94.7 1.2 33.4 8.4 o.z 0.3 1.3 1.0
Loans 1.4 107.4 52.l 17.3 0.8 1 89 . ~
Grants 0.4 1.0 1. 7 8.2 32.6 1.2 16.l 7.6 0.2 0.3 !. 3 LO 7L5

1982 Total 0.5 0.8 4.2 77 .3 54.9 2.4 51.9 4.8 o.s 0. 4 17.4 LO
Loans 0.7 70.3 21.3 37 . 3
Grants 0. 5 0.8 3.6 7.0 33.6 2.4 14.6 4.8 0.5 0.4 17 . 4 l .O

I ·.a..
y· :~\:d~~:-·
r· I •• ; •• :
··· r··:rr ·· ·wrzn ·· !: r 7 1
• w· r nftrtt C "irtF ;rr-La'r !;f1¢
·· I
1
 : : ·-·.··

I I. USAID/BRAZIL PERSONNEL SU~ARIES

.. . . .. ~.­
:·
. ·., · · • · :_ :·, 1 •
:.,
.•: ..
. ... ·
.' . .
.
~-:··· •· ~~ ·:.

··.

·.:· .·.
BRAZIL: U.S. PERSONNEL WORKING FOR AID, SY SiCTOR, ·1~64 .- 1974 1J

Technical ;:ubl ic . . Food for

Year Support Agriculture Education Health Safety~-
· _ _f~ace · Other Total
1964 59 9 14 6 22 5 89 145
1965 53 6 42 5 20 10 78 . 214
1966 95 49 48 12 18 15 201 438
1967 48 n/a 81 1? 16 11 160 328
1968 61 n/a 83 22 15 17 140 338
1969 91 25 34 7 '4 17 82 270
1970 91 50 4 5 13 15 78 256
1971 100 13 26 23 10 - 54 226
1972 48 4 10 1 - 41 119
1973 41 - 38 7 - ~
10 96
1974 29 - 27 1 .. - 3 60

Source: Agency for International Development.

lJ Approximate: exact data are not available .

..

.... ,
'··

; ·:::.y .·•· ~~. ....,~·;;1·~j;·;.;;s:.. >:f;\,;,, •..: ,. . . .·:r1 :. . ~i i .. ~:·: .

-:· ;......

::I~ j· .: ·; . :<: :·,:.'.~L:.-.; ..·:.;~ .. ...·. .. . . ·

 i·

. .. ·._ .~- . -.- ..' .

BRAZIL : U.S. PERSONNEL WORKING FOR AID, BY EMPLOYMENT CATEGORY,

1964 - 1974 (at end of FY) lf ·

Year Di re ct PASA Contract Tota1 :

:
1964 122 9 14 145 ..
, ·,

1965 109 19 86 214

1966 176 79 183 438
1967 118 66 136 320
. .·: ·
1968 170 45 123 338
1969 149 31 90 270 . .>·
.. . .

.1970 135 24 97 256 ..

.,

' .·"·.· .·-

1971 138 11 77 226
1972 73 4 42 119
.. ..
1973 40 3 53 96 . . . ,•

1974 27 2 31 60
" ..
"

. -.. l <.
. ..
..
;"· ·;_-·, :.

·'

Source : Agency f or International Development .

1J Approximate: exact data are not availabl e.
. ~ ..

y·_· : . ...

..
I ..
.. . ,....
- -· .

i ·_·_·. .~ .
.
' .
·.:·'. ..:-
. . . :. ·.. •' . . =····... ..\ ·:,.·~-:.~'-·-
"
.. ..·.:.•
 ':'·,...
. -.: .., .··,... · ·.

\ : .-

. ·::

BRAZIL: BRAZILIAN CITIZEN EMPLOYEES WORKING FOR AID,

1964 - 1974 (at end of FY) lJ

Year Di rec.:t Contract Total . ·: ;.

. . .
283 292
• ' • I . • .

1964 9 .'

1965 307 75 382 . .• . ... . =~ -.

1966 425 7 432

. ..
1967 337 4 341 . -: ·
.
,\. ..
-" ::-_:

1968 407 6 413 . · .·. . ·..

·.·..... . :.. ·
1969 376 20 396
( .....
1970 344 26 370 .. ;· ..

1971 322 24 . 346 .... ·, ..·

. . ·' ·-~·:

1972 204 292 496

1973 n/a n/a n/a
1974 101 39 140
.· v· ..·.·. ,. .. .. -~, _· -·
..

: .:· .
. ·. :· ':· . "· ·

. . _· . . , : "· .. ,

Source: Agency for International Development.

lJ Approximate; exact data are not available. .· ..

..
:-J: ;, =.

"' ..

: . : "> ~- .
. :
.; :
·. '. ; • •• !.' ~ ~ .:
. .: ::.". ' :~.. ·... ; : .---.·

. ;
'

: ·. ; .
.~ : . ~ .
.· .;

·'. ' ···. •.

~ .. . . :· :: .
.··. ;: .

'
:· ·

. :· ';:'.

1·
r

. i
II I. DEVELOPMENT INTERLINKS INVOLVING UNIVERSITIES'

·,· · ~:
 "

.Pq;e 1
DIVELOPMEMT Ilfmunm IJM>LVIlll UNIVERSITIES

otner
Bradllan T.vPe ot Project,Actlvitiea and IParticipatingl Financial Partic:t. . AID Partic1pa-
In.titution Indicat1on ot Scone Anencics Time External Brazilian tion it

Vanderbilt IPE (lllio Dev~l.opnent ot Ina'.titut1onal SUDIN ,1~3/lll>$

Univereity Paulo) .· capacity to otte.-r Maeter'• pro- lord Foun- 1974 ~,033,800 "USAID
~IAR(PUQ Bl'aal 1Q econc:*1c1 primftrily at dation
CAEM(roooui) IPI but alao at other 1nentioned
PIMRS(ruPe.) tnatitutlona. TA. 1 tellovahip,
UMBrasilia library •terial.a end research
F1POE/GVFound.; support, ehort courae1 eeldnar1
:Trained l~ Ph. D, 16 Am>• e, 21
rti , 1 no deeree , l died , 3'•
etill in training. Approxi-
.tely 13 m/y ot 'l'~A.

San Diego
State
University
Mlniatry ot
:Wucat.·lon
j·"· to NEC and State Sec. ot
F.duc.ation to aaatat deve.lop.
(t>ep. ot FWMl. 1-n• tor traSnine activities
f,4. and Dept. 29 lons tena consultants, 29 usf ~I '1 ' ~I 0 0 0
ot Middle F.d. abort tera consultants, '8 MA ~
nd Ph. I>. trainees 1 76 short thru
ena trainee~. · 7/16 I · I USAID
University ot Council ot
Houston and Rectors o~
other Univer- Brazilian
nlUes (LEA univereitiellt
and ~exlco) • ,d Braz.
Univerait1e1.
 J>ege 2

berican and/or Other

Inter-Aaerlcan Bruillan 'f.vpe ot Project ,Activities aind Participating l''tnancial l>art.j.cip. Am Participa-
Institution · In•titutlon In41cation ot Scope Agencies Time External Bra~iliun tion if Any
Univerdt)' of OOPPE/Feder- T.A. graduate training abroad,
Houston al ~iv. ot reaearch and libr~..ry materials --
Rio de Ja- 11ur1port , and equ1paent to
neiro •••lat in the eatabliahment of 1963 US$ Cr$
-------+------+-.;;;·_.··«r,.;;:...;.:1ad;;;.ua=t!t 1>rO«r811 (MS A: l'h. D) .
1970 1.102.000 341.000 ~..Alt>
-
Ohio State MF£/J>AU v1..: Bradliu University 'to Univ. ~ .. .
Unlver•1 t.y Qoaa~elea ~ic. F.duc. Improvement-NE/ND.
FSAJ.J.l/Areia, TA. structure, 9 •/ra of TA to on- m$
----.·~---+- . . . . . . . ....___..._.......
Paraiba 8fT4 ~oirw:
ABEAS 110.000
i - . ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~==----µ.i..;;;.;;;;.;~_.;=~.;....;.;j~----i-=.o.=---- lEAID

Vanderbilt Sll>ENE-Fed. Regional development planning SUBIN 1967 00$ US$ OOAID
University Univ.Pernamb. project-SUDENE. Estab1islunent 1971 597 ,<X>O 103,358 SUBIH.,
PIMES(previ- ot public adadniatration work 5lJ ,51J5 SUDi:NE
oualy called group, conduct socio-economic " . UFPe.
Institute ot survey to provide SUDENE/lEAm
Sciences of vith baste into in selected
Man areas where development Frogram:
were aocio-economic research
laboratory ot P. u. Pe. and
training in the tn ot graduate
student• to conduct socio-
economic research work for
SUD.Eli!.

'l'. Asl!li stance and Training

abroad.

lnterrunerican Ce-iarli Pr'>grem of Visits and study in l.5/JO

Univerdtv Univeraitiea the U.S. for Brazilian Univer-
Foundatioii sity student leaders on the
· American edueationnl, social, · ·
... .. .· · JX>liticll.l. .e.nd . econ()mic . sy.ste!U. ' ._ .. .-.

-~ ... '
. ·.
 Paee , .
DBY!tnPIElft' D.l'ERLYN1CB INVOLVIlll UN'IVERSr.t'IES

.U.erican awl/or
Inter-Amer
. lean
Institution
I Institution
Brazilian I Type ot Project, Activities and

Tutti Unlv~r•lty Unly. BJ-aailla Stipend and transportation for on- ,w~
Medford, Ma••·
(L.A. T. F. ) .
Fed. Univ. Rlo
e Janeiro
the placement or three tell.ow•
or IA1'F at Bra~tlian Univeral-
going 22,50<> OOAID

Fed. Unlv. ot tie• to· aaatat educational

Para development through iJnplemen-
tation or resea.rch project• and
teachiM.
Cr;
'futt• Brazilian Stipend and tranapo.rtation tor 1974 15,000 71,f/XJ lBAID
Univeraltitt• 5 IATF tellowa .at Brazilian (trust
Univeraitiea to aaaiat educa- t'unds)
tional developaent through
implementation ot research
ojecta and teaching.
S.U.R.Y ~/MFJJ
SUDENE
Elementary Education Planning
'rasr&nl - T. A~ to State Resional
SUBIJf 1964
1971
lus*97,,,52 00$
16,400
Secretariat and National education&l
of Edueation 1ristitutiona , to 1JGP.rove
lementary edueation in Brazil.
lx long-term technicians; i.a
articlpanta in long and abort
ralnin~ 'Pl'O«r~ abroad.

Untverdty ot
Missouri , Rolla
Fe<ler~ · JExchange ot atudente and
University ot proteeaora. Technical Seminar• State
ID~P (Para 972-
ee-
WAID/B

& Columbia Para I at Bele .· and Cooperative~ . Research 'i n Planning ent.
·Hydrol<>gy, GeolO(tY 1 Pathology, Agency )SUDAM,
~oinputer Progranning•. - . Bank .cit the .
··~· Development ot Clirri~ul'!Jlft• · .AJiia~on_ , .:re.:.
trobras, .·
.l~artnersot
=::.: .· .
,_,,...:~ ····· th~ ·AmC:ricas 1 •.
..
.-
· 1P-Hv~t~ <-:-~ ~ ,.., '' ··
~.~~~~.~~ ... ; ~- .· ' ·. :-. ·. ::. - ...... - • ;·1: .·).. , -· ·-
. :-.
 .... . .
. .

Page lJ .
pEVIIDPMEIPl' Dft'ERLDfJIS IMVOLVD«J UN'IVERSITmJ . I .. . .

DAU/w.C Survey/7'
American and or . · Other ·
Inter-A.ertcan Brazilian Type ot Project,Activitiea land Participating AID Participa-
. Institution Institution ·· · Indication ot S · A · ·· · if ·Any •

Mm & o·t her . DAUjMF.c Fed. . ·Higher Agricultural Education on- m$ 00~
US Univerai.tiea Univ. Viqoaa Loan-Long and Short Term. T.A. , going 7 ,6oo,OOO 8 ;2.8 7 ,OQO . WAID
mAI4,/WP gradua~e ·training . programs
Ped. Rural Univ . abroad, library .materisla.
R.de Janeiro
F.U.Ceo.ra 'l'o en,d of project:
F. U. MSul . 90 m/yconsu.l.tant services;
Vet.Sch.Fed. . ~ and 90 );>h. D. '8 trained;
Univ. t.f.Ocrata. 2 in ehort term r oms·

I.D.B. l"ed. Univ;. ot Engineering of Materia.ls ·Pl'oj FNI>CT 1972 CR$ CR$
Sao Carlos Loan. Est~lishnsent ot a center ClfPQ 1775 . ·5 17"?/J/:J:JO 8,895 ,000
of reseQrch Md developnent of' DM>E
materials and improvement of AP~P
human ~esourccs in the area or · C.AP~
Eneineertng ot mo.terials
thro .b TA al\d traintn abroad.
·Sall\ Houston Fed.Rtiral T.A. Ar .Tra1n11111 in .Ar,rle. F.duc. , plan-
Stat~ Univ. , Univ. of Jlydroloor, Anbuil Scieneea; & neci
Texas. · Pernftmbuco Industrial In . etion ~;..._---~~-+--~----
. .

O. A. S. Fed.Universit Establ1sh11ent and implementa- 1970 m$ CRf

. ot Santa
tion 1,t t. gradua1;e program tor 1974 92,702 383,000
Mari& . irpeciaiista in· Plaunhie and
Development otCUrricula for
Secondary _Educ. Course . opened
to all countries-members ot
·. OAS ~ · . .··.· T.~. ·: ~ ,- t'elltJwships~ ··
~------...------........... --. ---,-.----~.- __.L·~··.ma.:.-~~~er~i~i\1-·.s~·-··--~-· -·-.~~--------.---,-+----~...........~--....;._~'--"----.-_;_i-------...-----~
.. · ·-li_b__r_fU:Y
; ·:
'• .. . .. .....
r ·· .. . . .- >.-.- : •."
·. . ·' .' ."·. · · ,,:.: -··
=:.. -·
·. ·: ··, ·.·
. .- · __:._., :: ·· · . ... .
.: . . - .
';:·:.
;, .
- . ~·.. .-· ·. '·.': ·~.. ·."-.:
",'..:. . . ~ .
; .· :
• • · :: .= .... . :! . .-.·.
~-

, :~ ..-, ....'. ' · . • ·'

 .· Page 5
DEVELOPMElft'
.
IJITERLINKS INVOLVOO .UHMltS:rrmJ
.

j ·' ·

. wr1_can-e:M70r Other .
· Inter-AMl'ican
Inatit\rt,ion · ·
Bruilla11 ..
Inatlt\ltion
'Type..·.ofIndication
Project ,Activities and
of S<:ope
. tingl
Participa
A8ene1es Time
· . · Fin~ncial Partlci ·•.. ,AID Fnrticipa..
External Brazilian tion if Any

O. A. s. & Nul.ti- tJPiversity ot JApP11caUon ot.·the ABS . -Wa.c 1972 Jus$

nattonnl .center Braa111a . Scale (Scale of Women Behaviour 2,600
or Educational &: Attitudes) by the School ot
. Reaearch Education of .UnB in ·Drc.dl aa
part of a Regional Prom-Mi 'tor
Educational Dev. ot OAS t\ttempt-
1..tg to make ediicattono.1 ·
declsiOna based on acie?ntitic
,_.....____.......,""'-_____ _J,! nvcstir,ation
Walter Reed Universityot . Support of research entitled 197'3-" JUS$
· Any Instttute Dr11ailia "L"h~.:eotbera:N)utic Studies on 1974 67 ,250
ot Reae~ch · SchistoD()riliasis" wl~ic}i ~ttempta
· 'to find better. drugs ~or the ·
treat:i.ierit of schistosomio.ai.s.
PAJJ() UnB Reaenrch on snaili o~ intere£t 1969-,00$
in .· the profilaxy of 1973 5,000
schi stos0111i~si:J.

Fofd UnB of studieB (teaching &

ProgrCUll 1971-
Foundatio~ research)ln ·the area of
Populational Dynrunic•, applied
nutrJ tion and Mother-Child
neo.lth. Dev•. o( piiot' research
.Projects, semin"1-s anct · L.
.. Ame:ric~ ·1nfo'1Mt16ri.-exchaflge
nnd fcll~ship .· tm'P).)()rt .

·· .· ....
PAHo J.JnB 1l>rov1ai6~ -~f. · ~f~dicine T~rt Booksl · WJI() . . 1971
' n t ;iO., cosf;; · unlt hft$ 'the cl)arge
.. . . . .•· ·.·. to :study ilrid recqmnend for ' •' .'
·" ·· · · publication te~ ·iclrit;erials . . . . .
'._};;· • .. :...-)? ' C+L.· •• ' . '<).'.;~:.\ ~~:}~~~~d;l!~.~~'. :ri~~~·b;~~.';.": . '.. ·. \.if... ::.: .. .. ::;:.:.V t
0
,;, . . < ..
 · .~ .
.

P~e 6

.berlcan artA/or .other

Inter:-Amerlcan · Brazilian Type ot Project ,Activittea and Participating ~innncial P~ticip. AID Pal'ticipa-
In•titution Inat11;ution Indication ot .........
~~;;;.;;;;.;~;;:.;;.;;~--~;;;.;;~;;.;.;,;;;;;;.;::._-+.~~-=~.-..-.;.;~.=..
Scone Aa:enciea · Time bternnl Brazilian tton 1~ Anv
-..i.;..;;;._~._.._._~;..w.;;.;;;.;;;.;=.;;...._t~·

Ford Asa!atance for the est._blishmert lr;r{2- W$

--
FoWMlation & devel.oplent of .Muter'• 1974 168 ,400
pl-ogra. :1,n Soci&l Anthropol0gy.
Rese&r.·eh support viaiting
protesilora, fellowships in
country and abroad & library
materials · · ·

Ford UnB strengthening ot sre.dtiate 1912- m$

Foundation p?'06roma in !cone.tea and 162,000
So(!iol.oeY~ . ·· ·
Researc)l auppo..---t , Visiting
professors exchange ot
faculties anci students in
sociolon'. telloval1t11& abroad.

SU1T1T?er Inatitute UnB Improvement of Ten.Chins in on-

of Linguiatica- AnthrOpolesy flnd LingUiatic going ·
Calitornta · through exchange ot professors,
research, teUawahip, visiting ·.
'Prot'essora. · ·
--··~~~~-:--t-~--:~~--~;....;;,.;;.~~.;;;.:;_~~~~--~.....;..-1-----......;;.~--J~~~~~--+---~~~~~~~~

Nev York UnB Sw-vey ot .the flora of the .· 1970

Bot~nical. Garden C~ntr&.l
Plateau .to preserve atad.
· collect rjpecilllens. Scierititic
.c ooperation through vfQiting .
resePl'Cl1eril And et~iea. ·
·.· · 2 re~e~obet-s ·c1,e .m/m) •
~ : ,• ..·. · .. ' . '

. .. : ·.

=::.:.
 \
.,.

PMe 7
DEVELOPMBR't
-
nTERL11fm· .IWOLVDC U?\IVF.RSITlDJ .

.4¥4.
..
I- . . .
J
Br.ar.11.1an .
Institution . . L :· • .
other
Type.. · ot PtoJect ,Acthit1ea and Pa;rticip(lting . .. .:_!nan~ia.t rm·t~cip. All> Participa..
Indicht1on ot Seo e Ar.oncies Titnc £xterntl Bra.ziliar. tfon 1.t Any
. •. , • . , , ~

I. D. B. WMJ L<>An tor the deveiopnent and I 1:EC/CEPE$

1
196ei oof.. .· . I us$
consti'lacti<>n ot. university 197} 995,000
campu• ~ equipnent. IDB
tund• uaed
especific~ ror
eqtdpnent tor Veterinary ·
Hoapit.a.J., Physics ·and Chem atry
ax•ea.11
PAHC) uno EstO.bllahAerit.ot a Reglonal 1972
Sub-Center ot·:e10-i.edicd l'/76
Scientlf'ic Information.·· ·
utUidng resources ot Medllne
System of the u.s. National . I

I4l>ror.y of Medicine, consult.il

--------r--------~~~s 1 .. technical staff, train!
Univeraity of I uno 1972
.. Tulane/Fmdly 1975
Health Founda-
tion
Ford tJFMl/CEDEPLAR T. A. IW~\J4te tra 11:.'lng ~broad, i971i m$
Foundation salary· JltJI>Pleinentation tor -11974. 201,500'
faculty t.'*· •ovement• ..
· ·aduate ¢~oru:nica progre.ni. ·
._. -, ' .'

tFm Development of. a Master's

deuee • progr&Jll in Poiitical
Sci~nces; . • ,TA ff!llowshil>e··. ·
. abtc~, re aero-ch auppc;ri •·.
·.··libcl".orY ~terltµ;1 · ·· ·
 . :-.·
'·
..

• p eae·a
...
Dr:vELOMm' DrERL.INJ<S DM>LVI?ll UNIVERSITIES

W./or
IPart_~:~;atlngl
Ailer1c.&ft
Inter-American· .Bradlian Type -ot ·Project,Actlvitle.• .and . . Flnanot..l Partici . AID Partloiw
Inatitutlon tnatltUtion Indication ot Scope . Agencies Time EXternal Brazilian ~~on · it Any •

Ford tlFMJ ..• Agreei.ent tor. salary 1971~ · 00$

Fo'1ndat1on auwlanentation ·()ttechnic&l i974 I 201,500• - -

Associated
I . IDemgl°aphic
:!~rn:t=:tod~e~her•
C~thollc Univ. Research.
and I I I
.. ·.· .
I .I ·.
. . ·.
Plag ·I 00$ ·
Univeraities tor ot Goia1 ned · 200,000
International
Education
Mia.mi Fe<leral Univ. · 1Ex.cbang
..• ·. f! ot tac.ulty raember1J, 197,
University ot Parana . · atudenta and research

University ot Federal Univ. Inatitution&liution and . Plan

. Florida, ot Pata · atr~ngtheninaotrelationahip ned-
Gainsville and techft1calcooperat1on in
theareaot Hwnnn Sclencea • .
Exchange Qt professors, .
researchers• T+A• • tellowahipa.
Kellog Foundct.-
tion
Fecidral Univ.
ot ~.O.Sul
/1ssiatllftfe in the development
otan Educational Technology
l'1f2-1 00$271,981··. 't·cR$
i1975 576 ,214
Unit t9 prepare dentistry · (1st. year
di.dactic materials and . . . only)
introdl1ct1~ · of'.·new teaching
iilethods.'. Treintng or start ot
School ot denthtry 'Of UFRJ J
and others .in Brazil end
>l · . . .. Soutl).- AJ¥.erica-~' :· '· = · ···· · .,
. . : . ,. ~--

;:_ . · ·,
' •
' . '" ". '.

'~. : ~,, .. .·,'.,,f';'.'',. . s).:,. ~iAF!';1;{.\ \.\;.:,£r1Aff : :,:~: ,.~·;:~;~£:~;~, ;~·,.):;I,:::.'.,·, ,;,•····L,; ~<
\1. ,,,,' .·•:. x; L:.•·.;' ..:.• . ••····"c. ;,,". .
 " ~

Page 9
pM!UJPMM nmtRLINJ<S INVOLVDJ UNI\IERSITIF.S

American Ull/or
Inter-American
Instituti<>n
IInstitution
Brazilian Type at Project ,Activities and
· Indication ot Seo·
Q.A. S. Federal univ.
'ot R.0.6ul. I Muit1 ..11atlonal project
in Phys- [ CNPQ 1972i CR$
ica. Re•earch in the areas ot 1973 37,200
experhientalandtheoretical
physics tor the developnent ot
M.S. A: Ph.n. scient1st1 in
Brazil and Latin Amerlc.a. OAS
contributes with equipnent and
I I Visitintt· scientists~. · 1 1 17 _ __._-+-----+-----
0. A. S. Federal Univ. IT.A. (1 technician) for the 1973
ot R.·o. Sul. Prograa ot graduate studies in 1973
Urban ond Rcl".ional Develonnent.

I.D.B. PUC/RJ Computer Technol~ J>rtojeet. FNDCT

(Rio Datacen- LOan"tor the purchase ot an
tro) IBM "370/°?>65 computer to enable
bettercanputermethoda and
.. training of staff.
Inter.-Alllerican Puc/RJ .T.A., tellowshipe, library tar 1972 $ 00$
Foundation (Rio Datacen- the development ot a graduate 1974 176,500 210,800
tro) Btudiea progrma in Juridical ..
Sciences. · ·
0. A. S.. ruc/RJ
. . . .
Lil>rary materials survey in
Brazil tor the establishment
.. . ..
of a Master. a. Deep-ee -.progr•
in the area of Philoscmhv.
 \ •

.
American ~/or Qtber ·
Jnt~r-Alnerican · ·Brazilian Type . ot Project,Activitiea and Pnrticipo.ting Fina.ncie.1 Pnrticip. AIDParticipa
Institution Institution · Indication ot Scope Aeenciea Time Extel~na.l !lr:l~U.ion ti on if Any

I. D. B. Federol. Univ. Fundao project. Construction 1967- tm$ . 00$

of . Rio de anCl equ11111ent for the 1973 ' 10 ,1,7op:yJ ,,,~ ~0,00>
Janeiro 'l'echnc>~()61Cal and B10ft\edi~fll ·
ereaa .
;
.
Fir at RatS.one.i. Federal Univ• . l.oan to aid st conclusion ot 1$1 1970- W$
City Bank ot JU.o de
Jf\neiro
phase ot construction ot Fundio·
canmus ·
.. - 1973 10,CXD/)ro
.

O.A. S. UFRJ/COPPE ~
Reaenrch and at mies in the 1973- .00$
area ot t.ranster ot energy in 1971' 8,&:xJ
nuclear re~tora 1 specially ot
the type ot Furnas reactor a. "
Foreign researches~

Ford Foundation Feder'-1 Univ. ·Nutrition atudlea ot the 1974

ot Perrwi>uco Northeast project. Training of
start, vialting .profeasors,
re~ea.rch and library •uUoort. .. .·-

6-$
19r5 ~·
Ford Foundation FUPe/PIMES Integrated Procr&111 ot Master•• 197}-
Degl'ee tn .F.eonomics. and t.50,000 -.o,ooo
..
Socioloa.• Faculty salary
suppl~nta, visiting profeasOJU
..
.. . .
.
training abro6'1, re•enrch ian4 · ..
.,

library eurinOrt. ·
..
Bowling Green • Catholic Exchnnge ot profes~or• · and . Fullbright . ... .•
.-..,,·-.. State .Univ; ,· -·....·... ··. · Univ. or ~ aio
·. .
~
sto,dent•· ln.:·the ·.rea Qf. ·soclal" ·. · · ···.:·
.. · .
..
· ~·-: ·.· ·-:-

..
-:·: -; .. ..--: ~

..
.. .·...'·
..
Ohio/FUllbrigl)t< : PaUl.~ . -·- ' un4er tmi aponi>or- '. .
• • • I •• • • •

.. Poy!!hol~y ··.· . -:.

. . ..
.,
-.
.. .. '
· ... · • ...
•·oundntion :. . .
sMp .ot l"Ul.lbrigh~ F,QU1ld-'t1<>n •. . ·,..
·-
, ··
, ..
, .. · :
. .
.
'.

.· ., _·
 ..
P,aae· 11
.DEVEU>PMEtft' INTERLINKS INVOtVI?IJ UNIVERSITim

~s.can w/or r I ' : other

Inter ...Amerlcan Brad.Han Type· ot ~oject ,Activities and 'art.icipB.t.insj Finar..cial. Partici . AID P.articipa-
lniU.tution Inltitution Indication ot Scope Agencics Time xternal BraziliA.n tion if Any

Ford.Foundation Federal Univ. ·In~ituticnal DevelQpnent lg-(O •$

ot V1Q08A project. T.A. , training or 1973 286,000
taclilty; equt:pnent, books,
contracting <tf new proteesOZoe,
etc.
Pord Foundation Federal tmiv. Strengthening of the Department lgr~4wt
ot Vl~oaa ot 'Rural; Economic1-Development 1973 1· 237 ,()(X)
and strengthen1J'l6 · ot Ph. D. ·
progrq. Through T.A. , trainin..
abroad, library and research
aupPOrt - 2 long term u. s.
1rofesaors to 71'.
Ford Foundation federal Univ. Staff development project. .969-,00$
ot ViCfOll& · Fellowships tor graduate W5 . · 120,000
studies pro{tl'arns ·abroad tor
fecult
OA!J/f.ICA Federal Univ. 'cooperative PrOgrM ot Library ig,11· m$
otViQo~a Imp1·ove1tient-conduct atlld1ea tor 197:~ 18 ,()(X)
the hnprovement ot agrlc.
librarians. T.A. to interested
institutions; pr01110te eJ(cbange
ot ~aterillia and into~

O.A.S. I
Univerait~ ot Developnent or M Inter~.Anlericarl nm-
Sao Paulo. . .... _CourtJe tor Educo.tionAdminis~ i~~t ~75_,.
00 Us.$
403,W<J
·tration and. Supervhol"s ....
Participants from LP.tin Americ
countries.
- - - - - - - . . . - - - - - " - . . . . . _ - " ' - - .-
r.A
....._.- .......-·""""'""
. .and • .fellow.ships.
- . .,...__.. . .. .... . . .. ·.• • L-.-....,..;.--.,_;.-1,...;......___....._ _ _..;,.....;_-l.-_ _ _
~ ~.!.----
 \

Page 12

hlerican and/or . Other

lnter-Aaerican · Bradlian ·Type of Project _.\ctlvitiea and Po.rtictpo.ttns FinMcial T'e.rtici"P. AID Part1c1pa
Inatitut1911 Inatttutlon IridicaU.on ot Scope Aeeades Time External Brazilian tion it Any
'.
O.A.B~ Univernit1 ot Multi-nati~Al Project in 1973 US$
si'.o Paulo . · . Genetics -· Cond~t reoo1Al·ct1 on 1974 '8 /{04
~

-
Human .and An!Jaal Genetics,
promote.grad. programs in
Genottca .
uD1verdtyof U.S.P. Excho.nae of profesnr.,r11 nnd ' . . - pl&.!!.
.
Auatln;· Texa• rc~en.rc!;ers in . the ·area or ned
geol.ogy; for
2 to J1 technicianai 1974 .

*Vanderbilt Univ. U.S. P. (FiPE) . ExchAnge ot Senior PrOteaaora FORD 1973 00$ m$
Univ.or Chicago chort Si.!Jdna.ra and · atwly IDB 1974 1 ,866 ,f.l:X> 2 ,310 ,ooo WAID I
00-Jlerkeley octtvitiea. Mutun.11.y executed State o~ SP
Purdue Univ. research. t'rab~ing in-eour,t:ry l 'ed.Govt.
Yale Univ. tr.nd in U.S. short ond long Private
t~rm. Fims
.. .
I. D.B. Fed~al Univ. .Technical cool>eration project 1974'- 00$ W$
ot Ceara f'or the 1111Plementation : ot the 1975 98 ,<XX) . 92,000
.Univ. Retonn; .develop an Into. .
· system tor Univ. Adm. ,
. . . etrell({then. data .Pr.oceaaing and
. improvement · or technical.-
&:lministrativ~ staff,

* Fi sure a provided by U. S. P. in DAU survey dOll 't cotncide 11ith WAID tigtlrea .
.· ..
··.·. :·. .· ",

~--~ .....:.;;~---= ->-:~..._~:....... :~-=·· :-. ·-~ ·.· -· - .-~~- ... ·· ·.···· . 1.:. • - - . . . • ·... ~.··.- : . -~ •·,, _· ·~... •:•;<".., ., _ _.:. :....••. , .:·~.: •• • ~~
··_.•I .
• .:: • ·. , , • I - ··:· -- •:.'>' ••• • • .·
- ~-. -~ ·: - - . - . ........ ..
":.--· : . . . =~--- -. ~'.- · . :•-./ ~- ..
·. . .: .. ~. .. ·. -:: .. - ...
.·_ , . • • ' ·~ , ' I '

.. . ., .:·· ..... ·. :;·,··....... · . ,· .. :. .. : •

:.: . . ··,
·: __ _ ·., ;_ ·: ._. · . ·· .. ·. ·,:: . . >. ··-· ·: ': ,· : :.
..... -... ,, . .,'•

. .· ... ·, . -.. ..:". ·. ·.. i-;':

.:-
: ~
· •'
: .. . .·. :-· . :. .
.;. ·
......:, . .
.. - • : .·
 , •
.. . ~

: .-.

. .Pise 13
J)EVELOPMEN'l' ·IN'l'ERLtHKS · INVOLVI?«J UNIVERSI'l'lES .

,_ ..
American .&nd/or
Inter..AMerican .
Xnatitut1on
Brazilian
Institution
Type ot Project ,Ac~ivitiea and
· ImiCation ot Scope
Other
Part~cipatingl
Agcncie3 Time
IFinoncial Particip~ AID Pe.rticipa
E;cternal. IBrazilitU'il tion if ·~~

Rockefeller 1'~cderal
..ot Ceora.
.univ. Research project tp analyze the
cauaea of undor-utilitntlon of
l'.ll}
1971'
ll.S$. 31,000
Fo'1ndation
.wli)ower. in the urban . areas ot
Drazi l. •s lbrthenst nnd
developaent or
institutions
respon:dble for the conduct ot
· 1socio-economic studies ot NE
· RcP:ion --

Ford PoUndatton I Feder&\ Univ.

·ot Ceara
Program for the developnent ot ·
Sorghum-Reaenrch ·studies, T. A.
1970, ..Cr$ 1cr~
1975 1,~1-. ,ooo . lfi6 ,9'.)0
·.
and tellowships abroad.
Forcl Foundation I federal Univ.
of Ceara-CAEN
Grad.unte · Economic a Prowant
(Master•a level) Graduate
l9l)I.
l'.ll3
I00$ . ,-.oo IW$ 550 721,815
training. in the _U. s. -for
faculty members improvement in
the teaching at. Economic re-
.seurch tor regional dcvelop-:-
· lftent. · · · ·

Ford FC>undatton Federal ~iv. Developiaent ot Graduate Studies 1969

· ot Ceara (Master's level) program in 1W7 288,000 151,02~
Rural Economics ~d. T.A. nnd
i'ellowshiP$,reseii.rch
Fo:rd Foundation Federa1. Univ., Research on the ·Btoic)gy ot 19731 US$
ot' Juis de · Reproduction 1975 ·. • 120 ,ooo
Fora.-;·-. _- - :· '
· • - •' -• -- - - • · • •"· •"•• . '"• I

·..
·' •
..

~~' '. ,.,, ·, ; .-. ;·_ : • ::. : ' : : f. • • '-·'·>'":, r}:~: •· •· :.· '·• ·~ ·: :.:, ;~· ·': •:.: ::·-·· ~. ;: .-~ .::.. -:. .~; . .'. " · ~· -.. . ·•
 •
Pase 14

American mi/or othu

Inter-American »radllan Type ot Project,Activities and Participating Financial Po.rticip. AID Participa
Institution Inatitutlon Indica.tion ot. Scope Agencies Tilile External
I
Brazilian tion it Any

Kellog FoWMla- Federal Univ. Aasbtance tor the devel()plW!nt 1968 00$
ti on of Bahia and' implementation ot a COUJ".Se 197:5 . 4,520 ~

-
tor Nurse Assistants (for .73
onlv).
. .
. .
Kelloe; Found&- Federal Univ. Developnent and ilnplementation 1974
ti on ot Bahia ot a course tor Midwifes ' ~ . .
·.· -
Kellog Founda- Federal Univ. Change of the role ot a 1969 m$ Cr$
ti on ot Bahia university hospital in a l97li 6oo 000 ,
500,000
Brazilian comnlUlity (for 73
onl.v) .·
-
Kellog Found.a- Federal Univ. Support.Project to the .a rea or 1~7- .us.$ '
ti on ot Bahia Pharmacnolof(Y 1973 lll,000
Ford Foundation Federal lhiv. Research on the Biology of Ford F . 1966- lE$
ot Bahia Reproduction and control of 886,500 1975 941,6160
. Fertility ·· Popul. Council
(m$25,71'0)
World Health 1967 ..
Org. (W$ ••• . 197}
2~ J1ool ·
.
Research Defense Federal Univ. Research on the Manson1c . 1970- 1E$
Office

PAito/WJK> ·-·
ot Bahia

.· Federal
. . . .. Univ.
...
~
Schiatosoiaiasis

Reaearch.on Comunity- Medicine

l<J/3
,.
w, 51.431

}5 ·,000·
. v~ Ba!li:t. . in the M'micipality of- cr'-'z . ·•

das Al..mas ; · · · . I

2 technicians
·.· > .. -:c .· . .-
...·..·.
 Page 15
· DEV!LOPMErn IlfTDLINJCS . INVOLVItll UHIVEltSITI~

American and/o"J> ·other I

Inter•AMrlcU\ Bradlian '1J>e ot Project ,Activities and Participating 1''1nand.al Partic.11>. All> '.Partici- ·
Institution · InatttuUon Indication ot Seo~ · Ar.cncies Time External Bra~iliem pat1on 1t' Any
..
PJJtO,W0 Federal Univ. Reaeorch ot Coaa:lUnicable l'lnn
or Bahia Ditteast"r. ned- .. --
oo, us;
I.D.B. Federal · Univ. wan (t«C/IDB l\greement) for Mre/CEP'f13 2 ,500,000 21500 ,OO<
:
of ·Bahia construction and eqUipnent tor
the univernit:v cMDus . . .
. . . .. . .
Rockefeller Federal univ. Reoearch and Edooation ~or Involvement 1973- W$
J'o\Uldation ot Bahia Deveio'{Wt!nt Project, lnvolrlng · of o~ller
. .
1982 10,000,000
aevei·ul f.f ocitic sub-projects 1 Institutions (e:atim.) ·.
..
't.A. , · tellowohipa, e <t•Jipment, tore seer.
.library Mteriala; etc. ;
5 technicians until .Dec . 1973 .
..
Cornell .Univ. . Train1ng and Research in the 1973 ' US$
Cooaon ·Wealth . area or Health Scio.'lCes 1975 50,000 . '

Found. & ( cont1nunt1on ot previous

Rockefeller Jl'. · 'Pro.1ect} . . · ·
..
·.

Nat ion~l Acad• . · S~ey .· ot Br~zilion higher . . . .. 1959.., US$ US$ . .

or f;ctencea eduMtion 1961 1'6 ,30() .. 5.000 mAto·

.. •

Michigan St. Getulio Var- Assist the· QY.F in eatabltilh11l£ ''

1953.. : m$ US$
Univerdty gu Found •.· a School ot Bushlea1 Adndn. ·
..
19£'6 ) ,594,ooo 76,100 WAID
·.... 1n Sao Paulo at tho Coll.ec;e
level and in .training a atatt '·

of Bradlian prore'-'tora ·

... .: . . .
'

. ... ·' ·
. .... . .,
I .· : ,.

.. ·....
·-:·- ·· ..~-- ~:-- -.'~· :·. . ~,~ ~~~.... ~ . -.- ,._ ~ ....~ ..·:· ·~ ---~ -~·:. •.·. _: . . ;. '·; ·--
. ..
~
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. ..
.-- ::.
:•.. ;·..:·•. ·; ~-:'1.f
 ·r . A ~

.
..
'

J>8ge ·16
DEVELOPMEN'l' Ilfl'ERLINXS INVOLVIHJ tJHIVERSlTJES

Dradllan Type · ot Project,Activitiee ·and

Institution Indication ot Seo·

Michigan st. Polytech..;. To adviae and Haist in the 1956-,US$ OS$

University nical School catabliamnerit ·o r a ·cu'rriculUJll 1966 . ' 267 ;888 180 ,000 1· WAID
University or: ot Production Management .
Sao Paulo · Enaincering and the deveiopment
ot the required courses of
instruction. To tmin a start
t '
of · Drtidllan professor for ·' ..
that Facult
Untverdty ot Tech~ical · assistance in public
MsP-School o 1~9-,Us$
·southern. Public Sel'V. and ~n bunineas Ctdndni stro.tion 1966 · ~,i.i.o, mAID
California and · Univ.of Dahill to the mentioned Brazilian
Mtchigon St. Univ.of RGS :instituttons \ .
University ,,._ S.Pnulo
nuoiness
School

·1 )
' ,.
.( To identlty ·anct promote )
i 1964 2,~1,. OOAID
( industrial. itrvea!ment in ) 1971
;l ..··· al. ~. ~aa .ot . ~~ North-
rur
·. .• · . east Region,
.
..
. . '
.• . .. .· •
.
•.

..
· . ;( • '' ·-·~ ~ . - : ··· .. .
\ . ·•
'.,• .·
.• ·. .~ ."·
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-
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' . . . . Page 17
· . DEVEU>PMENT Itfl'ERLIN'KS IN'IOLVI?IJ UNIVERSI'l'I~
.•• 4

..
, .. ,·

American am/or
I nte't ...AJnerictm
Institution ·
Bradllan
xnatttut1on _·
T;vpe ot Project ,Activities and P8l't1c,ipnting)
Indication or Scope . ..
I
Ar,encies I Time
vt:ner
IFinancinl Parlici . AID Porticlpa
Jo1xt<?rna1 Drnzilie.11 t1011 if A n~{

lRI Research ·
Insti·tute
'l'o assist the MinAg, the State I
Secretariats of Aericulture, ·
FAO 1964i W$ I00$
1'7/2 · 1- ;272 ,ooo 5 ,lt56 ,000 I · lEAID
and the Aariculturnl tiniversi-
t1es in the· field ot research
to determine the moat cconanic
and efficient menns of
producina livestock and feed I • '" · -

crops . ._

Purdue UniY. Rural Univ. To ·develop within the Rural 195li US$
ot Minaa Univ. of Minas Gerai a the 1973 . 9,219,000 USAID
Geraia ·professional a.nd technicnl
c~tence and instHutional
capacity to per-wii t . the Univ.
to provide technical .guidance !·
in the devel oJ>rocnt or ·thc
State's total ogricult\lrnl
4
resource a.

Wiacoriatn Univ. I univ. ot Rio

O. d,o Sul
'l'o .· tmprC>Ve the cOOtpet~nC:e
'incrense
8nd.
the cnpobilities ot
I
i96, 00$ .
197} . .. ,052 ,ooc WAID
the unos by establiciaing at
the ,Acricultural Collec;es of
theUniversltyco\U'sea leading
. .. to masters de(tt'ees ln .Agric • .
,Econo.m,tc~, ;. AnimBl NutritJon ,
Soils and Piant Sciences; and
. up grndlne<un<tergrMuaie
- : ~ =: ;, . trattd, ng ~: -c :· ~ _
, . - -- -·
.· .... ; . .. ., .
.· ~. '·
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~·
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;- .
>:

~?.t.k' ! : :, ';,, ;l, ' ! ' 3<" ;;, ·•'., I ~: ~·.: ~lE~~·;} ;,,; L/<:1 ; ;' .:;:;.,,:. •.;; ; :. ,,.,L;,
,' ! // I ' ,.y.;, ' .-. g,L;;, '~ ',: .,· ·,·~·. ', ! •• ' ! I ·,; ••
·· ,,·,.:.
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_

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·: .·• .

. '~ . . .

··, ..

.. ; .. ·.
. .. . .. .
. . r can "'4· or , __ _ _ er . .· . .
·. Inter-Alle~lcan · I. Brazllt.n _ Type _ot Project,Actlvltie11 -. and ·. Participating • _ . Flnanda.1 -· P~~fcip. · .AID Partt ctra-
Institution · Institution . --. .· Indication ot Seo . A encies - Time . External. ' Brazilian tion if An
-
. . : .
.
··. . .. .
j .. .
...··

Univ. · ot Univ. ot •. ~ ~rengthen and develop the . . : 196:; 00$ ·. i

A!"izona Ceririt; ··_ i extension, . teachlnB nnd Jieseaidl lWl.· 3,715,000; - WAID
_.• -! capab1li ty ot the CQllece ot .i
. !

_ ' Agriculture or the Univ. of '

: Ceara and to develop a coordi- ) .. ;

. ·.,:.·· : : nated sy~tem of' planning ) .· I

research 1 teach!~ .extension _-- ·

· ~d MndnlatratJ~_n_ ·. _ _ _. _. _________________..._ _...._._ __._ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
·.~ ..
·. ' .
· Ohio ~tate Superior ..TO blprove the capacitie:. ot 1963 . W$ _·_
. ~

University . · School ot ··. the il>Altl to.train auicultural · :1973 3,5~3,000 : USAID
· Agrictilture speciaUa tir _to meet the rapid~ I .

Luiz de Quei• · fP'Odng needs of the State om I .·

roi'- (ESALQ) Nation and te> accelerate the

· · ·. . develoJl'ftent ot ·the •·totnl: -i ..
>.
· agricult\Jral resources ot the
state or .sio Paulo ··-· ·
~----~----------------------~-----.,....,.~-------_....
... . ·.: . .
___________________i - ~----------...;..;,.~------------------~

Miaatsalpi St. '1'0 _stt,aulate ~1cu1turlll · . '. 1963

University production by dey0loPIDent ot a ·_ 1971t :·2 ,'n6~"00o -WAJ]) .
seed •lndustrJ ~n th~ BJ>-..zilian
.v' "•
."
private seetor ·~leh With·
. •·· gc;Werrnenta1 re6UIAtOn ~oopera'
.· :; . ; tion . W111 '·in•\ll"tt tatme'.r• on .• ... .
, -: · adequ8;te ·~~ ot quaµ.ty ';;.. ~'.> . .· .. . . .
-1.
. - i!leedS .at JoeaSonable COSt I Md , .. "
"i:'
...i ·-·
·1
.·· ..:· ... · : r~ault in an _apPreclable ..
f ' I
.•
• I• • •
.·
.~ . ~·
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·!" · • . :· ;- •''
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Page .19
"
•... DEVELOPMEN't ~rJNl<S . IRVOLvlm ~'JVERsmm
·.. ·:.
...
·.: : ~ .

. . . ·. . .. . Oth<?r
Jl'r&dllan .· Tn>e of Project,Activttiea and Part1.c 1pati · Financial · Ali> Participa~
Institution Imication of Sc . encie1 External tion if Anl

·Land 'tenute llRA ·· .A1aistance to IBRA, INDA .1n . AID/w

center~
·.· Univ. ot
IlmA t-eeearch studi~s to include:
1) .t\eaogro.phtc . s.tudiestor .-
- Contract
Wiaconain · · detendning al«:r•1;1on .and ·
population chan6oi in rural
areae; 2) . •tl¥1iea ot individila
fUdliea to f;etat the social;
: · ~\ • economic · tact9l"a attec~ing
·mgationa · and · settlement: . ')
•tud~ea of selected dlfferent
kinda otpleJU)ed settlements:
IJ l ·•tudiea . ot econosalc .educa- .
tional arid related. acttvttiea :
in. area of -lldP.Tation;
·. Rational .Aca4, lfational To increa~e the levei ot. 1968
ot .Bc1encea Research .acientitic and te~hriOlogical on~ .0 ;595 ,ooo. tEAID
HAS co\U1ct1 ot · cooperation betwe~n the ·CNPq ..· goi
Brazil (Clft>q) and the tlAS in order to athau-
iate iir1t!sttgatton1 .ma ·
scientific reae&rch.·
-------t--------+---·· . .. .
·.-· .
JJniversity ot _. . Inatituto Tee TO. ~ssiet the ITA.ill mechanic 196~1 ~ z, 0 ~"'' 00 ..
•. Michigan · · n.c)logico da . ·efl$1neeril!g · ·1968 ··: :• . m.AID • .
A~nilutlca, •...
lTA! at s~ .· :.
JoH Camooe
-, · . ·.···-. ~· ,_·._'. ~~: rile ~~r~~rit;ici'~ ·~~t,~d'~~-- i~ ii~i~ ii~:·~~~6l>tiiiied·; -tlir~~1i'··a-~: $~~Y ()t Bra;111an·'un1verii1tiil condueted l>Y
. . .··•··. : CODf,Ai./pAUfoJEC. J.1(!~197,: • }l'he corrf!ctiieais"'.<?t :th~lrito~ J coufcf not :~cf ver~fied.~_ ·: : ' . . . . .
 ·' · ..
···.·
~ . . ."

·· ...

.'.'· .

.. - ··

: . . . .
·IV. FOOD FOR PEACE

;.- ..

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· .. _.

•. .

·"

. .;, .
 ·.:.:
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::-·
·. ·.: .....:; ..
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' .
BRAZIL

:·.'.:
. ~· ~
DOLLAR VflLUE OF COf.t10DlTIES PROGRAtf.1EO U~OER TITLE I, PUBLIC LAW 480 '- AGREEMENlS SIGNED
.. {millions )
'.

·:·. ·.,... ~ . ', '·

.1 . 2 3 4 5 6 7
·wheat Da iry Fat s ··Total . ,·.
and Flour Feed Grains Tobacc<) Products and 'Oil s . Other Market Value

To
1962 336.7 0.6 0. 7 1.9 4 ·~ l - . 334. 0

·'·
.'
1963
1964
82 . 7
70.5
...
0 .8 .•
- -
0.7
-
8.7 . l.1
..... . 82 .7
81.8
1965 - - - - - -
. 1966 58 . 6 ... - - .. - 58.6 , ..

1967 34.2 - - ... . - . - 34.2

1968 10.4 - - - - - 1().4
1969 21.0 - - - - - 21.0
1970 23 . 7 - - - - .., 23.7
1971 n/a n/a n/a · ·· . .n/a ·. n/a n/a ri/ a
. .. -; . ~.
·'
:,, ;.,. ·
1972 ..
.. 1973

Tota·l 637~8 1.4 ·0 . 7 2,6 12.8 ·. ...L l ' 656 .8

··:
....
·
. .
. '·

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·
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