PROTAGONIST’S FRIENDS’ BETRAYAL IN

JAY ASHERS NOVEL THIRTEEN REASONS WHY

A THESIS
BY:

FAIRUS AINI PANE

Reg. No: 71170411025

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LITERATURE
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2022
 PROTAGONIST’S FRIENDS’ BETRAYAL IN
JAY ASHER’S NOVEL THIRTEEN REASONS WHY

A THESIS
BY:

FAIRUS AINI PANE

Reg. No: 71170411025
SUBMITTED TO
THE FACULTY OF LITERATURE
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM SUMATERA UTARA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF SARJANA SASTRA
IN ENGLISH LITERATURE

Supervisor,

Andang Suhendi, S.S., M.A.

Dean of the Faculty, Head of the Department,

Dr. Purwanto Siwi, S.S, M.A. Zulfan Sahri, S.S., M.S.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LITERATURE
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer expresses her highest gratitude to Allah SWT, the Most

Gracious and the Most Merciful, for the blessing, opportunity, health, and mercy

given to complete this thesis. The thesis entitles “Protagonists Friends Betrayal in Jay

Asher’s Novel Thirteen Reasons Why,” is submitted as the requirement in

accomplishing an undergraduate degree at the Faculty of Literature, Universitas

Islam Sumatera Utara. Secondly, the writer would like to express peace and

invocation to our latest prophet and messenger, Muhammad SAW, the holy best

leader of the Earth.

In completing this thesis, a lot of people have provided motivation, advice,

and support. The writer intended to express her gratitude and appreciation to:

1. My beloved parents, Andy Setyawan Pane and Iin Almeina Lubis, who placed all

the attention, love, and affection, both moral and material. May Allah SWT

always give mercy, health, gifts, and blessings.

2. My beloved Uncle, Ade Biesna, and my lovely siblings, Fadhli Rizki Haidar Pane,

Finna Almeina Izza Pane, for always believing in me and also for their love and

support.

3. The Dean of Faculty of English Literature, Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, Dr.

Purwanto Siwi, S.S, M.A.

4. The Head of Department of English Literature, Faculty of Literature, Universitas

Islam Sumatera Utara, Zulfan Sahri, S.S, M.S.

5. My supervisor, Andang Suhendi, S.S., M.A. for the meetings, recommendations,

advice, and guidance to finish this thesis.

iii
6. All the lecturers, who gave me golden knowledge in this Faculty of Literature. I

came to know about so many things and also all the staff of the faculty, who

helped a lot during my year of study.

7. My friends, Mai Sarah, Murni Wulansari, and Sinta Yusditira for their support

and spirit at the beginning of this thesis and for having given me an extraordinary

experience over the last four years.

In the last word, the writer realized that the writing of this thesis is still a long

way from perfection. Therefore, they further invoke suggestions and criticisms that

build for perfection and may be useful for all of us. Aamiin.

Medan, 16 November 2022

The Writer

FAIRUS AINI PANE

iv
 ABSTRACT

This study discusses the protagonist's friends' betrayal in the novel

Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher. This study aims to reveal the
types of protagonist's friends' betrayal and to describe the impacts
of protagonist's friends' betrayal. The researcher uses Larson's
theory (2021) which took about the types of betrayal and Reis and
Spencer's theory (2009) about the impacts of betrayal. This study
uses a descriptive qualitative method to revealing the data. The data
is originally taken from the Thirteen Reasons Why novel. The
researcher found five data to reveal the type of betrayal and twelve
data to describe the impacts of betrayal. The results of this study
indicate that there are two types of betrayal received by Hannah,
i.e., intimate partner betrayal and interpersonal betrayal. The
researcher also found that the impact that Hannah as a betrayal of
her friends received is a loss of trust, a loss of
relationship/friendship, a loss of a sense of security, and a loss of
self-esteem.

Key Words: Novel, Betrayal, Friends, Trust, Sense of Security,

Self-esteem.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................vi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study......................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem......................................................2
1.3 Objective of the Study..........................................................2
1.4 Scope of the Study................................................................3
1.5 Significance of the Study......................................................3

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Protagonist............................................................................4
2.2 Friends..................................................................................5
2.3 Betrayal.................................................................................5
2.3.1 Definitions of Betrayal................................................5
2.3.2 The Types of Betrayal.................................................8
2.3.3 The Impacts of Betrayal..............................................8

v
 2.3.3.1 Loss of Trust....................................................9
2.3.3.2 Loss of Relationship/Friendship......................9
2.3.3.3 Loss of a Sense Security................................10
2.3.3.4 Loss of Self-esteem.......................................11

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design ................................................................12
3.2 Data Collection...................................................................13
3.3 Data Analysis......................................................................14

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Analysis..............................................................................15
4.1.1 The Types of Betrayal of Protagonist’s Friend......15
4.1.1.1 Intimate Partner Betrayal............................15
4.1.1.2 Interpersonal Betrayal.................................16

vi
 4.1.2 The Impacts of Betrayal of Protagonist’s Friend....17
4.1.2.1 Loss of Trust.............................................17
4.1.2.2 Loss of Relationship/Friendship...............19
4.1.2.3 Loss of a Sense of Security.......................21
4.1.2.4 Loss of Self-esteem...................................23
4.2 Findings .............................................................................25

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion .........................................................................26
5.2 Recommendation................................................................27

REFERENCES.....................................................................................................28
APPENDIX

vii
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Humans are social creatures and live on earth side by side. As social beings,

human behavior in society is full of positive or negative actions. Hossain (2014: 130)

says that man is a social animal; thus, man has a natural urge to live an associated

life with each other's and man needs it for the existence of survival. Therefore,

humans cannot be far from other humans and have attachments to each other. For

survival, humans must take positive actions and avoid actions that are detrimental,

inappropriate, and hurt others. However, humans do not always take positive actions

and negative actions are also inevitable. One of the negative actions in human

relationships is betrayal.

Betrayal is not a new problem in human relationships. In this era, the

phenomenon of betrayal often occurs around us. Betrayal can also occur in all types

of human relationships i.e. marriage or romantic relationships, friendships, the world

of work, etc. According to Websters dictionary, betrayal is the act of betraying

someone or something or the fact is being betrayed: violating one's beliefs or beliefs,

moral standards, etc. Akerstrom (2017: 9-11) states that betrayal is something that

catches our imagination. We have all betrayed or been betrayed and we have many

1
words to describe it, an indication of its centrality. Betrayal not only consists of

treachery toward the country but experiences of betrayal are often entangled in

relations with family and friends. They will suffer the consequences of the traitor's

acts, sometimes in practical ways and sometimes by the experience of having been

left out.

In this study, the writer chose the novel by Jay Asher Thirteen Reasons Why.

This novel is a young adult fiction genre and was published in 2007. The author, Jay

Asher is an American writer and novelist and he was born on 30 September 1975.

Thirteen Reasons Why is a novel that contains the betrayal of friends. This novel tells

vii
 3

the story of Hannah Baker, a high school student who has a sad and tragic life story.

She experiences acts of bullying from her friends. Consequently, she decides to

commit suicide. However, before she ends her life, Hannah makes seven cassettes

containing voice recordings. The voice recording contains thirteen reasons why she

decides to end her life. It is sent to her friends whom she feels have contributed to

her suicide decision. The recording, reveals the evidence that is the reason for

Hanna's suicide, and the evidence shows betrayal, harassment, and bullying, which

happens to Hannah.

There are three reasons why this topic was interesting to investigate and

discuss. First, this novel contains problems that occur in teenagers, such as bullying,

depression, romance, etc. Second, the betrayal theme in this novel is related to the

writer's life. Third, this novel contains beneficial moral values. So, with

"Protagonists Friends Betrayals in Jay Asher's Novel Thirteen Reasons Why" as the

title of this research, the writer hopes that this will contribute to the problems related

to betrayal problems.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The statement of the problem in this research focuses on Protagonists Friends

Betrayal in Jay Asher's novel Thirteen Reasons Why. Based on the description above,

the problems in this research are:

 2

1. What are the types of the protagonist’s friends’ betrayals in Jay Ashers novel

Thirteen Reasons Why??

2. What are the impacts of the protagonist’s friends’ betrayal in Jay Ashers novel

Thirteen Reasons Why?

1.3 Objective of the Study

Every research must have a goal to be achieved. Therefore, it must have a

clear objective. Based on the statement of the problem above, there are two

objectives to be achieved in this analysis, namely as follows:

1. To reveal the types of the protagonist’s friends’ betrayal in Jay Ashers novel

Thirteen Reasons Why.

2. To reveal and describe the impacts of the protagonist’s friends’ betrayal in Jay

Ashers novel Thirteen Reasons Why.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of study is used to avoid deviations and widening of the subject

matter. It aims to make the study more focused. In this study, the writer focuses on

the analysis of the betrayal of the protagonist’s friends in Jay Asher's novel Thirteen

Reasons Why (2007). There are two subtopics that will be analyzed in chapter IV,

namely types of protagonist’s friends’ betrayal and the impacts of protagonist’s

friends’ betrayal. The researcher uses Larson's theory (2021) which takes about the

types of betrayal, and Reis and Spencer's theory (2009) about the impacts of betrayal

and takes several understandings from experts. The discussion in this novel includes

loss of trust, loss of relationship/friendship, loss of a sense of security, loss of self-

esteem.
 3

1.5 Significances of the Study

Research is an activity that aims to obtain new information and knowledge.

Every research must have significance. Likewise, this research has two benefits,

namely.

1. Theoretical benefits: for the writer, this research is one of the requirements to

complete undergraduate study. For readers, this research is expected to provide

new information about betrayal.

2. Practical Benefits: This research is expected to be useful as a reference for

students majoring in English literature or other researchers who are interested in

the topic of betrayal.

 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Protagonist

The protagonist comes from the Ancient Greek prtagōnistḗs, which means

"the person who plays the first part, the main actor. Webster's Dictionary divides the

definitions of the protagonist into two, namely, a) the main character in a television

show, film, book, etc.,) an important person who is involved in the competition,

conflict, or cause of the main character in a literary work (such as drama or story).

The protagonist is the main character of a story who has a worthy goal (Mills,

2013: 29). The existence of the role is to overcome the problems that arise when

achieving a goal. This problem can be from other characters, it can be from nature, it

can also be due to his own shortcomings. This role also determines the course of the

story. According Stackelberg and Mann (2014: 16), the protagonist is the character

responsible for handling the main problem and the one most in need of change

emotionally, psychologically, or morally.

Black (2019: 2-3) states that the protagonist is the subject of the story — who

the book is about. The protagonist is the link between the reader and the writer. On a

deeper level, the protagonist is a reflection of the writer and the reader; a hero is

simultaneously unique and universally acceptable. The characteristics shown by the

protagonist become the main motive in a story that shows emotions and instinctive

reactions that are sometimes related to the reader's feelings i.e. love, survival, justice,

revenge.

4
 5

Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that the protagonist is

one of the characterizations in literary works. The protagonist is one of the main

characters whose role is to determine the course of a story. It is also a representation

of a story.

2.2 Friend

Friendship is the most common relationship we meet in life. This kind of

relationship cannot be avoided because humans are social beings, which means that

humans cannot live alone without interacting with other people. Therefore, the

definition of a friend will be explained through the following definitions.

According to Baron, et al (2006), friends are people who spend time together,

interact in various situations, and also provide emotional support. Sastrowardoyo

(2018), states that a friend is someone who can see our weakest side. He/ she can

accept us as we are without the need to see our attributes. Whether it's a profession,

or what it has.

Santrock (2003) defines friends as a group of people who are involved in

togetherness, support each other, and have intimacy (intimacy), mutual trust, mutual

feedback that can help adolescents to maintain an impression of themselves as

capable, attractive and valuable.

Through the explanation above, it can be concluded that friends are a picture

of two or more people who support each other, who have many elements of

attachment to each other.

2.3 Betrayal

2.3.1 Definitions of Betrayal

The English word “betrayal” is derived from the old French traïr and the

Latin tradere, both referring to “traitor”. The Hindi word for betrayal, vishwas-ghaat

(literally, wounded trust) captures the essence of this phenomenon (Akhtar, 2014:

123). Also, Akhtar mentions that the definitions of betrayal indicate to (a) betrayal

involves breaking someone's trust in one's reliability and availability, (b) betrayal can

be deliberate or unintentional, and (c) betrayal causes hurt, although not explicit, but

can also be discerned and felt. Betrayal is one of the problems that exist in human

social relations. Acts of betrayal can occur in every type of relationship such as

social, romantic, and friendship and it cannot be separated by age, gender, or social

status. In

4
 7

this sub-chapter, the writer summarizes and describes the notions of betrayal by

several experts.

Reis and Sprecher (2009: 179) state that betrayal is a much broader term that

includes lying, criticism, broken promises, intentional embarrassment, humiliation,

belittlement, and gossip. Any aversive event that involves violations of expectations,

trust, and commitment can be considered a betrayal. They also add that there are two

types of betrayal, i.e. unintentional betrayal and willful betrayal. Betrayal can happen

by chance or on purpose. With unintentional betrayal, the abuser inadvertently breaks

the rules of a relationship without intending to do so; for example, he/she may reveal

a secret, not realizing that a secret target does not mean it is shared. Intentional

betrayal includes many different types of behavior. Some willful betrayals are

premeditated and involve acts explicitly designed to be betrayed (for example, for

revenge). Another class of willful betrayal involves acts committed for other reasons

(for example, people cheat because they are in love with someone other than their

partner).

According to Akerstrom (2017: 16), betrayal can be perceived as one a

dramatic, unusual event; the other is less dramatic and more common. Obviously,

there are differences between the two. Sociologically however I believe it may be

fruitful to analyze them as similar social forms - as breaches of trust. Whether these

appear as dramatic or not, it is important to acknowledge that treachery constitutes a

central human concern.

The importance of trust as a basic relationship has been described by Bateson

in Akerstrom (2017: 16) in the following way: This is what mammals are about.

They are concerned with patterns of relationship, with where they stand in love, hate,
 6

respect, dependency, trust, and similar abstractions vis-i-vis somebody else. This is

where it hurts us to be put in the wrong. If we trust and find that that which we have

trusted was untrustworthy, or if we distrust, and find that which we distrusted was in

fact trustworthy, we feel bad. The pain that human beings and all other mammals can

suffer from this type of error is extreme. So, betrayal can be defined as a feeling of

being harmed by a willful act or negligence of a trusted person or those closest to

him. The greater a person’s trust in others, the greater the pain he will receive if the

betrayal occurs.

According to Gusau (2021), betrayal is the act of exposing or delivering

someone to an enemy through treachery or disloyalty; or the act of disappointing a

person’s trust, hopes, or expectations, or the act of revealing information in violation

of confidence; or the failure to keep or honor a promise, principle, cherished

memory, etc.; or an act or instance of unconsciously revealing or displaying some

quality or characteristic, typically one preferably concealed.

Oing, (2017: 1) states that an act of betrayal defined as an intentional

undermining of one’s trust or expectations is believed to have the potential to affect

one’s level of co-representation, a construct that posits that those in a dyad share

mental representation with one another. The construct results in one’s actions being

represented and having an impact on the other’s actions, which is important for

interdependent tasks that require cooperation or competition.

According to Fitness (2001: 5) in Betrayal, Rejection, Revenge and

Forgiveness Journal, betrayal may occur in any kind of relationship context if one or

other party violates salient relational expectations or break the rules in some way.

Fitness (2001: 8) adds that an act of betrayal can be discovered in many ways.

Sometimes, an act of betrayal can be discovered unexpectedly, without our intention

 7

to know or find out. An act of betrayal may come “out of the blue” and constitute a

deeply distressing shock and it may also be revealed by way of a partner’s

confession.

From some of the explanations above, it can be concluded that betrayal is the

feeling of being harmed or disappointed by the willful actions or omissions of a

trusted person. The most common forms of betrayal are the disclosure of dangerous

confidential information, infidelity, and dishonesty. The expression implies that

betrayal involves breaking someone's trust, betrayal can be done intentionally or

unintentionally. So, a fact that often happens in this world when someone commits

treason, the betrayed person will automatically get hurt.

 8

2.3.2 The Types of Betrayal

Larson (2021), divides types of betrayal into four categories. They are:

a. Parental: When a parent or caretaker, someone you depend on for your needs to

be met, abuses you or fails to protect you from harm.

b. Intimate Partner: When the person doing the betraying is your intimate partner.

This can take place when your partner is having an emotional affair or a physical

affair. If one of the partners has an active sexual addiction, there is often betrayal

present.

c. Institutional: When an institution impacts you in a way that is in direct

opposition to what they portray themselves to be or their stated mottos and goals.

This can also occur when the institution protects the perpetrator instead of

supporting the victim or “whistleblower.” This may include an educational

institution, the military, healthcare systems, etc.

d. Interpersonal: When a trusted friend, peer, or individual betrays your trust. The

process and outcomes of interpersonal betrayal may also be regarded as a form of

interpersonal script in that people hold socially shared beliefs about the kinds of

behaviors that constitute acts of betrayal and expectations about the ongoing

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of both parties to the betrayal.

2.3.3 The Impacts of Betrayal

According to Reis and Sprecher (2009: 179), says that all forms of betrayal

result in loss: loss of trust; loss of a relationship or friendship; loss of a sense of

security and predictability, loss of time, energy, and effort dedicated to that

relationship or friendship; loss of integrity; and loss of self-esteem. Ultimately, all

forms of betrayal signify rejection and relational devaluation. People who are
 9

betrayed feel that the betrayer does not value his or her relationship with them as

much as he or she once did. Victims feel, often correctly, that the betrayer has put his

or her own needs or desires above their own.

However, the clarifications to the impacts of betrayal are not explained

further in Reis and Spencer’s theory. To reconcile these discrepancies, the writer

needs to take information from other experts to strengthen the arguments.

2.3.3.1 Loss of Trust

Moorman, et al (in Zulganef and Murni, 2008: 176) say trust is a person's

behavior to rely on the reliability and integrity of others in meeting their expectations

in the future.

According to Shanchar (2021), when betrayal occurs, things that are usually

trusted between spouses or those closest to them are questioned. Shachar also

explains further that the impact of betrayal is not only losing trust in others but also

in oneself. The feeling of being able to trust oneself is also shaken, so the victim is

always second-guessing all his decisions. Normal reactions due to loss of self-

confidence i.e. y crying, are depressed or anxious, panicking, and cannot even eat or

sleep. This phase can last weeks or even months and can be triggered again if you

learn new information about another betrayal.

Lee and Selart (2015) state that the moods and emotions that arise from the

betrayal event will affect one's trust in others. People who have experienced betrayal

will usually question his or her approach to trust and ability to judge people. In

general, the greater the trust a person places in another person, the greater the
 8

suffering he or she will feel. Trust is something that is fragile and can be lost

instantly when that trust is violated.

Based on the understanding above, it can be said that betrayal affects one's

trust in others and in oneself. Normal reactions to the loss of trust as a result of a sad

betrayal, anxiety, loss of appetite, and difficulty sleeping.

2.3.3.2 Loss of Relationship/Friendship

According to Dariyo (2004: 127-128), friendship is an emotional relationship

between two or more individuals, both of the same sex and of different genders,

which is
based on mutual understanding, respect, and trust between one another. What makes

them close to each other is the element of commitment, namely the determination to

maintain that emotional bond.

Shanchar (2021) states that betrayal results in the loss of a

relationship/friendship. Once the betrayal is discovered, neither the romantic

relationship nor the friendship will change. Shanchar further explains that the loss of

a relationship or friendship as a result of betrayal can trigger anger and often a desire

for revenge. Someone who feels betrayed must have thoughts of taking revenge

against the perpetrator or anyone who makes it possible to cover up the betrayal.

From the explanations above, it can be concluded that betrayal results in the

loss of relationships or friendships. When trust between relationships is broken,

usually the most normal reaction is anger and resentment.

2.3.3.3 Loss of a Sense of Security

Asmadi (2005) says that security is the need to protect oneself from physical

harm. The need for security is related to the physiological context and interpersonal

relationships. Physiological security relates to something that threatens a person's

body and life. The threat can be real or imaginary (eg illness, pain, anxiety, etc.). In

the context of interpersonal relationships, it depends on many factors, such as the

ability to communicate, the ability to control problems, the ability to understand,

consistent behavior with others, and the ability to understand the people around them

and their environment. Ignorance of something sometimes creates feelings of anxiety

and insecurity.
 10

De-Bellis (2014) states that when someone experiences a traumatic event,

such as an accident, crime, or betrayal, the victim will find it difficult to believe in

something and will lose a sense of security, and find it difficult to control himself.

The victim will feel that control has been taken, feel powerless, and completely out

of control -- lost.

Based on the explanations according to the experts above, it can be concluded

that betrayal results in a loss of a sense of security for the victim when him/herself is

threatened. The threat can be a real or an imaginary one. The characteristics of a

person who loses a sense of security are difficulty controlling themselves, feeling

lost, and being powerless.

2.3.3.4 Loss of Self-esteem

Salkind (2006: 1137) defines self-esteem is also conceptualized as a state, a

situational quality that is temporally raised or lowered by the events that a person

experiences. The experiences can then lead to a variety of psychological defenses

that are directed toward bolstering or maintaining an overall sense of self-esteem.

One of the effects of betrayal is the loss of self-esteem. Reis and Spencer

(2009: 175) say that many people experience decreased self-esteem and a shattered

identity, especially if their identity is closely related to the person they are related to.

People who have been betrayed experience a number of emotions including stress,

anxiety, depression, hopelessness, bitterness, and feelings of hurt. Reis and Spencer

also add that the loss of self-esteem results in feelings of "disappointment", and that

feeling is the reason why victims question the betrayal behavior and begin to look for

the meaning behind the traitor's behavior.

 From the explanation above, it can be concluded that betrayal results in loss

of self-esteem. When betrayal occurs, the victim will experience a decrease in self-

esteem and feel a loss of identity. The most normal impacts of loss of self-esteem are

stress, anxiety, depression, hopelessness, and feelings of hurt.

 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD

A research method is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It

may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it

we study the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his

research problem along with the logic behind them. It is necessary for the researcher

to know not only the research methods/techniques but also the methodology.

Researchers not only need to know how to develop certain indices or tests, how to

calculate the mean, the mode, the median or the standard deviation or chi-square, and

how to apply particular research techniques, but they also need to know which of

these methods or techniques (Cohen et al: 2018). Thus, this chapter contains the

research design, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

In conducting research, the research design is one of the most important

research activities. It aims to get answers to the research problems. Research design

is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher. The

design allows researchers to hone in on research methods that are suitable for the

subject matter and set up their studies up for success.

Cohen, et al (2018) states that the design of a research topic explains the type

of research (experimental, survey research, correlational, semi-experimental, review,

etc.) and also its sub-type (experimental design, research problem, descriptive case

study, etc.). The type of research problem an organization is facing will determine

12
 13

the research design and not vice-versa. The design phase of a study determines which

tools to use and how they are used.

The writer used descriptive qualitative methods as research designs.

According to Sugiyono (2019: 9), the descriptive qualitative method is a research

method based on the philosophy of post-positivism used to examine the condition of

natural objects (as opposed to experiments) where the researcher is the key

instrument of data collection techniques carried out by triangulation (combined), data

analysis is qualitative, and the results of qualitative research emphasize meaning

rather than generalizations.

In connection with the explanation above, the researcher described the topic

of the problems in this study, namely the “Protagonists Friends Betrayal in Jay

Asher's novel Thirteen Reasons Why”. In addition to this method is often used in

literary studies, the writer also feels that the descriptive qualitative method is a

suitable method to analyze the problem of the study. The researcher used Larson's

theory (2021) which took about the types of betrayal and Reis and Spencer's theory

(2009) about the impacts of betrayal.

3.2 Data Collection

Data is the most important part of conducting research. If there is no data, the

research cannot be carried out or continued. Kristanto (2018: 8) concludes that the

data describes an event that is happening, where the data will be processed and

applied in the system into useful input a system.

In conducting research, data must be collected first for analysis. In this

research, the researcher uses library research to collect data. Tersiana (2018: 12)
suggests that library research is a study obtained from written documentary

materials, in the form of textbooks, manuscripts, articles, etc.

There are steps taken by the writer to collect the data. They are:

1. Finding out the data related to research problems. The data is originally taken

from the English novel Thirteen Reason Why by Jay Asher and other sources, i.e.

books and journals, literary theory, and other information related to betrayal.

2. Taking and marking some phrases or quotations related to the betrayal of the

closest person in the novel.

3. Classifying the data into categories based on the subject problems in this study

i.e. the depiction of betrayal of the closest persons and its effects.

12
3.3 Data Analysis

Data analysis is the last part of the research method and will be analyzed in

chapter IV of this study. The data analysis contains the descriptions or interpretations

of the writer who are analyzed based on the theories found and used in this study.

In analyzing the data, the writer performs several steps, namely:

1. Taking and reviewing the collected data to ensure that the data collected is not

wrong and is suitable for analysis.

2. Analyzing the data in a descriptive way and using the theory proposed by Reis

and Spencer (2009) in their book Encyclopedia of Human Relationships and

taking several understandings from experts.

15
 14

CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Analysis

This chapter focuses on a discussion of the analysis of the protagonist's

friends' betrayal. Based on the problem formulated in the previous chapter, the

discussion in this chapter was made into two sub-chapters. The first subchapter

attempts to present the types of betrayal of the protagonist's friends. The second

subchapter is the analysis of the impacts of the betrayal of the protagonist's friends.

4.1.1 The Types of Betrayal of Protagonists Friends

4.1.1.1 Intimate Partner Betrayal

In psychologically intimate relationships, strong commitments and bonds are

formed. The bond that is owned will explain that the partner will be understood,

valued, and accepted unconditionally. However, betrayal by an intimate partner

violates core human wants and needs. This kind of betrayal occurs when a partner

lies, cheats, chronically criticizes, blocks, yells at, or abuses. The intimate partner

betrayal of the protagonist, Hannah, will be proven through the data below.

No. A rumor based on a kiss ruined a memory that I hoped

would be special. A rumor based on a kiss started a
reputation that other people believed in and reacted to. And
sometimes, a rumor based on a kiss has a snowball effect.
 A rumor, based on a kiss, is just the beginning.
And Justin, honey, stick around. You’re not going to believe
where your name pops up next (Asher, 2013: 30-31).

The quotation above shows the lies and slander done by Justin against

Hannah. Justin and Hannah can be said to be lovers, they are attracted to and like

each other. One night, they make an appointment in a park, where they kiss and hug.

Justin wants more than a kiss, but Hannah refuses him. That is it and they are both

back home. However, then their relationship is strained and Justin starts spreading

negative rumors about Hannah. Just because of a kiss can give rise to rumors that

impact Hannah's life.

15
 16

4.1.1.2 Interpersonal Betrayal

Interpersonal betrayal refers to the breach of trust from someone known and

close. Interpersonal betrayal occurs when you are betrayed by a friend for the sake of

another friend or when your friend does not defend you when there is a fight with

other people. In the novel, Hannah is betrayed by her school friends. They slander,

bully, use, and abuse Hannah. The interpersonal betrayal of the protagonist, Hannah,

will be proven through the data below.

Okay. I just looked over every name—every story—that

completes these tapes. And guess what. Every single event
documented here may never have happened had you, Alex,
not written my name on that list. It’s that simple.
So, to back up a bit, this tape isnt about why you did what
you did, Alex. It’s about the repercussions of what you did.
More specifically, it’s about the repercussions to me. It’s
about those things you didnt plan—things you couldnt plan
(Asher, 2013: 41-42).

The data above shows the betrayal done by Alex Standall, namely slander.

Justin and Alex committed the same betrayal, namely spreading negative rumors and

slander about Hannah. Alex, who is consumed by Justin's slander, then made a

“Worst Ass in the Freshman Class” list. He put Jessica's name as the worst, which is

completely contrary to reality because Jessica is very pretty, and put Hannah's name

as the best. Alex does not know that his actions impact much trouble to Hannah. One

of the impacts is people always judge Hannah by her body.

Furthermore, interpersonal betrayal is done by Tyler. This can be proven

through the data below.

And I feel a little creepy telling it, too. Why? Because Im

trying to get closer to you, Tyler. Im trying to understand the
excitement of staring through someones bedroom window.
 17

Watching someone who doesnt know theyre being watched.

Trying to catch them in the act of…
What were you trying to catch me in the act of, Tyler? And
were you disappointed? Or pleasantly surprised?
Okay, a show of hands, please. Who knows where I am?
(Asher, 2013: 75).

The quotation above shows the betrayal done by Tyler, i,e. stalking and

photographing without Hannah’s permission. Previously, Hannah supposes that

Tyler is a good friend, even though they are not close. But she is wrong because he

secretly does bad things behind Hannah. He takes a picture of Hannah through the

open window of her room on the second floor. She shudders and wonders why Tyler

does this. However, she concludes that people became interested in her (in a bad

way) because of the list made by Alex.

The next data to show interpersonal betrayal in the novel can be proven

through the following quotation.

Guess what, Courtney? On your way out the door, you forgot
to say good-bye.
So here’s my theory as to why you wanted to go to a party
with me: You knew I was pissed at being ignored by you. At
the very least, you knew I was hurt. And that was not good
for your flawless reputation. That had to be fixed (Asher,
2013: 100).

The data above is a betrayal done by Courtney. Previously, Hannah thinks

Courtney is a friend who can be relied on and the right person to share her problems.

But it turns out that all this time, Courtney's kindness towards Hannah is just fake.

She approaches Hannah, who is shunned by the other friends, only for her own

reputation, to get her to be called "the kind angel". Obviously, this is a form of
 16

betrayal because Courtney only uses Hannah as she pleases without knowing the

consequences.

4.1.2 The Impacts of Betrayal of Protagonists Friends

4.1.2.1 Loss of Trust

Trust is a person's hope and belief in others about honesty, kindness, and

loyalty. In a relationship, whether in a love relationship or friendship, trust is

absolute. With trust, we can imagine a future together, can depend on, and can follow

the decisions and beliefs of the trusted person. However, belief is an attitude, so it is

not always true nor is it a guarantee of truth. Sometimes trust will be destroyed

because of an attitude against the truth such as betrayal. The victim will definitely

lose trust in the traitor. The impact that is usually shown by the victim are difficulty

trusting new relationships or people,

 19

always questioning his decisions, depression, shaking, etc. These impacts are also

shown by Hannah Baker in the novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher, and this

will be analyzed In detail through the explanation below.

I pretended not to notice him. Not because I had anything

against him, but because my heart and my trust were in the
process of collapsing. And that collapse created a vacuum in
my chest. Like every nerve in my body was withering in,
pulling away from my fingers and toes. Pulling back and
disappearing.
I sat. And I thought. And the more I thought, connecting the
events in my life, the more my heart collapse (Asher, 2013:
159-160).

The data above shows that the impact that Hannah feel as a result of betrayal

is difficult to trust new people. This is shown through Hannah's attitude that ignores

Zach who is sitting in front of her. It's not that she is not interested, but she thinks

that Zach just wants to seduce her. The data above also reveals that loss of trust can

result in depression. Depression means feeling helpless and unable to think and act

logically. This characteristic shows when Hannah feels her life and trust have been

shattered. Also, she feels that the reality and conditions of his life cannot be changed,

so she feels sadness and emptiness. The emptiness and pain she feels are the

manifestations of a powerless mind.

Another loss of trust experienced by Hannah will be explained through the

data below.

I wanted to tell you everything. And that hurt because some

things were too scary. Some things even I didn’t understand.
How could I tell someone—someone I was really talking to
for the first time—everything I was thinking? I couldn’t. It
was too soon. Or maybe it was too late.
 18

Clay, you kept saying that you knew things would flow easily
between us. You felt that way for a long time, you said. You
knew we’d get along. That we would connect. But how? You
never explained that. How could you know? Because I knew
what people said about me. I heard all the rumors and lies
that will always be a part of me.
I was breaking. If only Id talked to you sooner. We could
have been…we could’ve…I don’t know. But things had gone
too far by then. My mind was set. Not on ending my life. Not
yet. It was set on floating through school. On never being
close to anyone. That was my plan. Id graduate, then I’d
leave (Asher, 2013: 210-211).

The data above reveals that it is difficult for Hannah to make a new

relationship with Clay Jensen. She knows that clay approaches her with

sincere feelings. However, she refuses because she feels that their meeting is

too quick. This refusal is a shield for her not to trust other people anymore

because she is afraid that he will be hurt again. Hannah also has a hard time

expressing her feelings, because it would be painful and horrible if Clay ever

broke her trust again. Hannah also always questions every action she would

take. As a result, she feels prolongs sadness and loses interest in her usual

activities, i.e, interacting and opening herself up to others.

The last data to convince that Hannah loss of trust can be shown

below.

Because I wanted to be. That’s all I can say. It’s all that
makes sense to me. How many times had I let myself connect
with someone only to have it thrown back in my face?
Everything seemed good, but I knew it had the potential to be
awful. Much, much more painful than the others (Asher,
2013: 213).

The quotation above shows the depression as the impact of the betrayal she

experienced. She lost trust in anyone and it is caused by a painful disappointment. It

left an imprint and haunts Hannah constantly. Hannah feels lonely even in the middle
 19

of a crowd. This results in depression indicating emptiness, loneliness, and

desolation in herself and her mind. When the mind cannot find the answer to what

we want, the tendency to believe will disappear.

4.1.2.2 Loss of Relationship/Friendship

A relationship, whether romantic or friendship can end for various reasons.

One reason is betrayal. It can be one of the most difficult phases in a person's life,

because of the many precious moments and memories that have been passed.

However, because of betrayal, the relationship will end in separation. When betrayal

occurs, it can be difficult to continue the friendship. Even though it can be forgiven,

betrayal will be difficult to forget and the pain will still make an impression. In line

with the explanation above,

 20

Hannah is betrayed by her friend. Loss of relationship/friendship gives several

impacts on Hannah. The impacts will be explained further through the data below.

Hello, boys and girls. Hannah Baker here. Live and in stereo.
No return engagements. No encore. And this time, absolutely
no requests.
I hope you’re ready, because I’m about to tell you the story of
my life. More specifically, why my life ended. And if you’re
listening to these tapes, you’re one of the reasons why.
I did make copy of these tapes. Those copies will be released
in a very public manner if this package doesn’t make it
through all of you (Asher, 2013: 7).

The data above shows the revenge that Hannah does to her friends. She does

this by making a tape record containing thirteen reasons why she committed suicide.

It tells how, why, and her friends betray her, and everything is explained in detail in

it. The explanation above of course refers to one of the characteristics of loss of

relationship/friendship, namely the desire to revenge. The anger that Hannah feels

culminates in revenge and she wants to assert that they would reap what they sowed.

She also wants her friends to know that their betrayal has a big impact on her. The

tape recorder will also backfire on them. The explanations above confirm that

betrayal can turn friends into enemies.

The second data to explain the loss of relationship/friendship experienced by

Hannah can be seen through the following quotation.

So, I sat down and slid my hand into the middle of the table.
“Olly-olly-oxen-free?” She lifted one of her hands and
slapped a paper on the table. Then she pushed it across and
spun it around for me to read. But I didn’t need it spun
around, because the first time I read that paper it was upside
down on Jimmy’s desk: WHOS HOT / WHOS NOT.
He did not choose me over you, Jessica,” I said. “He chose
me to get back at you and you know that. He knew my name
would hurt you more than anyone else’s.” She closed her
 21

eyes and said my name in almost a whisper. “Hannah.”

(Asher, 2013: 64-65).

The quotation above is a conversation between Hannah and Jessica. It shows

Jessica's anger towards Hannah because of Alex's list. Jessica thinks that Alex, her

boyfriend, prefers Hana over her. Jessica is jealous, then blames and hates Hannah.

Beforehand, Alex and Jessica are Hannah's best friends. But Alex slowly drifts away

from them which in turn makes Jessica stay away from Hannah. Alexs list also has

another purpose, namely to spread negative rumors about Hannah. Whatever the

purpose, Alex's betrayal produced two consequences. First, Hannah became the

object of people's gossip. Second, it destroys Hannah and Jessica's friendship. This

teaches that jokes can lead to slander and discord.

The last data to explain Hannahs loss of relationship/friendship can be shown

below.

This was not a part of her plan. She only invited me to the
party to clear her beautiful name after ignoring me for so
long. A permanent photograph linking us to one another was
not supposed to happen.
Courtney tried to pull out of my grip. “I…I don’t want to,”
she said. I whirled around to face her. “Why not, Courtney?
Why did you invite me here? Please don’t tell me I was just a
chauffeur. I mean, I thought we were becoming friends.”
(Asher, 2013: 116-117).

The data above shows the betrayal done by Courtney to Hannah. After her

friendship with Jessica break down, Hannah became friends with Courtney.

Beforehand, she thought Courtney is someone he could confide in and depend on.

But Hannah is wrong. Courtney is just taking advantage and using Hannah for her
 20

reputation. While the essence of friendship is synonymous with happy togetherness

and sincere feelings without strings attached. This shows Courtney's betrayal of their

friendship. She betrays the trust given by Hannah. The consequence is Hannah lost

respect for Courtney and their friendship changed.

4.1.2.3 Loss of a Sense of Security

A sense of security is a basic human need that is obtained through a

relationship that is full of warmth and is based on trust. A sense of security can also

be defined as a need that encourages individuals to obtain peace and certainty from

their environment. However, when betrayal occurs, the victim will lose their sense of

security. Peace and certainty will be lost. As a result, victims will limit themselves to

interactions and
 23

activities. In line with the explanation above, Hannah Baker lost her sense of security

due to the betrayal of her friends. The impacts can be conveyed through the

following quotation.

Alex, am I saying your list gave him permission to grab my

ass? No. I’m saying it gave him an excuse. And an excuse
was all this guy needed.
Action number two: He grabbed my wrist then put his hand
on my shoulder. You know, I’m not even going to interpret
this. I’m just going to tell you why it pissed me off. I’ve had
my butt grabbed before—no big deal—but this time it was
grabbed because someone else wrote my name on a list. And
when this guy saw me upset, did he apologize? No. Instead,
he got aggressive. Then, in the most condescending way, he
told me to relax. Then he put his hand on my shoulder, as if
by touching me heed somehow comfort me. Here is a tip. If
you touch a girl, even as a joke, and she pushes you off,
leave…her…alone. Don’t touch her. Anywhere! Just stop.
Your touch does nothing but sicken her (Asher, 2013: 52).

The impact of Alexs list does not only cause the destruction of Hannah and

Jessica's relationship. However, it also results in the creation of negative rumors that

are dangerous to Hannah's safety and comfort. It also gives Hannah's friends a

chance and a reason to objectify and touch Hannah all they want. Even, those who

abuse Hannah seem to justify their actions and make no apologies. The explanation

above clearly states that Hannah loss a sense of security because of her friends. The

consequences are anxiety and feeling powerless. Hannah feels worried because she

no longer has a sense of security in her environment. Also, he is powerless to fight

against the perpetrators who undermine her security.

Hannah loss of sense of security also can be seen through the following

quotation.
 22

But your presence, Tyler, that never left. After your visits, I
twisted my blinds shut every night. I locked out the stars and
I never saw lightning again. Each night, I simply turned out
the lights and went to bed.
Why didn’t you leave me alone, Tyler? My house. My
bedroom. They were supposed to be safe for me. Safe from
everything outside. But you were the one who took that
away. Well…not all of it (Asher, 2013: 89).

The quotation above is an expression of Hannah's feelings for Taylor's

actions. He stalks and takes a picture of Hannah through the open window of her

room on the second floor. It clearly shows Hannah's loss of sense of security as the

impact of her friends’ betrayal. The impacts are trauma, anxiety, and loss of privacy.

Trauma can be seen when Hannah closes all access that can be reached by Tyler to

peek at her. She closes her curtains and never sees the stars anymore (which is her

favorite thing to do before sleep). Hannah is also anxious that Tyler will do what he

has done again. Also, Loss of privacy can be seen when Hannah questions Taylor's

action of taking photos without permission and stalking her. The house that she

thinks is a place to heal and hide now does not feel safe anymore.

The last data to convince Hannahs loss of sense of security can be seen

below.

For the longest time, from almost day one at this school, it
seemed that I was the only one who cared about me. Have the
only people you truly trust turn against you. Have one of them
use you to get back at the other, and then be accused of betrayal.
Are you getting it now? Am I going too fast?
Well, keep up! Let someone take away any sense of privacy or
security you might still possess. Then have someone use that
insecurity to satisfy their own twisted curiosity (Asher, 2013:
144-145).

The data above is an expression of Hannah's pain for all the betrayal she

received. The loss of a sense of security and privacy makes Hannah very helpless.
 23

Hannah is unable to think logically because there is only emptiness and desolation in

her soul and mind. When the mind does not get the answer to what she wants, the

tendency to believe will disappear. She does not know who to lean on and whom to

share the joys and sorrows of. As a result, Hannah gets worse and lost her zest for

life.

4.1.2.4 Loss of Self-esteem

Self-esteem is defined as how much a person appreciates, respects, and likes

himself regardless of the conditions experienced. Assessment of self-esteem can

affect behavior and beliefs in life. Loss of self-esteem means loss of trust and value.

The results are decreased self-esteem, experiences of stress, anxiety, depression,

 24

hopelessness, bitterness, hurt, and feelings of disappointment. Some of these

characteristics are shown by Hannah Baker in the novel Thirteen Reasons Why by

Jay Asher and these will be analyzed carefully through the following quotations.

The day your list came out wasn’t too traumatic. I survived. I
knew it was a joke. And the people I saw standing in the
halls, huddled around whoever had a copy, they knew it was
a joke, too. One big, fat, happy joke.
But what happens when someone says you have the best ass
in the freshman class? Let me tell you, Alex, because you’ll
never know. It gives people—some people—the go-ahead to
treat you like you’re nothing but that specific body part
(Asher, 2013: 44).

Self-esteem is a manifestation of the desire to be respectable. Just like other

people, Hannah also wants to be respected. However, once again, Alex's list has an

impact on Hannah, which lowers Hannah's self-esteem. Her friends start judging

Hannah badly. People only see Hannah through her body, even though Hannah never

behaves and dresses badly. Alex's betrayal makes Hannah stressed because she is

unable to maintain her dignity because of Alex's foolishness.

The second data to explain the loss of self-esteem experienced by Hannah can

be seen through the quotation below.

Everything about it was false. Right then, in that office, with

the realization that no one knew the truth about my life, my
thoughts about the world were shaken.
Like driving along, a bumpy road and losing control of the
steering wheel, tossing you—just a tad—off the road. The
wheels kick up some dirt, but you’re able to pull it back. Yet
no matter how tightly you grip the wheel, no matter how hard
you try to drive straight; something keeps jerking you to the
side. You have so little control over anything anymore. And
at some point, the struggle becomes too much—too tiring—
and you consider letting go. Allowing tragedy…or
whatever…to happen (Asher, 2013: 124).
 25

The quotation above explains that the impact of loss of self-esteem

experienced by Hannah is depression and hopelessness. She feels depressed and

loses hope in her life. Also, she feels that no matter how hard she held on, she would

still fall. Everything in his life is fake, his smile and obstinacy are fake. She has lost

control of her life and feels that everything she does is not according to his wishes.

The last data to explain loss of self-esteem experienced by Hannah can be

seen below.

I shut my eyes so tight it was painful. Trying to push away all

that I was seeing in my head. And what I saw was everyone
on this list…and more. Everyone up to that night. Everyone
who caused me to be so intrigued by Clays reputation—how
his reputation was so different from mine.
And I couldn’t help that. What everyone thought of me was
out of my control. Clay, your reputation was deserved. But
mine…mine was not. And there I was, with you. Adding to
my reputation (215-216).

The data above shows the expressions of hopelessness, anxiety, and pain that

are felt by Hannah as the impact of loss of self-esteem. Clay Jensen is his only real

friend. He is very kind, really understands Hannah's situation, and likes her too.

However, Hannah is worried that her bad reputation maybe affects Clay. This loss

leaves him feeling hopeless, useless, sick, and unworthy of Clay. The bad

experiences she always has made her feel inferior and thinks negatively about

herself. The explanations above clearly conclude that Hannah’s loss of self-esteem as

an impact of the betrayal of friends.

4.2 Findings

In this part, there are several findings have been found. They are as follows:
 24

1. There are four types of betrayal as proposed by Larson (2021), but the researcher

only got two types of betrayal experienced by Hannah Baker, i,e. intimate

partner betrayal and interpersonal betrayal.

2. To support the statement above, the researcher found four pieces of data to prove

what type of betrayal Hannah received.

3. Hannah experienced four impacts as a result of her friend’s betrayal. They are

loss of trust, loss of relationship friendship, loss of a sense of security, and loss

of self-esteem.

4. Each of the impacts contains three data as evidence to prove the statement.
 27

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

This chapter reports the conclusion related to the two research questions of

this study. After analyzing the data from the protagonist's friends’ betrayal, the writer

came to some conclusions. they are:

1. It is concluded that there are two types of betrayal in Thirteen Reasons Why.

They are intimate partners’ betrayal and interpersonal betrayal.

2. Intimate partner betrayal shows when Justin Fooley betrays Hannah by

slandering and spreading bad rumors about him. Interpersonal betrayal shows

when Hannah's friends betrayed her in various ways. Her friends are; a) Alex

Standal, the creator of the Who's Hot/Who's Not list. The list makes a negative

reputation and gives people permission to objectify Hannah, b) Tyler Down, the

person who stalks and photographs Hannah without permission, and c) Courtney

Crimsen, who uses and befriends Hannah for her "angelic" reputation.

3. It is concluded that there are four impacts of betrayal in Thirteen Reasons Why.

The four impacts that are found in the novel are loss of trust, loss of

relationship/friendship, loss of a sense of security, and loss of self-esteem.

4. Loss of trust as the impact of friends' betrayal is shown through three findings.

They are; a) difficult to trust other people because her trust has been broken, b)

difficult to open a new relationship with Clay Jensen, the boy she likes, and c)
 experiencing depression due to disappointment which is so painful that

impresses and haunts her constantly.

5. Loss of relationship/friendship is shown through three findings, namely; a) the

desire for revenge by making a tape record containing the betrayal of her friends,

b) the loss of friendship between Hannah and Jessica because of Alex's pitting

against one another, and c) the loss of respect for Courtney because Hannah

found that she was only being used and used by Courtney.

6. Loss of a sense of security is shown through three findings, namely; a) feels

anxious because Alex's list initiated her friends to harass and judge her,

however, she likes, b) feels trauma and scares because of Tyler's invasion of

privacy, and c) feels powerless and pain for all the betrayals she has received.

7. Loss of self-esteem is shown through three findings, namely; a) decreased self-

esteem due to her bad reputation and slander, b) depression and hopelessness

because she felt that she had lost control over her life, and c) hopelessness,

anxiety and impropriety to form a new relationship with Clay, because she was

afraid that her reputation would affect Clay's life.

5.2 Recommendations

Based on the conclusions above, the writer proposed suggestions as follows:

1. The researcher suggests for the next who will make similar research about the

protagonist's friends' betrayal in the literary works use the other researcher’s

object.

2. The object of this study, Thirteen Reasons Why's novel is a good novel to read

because it contains important and moral lessons.

26
 27

3. Through this thesis, the hope is that readers are able to know more about the

types and impacts of the protagonist's friend's betrayal as shown in the literary

works of researchers such as prose, drama, or novel.

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 APPENDIXES

A. Jay Ashers Biography

Jay Asher is a contemporary American author who writes books in the Young

Adult genre. Born on September 30, 1975, in Arcadia, California, Asher graduated

from San Luis Obispo High School, went on to study at Cuesta Community College,

and eventually transferred to California Polytechnic State University. Asher married

Joan Marie on September 7, 2002. Asher lives in California. While in high school,

Asher wrote two children's books for a class called Children's Literature

Appreciation. This experience sparked his passion for writing books for young

readers. Years later in university, it was this passion that caused Asher to drop out

during his senior year to pursue a serious career in writing.

It took Asher around twelve years to sell his first book. His debut novel,

Thirteen Reasons Why, is critically acclaimed and on bookshelves around the globe.

The novel is a gripping tale of a young girl and the catalysts that drove her to commit

suicide. Asher's inspiration for the book came from the suicide attempt of a close

relative. This young woman was close to the age of Hannah Baker, the protagonist of

Thirteen Reasons Why, when she made her suicide attempt, and so Asher used her

state of mind and thoughts to help him craft the book.

B. Jay Ashers Literary Works

1. Thirteen Reasons Why (2007).

2. The Future of Us (2011), co-written with Carolyn Mackler.

3. What Light (2016).

C. Thirteen Reasons Why Novels Summary

 The novel begins as our narrator, Clay Jensen, mails a mysterious package to

someone named Jenny. We soon learn that the package contains the audiotaped

suicide note of Hannah Baker, a girl Clay had a crush on before she killed herself

about two weeks ago. In the package, there are a total of seven cassette tapes and

thirteen stories. On the first tape, Hannah tells her listeners that she holds each of

them responsible in some way for her death, and that the tapes will explain why.

After listening, each person must give the tapes to the next person on the list. She

says that if anybody fails to pass them along, a copy of the recordings will be made

public. The tapes also come with a map that listeners are meant to physically follow

as they listen to her story.

The narrative moves back and forth between Hannah's and Clay's thoughts

and actions. This is hard to portray in a short summary, so remember that Clay's

thoughts are always mixed in with Hannah's stories. The thirteen stories (i.e., the

"reasons why") are as follows: (1) Justin Foley, Hannah's first kiss, started rumors

that they did more than just kiss. (2) Alex Standall pitted Hannah and Jessica Davis

against each other by voting Hannah "Best Ass of the Freshman Class." (3) Jessica

Davis was upset by this and ended up hitting Hannah, leaving a scar on her forehead.

(4) Tyler Down allegedly took pictures of Hannah through her window (she calls him

a Peeping Tom). (5) Courtney Crimson, a super fake girl at school, started rumors

that Hannah had sex toys in her bedroom. As he's listening to Courtney's tape, Clay

gets on the city bus and runs into his middle school crush, Skye Miller. He starts to

wonder why Skye always isolates herself from everybody. They exchange a few

words and then Clay gets off the bus, outside of Tyler Down's house. There, he runs

into Marcus Cooley, who invites Clay to throw a rock at Tyler's window (which is
already broken). He learns that Marcus is also on the tapes, so he must be guilty of

something, too.

Back to the tapes: (6) After getting matched up with Hannah through a

Valentine's Day survey, Marcus tried to make a move on her in a booth at Rosie's

Diner. She had to push him out of the booth and onto the floor to get him to stop.

Still listening, Clay heads toward Rosie's (next stop on the map); on his way he sees

the Crestmont Theatre, where he and Hannah worked the previous summer. He got

the job to be close to her, but he always let the rumors about her stand in the way of

telling her how he felt. More recordings: (7) When Hannah ignored Zach Dempsey's

attempts to comfort her after the incident with Marcus, Zach stole the notes of

encouragement left for Hannah by classmates in her Peer Communications class. (8)

Hannah met Ryan Shaver in a poetry class and really trusted him; that is, until he

stole a very personal poem of Hannah's and published it, leading to more ridicule for

Hannah. Clay leaves Rosie's and finds his friend Tony waiting for him in the parking

lot. Tony tells him that he is the one who has the second set of tapes, the ones that

will be released to the public if Clay's tapes aren't passed on according to Hannah's

wishes. Clay is full of questions, but Tony refuses to answer anything until Clay

listens to the next recording.

So, the tapes: (9) The ninth tape features Clay and assures him that he had

nothing to do with Hannah's suicide. He was actually really good to Hannah; he even

confessed his feelings to her and they kissed! (10) Justin Foley, from the first tape, is

back on the recordings. This time, Justin allowed Bryce Walker to rape Jessica while

she was unconscious. At this point, Tony explains that on the day of Hannah's death,

he found the tapes waiting for him when he got home from school. When he realized

what Hannah was up to, he called her parents to try to warn them, but he was too
late. Since then, he's been following the people on the list making sure they follow

Hannah's instructions.

One last dive into the tapes: (11) After a party, Jenny Kurtz offered Hannah a

ride home, but knocked down a stop sign with her car. Jenny refused to report the

incident, and shortly after, there was a fatal accident at the stop sign. (12) One night,

Bryce Walker started to touch Hannah in a hot tub, and he proceeded to rape her.

(13) Mr. Porter, Hannah's guidance counselor, didn't take her seriously when she said

she was suicidal, and he let her leave his office without getting her any help.

The novel ends with Clay going to school the next day after mailing the tapes

to Jenny. When he gets there, he sees Skye Miller, the girl from the bus. He walks

toward her, saying her name.

D. Thirteen Reasons Why Novels Characters

1. Hannah Baker: A new student in town and the female protagonist of the novel.

she commits suicide before the novel begins, and she is present in the story only

through recordings in which she narrates the reasons why she took her own life.

2. Clay Jensen: A friend of Hannah's and the male protagonist. Clay narrates the

real-time events of the story while reflecting on what he learned from Hannah's

tapes. Hannah says that he does not belong on her list because of anything he's

done, but because she can't tell her story without him.

3. Justin Foley: A high school student and the first boy that Hannah kisses. Justin

begins the chain of events that lead to Hannah's suicide.

4. Bryce Walker: A high school student with a reputation for behaving

aggressively toward women. Bryce rapes Jessica when she's passed out and

sexually assaults Hannah at another party.

5. Alex Standall: The creator of the Who's Hot/Who's Not list. Hannah blames

Alex for exacerbating her negative reputation and giving people permission to

objectify her and make unwanted advances.

6. Jessica Davis: A new student in school. She and Hannah aren't close friends, but

along with Alex, they carve out a safe space at Monet's before their friendship

falls apart.

7. Jenny Kurtz: A high school cheerleader. Jenny is sweet and popular with a

good reputation, but her carelessness causes a fatal accident.

8. Mr. Porter: The high school English teacher and guidance counselor that

Hannah speaks to about her issues.

9. Tyler Down: A yearbook photographer who is revealed to be a “Peeping Tom”

and who spies on Hannah.

10. Courtney Crimsen: Hannah's classmate. Courtney has a reputation for being

sweet and friendly, but she is cruel to Hannah when no one is looking.

11. Marcus Cooley: A classmate who matches with Hannah on Valentine's survey.

He believes the stories about Hannah's reputation and gets aggressive and

handsy with her.

12. Zach Dempsey: A shy high school student who has a crush on Hannah and

steals her notes of encouragement in peer communications class.

13. Ryan Shaver: A classmate who edits a high school newsletter containing lost

items.

14. Tony: A friend and classmate of Clay and Hannah. He is responsible for making

sure that everyone on Hannah's list listens to the tapes.