A Proposed Crematorium and Columbarium Building in The City of Ilagan

A PROPOSED CREMATORIUM AND COLUMBARIUM BUBUILDING IN THE CITY OF ILAGAN
“A Proposed Crematorium and Columbarium Building in the City of Ilagan”
A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Architecture Department College of Engineering,
Architecture, and Technology
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Ilagan, Isabela
In Partial Fulfillment of the Academic Requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Architecture
ANGELO B. AGUSTIN
JUNE 2023
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To Almighty God, for giving us the wisdom, strength, support, and knowledge in exploring
things, for the guidance in helping us surpass all the trials that we encountered, and for giving
us the determination to pursue our study, and to make this study possible. We are truly grateful
for your unending love and grace during this entire journey.
Words cannot express my gratitude to my professor and chair of the committee, Ar. Blessie A.
Laguna, Ar. Geraldine A. Paguigan, Ar. Bagnos A. Quebral, for the invaluable feedback and
patience. I also could not have undertaken this journey without my defense committee, who
generously provide knowledge and expertise, Additionally, this endeavor would not have been
possible without the generous support from my family, my friends, and all the people who
believe in me and give inspiration to my research.
I would be remiss in not mentioning my family. Their belief in me and their support kept my
spirits and motivation high during this process. Finally, I would like to thank God, for letting
me through all the difficulties, all the sleepless night,s an my breakdown moments. I have
experienced your guidance day by day. You are the one who let me finish my journey to be
able to accomplish and pass my thesis. I will keep on trusting you for my future.
2
DEDICATION
To express my thanks to all those who contributed in many ways to the success of this study
and made it unforgettable experience for me.
To Our God Almighty who is always there when I am in need. Thank you for guiding me and
giving me strength in my everyday life. Thank you for always looking out for me and being
there for me. Thank you for making all of these happened and ended it with a good outcome.
To my dear parents Mario M. Agustin and Emelyn B. Agustin, Thank you for giving me the
support to reach my dreams. Accomplishing this would hopefully make you proud of me as
much as I am proud of having you as my parents.I love you both.
I would like to sincerely thank you my adviser, Ar. Blesie Joy M. Laguna, for your guidance,
support, and patience throughout this study, I apologize for being a headache to you when I
was doing this study. And to the thesis committee, thank you for the comments and questions
you shared that is beneficial in the completion of this study.
To all my very diligent professors,instructors and also our dean, I also dedicate this to all of
you , for you have shared your knowledge and effective teachings to me,
Thank you very Much !
RESEARCHER
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------2
DEDICATION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------3
TABLE OF CONTENTS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------4
ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------10
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION:-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------12
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY-----------------------------------------------------------------
----------13
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM----------------------------------------------------------------
-----------14
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY-----------------------------------------------------------------
-----------14
The following will be the beneficiary of the study:---------------------------------------------
---------15
1.4 ARCHITECTURAL GOAL----------------------------------------------------------------16
1.4.1 Specific Objective:------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------- 16
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY--------------------------------------------------
----------17
4
1.6 ASSUMPTIONS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------17
1.7 THE PROCESS OF CREMATIONS----------------------------------------------------------------
---------18
1.8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK-------------------------------------------------------------------
----------19
The Conceptual Framework of this study uses combines strategies----------------------------
----------19
1.9 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK--------------------------------------------------------------------
----------19
1.2.2 HANDLING OF INFECTIONS CADAVER----------------------------------------------------
----------20
1.2.3 CREMATION Vs. RELIGION--------------------------------------------------------------------
----------20
1.2.4 LOCATION , SITE DEVELOPMENT, AND ZONING:--------------------------------------
----------20
1.2.5 WASTE MANAGEMENT-------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------21
1.2.6 ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS AND DESIGN------------------------------------------------
----------21
1.2.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------21
5
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES-------------------------
----------24
Related Literature------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------24
2.1 HISTORY OF CREMATION IN THE PHILIIPINES -------------------------------------------
----------24
2.1.1 LOYOLA MEMORIAL CHAPELS AND CREMATORIUM--------------------------------
----------24
2.1.2 WESTERN HISTORY OF CREMATION-------------------------------------------------------
----------25
2.1.3 TRADITIONAL CREMATION:------------------------------------------------------------------
----------25
2.1.4 LIQUID CREMATION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------26
2.2.1 FOREIGN CASE STUDY--------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------27
A. The Architectural Transitions of Life and Death at Crematorium Tumulus--------------------
-----------27
Adopted of the Study----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------28
2.2.1 FOREIGN---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------28
A. Crematorium Siesegen---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------28
6
"Crematorium Siesegen" Issuu, 22 Nov. 2018 issum.com----------------------------------------
-----------
A sense of calm pervades the site of Crematorium Siesegen, completed in Belgium in
2018
The Vertifcal Cemetery designed by Martin McSherry
Diamond Hill Crematorium
Adopted to the Study
Effective Crowd Circulation and Dispersal-------------------------------------------------------
---------
Cross Ventilation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psychological Impact--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------37
Symbolic Building Form and Detailed Design----------------------------------------------------
----------38
Landscape Design and Green Features in tare tune with the Festivals-------------------------
----------38
2.1.4 LOCAL:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------28
2.3 DIFFERENT AUTHORS AND BOOKS , ARTICLES------------------------------------------
------- -- 43
2.3.1 Form Architure unveils design for Intertwined Eternities , a columbarium in Aptos-
---------43
2.3.2 ARCHITECTS THAT DESIGN A COLUMBARIUM BUILDING.------------------
----------43
7
2.4 ARCHITECTECTS PERSPECTIVE----------------------------------------------------------------
----------43
2.4.1 Form Architecture unveils design for InterTwined Eternities , a Columbarium in Aptos,
California ....pg. 43
2.1 MORTALITY RATE IN THE PHILIPPINES-----------------------------------------------------
----------45
Table III. - 49 Causes of Mortality , 2010-2012--------------------------------------------------------
------------
MORTALITY RATES-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------47
Mortality Rates : Ilgana City Isabela 2012------------------------------------------------------
----------47
2.4 VIABILITY STUDIES:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------47
TECHINICAL VIABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT/ ASSESSMENT:-----------
----------48
TECHNOLOGY
Self - Driven Building---------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------
2.3 Examples of Renewable Sources---------------------------------------------------
-----------
Wateer Waste Treatment-----------------------------------------------------------------
-----------49
Floof Management------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------49
8
PassiveCross - Ventilation----------------------------------------------------------------
----------51
Air Purifyer---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------51
RESOURCES REQUIREMENTS-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------52
Seamless Flooring:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------52
2.8 Goverming Laws and Guidelines--------------------------------------------------------------------
---------54
2.8.1 RULES AND REGULARIZATIONS TO GOVERN COLUMBARIUM PROJECTS pg.
54
RULE II MINIMUM DESIGN STANDARDS---------------------------------------------------------
---------54
Section 4 Design Standards and Guidelines for Columbarium Porjects-----------------------------
---------54
A. Location--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------55
II. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 856 December 23, 1975-----------------------------------------
--------57
CODE ON SANITATION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------57
9
CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES---------------------------------------------------
----------58
CHAPTER XXI IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF CHAPTER XXI-----
----------58
DISPOSAL OF DEAD PERSONS OF THE CODE OF SANITATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES pg.58
SCOPE i. scope---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------58
3.8.6 Solid Waste Management---------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------58
SECTION 8, REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND OPERATIONS OF
THE CREMATORIUM------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------61
8.1 General Requirements-----------------------------------------------------------------
----------61
8.2 Design and Construction--------------------------------------------------------------
----------62
8.3 Disposal of Cremated Remains------------------------------------------------------
----------63
SECTION 9. FUNERAL AND EMBALMING ESTABLISHMENTS-----------------------------
----------64
CHAPTER III. - FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS of the Code of Sanitation of the Philippines
pge. 67
SECTION 12. PRACTICE OF UNDERTAKING AND EMBALMING---------------------------
---------69
10
SECTION 13. AUTOPSY AND DISINFECTION OF REMAINS:---------------------------------
----------71
SECTION 14. SPECIAL PRECAUSIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF REMAINS
CONTINING RADIOACTIVE ISOPTOPES----------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------73
RA 9514: REVISED FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES OF 2008------------------------------
-----------74
PD 1096: NATIONAL BUILDING ODE OF THE PHILIPPINES AND ITS IRR---------------
----------74
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY-----------------------------------
----------76
3.1 LESSON LEARNED THROUGH LITERATURE REVIEW ----------------------------------
----------76
3.2 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE--------------------------------------------------------------
--------- 77
3.2.1 ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH UNDERATAKING-------------------------------------
----------77
3.2.2 SUBJECT INVESTIGATION---------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------77
ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION--------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------78
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3.3.3 FORMULATION RESEARCH STRATEGY---------------------------------------------------
----------78
3.1 DATA GENERATION--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------78
INTERVIEWS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------78
RESEARCH INTERNET---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------78
REFERENCE BOOK-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------79
DOCUMENTAED MATERIAL------------------------------------------------------------------
----------79
3.3.1 RESEARCH PATH DIAGRAM-------------------------------------------------------------------
----------80
CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION , ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF THE
GATHERED DATA---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------81
4.0 FACTUAL DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS---------------------------------------
----------81
4.1 SITE PROFILE AND ANALYSIS------------------------------------------------------------------
----------81
4.1.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY OF THE SITE page 81
4.1.2 LOCATION OF THE PROPOSED SITE:
BARANGAY LULLUTAN, ILAGAN CITY , ISABELA page. 83
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4.1.3 BASE MAPS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------83
a. EXISTING URBAN LAND USE MAP-------------------------------------------------------------
---------85
A. COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE MAP-------------------------------------------------------------
---------86
b. EXISTING FLOOD HAZARD MAP-----------------------------------------------------------------
---------87
C. ZONING MAP------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------88
4.1SITE
.ANALYSIS...........................................................................................................................---
89
SWOT ANALYSIS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------90
4.5.1 PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF THE SITE----------------------------------------------------
---------91
4.2 DATA ANALYSIS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------92
RESULTS SURVEYED ABOUT THE PROPOSAL-------------------------------------------------
----------98
TOP SURVEYED OPINIONS/COMMENTS----------------------------------------------------------
---------101
13
4.3 SYNTHESIS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------102
COST OF DYING IN THE PHILIPPINES : HOW MUCH DOES A FUNERAL COST (LAST
UPDATED APRIL 05, 2022------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
Burial Cost in the Philippines-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------102
What is the Price of Cremation in the Philippines-----------------------------------------------------
---------103
4.3.2 PRIMARY/ SECONDARY DATA---------------------------------------------------------------
---------103
SURVEY TALLY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------103
4.3.3 ARCHITECTURAL PLANS AND PERSPECTIVES------------------------------------------
--------103
ZONING DEVELOPMENT PLAN----------------------------------------------------------------------
--------107
PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PLAN------------------------------------------------------------------
---------108
PROPOSED GROUND FLOOR PLAN-----------------------------------------------------------------
--------109
PROPOSED 2ND - 4TH FLOOR PLAN----------------------------------------------------------------
--------110
PROPOSED 5TH FLOOR /ROOF DECK--------------------------------------------------------------
---------111
14
PROPOSED BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN-------------------------------------------------------------
---------112
PROPOSED FRONT ELEVATION---------------------------------------------------------------------
---------157
PROPOSED LEFT SIDE ELAVATION----------------------------------------------------------------
---------157
PROPOSED REAR ELEVATION-----------------------------------------------------------------------
---------157
PROPOSED RIGHT SIDE ELEVTION----------------------------------------------------------------
---------156
PEOPOSED LONGITUDINAL--------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------157
4.3.3 ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVES-----------------------------------------------------------
---------116
AERIAL PERSPECTIVE------------------------------------------------------------------
-------- 117
FRONT VIEW------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------118
SIDE VIEW ENTRANCE-------------------------------------------------------------------
-----157
INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------119
CAFETERIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------120
15
OUTSIDE COMLUBARIUM NICHES---------------------------------------------
---------120
SKY GARDEN---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------156
MINI PARK-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------157
INSINENRATOR CHAMBER---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------157
MAIN LOBBY----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------156
INNER GARDEN / THERAPEUTIC GARDEN------------------------------------------------------
-------- 123
ADMIN OFFICE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------124
CONFERENCE ROOM-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------156
MEMORIAL HALL/ FUNERAL------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------125
ANTERROOM/ MORTUARY---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------157
CHAPEL / PRAYER ROOM-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------126
LOUNGE AREA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------127
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EXECUTIVE OFFICE LOUNGE------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------128
COLUMBARIUMr-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------129
WALL TO REMEBER------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------129
SHOW ROOM/ COFFIN----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------130
TECHNICAL /CONTROL ROOM----------------------------------------------------------------------
---------131
FLOWER SHOP--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------132
4.4 DESIGN PROPOSAL---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------132
4.4.1 LIST OF SPACE REQUIREMENTS------------------------------------------------------------
---------133
JUSTIFICATION OF SPACE (CALCULATOR)-----------------------------------------------------
---------157
Y4.5.DESIGN PHYLOSOPHY--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------157
Y4.5 .1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES-------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------139
4.5.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS--------------------------------------------------------------------
---------140
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1. Passive Survivability------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------140
2. Digital Services---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------140
3. LIGHTNIG -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------141
4. pHYSICAL Eman. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------141
3. Design of the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------141
Physical Environment----------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------
------------141
DESIGNECONCEPT-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------125
CHAPEL / PRAYER ROOM-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------126
EMOTION PRAYER--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------127
4.5.4 STRUCTURAL CONCEPT------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------143
CHAPTER V. SUMMARY., CNCLUSIONW AND RECOMENDATIONS,
ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------144
18
5.4 ANNEXES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------147
SURVEY QUESTIONAIRE------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------147
PHOTOS DURING THE THESIS DEFENSE---------------------------------------------------------
--------155
CONSULTING AT CITY ARCHITECTS OFFICE---------------------------------------------------
--------156
GATHERING DATA AT CITY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OFFICE----------------
--------157
BIBLIOGRAPHY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------158
GOVERMENT OFFICES:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------158
REFERRENCE---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------158
RESUME VITAE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------164
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ABSTRACT
The cemetery is the last stage, where the deceased is laid to rest in peace. The architecture of
death–oriented structures is a lesser-traveled path. Designing a space in which empathy and
emotions are not yet desired and the current space of land where the traditional burying method
takes place where being lessened because of the high rate of the dead, causing a shortage of
burial grounds. They are cold and sad. The emotions of the users were not fully taken care of.
And prone to flood and lack of drainage system
This proposed mid-rise crematorium and columbarium building gives solutions for the shortage
of burial land in several regions that will ultimately run out of land since the planet has a finite
amount The innovative planning, peaceful service hall design as well as integrated landscape
provide a silent and peaceful place for grieving families to say goodbye to the deceased.
The Columbarium with 4-level niches for bone ashes. It is designed as a park-like environment
with a niche block with a timber facade and thematic gardens of remembrance. It reduces the
sense of fear of a traditional columbarium and gives this building type a new image to the
public. Columbarium are no longer cold, sad, or scary, they can be nice, pleasing, and warm.
The design takes away fear and retains silence. It attempts to change the unpleasant image of
these premises deeply implanted into the mind of most traditional people. provide a more
serene, sufficient, and sustainable. Its focus is on the integration of natural scenery with
constructed buildings,
It is designed as a park-like environment with a niche block with a timber facade and thematic
gardens of remembrance. It reduces the sense of fear of a traditional columbarium and gives
this building type a new image to the public. Columbarium are no longer cold, sad, or scary,
they can be nice, pleasing, and warm. The design takes away fear and retains silence. It attempts
A PROPOSED CREMATORIUM AND COLUMBARIUM BUILDING IN THE CITY OF ILAGAN

20
to change the unpleasant image of these premises deeply implanted into the mind of most
traditional people. provide a more serene, sufficient, and sustainable. Its focus is on the
integration of natural scenery with constructed buildings.

21
Chapter I: INTRODUCTION
“A PROPOSED CREMATORIUM AND COLUMBARIUM BUILDING IN CITY OF
ILAGAN”
‘Death is thought of as an end to a life process, just like darkness is an end to light. However,
death is also the realization of life as darkness brings the brilliance of light. on, C. and Institute
of Medicine (1997). Approaching Death. National Academies Press.
Death is an essential part of life. Despite modern society’s seeming difficulty with addressing
the issues of dying and passing away, practices of proper burial and funeral customs have long
been ingrained in Philippine history. Tracing its roots back to the precolonial era, the early
Filipinos believed in the significance of honoring the dead through prayers and burial rituals.
Today, there is an array of methods to properly mourn and send off the dead; which include in-
ground burials, above-ground burials in community mausoleums, and cremation.
Cremation is a process that reduces the body to its essential elements through the use of intense
heat. It is an alternative burial method that dates back to 3000 B.C. While cremation is widely
practiced today as a form of bodily disposal, it was considered taboo in the nineteenth century
due to the formidable religious influences it holds. The Catholic Church and the Islamic faith
equally discourage the such practice, promoting the belief that an intact body is important to a
physical resurrection.
Now a days Cremation is considered more efficient than traditional burials and can be
completed in a shorter amount of time following a death. Depending on factors like the size
and weight of the body, the type of container holding the body, and the efficiency of the
equipment installed, the actual cremation procedure usually takes between 2-3 hours for flame-
based processes and up to 16 hours for liquid cremation.
The Proposed Crematorium and Columbarium building will cater cadavers inside the
perimeter of the City of Ilagan, Isabela with connections and communications with the various

22
Hospitals Private and Public. The said Proposed Project will embody modern technologies,
with state of the art facilities that is less hazardous to the environment. Featuring new
technologies for filtering and metal abatement that is put through to the design along with the
improvements in energy efficiency. the Proposed project will also embody necessary
precautions and guidelines to cater the infected bodies or cadavers. Along with programs and
modern technologies to handle the infected cadavers to benefit the ilaguenio in the City of
Ilagan.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Ilagan, officially the City of Ilagan (Ibanag: Siudad an Ilagan; Ilocano: Siudad ti Ilagan;
Tagalog: Lungsod ng Ilagan), is a 1st class component city and capital of the province of
Isabela, Philippines. In the 2022 census, the population of Ilagan, was about 163,482 people,
with a density of 140 inhabitants per square kilometer or 360 inhabitants per square mile. With
a total land area of 116,626 hectares (288,190 acres), it is the largest city on the island of Luzon
and the fourth largest city in land area in the Philippines, after Davao City, Puerto Princes, and
Zamboanga City. It holds the title of the most voters in the province with 98,565 voters. Ilagan
City was a first-class municipality before it became a city. The proposed project site will be
located in the Barangay Luluutan, City of Ilagan, Isabela. The Proposed Project Site will cover
approximately 2 hectare. The said Site, is the Proposed Project Site for the Proposal of a
Crematorium to cater modern Funeral Services in Ilagueno. The Project site is accessible from
the National Highway with an approximately 3-5 min travel time via regulated vehicle.

23
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
putting up condominium-type of tombs, one on top of another, along the perimeter walls of public
cemeteries. But even that is not enough. People are dying in greater numbers than new condos can be
built for them. Along with the bursting population of the living, the population of the dead is also
bursting, expanding public cemeteries, or creating new ones is impossible, however. Public land is
decreasing rapidly, sold by the government, national and local, to equally land developers. Even land
that should be set aside for parks is being sold.
What are the design considerations and strategies that should be applied in aiming for pandemic
resiliency to this project?
1. How will an architectural design holistic approach could be incorporated into this project?
2. What are the technologies and innovations that can be adapted for the sustainable and
holistic design of the building?The problem of overcrowding in public cemeteries. Some
LGUs have tried to solve it
3. What are the acceptable architectural ways that must be applied to achieve economic
and social sustainability for this study?

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1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study contains facts and actual findings as our funeral sites are being neglected in future
improvement in our cities and municipalities. Disregarding zoning, land use and planning in
the burial sites, especially in the local municipalities. And As a result, the burial sites and
infrastructure are being dilapidated over time. The research study will provide documentation
and surveys that will help in the provision of the proposed project title.
This proposal would contribute to the people of the City of Ilagan for giving alternative way
credence to the field of architecture since this will be a green, sustainable, eco-friendly
development making the utmost function. It will also be a reliable source of research based on
its kind of usage for others in the same interests of the line of development to provide solutions
and answers to the community.
The following will be the beneficiary of this study
 To the Municipal Government, this project will serve as the support of the city for future
development especially with the rapid increasing of mortuaries.
To the economy of the municipality, it would help to increase the revenue through the business
industry and other activities in attracting community and business owners for commercial
activities.
 This project may also benefit the environment, it will give a sustainable and innovative design
that minimizes the negative effects to the environment knowing that human corpses present
both sanitation and public health risk.
 To the bereaved families, this will be the area for remembering their loved ones holistically
and peacefully.

25
 For the future researchers regarding architectural matters in which they may also use this thesis
research as their future reference for their study.
 This project may also benefit the environment, it will give a sustainable and innovative design
that minimizes the negative effects to the environment knowing that human corpses present
both sanitation and public health risk.
1.4 ARCHITECTURAL GOAL
This proposed Mid-Rise Crematorium and Columbarium focus on the most current urban type
of cemetery design and explore the technological innovations that could be implemented into
the modernized urban design. it will include viewing for the family, followed by the meticulous
and careful cremation of your loved ones by our well-trained and professional staff. The ashes
are transferred to an urn of your choice and finally, you can either opt to take the remains of
your loved ones home or keep it in our world-class columbarium.The main goal of the proposed
mid-rise crematorium and columbarium development is to apply, a sustainable and green
architectural approach to public facility Which lessens noise and provide a well-defined
columbarium and crematorium suitable for users. Also, eco-friendly. It will also centralize
death care services and facilities for the less fortunate .and the exterior of the proposed building
will be in harmony with the theme of Ilagan City which is “ a city of Ilagan 2030; towards a
livable city”. And provide an alternative way of how we send off our dead ones using a new
method that we can use.
1.4.1. Specific objective:
A. To design a meaningful place where families can memorialize their loved ones when financial
circumstances or the limited availability of conveniently located cemetery plots make earthen
internment difficult or impractical.

26
B. To make it easier for visitors to get about and to suit the needs of families that want to be buried
together.
C. To identify the modern technology and facility that shall be integrated into the study.
D. To provide a green, safe, and healthy environment for the bereaved and their families
E. To provide quality, bereaved families and death care services.
F. To minimize the negative thoughts and fear of people to the dead through a holistic approach
and building character.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study proposed Mid Rise Crematorium and Columbarium focus on the most
current urban cemetery design and explore the technological innovations that could be
implemented into the modern urban design also the whole process of cremation. Provide a clear
picture of the building’s function structural in terms of the architectural design in the urban
place and alternative for traditional burial. With some technology to add in designing this
building, also the process before the pandemic and after the pandemic still the same.
Limitations of the study are limited to other related services. It will not in-depth presented
scientific conclusions, methods, and financial analysis.
1.6 ASSUMPTIONS
When it comes to end-of-life decisions, cremation is a popular suggestion. Yet, most
individuals are still confused with the term “columbarium,” and “mausoleum.” A typical
columbarium is, technically, any structure that holds cremated remains. But in these modern
times, columbarium include walls of compartments called “niches” that store individual urns.

27
This study will give examples of structures that help comprehend the human emotions of loss
and will focus on the most current urban cemetery design and explore technological
innovations. This paved the way for the rise of the cremation practice of burial and promoting
as alternative way of buried people who passed along with the myth that burning the corpse of
infected individuals would prevent further transmission of the disease.
1.7 THE PROCESS OF CREMATIONS

28
1.8. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The Conceptual Framework of this study uses combined strategies and case studies. The
process used by the researchers to achieve the output; Proposed Mid Rise Crematorium and
Columbarium is shown in this diagram.
Given the upward trend of cremation.
Provide a clear picture of the building

function and structural system in
terms of the architectural design. Designing a space that is peaceful and
giving birth to structures that help
“A proposed Mid Rise Crematorium comprehend the human emotions of
and Columbarium in the City of loss.
Ilagan”
communications with the various

Explore the Technological Innovations
Hospitals private and public, to
that could be implemented into
identify what is needed and what is
futuristics Urban Design
implemented.
1.9. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Data Gathering
“A DESIGN
-Related Literature
-Data Analysis Proposed
-References Crematorium and

-User Analysis
Columbarium Building
-Occupants/User
-Site Analysis
-Problems and Issues Iconic Structure

-Architectural Planning
State of the art design
-Risks
-Space Programming
--Function

29
1.2.2 Handling of Infectious Cadaver
Human cadavers may pose hazards to those handling them. The recently dead may have been
infected by a wide range of pathogens, those presenting risks including infectious diseases and
viruses. Therefore, safety protocols and guidelines are been included throughout the proposed
study.
1.2.3 Cremation Vs. Religion
In the Philippines, we have 2 main religions it includes Christianity and Islam. Among those
two opposing religions, the Christians are the only religion that does not oppose the cremation
process and rites. Aside from Christians, there is Hinduism and Buddhism Religion that does
not oppose the process of cremation.
1.2.4 Location, Site Development, and Zoning
Columbarium projects shall conform with the provisions of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan
(CLUP) and Zoning Ordinance (ZO) of the locality. In the absence of any provision on the
location of Columbarium projects, the same can be in any of the following:
1. Institutional Zone particularly in areas designated for a religious structure such as church,
seminary, convents, and other places of worship or congregation areas.
2. Commercial Zone (C2)
3. Areas within the premises of religious structures owned by a religious
4. congregation.

30
1.2.5 Waste management
Crematoriums end up with bio-hazardous waste that must be managed. Waste materials
include bandages that is used in the process of handling cadavers and some materials and
chemicals used in the preparation of the body.
1.2.6 Architectural elements and design
Challenges in Columbarium projects and cemeteries regarding architectural elements and
design is a common problems in the Philippines. The communication of the building to the
visitors is being neglected due to the absence of architectural elements. This architectural
element includes lighting elements, green elements, and cultural elements

31
1.2.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
As used in these rules and regulations, the following terms shall mean:
BURIAL- the internment of remains in a grave, tomb o,r the sea.
BURIAL GROUNDS- cemetery, memorial park, or any place duly authorized by law for
permanent disposal of the dead.
CEMETERY- public or private land use for the burial of the dead and other uses dedicated
for cemetery purposes, including landscaped grounds, driveways, walks, columbaria,
crematories, mortuaries mausoleums, niches, graveyards, and public comfort rooms.
CINERARY REMAINS/CREMAINS- the ashes resulting from the cremation of the dead
body.
CLOSURE OF CEMETERIES- terminations of burial activities in the cemetery concerned.
COMMITTEE- the Department of Health Committee of examiners for undertakers and
embalmers.
CODE- the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines, P.D .856.
CREMATION- a process that reduces human remains to bone fragments of fine sand or ashes
through combustion and dehydration.
CREMATORIUM- any designated place duly authorized by law to cremate dead persons.
DEATH CERTIFICATE- a document issued by the attending physician or in his absence, by
the city/municipal health officer or another duly authorized government official, using the
prescribed form certifying the death of a person.
DEPARTMENT- the Department of Health.
DISINTERMENT-the removal or exhumation on of remains from places or interment.
EMBALMING- preparing, disinfecting, and preserving a dead body before its final disposal.

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EMBALMING ESTABLISHMENT- a place where a body of a human being is embalmed
or treated for burial with preservatives.
EMBALMER- a duly licensed person who applies, injects, or introduces any chemical
substance or drug or herbs internally or externally to a dead human body for embalming,
disinfecting, and preserving it.
FUNERAL ESTABLISHMENT- includes funeral parlors, funeral chapels, and any similar
place used in the preparation, storage, and care of the body of a deceased person for burial
cremation.
HEALTH CERTIFICATE- a certification in writing issued by the city or municipal health
officer using the prescribed form to a person employed in the funeral establishment and other
related services after passing the required physical and medical examinations and
immunizations.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT- the local political subdivision which refers to the province,
city, municipality, or Barangay.
LOCAL HEALTH OFFICER- the provincial, city, or municipal health officer.
LOCAL HEALTH AUTHORITY- an official or employee responsible for the application of
a prescribed health measure in a local political subdivision. For a province, the local health
authority is the governor and for a city or a municipality, the local health authority is the mayor.
MORGUE- a place in which dead bodies are temporarily kept pending identification or burial.
REMAINS-the body or parts of the body of a dead person including the cremated remains.

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CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature
This chapter examines the literature and studies on the subject, responds to the proposal's
questions, and provides pertinent information on the architectural focus or facilities that will
be chosen for the proposed Crematorium and Columbarium Building. It will identify and set
the requirements that must be considered to arrive at the best potential solution for each
situation.
2.1. History of Cremation in the Philippines
San Lazaro Hospital and Crematorium, Manila Morley, I. (2021). The interlacing of disease,
death, and colonial discord: San Lazaro Crematorium, Manila, the Philippines. Mortality,
pp.1–7.
The first crematorium facility was, namely the San Lazaro Crematorium (opened in 1903, in
Manila). The facility has been shut down in year (2002) after serving for 99 years. The great
epidemic of cholera which swept through the Philippine Islands in the immediate aftermath of
the Philippine–American War (1899–1902) spread in two spatially distinct waves.
2.1.1 LOYOLA MEMORIAL CHAPELS AND CREMATORIUM
Established in October 1969, Loyola Memorial Chapels & Crematorium, Inc., or LMCCI,
continues its tradition of service, compassion, and goodwill toward the Filipino people. It was
then described as Asia's most modern and complete complex of 16 memorial chapels and

34
mortuary services. It invested millions of pesos in 1995 to purchase cutting-edge cremation
equipment. This paved the way for the introduction of a new service: the Cremation Package.
This is another option for lowering the cost of memorial services.
In 1999, Loyola Mary Loyola College of the Philippines (LMCCI) adopted the latest
techniques in body preservation using imported chemicals. The Preparation Room in each of
the branches prides itself in being the cleanest and the most well-equipped in the country today
manned by highly trained and licensed morticians. Its rallying cry, "Loyola Cares" is
exemplified by its front liners in their care, diligence, attention to detail and the extra mile they
would go for the clients.
2.1.3 WESTERN HISTORY OF CREMATION
Cremation probably began in any real sense during the early Stone Age – around 3000 B.C. –
and most likely in Europe and the Near East. With the advent of the Bronze Age, cremation
moved into the British Isles and into what is now Spain and Portugal. Cemeteries for cremation
developed in Hungary and northern Italy, spreading to northern Europe and even Ireland. The
first crematories were built in 1878 in Working, England, and Gotha, Germany, and Dr. Julius
LeMoyne in Washington, Pennsylvania, in 1876.
2.1.4 Traditional cremation
The practice of cremating the bodies of the deceased is not an eco-friendly alternative to
underground burial. Large amounts of energy (typically natural gas) are needed, to power the
furnaces to reduce the body to bone-ash fragments. Using nonrenewable sources of energy,
greenhouse gasses and chemicals that have been vaporized during the cremation process are

35
released into the atmosphere. Mercury is a naturally occurring element that can be found
throughout the environment. Once released, mercury cycles through the environment,
especially in water; small organisms, making their way up the food chain, and inadvertently
consumed by humans, absorb the chemical. Too much mercury exposure is neither good for
people nor the environment (Rahill, 2016).
2.1.5 Liquid cremation
Liquid cremation is a relatively new concept, it is quickly gaining popularity in the United
States. Liquid cremation uses a process called alkaline hydrolysis. The process uses a
combination of alkaline chemicals, water, heat, and pressure to speed up the natural
decomposition of the body. This type of cremation is referred to by several names including
“flame less cremation,” “aqua cremation,” “liquid cremation,” “bio cremation,” and “green
cremation.” It is currently available in only 18 states and some provinces in Canada, while the
remaining provinces and 32 states work to pass legislation to make it legal. The safe process
most closely mimics the natural process of decomposition in nature.

36
2.2.1 Foreign Case Study:
A. THE ARCHITECTURAL TRANSITIONS OF LIFE AND DEATH AT
CREMATORIUM THE TUMULUS
Architecture of death-oriented structures is a lesser travelled path. However, recent times have
witnessed a growing interest in architects to design crematoriums. “Life is pleasant. Death is
peaceful. It's the transition that's troublesome,” once said writer Isaac Asimov. With the site on
a flat surface in a field by the forest, the location of the crematorium itself draws the user to the
building, which rests in the middle of a vast area. Responding to the emptiness reflected in the
site and the need for the building to not be sculptural, the architects designed a structure that
appears to have taken shape from the land. Designed as a metaphor for a burial mound covered
with white linen, the building rises as a shallow hill from the surface.
the intersection of constructing a crematorium that acts as an in-between space within the span
of life and death, Crematorium the Tumulus joins the rising practice of cremation in the
European continent. “It is a place of emotional discharge and a quiet transformation
subordinate to the eternal time and the experience of eternity,” adds the architects. In addition
to the crematorium, site development including a columbarium park is in process. Consisting
of 16 different indoor premises and several open spaces with different landmarks, artistic
accents, and spaces for contemplation, the columbarium park will add to the calmness imparted
in the interior spaces.

37
Adopted to the study:
The initial phase of this new typology in the making seems to be adopting modern
architecture at the forefront. the interior design encompasses the materialist of wood and
concrete along with the play of light and shadow. While the design reflects the language of
modernity and brutalism in the context of spiritual architecture, light plays an integral role.
Amid the shades of the Grey and brown color palette. In a contrasting presence of light, is
the glass facade that channels enough light to the immediate corridors of the mound. At the
culmination of natural light begins the warm artificial lighting that illuminates the structure
from within.
2.3.1 Foreign
A. Crematorium Siesegem
“Crematorium Siesegem.” Issuu, 22 Nov.
2018, issuu.com/kaanarchitecten/docs/kaan_crematorium.
In this generation, common problems in foreign countries are land congestion, causing the research to
be more innovative and considerate specifically on conflicts between different religions, cultures, and
traditions that seriously affected how the dead should be buried. All this related literature that has been
gathered purposed to add new perceptions on how important architecture in housing is the dead and in

38
accommodating the families who have lost their loved ones, especially as the corona virus pandemic
has made a great impact on the society which created anxiety to the whole world.
Funerary Architecture: Designing for Grief (Kay Hill, 2020) illustrates how changes come
up in funeral architecture as society is changing all the time by giving examples of different
responses of architects in different spaces for death rituals, from designs that focus on a
deep simplicity, inducing a spirituality that feels comfortable for all denominations, to
shapely, human- scaled buildings that intend to give comfort in a time of grief. The
architectural form concepts that are being analyzed by the architects that are being said
reflect the increasing need to provide a space where bereaved families can mourn in peace.
These concepts can be applied to the design of this project.
Figure 1. A sense of calm pervades the site of Crematorium Siesegem, completed in Belgium in 2018
This article, “Laying the Dead to Rest During the Pandemic’s Peak” by Liz Charlotte Grant
(2020) explains how significant is corpse as the memories remain on its soul. Our body as
a portrayal of our soul, the time that we are still alive. Also, this describes why it’s part of
our culture to perform some service or appreciation to the person even the person died
already by making Jesus’s body as a paradigm of giving value to the dead.

39
A study entitled “Corpses to Cremains, Chickens to Jpegs” is about Hong Kong's mortuary
practices, influenced by traditional Chinese beliefs and values. In which as individuals act
within a given sociocultural setting, they develop “ritual sense”, the ability to distinguish
actions from ordinary ones. Catherine Bell, a Chinese Studies Scholar, and ritual theorist
said, “is not a matter of self-conscious knowledge of any explicit rules of ritual but is an
implicit ‘cultivated disposition’”. By analyzing different practices, the
study found that Hong Kong’s situation regarding the practice of burial in their country is
complex. (Marc Lodge Andrew Lagace, 2017)
In a case study conducted by Kyra Swee Yew Yong (2016), entitled Columbarium in the
Community, is about making a new typology of a columbarium in consideration of the
revitalization of Chinese Taoism rituals. Making a vertical Columbarium that became an
innovative approach from their traditional burial process.
Liz’s article shows that recollecting the things that the person has done in this world is very
important, as well as considering the attitudes of the people which are highly dependent on
the cultural-religious framework and sensibilities onto who practices are introduced. In the
study of Marc Lodge Andrew Lagace, a practitioner of well-known religions in Hong Kong
is not submissive that when and where new practices neglect to agree. The circumstance in
Hong Kong, at long last, whatever type of death their ceremonies, in the end, take, when
carried on, will unavoidably influence the convictions, ceremonial sensibilities, and
deprivation cycle of the individuals who decide to connect with them. Also, Kyra Swee
studies to design a new typology of columbarium by using pure geometry to restore the
Chinese Taoism rituals relates to how it is so important to add cultures, traditions, and other
faiths as consideration for architectural designs for houses of the dead. We could never limit
or change the different faith of cultures and traditions keep when it comes to burying their

40
dead. That is why this is one of the considerations that are needed to be studied in this thesis
research.
Housing the Dead which is published by Matthew Au in 2016 talks about the lens through
the local denitrification patterns. The purpose of this journal is to define the situations of
every cemetery in different countries according to its local conditions of culture, religion and
economy. Like in Japan, since their built environment has been always influenced by
earthquake and population density, the building that stands for their tombs is engineered with
3 times the standard seismic regulations. The innovations of their housing for cremated
individuals includes mechanical system behind its walls that can be heard retrieving the box
linked with the card with the family waiting for the doors to reveal the named tombstone.
In different nations where available land is few, lack of available entombment
plots is still an issue in some enormous urban areas. That is why in 2013, at the
Oslo Conference for Nordic Cemeteries and Graveyards, a nearby architecture
student named Martin McSherry proposed a skyscraper burial ground to be
inherent in Oslo. The reason of this proposal is to prevent the valuable land in the
city for living persons. In any case, in the end, there will be one day it turns into
a genuine proposition, as the land shortage is now a major issue in Norway and
several different nations. (Philjake, 2018).
With the development of populace and metropolitan extension, many nations
are now confronting the issue of shortage of available land. That is why Matthew
Au’s and Philjake’s studies both support architectural innovations as a
contribution to the scarcity of land regarding burials. But Matthew’s article

41
focused his study about situations of the cemetery in different countries
according to its local conditions of culture, religion, and economy and Philjake
incorporated the innovation in his article (skyscraper burial) that are both
important to be considered and be applied in innovating typical classification
patterns of the cemetery.
Figure 2. The vertical cemetery designed by Martin McSherry
Temples and columbaria in Singapore generate different ways for devotees of the
Qing Ming Festival as the government is restricting people on social distancing for
the prevention of increasing coronavirus victims. This article entitled Coronavirus:
Temples, columbaria devise alternative ways to observe Qing Ming, had an
example that includes introducing an on-screen service for devotees to order
inherent gifts and reserve a mass chanting managed by the monks, without having
to be physically present at the temple. (Charmaine Ng, 2020).
The study of K Folíková Palánová and O Juračka (2018) is a differentiation of the
shared domination of the urban structure of chosen cemeteries in the Czech

42
Republic and other countries. Analyzing and comparing findings of the individual
revitalized cemeteries that are still part of the urban organism to specify the
appropriate transformation of the nonfunctional necropolis to become a full part of
the city with the respect of the dead, to the traditions, to the sacred space. Historical
cemeteries in large cities are the focus of the research. The study incorporates new
features that are being specified for the cemetery to be capable of becoming full-
fledged parts of the cities. This particularly includes accessibility of sites, adding
services to the visitors, improving their aesthetic aspects, treating their artistically
valuable sepulchral heritage, providing a decent entrance area which connects the
site with the remainder of the city organism, and enabling new forms of funerals
following the current needs of the society.
The purpose of Caroline Koh Smith’s research entitled Enlivening Spaces for the
Dead: The Relevance of Cemeteries, (2020), in the 21st Century is to examine the
different examples of cemetery space’s capacity that benefits its socio-cultural
context. The study concluded that the necropolis base on different cemeteries and
practices could be a city as bustling with life as the metropolis, both for humans
and for non-human species. Cities of the dead also could operate best when their
uses and users are diverse.
The present study also relates to considering the historical heritage of the site where
the project is to be placed as Palánová and O Juračka incorporated it into their
studies. While the studyof Caroline focused on the functions of the cemetery, which
also considers the graveyards as not only for humans but also for non-human

43
species. But making the project one of the reasons for howthe stakeholders could
always be reminded of why they should return to the building, not only to visit
their lost families but also because of its aesthetic and holistic designs, is the
difference of the related studies to the present study.
This doctoral dissertation of Shiyu Song (2017) focused on significant problems of
the traditional and current cemetery using the latest relevance case studies to
present a design specification for future cemetery design. As part of its innovative
design concept, the owner of this study stated that memory and physical remain is
necessary for the future memorial object. The author shares that the future cemetery
design must include emotion design on the human scale and also stated that memory
is one of the cultural treasures that need to be preserved and inherited using
innovations to move conceptual recollections into advanced information permits
humans to protect the reminiscences infinitely.
What Shiyu Song shared is necessary to consider in this project. As the present
study is focusing on how architectural approach could make the building empower
the user experience, it is good to adopt its perspective when it comes to including
emotion design and incorporating the preservation of the memories of the lost
loved ones of the bereaved families by architectural strategies that will be going to
study to apply in the building.
In a study conducted by Óscar Fernández and Miguel González-González (2020)
entitled The Dead with No Wake, Grieving with No Closure: Illness and Death in the
Days of Corona virus in Spain explains how pandemic as a result of the spread of

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Covid-19 is causing rise to an unusual social circumstance because of the increasing
rate of continuous illness and the elevated proportionof mortality it has created in just
a moment. This research scrutinized the condition and the social and cultural effects
it has produced. The study results that social distancing that has been regulated caused
by the epidemic is particularly uneasy for those who are bereaved families.
The outcome of the study conducted by Oscar and Miguel shows how psychological
considerations must be strictly included in analyzing what should be the strategic
design solution that is needed to be applied in the project. Designing a columbarium
that not only aims to apply pandemic resiliency but also an architectural approach that
helps the user improves its psychological matters.
F. DIAMOND HILL CREMATORIUM
(Inhabitat - Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building | Green design &
innovation for a better world, 2016)
Diamond Hill Crematorium (2010) was constructed in Hong Kong by Architectural Services
Department. Main function of this crematorium is as a place to grieve for the lost ones. The
axial symmetrical disposition between main the service halls and its landscape aims to serve a
calm, serene, and warm ambiance. The function of using advanced combustion and flue gas
treatment technologies is to preserve the environments surrounding the site a supply the Green
roofs and ‘Qing Yan’ smokeless joss paper burner are implanted for a better sustainable
environment. Circulation of visitors and coffins are intended to be separated to lessen sadness

45
Adopted to the Study:
Effective Crowd Circulation and Dispersal.
The massive ground floor covered garden, devoid of niches, is intended to serve as a
thoroughfare for crowd movement during the festivals. The building's roofs are flights of
wide landscaped staircases that will ease crowd circulation while also providing restful
areas. There are several adding Po Kong Village Road in the building for effective crowd
dispersal. There are several wide staircases and two passenger lifts for the elderly or
disabled to reach the niches from the ground. On each floor, a three-meter-wide
passageway connects the grave sweepers to the niche-bays.
Cross Ventilation.
The Columbarium has adopted an open-plan design. To enhance the air quality inside
the building scientifically, a study using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was
carried out on the wind profile within the building and the surrounding areas, and the

46
building layout and detailed design were fine-tuned to improve the air quality in the
building.
 All structural beams are deliberately arranged perpendicular to the external walls, i.e. in
the direction of the cross-air movement; and the spandrel beams are built as upstanding
ones to prevent smoke from being trapped in the ceiling.
 In areas where there is relatively low natural air movement, such as the triangular area
on the lower floors where there are two rows of overlapping niche bays, jet fans are
employed.
 Psychological Impact.The smoke generated from the joss paper burners at separated
bays on each floor is directed to a water scrubber system to filter out odor before being
discharged through the chimneys.
The walls housing the niches are arranged perpendicular to the main road i.e. Po Kong
Village Road, so that the niches are visually screened by the wall greening, reducing
the psychological impact on the nearby residents.
Symbolic Building Form and Detailed Design.
The new Columbarium is built to resemble a “mountain” sitting on a triangular site in
an urban setting. The flights of wide landscaped staircases, flanked by picturesque
seasonal white flowering plants, allow the grave-sweepers to re-enact the symbolic
ritual of climbing up the mountain.

47
Landscape Design and Green Features in tare tune with the Festivals.
The greening provides a natural entourage to the building. The blossoming time of the
plants en route to the niches coincides with the time of the two festivals. Other than the
delicate and white bloom of White Bauhinia, Southern Magnolia, and South China
Rhododendron at the Ching Ming festival in the spring, there are also the Mock Lime
and White Champak which blossom during the Chung Yeung festival in the autumn.
2.1.4 Local
Collected related literature in the Philippines have the same studies of making
overcrowdedcemetery reason why putting an urn in a columbarium is more efficient
than burying their loved ones in a contemporary cemetery. Yet, the different faiths
made a big impact on what will going be a perspective on how to practice this adopted
burial practice in our country. This related literature aims to add some ideas that could
be considered for the future design of this project.
The current age of Filipino-Chinese in the Philippines has already acquired
cremation, because the utter procedure of it is feasible and even noble. The people

48
don’t have to look at the physical body. Maintenance is another feasible reason for
there are graves where the family consistently pay for the preservation of
cleanliness of the place. When the urns are already in a vault, there is no need for
maintenance like in traditional internment already as the columbarium management
will be responsible for the upkeep of the whole place. (Why The Filipino-Chinese
Prefer Cremation, 2019).
There are three major factors why Cremation and Columbaria are now acceptable in
modern times. First is the social factor. Traditional practices have seen damaging
the environment. With the increasing Filipinos, who desires to protect and
appreciate nature, some have become more focused already on the importance of
protecting the environment. Second is religious acceptance in which, though
cremation was banned by the Catholic church it is again lifted. That moment, many
denominations quickly began to approve it again and, in some cases, promote cremation
as a simpler alternative to traditional burial. And third is the cost and time.
Cremation is much cheaper with the price. Time as a precious thing is better to be
spent with cremation aids and is better on the acceptance and moving on process.
(Social Acceptability of Cremation and Columbary use in Modern Times, 2017).
In urban areas, many are having an interest in the columbarium. The most
recommended places for sacred columbarium are within the church or in church
internment like Mother Teresa Columbary at the La Loma Cemetery in Caloocan.
It’s designed vaults are covered in glass and characterized by the deceased’s
photo. The columbaria predicted to increase in demand for cremation. This
made the family members reason to transfer a loved one with them if the demands
grew, but still, they opt to give a special area where their family can gather.

49
As the density of the world becomes higher, more Filipinos will see the
significance of having more columbarium in time, replacing traditional burial
practices as beliefs and traditions play a crucial part in the Filipino identity. (The
Rise of Columbarium in Modern Times, 2018)
According to an article by Agatha Guidaben and Brenda Barrientos-Vallarta (2019)
entitled For congested LGUs, columbarium's are the way to go, Makati, the
country’s richest city, hopes to follow suit; a public columbarium offering free
cremation and internment services to residents is in the incumbent city
government’s pipeline of projects. The local government of Caloocan is also
eyeing a parcel of land in Camarin for a proposed columbarium. Mandaluyong.
City redeveloped its public cemetery includes both a crematorium and
columbarium and Pasay City, which has its own crematorium but no columbarium.
These LGUs acknowledge that we need to make space for the dead because the dead
will keep coming.
In Pila, Laguna, the Catholic church of San Antonio de Padua has built up a
columbariumin which each niche can hold several incineration urns. The specialty
face plate, in stone, glass, or metal, typically has lettering upon it with name, date
of birth, and date of death. With the
graveyard getting overcrowded, many people are already choosing columbarium for
their lost ones. It is lower in price, needs lesser sustainment, and more accessible
for staying in and meditations. (A New Place for Cremation Ashes in Church,
2019).

50
Articles entitled Why the Filipino-Chinese Prefer Cremation, Social Acceptability
of Cremation and Columbary use in Modern Times, The Rise of Columbarium in
Modern Times, For congested LGUs, the columbarium is the way to go and A New
Place for Cremation Ashes in Church, are all support the thought of choosing
crematorium over other processes of burials because of its cheap in price. Also, all
of these articles are making crematorium as a solution for land scarcity concerning
the cemetery causing columbarium to be more trend and favorable in this
generation. However, the present study is not only focusing on the shortage of land
and the feasibility of the cremation process in burying the dead but also immerses
the significance of cultural factor and aesthetics but beneficial, to people’s health.
That is the difference between this study to the said related literature.
Several Filipinos are resettling the urns of their loved ones at the columbarium as the
reason that the place is consecrated. As an article includes an interview, the
correspondent stated that theyare more protected from rains in a columbarium that
lessens the hassle in visits. And every specialoccasion, the bookkeeper also allows
the remains to be brought home so that they can celebrate in a way that is also
convenient for them and their relatives (Filipinos remember departed loved ones in
columbaria, 2017). This article shows the activity of Filipinos every time they visit
their lost love ones, which is also must be included in the design considerations to
create a functional space, especially for this recent pandemic.
According to an article by Joel E. Zurbano (2019) entitled Makati to build

51
columbarium for public use, the Makati City administration has built a publicized
columbarium giving free cremation and internment services to citizens. The
columbarium, as stated by Mayor Abigail Binay, is purposed to comfort the
bereaved family and lessen their burden of costly funeral expenses. Providing an
innovative strategy to lacking burial space in Makati. The Mayor assured
residents.that the facility has people and environmentally friendly features that
assure security, comfort, and sustainability. At the center are the chapel and
administration building of the columbarium, which also holds the office and the
crematorium, plus comfort rooms and pantry. Each urn vault is made of aluminum
frame and box, inside glass cover with a key lock, granite cover on the perimeter,
and granite lock and screw cap for better hold. Book type urns are used for economy
of space.

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2.3. DIFFERENT AUTHORS AND BOOKS, ARTICLES
2.3.1 Form Architecture unveils design for Intertwined Eternities, a columbarium in
Aptos, California: ARTICLE BY: Agnese Bifulco
2.3.2 ARCHITECTS THAT DESIGN A COLUMBARIUM BUILDING : Myoenji
Columbarium / Furumori Koichi architectural design studio
2.4. ARCHITECTS PERSPECTIVE
2.4.1 Form Architecture unveils design for Intertwined Eternities, a columbarium in
Aptos, California
ARTICLE BY: Agnese Bifulco
The Frame Design studio has as of late challenged itself to an extent characterized by solid
reminiscent esteem: Entwined Eternities, a Columbarium planned for the Episcopal Church of
St. John the Baptist in Aptos, California. A extension here engineering and nature "intertwine”
to reach a state of idealize adjust and where the plan motions of the Columbarium are implied
to hold the living in a allegorical grasp. Suited by the liquid geometry of the design and went
with by characteristic light and the encompassing scene, guests discover comfort to relieve the
sense of misfortune of their cherished ones. Intertwined Eternities is the title chosen for the
Columbarium outlined by the Shape Engineering studio for the Episcopal Church of St. John
the Baptist in Aptos’ Sea cliff neighborhood on the Pacific coast, in California. A lovely and
reminiscent title for a extend where design and nature ended up one, coming to a state of adjust.
The architecture firm embraces visitors metaphorically and soothes the sense of loss by forging
architectural bonds with those who are no longer with us.
53
The Columbarium will be constructed in the gardens of the episcopal church; the project was
recently approved by the ecclesial council. The new structure will be composed of a
choreographed sequence of stone pavilions that will blend in with the surrounding
environment, which is dominated by the wooden Episcopal Church of St. John the Baptist,
designed by Californian Architect Warren Callister and completed in
2009. The Intertwined Eternities pavilions are open-air chambers that intertwine with one
another to form a path. The stone walls that surround them vary in height, lending a sense of
permanence.
The Columbarium is a poetic and evocative project. As the name implies, there is a clear
reference to the many lives that have intertwined their journey and continue to do so through
the visitors who come to pay their respects, just as the architectural elements are
interconnected. The shape of the architecture has been used to create a sense of movement and
flow that counterbalances the sense of eternity inherent in the stone. Intertwined Eternities will
be a place of strong emotions and silence: the architecture of the Columbarium will not provide
visitors with answers, but rather stimuli to continue reflecting on life's long journey.
2..1 Mortality Rate in the Philippines
The top three prevalent medical conditions that led to death in 2012 are cerebral vascular
accident (CVA) and pneumonia. It has been observed that the latter has been growing since
2010, which finally became the most prevalent in 2012. Cancer was also observed to be an
increasing occurrence. Coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD),
however ,have been observed to top the list, especially the former in 2010. PTB, which was
once an incurable disease is still a prevalent cause of death for many. It was in 2012 however
that the highest rate of mortality was recorded. Other causes of death are gastrointestinal
54
diseases, malnutrition, anemia, sepsis, and diabetes among others. Non-disease-related deaths
include accidents, gunshot wounds, and drowning. Below is a table showing mortality rates in
the city.
Table III-49. Causes of Mortality, 2010-2012
CAUSES 2010 CAUSES 2011 CAUSES 2012
1. CAD 62 1.CVA 54 1. Pneumonia 78
(Coronary (Cardiovascular
Artery Disease) accident)
2. CVD 53 2. Pneumonia 37 2. CVA 63
(Cardiovascular
Disease)
3. Pneumonia 44 3. Cancer 24 3. Cancer 36
4. Cancer 31 4. COPD 15 4. COPD 31
5.MI 23 5. CHF 12 5.HCVD 25
(Myocardial (Hypertensive
infarction) cardiovascular
disease)
6.PTB 22 6. PTB 11 6. 24
(Pulmonary
Tuberculosis)
7.COPD 21 7. 11 7. MDF 16
(Chronic
Obstructive
55
Pulmonary
Disease)
8. VA 16 8. CAD 7 8. ESRD 14
9.CVA 15 9. VHD 6 9. PTB 10
(Cerebral
vascular
accident)
10.CHF 9 10. ESRD 6 10. VA 10
(Congestive (Endstage renal
heart failure) disease)
TOTAL 296 183 307
Source: City of Ilagan Planning and Development Office accessed 15 December 2014
Mortality Rates
The leading causes of mortality are Cardio-Vascular Diseases, Cancer, Pneumonia and
Asthma.
Table 12. Mortality Rates: Ilagan City, Isabela 2012
Infant Mortality Number of live Number of deaths: Mortality
births: 8 Rate:
876 .02%
Children Mortality No. of children (1-4 Number of Mortality
yrs old): death: Rate:
0.06% 2011 to 2012
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4,545
children/yearly or
12 children/day
Maternal Mortality No. of live births: Number of Maternal Mortality
876 Deaths: Rate:
0 0.0000
Mortality Rate Of Population Total Number of Mortality Rate:
ILAGAN CITY (2022): Deaths: 851 .54
164,548 2.33%
Growth Rate r year
2039
Source: CLUP IN ILAGAN CITY, ISABELA
2.4 Viability Studies
TECHNICAL VIABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
TECHNOLOGY
Self- driven building
By using wind and solar energy, the building may reduce combustion-based electricity
generation that may provide air-quality and greenhouse gas emission benefits.
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Image Source: Google Images Figure
2.3 Examples of Renewable Sources
Water Waste Treatment
The Root Zone Waste Water Treatment system is a low cost, virtually zero energy and
maintenance-free plant. This makes use of biological and physical-treatment processes to
remove pollutants from wastewater. Due to its natural process, there is no
need to add any input such as chemicals, mechanical pumps or external energy. This reduces
both the maintenance and energy costs.
Image Source: Google Images
58
Figure 25. Root Zone Waste Water Treatment System Process
Flood Management
Some of the common techniques used for flood control are installation of rock berms, rock rip-
raps, sandbags, maintaining normal slopes with vegetation or application of soil cements on
steeper slopes and construction or expansion of drainage channels.
Bios-wales are channels designed to concentrate and convey storm-water runoff while
removing debris and pollution. Bios-wales can also be beneficial in recharging groundwater.
Bios wales are typically vegetated, mulched, or periscope. They consist of a swaled drainage
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course with gently sloped sides (less than 6%).
Source: Google Images
Figure 27. Rainwater harvesting system
Rainwater harvesting system, also called rainwater collection system or rainwater catchment
system, technology that collects and stores rainwater for human use. Rainwater harvesting
systems range from simple rain barrels to more elaborate structures with pumps, tanks, and
purification system.
purification systems.
Passive Cross-Ventilation
This natural form of ventilation is effectively free and will ensure a building is properlycooled.
There are no mechanics or electronics to be maintained and it is possible to prevent excess
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moisture and heat building up in ceiling cavities
Figure 28. Passive Cross-Ventilation
purification systems.
Passive Cross-Ventilation.
This natural form of ventilation is effectively free and will ensure a building is properly cooled.
There are no mechanics or electronics to be maintained and it is possible to prevent excess
moisture and heat building up in ceiling cavities.
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Air Purifier
An air purifier system which is the oxidizer, breaks up pollutants and remakes them into non-
toxic carbon, by burning them at the heart of the machine. Prominent oxidizer types include:
catalytic oxidizers, thermal oxidizers (including regenerative thermal oxidizers and
recuperative oxidizers) and carbon absorbs.
Image Source: Google

Images
Figure 29. Air Purifier System
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RESOURCES REQUIREMENTS
SEAMLESS FLOORING
Seamless flooring systems are highly durable and aesthetically pleasing. These flooring
systems are used in diverse range of industries including retail outlets, commercial offices,
manufacturing facilities, warehouses, gyms, hospitals, laboratories and high-end residential
spaces. While Seamless flooring systems are extremely durable and chemical resistant in an
industrial setting, they are also extremely warm, easy to maintain and warm in a residential
setting.
2.8 GOVERNING LAWS AND GUIDELINES
2.8.1 RULES AND REGULATIONS TO GOVERN COLUMBARIUM PROJECTS
According to Article IV, Section 5 (a) and (r) of Executive Order 648 and about Section 9.2A.2.3 of the
Rules and Regulations for Memorial Parks and Cemeteries, the following Rules and Regulations for
Columbarium Projects are hereby promulgated by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HL
 P. D. 1096- National Building Code of the Philippines and its implementing rules and regulations
 R. A. 1378- National Plumbing Code of the Philippines and its Implementing Rules and Regulations
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 RA 9514: REVISED FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES of 2008
 R. A. 184- Philippines Electrical Code
 B.P 344- Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) Amendments
Minimum Requirements for Accessibility
RULE II
MINIMUM DESIGN STANDARDS
SECTION 4. Design Standards and Guidelines for Columbarium Projects.
a. Location
Columbarium projects shall conform with the provisions of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP)
and Zoning Ordinance (ZO) of the locality. In the absence of any provision on the location of
columbarium projects, the same can be located in any of the following:
1. Institutional Zone particularly in areas designated for a religious structure such as a church, seminary,
convents, and other places of worship or congregation areas.
2. Commercial Zone (C2)
3. Areas within the premises of religious structures owned by a religious congregation.
b. Design Parameters
I. Design and Dimension of Niche/Vault
 1.a The dimension of the niche/vault must be able to house an urn or
receptacle designed to hold at least 200 cubic inches of cremated human
remains.
 For glossary niche, such shall have a dimension that can accommodate receptacle for bone remains.
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 1.b A minimum of 2.0 m passageway shall be provided between interment structures if proposed to be
in grid design.
 1.c Ladder facility shall be provided for interment and urn retrieval purposes.
1.d Materials and Construction Requirements
All structural framework for the niches/vaults shall be of cast-in-place reinforced concrete, or of
structural steel sections, or concrete over metal decking or of such other non-porous
materials, provided however, that construction of all footings, bearing walls, floor slabs and roofs shall
be consistent with the construction requirements of the National Building Code of the Philippines.
Water proofing shall be required for niches constructed along a perimeter wall or garden wall.
Parking - Parking shall be provided at a ratio of 1:50 vaults or 100 parking slots whichever is lower.
Easement - A 5-meter non-build able buffer shall be observed for projects to be located in commercial
zone/area adjoining a residential area
5. Prayer Room - A prayer room shall be provided with a minimum area of 50 sqm.
5. Comfort Rooms (CR) - Every floor shall be provided with a minimum of 2 comfort rooms: 1 for
male with 2 urinals, 1 water closet and 2 lavatories and 1 for female with 3 water
closets and 2 lavatories.
Elevators and Escalators - Elevators shall be provided for projects five (5) stories and above. For
projects provided with escalators, the angle of inclination of an escalator shall not exceed 30 degrees
from the horizontal. The width between provided balustrades shall not be less than 560 millimeter nor
more than 1.20 meters as for in the National Building Code.
c. Light and Ventilation
Sufficient light and ventilation shall be provided according to the provision on Light and Ventilation of
the National Building Code of the Philippines.
SECTION 5. Operational Procedure.
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All columbarium projects shall establish detailed procedures and guidelines to govern its daily operation
and maintenance.
SECTION 6. Conversion of Existing Structures to Columbarium Projects.
Existing structures may be converted into columbarium projects upon proper application with HLURB
and compliance with the requirements of these rules and standards.
II. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 856 December 23, 1975
CODE ON SANITATION
WHEREAS, the health of the people, being of paramount importance, all efforts of public services
should be directed towards the protection and promotion of health; and
WHEREAS, with the advance in the field of sanitation in recent years, there arises the need for updating
and codifying our scattered sanitary laws to ensure that they are in keeping with modern standards of
sanitation and provide a handy reference and guide for their enforcement.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by the powers vested
in me by the Constitution, do hereby order and decree the following Code on Sanitation:
CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
CHAPTER XXI
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS OF CHAPTER XXI
DISPOSAL OF DEAD PERSONS
OF THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
(P.D 856)
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To carry out the provisions of chapter XXI- ‘’Disposal of Dead Persons’’ of the code on Sanitation of
the Philippines (P.D 856), these rules and regulations are hereby formulated for implementation and
strict compliance of all concerned.
SECTION 1. SCOPE
These implementing rules and regulations shall apply to all crematories, funeral and embalming
establishments, medical and research institution, undertakers, embalmers, public and private
burial grounds and other similar institutions operated by government agencies or
instrumentalists including government owned or controlled corporations, private organizations,
firms, individuals or other entities.
3.8.6 Solid Waste Management
a. Each strategic area of the burial ground shall be provided with at least two (2) refuse receptacles or
containers, one for biodegradable and one for non-biodegradable materials provided with tight fitting
cover. It shall be lined with black color coded plastic bag for non-biodegradable materials. Collection
of refuse shall be done by the personnel of the burial ground.
b. Accumulation of refuse which may become harbor-age and breeding places of vermin shall not be
permitted.
c. The collection, segregation, storage and disposal refuse shall be By sanitary procedures and
regulations.
d. Separate storage room/bin for dry and wet refuse shall be provided.
4.6 Medico Legal Cases
4.6.1 If the local health office who issues death certificate has reasons to believe or suspects
that the cause of death was dues to violence or crime, he shall notify immediately the authorities
of the Philippines National Police or National bureau of Investigation concerned. There is
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violence or crime when the cause of death, actual physical assault inflicting injuries upon a
person resulting to death, or any other acts or violence upon a person resulting to death and or
sudden death of undetermined cause
4.6.2 In case of cause death was due to violence or crime mentioned in the preceding sub-section, the
deceased shall not be buried until permission is obtained from the provincial or city prosecutor where
the death occurred.
4.6.3 In case of absence of the city or provincial prosecutor, permission shall be obtained from any of
these government officials in the place where the death occurred:
a. Municipal or city judge;
b. Municipal or city mayor; and
c. Chief of police.
4.6.5 Embalmed Dead Body
A. No embalmed dead body shall remain unburied longer than 48 hours after death except;
i. When permitted by the local health authority for valid reasons such as flood, calamities and disasters,
provided that the cause of death was not due to dangerous communicable disease;
ii. When there Is a necessity for legal investigation. However, such impaled remains shall not remain
unburied for more than 72 hours regardless of the cause of death.
4.7 Death due to Dangerous Communicable Disease
4.7.1 Classification of Dangerous Communicable Diseases
The following are the Dangerous Communicable Diseases:
a. Acquired immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) /HIV Infection;
b. Cholera;
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c. Ebola hemorrhagic fever;
d. Hepatitis;
e. Plague;
f. Yellow fever;
4.7.2 The following are the requirements when the cause of death is a dangerous communicable disease:
a. The remains shall be buried within 12 hours after death.
b. The remains shall not be taken to any place of public assembly.
c. Only the adult members of the family of the deceased shall be permitted to attend the funeral.
d. The remains shall be placed in a durable, airtight and sealed casket; and
e. No permit shall be granted for the transfer of such remains.
SECTION 8. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND OPERATION OF THE
CREMATORIUM
8.1 General Requirements
8.1.1 No crematorium shall be established without submitting a feasibility study reviewed by the
regional health office concerned and approved by the Secretary of Health or his duly authorized
representative.
8.1.2 No crematorium shall be operated without a sanitary permit issued by the local health officer. The
sanitary permit shall be valid for one (1) year ending on the last day of December of each year and shall
be renewed every first month of the year thereafter. The permit shall be
posted in a conspicuous place in the crematorium and shall be available for inspection by authorized
national and/or local health personnel.
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8.1.3 All personnel who undertake the care, handling, transport and disposal of the deceased by
cremation must be a licensed undertaker. Undertaker must wear cover all, rubber gloves, face mask and
other appropriate personal protective equipment when working.
8.1.4 No person shall be employed in the crematorium without a health certificate issued by the local
health office.
8.1.5 Washing facilities with soap, detergents and germicidal solution shall always be available
exclusively for use of personnel working in a crematorium.
8.1.6 No person other than the personnel working in a crematorium shall be allowed to enter the
cremation room.
8.1.7 Public and private cemeteries, funeral parlors, and hospitals shall be allowed to establish and
operate crematoria subject to the prescribed requirements of these implementing rules and regulations.
8.2 Design and Construction
8.2.1 A crematorium must be designed and constructed with a cremation room, waiting and/or viewing
room, toilet facilities, washing facilities, processor (grinder) and a mortuary
refrigerator/freezer shall be provided for safe storage until final disposition and temporary holding peak
activity or emergencies.
8.2.2 The cremation room shall be separated by a transporting glass and concrete wall from the waiting
and/or viewing room. It shall be provided with sufficient fire fighting equipment as approved by the
local fire department.
8.2.3 The gas room/storage shall be constructed with concrete or impervious material and located below
the ground five (5) meters away from the cremation and waiting/or viewing room.
8.2.4 An inlet measuring 75 cm. by 75 cm. at the cremation room shall be provided if single
crematorium equipment is installed for proper combustion and cooling of the equipment. The inlet may
be louvered and screened and shall be located near the rear of the unit.
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8.2.5 The crematorium oven shall have a temperature of 800c to 1200c with a detention time 5 to 6
hours.
8.2.6 The design of the smoke stack shall be under the standards of the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources.
8.3 Disposal of Cremated Remains
8.3.1 Cremated remains must be reduced to the size of a fine sand or ashes and packed in a cremains
container before they are turned over to the relatives of the deceased. Cremains container must have a
minimum capacity of 0.0049 cubic meter and made of polyethylene provided with liner bag (performed
5 mil plastic) with locking tie and identification label.
8.3.2 Public and private cemeteries or private burial grounds shall be made as place for the disposal
of cremated remains. However, where the relatives of the deceased so wished, the cremated remains
shall be allowed to be brought home only in a cremains container. The disposal of which shall be
following the provisions of Chapter XVII -‘’Refuse Disposal’’ OF THE Code of Sanitation of the
Philippines (P.D 856) and its implementing rules and regulations.
8.3.3 Public and private cemeteries or other places shall be designated as special areas for the permanent
respiratory of cremated remains either below the ground or above 25-meter zones measured from the
property line.
8.3.4 Shipment of cremated remains to and from the Philippines shall require a transfer permit at the
point of origin while shipment abroad hall be governed by the regulation’s pf the National Quarantine
Office.
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SECTION 9. FUNERAL AND EMBALMING ESTABLISHMENTS
9.1 Scope
This section shall be applied and enforced to funeral parlors/chapels, embalming establishments, and
morgues.
9.2 Sanitary permit
9.2.1 No establishment mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be operated without sanitary permit.
9.2.2 Any extension or additional construction or alteration in an establishment shall require a new
sanitary permit before it could be operated.
9.2.3 Application or renewal of the sanitary permit.
a. The application or renewal of the sanitary permit of an establishment shall filed with the city or
municipal health office where it is located.
b. Sanitary permit shall be issued upon compliance with the sanitary rules and regulations.
c. The fees for the application, renewal and nothing of the sanitary permit shall be paid to the local
government unit. The amount of fees shall be set through city or municipal ordinance.
d. Noting in permit. If there is a change in ownership of funeral and embalming establishments, the new
owner shall apply to the city/municipal health office within fourteen (14) days to have such change
noted in the records and permit certificate and shall pay the corresponding fee for such noting.
e. Validity. The sanitary permit shall be valid for one (1) year, ending on the last day of December of
each year, and shall be renewed every first month of the year thereafter. Upon the recommendation of
the local officer, the sanitary permit shall be suspended or revoked upon violation of any sanitary rules
and regulations.
f. Posting of Permit. The sanitary permit shall be posted in a conspicuous place of the establishment
and shall be available for inspection by authorized health and other regulatory personnel.
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9.3 Personnel
9.3.1 Undertakers
a. Funeral parlors shall employ undertakers who shall be responsible for the care, handling transfer and
disposal of dead bodies/remains.
b. The undertakers shall have an up-to-date health certificate issued by the local health office.
c. Undertakers shall be licensed and registered under the Department.
d. Undertakers shall be licensed to practice undertaking only after compliance with the requirements
prescribed by the Department of Health. Such license is renewable every beginning of the year at their
respective regional health offices.
e. Responsibilities of undertakers shall include the following:
i. Care and arrangement of the deceased during vigils and application of sanitary precautions in placing
the remains inside the casket.
ii. Assure that all caskets to be used are hermetically tight.
iii. Accompany the transfer of deceased persons by land or by sea at a distance more than 50 kilometers
from the place of origin; and
iv. update their knowledge by undergoing training conducted by Department of Health accredited
trainers/ institutions/ associations.
9.3.2 Embalmers
a. Funeral parlors with embalming facilities and offering embalming services shall employ an embalmer
licensed and registered with the Department of Health.
b. the embalmers shall have an up-to-date health certificate issued by the local health office.
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c. Embalmers shall be licensed to practice embalming only after compliance with the requirements
prescribed by the Department of Health. Such license is renewable every beginning of the year at their
respective regional health office.
d. Responsibilities of embalmers shall include the following:
i. Attend to all procedures of embalming of remains.
ii. Ensure that no parts of the remains shall be removed during embalming.
iii. Apply all sanitary precautions in embalming of remains; and
iv. Update their knowledge by undergoing training conducted by Department of Health accredited
trainers/institutions/associations.
9.3.3 Other personnel
a. other personnel of the establishment shall have an up-to-date health certificate.
9.4 Classification of Funeral Establishments
Funeral establishments shall be classified in three (3) categories which are described as follows:
9.4.1 Category I. Establishments with chapels and embalming facilities and offering funeral services.
9.4.2 Category II. Establishments with chapels and offering funeral services but without embalming
facilities; and
9.4.3 Category III. Establishments offering only funeral services from the house of the deceased to the
burial place.
9.5 Sanitary Requirements for Funeral Chapels
9.5.1 Funeral chapels shall be adequately lighted and ventilated.
9.5.2 Each chapel shall be provided with bathroom with one shower head, one water closet and one
lavatory for each gender.
9.5.3 There shall be adequate potable water always available.
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9.5.4 The food preparation area shall be by
Chapter III- ‘’Food Establishment’’ of the Code of Sanitation of the Philippines (P.D 856) AND
ITS IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS.
9.6 Sanitary Requirements for Embalming and Dressing Rooms
9.6.1 Embalming and dressing rooms shall be constructed of concrete or semi-concrete materials.
9.6.2 There shall be provided a minimum working space of 1.50 m. x 2.0 m. for every remains.
9.6.3 The floors shall be constructed of concrete or other impervious or easily cleaned material that is
resistant to wear and corrosion and shall be sloped to drain; all angles between the floors and walls shall
be rounded off to a height of not less than 7.62 cm. (3 inches) from the floor.
9.6.4 Floor drains shall be provided. It shall be constructed and sloped to drain that all washing and
body fluids shall flow to wastewater treatment facility separate from the septic tank. All solid wastes
which include pathological and infectious waste shall be placed in receptacles lined with yellow plastic
bag or any approved type of sharps collector.
9.6.5 The internal surface of walls shall have a smooth, even, non- absorbent surface easily closed
without damage to the surface and constructed of dust- proof materials.
9.6.6 All ceilings or if no ceiling is provided, the entire under- surface of the roof shall be dust- proof
and washable.
9.6.7 All lightnings shall be free from glare and distributed to avoid shadows.
9.6.8 Ventilation shall be provided which shall be effective and suitable to maintain comfortable
condition. The natural air supply in any room shall in no instance be less than 0.005 cubic meters per
second per person.
9.6.9 Embalmers shall be performed on a table made of single marble slab or aluminum, stainless steel
or other equally impervious materials with a minimum size of 0.60 m x 1.80 m.
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9.6.10 Embalmers and assistants shall use personal protective equipment such as rubber gloves, apron,
boots, and safety goggles while working.
9.6.11 Washing facilities with soaps, detergents and germicidal solutions shall be provided for use of
the working personnel.
9.6.12 Embalmers and assistants shall be provided with lockers and closets for personal protective
equipment and a separate closet for chemical used for embalming.
9.7 Sanitary Requirements for Morgues
9.7.1 Location. The morgue shall be constructed either as a separate structure or part of the funeral and
embalming establishments. In either case, strict privacy must be maintained.
9.7.2 Size. The size of the morgue depends of the number of remains to be stored. The cadavers shall
be contained in tanks divided into compartments. Each compartment must have the following
dimensions: Length of 2.50 meters; width of 1.50 meters and a depth of 2.50 meters. Every
Compartment shall be provided with a drainpipe leading into a separate waste water treatment facility
from the septic tank. The cover of each compartment shall be provided with tight fitting lids.
9.7.3 Lighting and ventilation. The aggregate window area shall not be less than 1/10 of the floor area.
The room shall be well ventilated and well lighted.
10.11 Appeals
The person or panel conducting the hearing may confirm, modify or reverse the decision appealed from
which decision shall be final.
SECTION 12. PRACTICE OF UNDERTAKING AND EMBALMING
12.1 Licensed embalmers shall practice embalming by the following:
12.1.1 No embalmer shall embalm any remains without first obtaining the corresponding death
certificate duly signed by the attending physician. In the absence of an attending physician where a non-
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physician signs the death certificate, it must be verified by the local health officer. The said embalmer
before proceeding on his work must assure himself that no autopsy of the remains will be necessary for
medico- legal and pathological purposes.
12.1.2 No embalmer shall embalm any dead human body who died from dangerous communicable
disease. If the cause of disease is unknown or undetermined, the same shall be reported first to the local
health officer before embalming.
12.1.3 Every licensed embalmer shall certify, sign and affix his license number after his signature on
the back of the death certificate stating the time and date of embalming. Failure to do so, he must submit
a sworn statement executed before two witnesses who were present at the time of the embalming.
12.1.4 No embalmer shall embalm any dead human body with any fluid or preparation of any kind
containing arsenic, strychnine, mercury, or any poisonous alkaloid without special permission from the
Secretary of Health or his duly authorized representative.
12.1.5 Embalming operations hall only be performed in a morgue or embalming room duly permitted
to operate. Such establishment shall be free from vermin. In exceptionally difficult circumstances,
embalming operations may be done at the home of the deceased, provided, that interactivity or
intravenous injections only are used and precautions are taken to safeguard public health. Within six
(6) hours after performing an emergency embalming operation, a written report shall be submitted to
the local health officer by the embalmer.
12.1.7 In case of calamity, disaster or epidemic where the number of victims can no longer be attended
by local embalmers, the local health authority may institute cremation or mass disinfection before
burial.
12.2. Licensed undertakers shall practice undertaking by the following:
12.2.1 The undertaker shall ensure that the remains is properly laid in the casket and free from odor or
moisture.
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12.2.2 The undertaker shall be responsible for the physical arrangements of the remains including the
make- up, floral and lighting arrangements.
12.2.3 The undertaker shall prepare the burial site to meet the provisions of these rules and regulations.
12.2.4 The undertaker shall accompany the remains from the funeral parlor to the burial site.
SECTION 13. AUTOPSY AND DISINFECTION OF REMAINS
13.1 The following persons are authorized to perform autopsy and dissection:
13.1.1 Health officers- provincial, municipal, city health officers.
13.1.2 Medical officers of law enforcement agencies such as.
a. Philippine National Police
b. National Bureau of Investigation
13.1.3 Members of the medical staff of accredited hospitals.
13.2 Autopsies shall be performed in the following cases:
13.2.1 Whenever required by special laws. These special laws are those enforced and presently practiced
by the authorities.
13.2.2 Upon orders of a competent court, a mayor and a provincial or city prosecutor.
13.2.3 Upon written request of police authorities.
13.2.4 Whenever the solicitor general, provincial or city prosecutor as authorized by existing laws, shall
deem it necessary to disinter and take possession of remains for examination to determine the cause of
death.
13.2.5 Whenever the nearest of kin requests in writing the authorities concerned to ascertain the cause
of death.
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13.3 The training of local health officers in medico- legal/autopsy procedures and techniques shall be
responsibility of the local government unit concerned.
13.4 Requirements for autopsies of patients who died in accredited hospitals: next of kin of the death
of the deceased and request permission to perform autopsy.
13.4.1 The director or chief of the hospital shall notify in writing the next of kin of the death of the
deceased and request permission to perform autopsy.
13.4.2 Autopsy can be performed when the permission is granted, or no objection is raised to such
autopsy within 48 hours after death.
13.4.3 In cases where the deceased has no next of kin, the permission shall be secured from the local
health authority.
13.5 Burial of remains after autopsy.
After an autopsy, the remains shall be interred by the provisions of these rules and regulations.
15.3.2 Dissection Room Requirements
a. Requirements:
i. The dissection room must be located in a suitable place of the building
,preferably on the top floor,
or in a separate structure where only authorized persons shall have access.
ii. Good ventilation and lighting.
iii.Protection from insects and rodents.
iv. Floor and walls up to 1.50-meter high must be of cement and other impervious materials; and
v. One or more floor drains connected with the wastewater treatment facilities separate from the septic
tank or sewage disposal system.
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SECTION 16. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF REMAINS
CONTAINING RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
requirement for disposal of waste does not require any special handling precautions.
16.2 Remains containing radioactive isotope above the clearance levels as provided for in 16.1 must be
handled according to the requirements provide for in the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute(PNRI)
Codes of Regulations on the safe management and disposal of radioactive wastes, including radioactive
cadavers.
16.3 Autopsy precautions for remains with radioactive isotopes.
16.3.1 Before autopsy is performed, the radio logical health and safety officer or his duly authorized
representative shall be notified.
16.3.2 Autopsy shall only be authorized or permitted by the radio-logical and safety officer if the
remaining radioactivity in the cadaver will lead to a measured radiation exposure dose rate of less than
2.5 mR/hr at one meter from the cadaver.
16.3.3 The pathologist and/or embalmer shall be warned accordingly of the radiation hazards in
handling the cadaver and that radiation safety precautions shall be provided by the radio-logical and
safety officer.
16.4 Normal burial procedures may be carried out after the number of radioactive isotopes has decayed
to a safe level as provided for by the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute regulations.
16.5 Cremation.
 RA 9514: REVISED FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES of 2008
 PD 1096: NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES AND ITS IRR
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Chapter III: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the various data sources, research methods, and research instruments
that are used to provide the necessary data and information to achieve the architectural concepts
or the goal of the proposed study. Specific objectives, research activities, and problems
identified in the preceding chapter will differ.
3.1LESSON LEARNED THROUGH LITERATURE REVIEW
Life and Death are eternal topics for humans to investigate. The most common type of funerary
architecture is cemeteries, which serve as human beings' final resting places and final
dwellings. Contemporary Cemetery is facing a major challenge, namely a lack of burial space.
This severe lack of permanent burial grounds, combined with the high cost of rental ash holding
agencies, has dealt a near-fatal blow to contemporary cemetery development. In my opinion,
the future options for cemeteries are to change, shrink, or disappear.
This study will primarily discuss the major problems of traditional and contemporary
cemeteries, as well as use the most recent relevant case studies to investigate and propose
design guidelines for future cemetery design.
• Specific data and literature on the construction of a columbarium and crematorium are included in the
research study. The researcher became familiar with the various considerations, guidelines, and
protocols that must be followed in the Crematorium and Columbarium. Furthermore, the study contains
data, details, and journals about architectural elements, modern technologies, cultural and religious
impact, and environmental considerations that can help the entire study accumulate a well-rounded
solution to the proposed problem.
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3.2. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The researcher conducted the study by conducting interviews and gathering data and
documents that are necessary and informative to the study from various agencies such as the
City Planning Development Office of the City of Ilagan, Isabela, the Architecture Office, and
in Assessor office. Actual and personal observations, as well as verbal and visual data
collection methods, were employed. The researcher used qualitative and quantitative designs
to examine data, collect information, and carry out the proposed study. In addition, the
researcher employs an exploratory method to review and analyze specific problems and
phenomena for the current and future development of the study.
3.3.1 ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH UNDERTAKING
The initial phase of the study is to establish first the simultaneous activity or research by the
subject, activity, and strategy that is essential to the project proposal. Identifying these steps
will help the researcher to make the content of the study more effective.
3.3.2 SUBJECT INVESTIGATION
The researcher finds and gathers information about the subject matter that will be required to identify
the sources of relevant information and the activity that will be performed. This type of activity is
critical in identifying the various green and sustainable concepts, This research activity's output has
helped establish the type of occupancy for the research and eventually avoided sufficient data to justify
the architectural focus so that structures can be deemed sustainable and functional and can be provided
with an Architectural designer conducting the research.
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ACTIVITY IDENTIFICATION
These research activities have helped the researchers to produce the different kinds of information that
separate the activity for collection, exploration, communication, analysis, and evaluation of
information:
 Identifications of literary sources
 Interview
 Identify and study the existing structure that is related to the study.
 Observation
 Data generating
 Research integration and production
 Future expansion/innovation adjustment
3.3.3 FORMULATION RESEARCH STRATEGY
This is to establish enough information about the overall requirements to allow the feasibility of the
project to be assured and to set a board framework with which the proponent is to work on.
3.1 DATA GENERATION
The data generation contains related information about the subject for the basis of analysis,
organization, and documentation of research. The source includes the following.
INTERVIEWS- were conducted through interviews and survey questionnaires.
RESEARCH N INTERNET- internet information was used to access information or discover other
related topics. These are the following:
a. Related literature and studies
b. Technical requirements of the proposed study
c. Data for concept
83
REFERENCE BOOK- It is most important to read books to get sufficient knowledge to support the
proposed study of the researcher.
DOCUMENTED MATERIAL- Publish materials like manuals, magazines, brochures, and related
literature that may lend credence to the study were also given due consideration. Everything the
researcher input in the study from the magazine is reviewed carefully to incorporate the main idea.
SURVEY- the importance of surveying the site is to know the actual scenario of what site’s climate,
weather, and slope could affect the design of the study was established
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3.3.1. Research Path Diagram
Data Gathering:
IDENTIFYING THE Establishing Goals Agency

PROBLEM
and Objectives Coordination
Observation
Interviews
Familiarization of
Survey
the Study Study
Sorting Internet Research

IDENTIFYING THE USERS AND
SPACE REQUIREMENTS
and Graphics
1. Design
Classifi Evaluate and Analyze
Information
Programm
cation Data Gathered
Documented
ing
Materials of
Formulation
2. Space
Concepts
Programmin
g Translation of
Collecting of Lacking
3. Design Schematic to Final
Information
Consideratio Design Solution
ns
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Chapter IV
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of the Gathered Data
This chapter includes a variety of elements that are utilized to supply the data needed as the foundation
and source for the suggested investigation. It presents and examines the various design factors that were
taken into account when determining the nature of the design and the research.
4.0 FACTUAL DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1. SITE PROFILE AND ANALYSIS
To develop an in-depth analysis of the proposed site and its surroundings prior to planning and
designing the project site in order to achieve the infection protocols and standards for the project
4.1 Site Profile and Design Analysis
A brief architectural analysis of different architectural design concepts and principles adopted
in the final design establishes the unique architectural character of the proposed structure.
4.1.1 Brief Description and History of the Site
86
The Province of Isabela is known as the rice and corn granary of the north, centrally situated
in the Cagayan Valley Region and the „Regional Trade and Industrial Center“ in the northeast
of Luzon. It is the second largest province in the country next to Palawan, comprising 40% of
the region and 3% of the total land area of the Philippines. Within the province lies the Northern
Sierra Madre National Park, which is the largest protected area in the country. It is bounded by
the Province of Cagayan on the north, the Philippine Sea on the east, the provinces of Aurora
and Quirino on the south, and the Ifugao mountain province, Kalinga, and Nueva Vizcaya on
the west.
Isabela has a total of 1,066,456 hectares of land area consisting of 3 cities, 34 municipalities,
and 1,055 barangays with roughly 1.5 million population in 2010. It is a 1-class income
province and was considered the richest in the whole region and the 10 in the Philippines in
2011. Isabela remains the top corn-producing province in the country with 21% of the total
annual national yellow corn production. The province also holds the title of having „Asia's
largest post-harvest corn processing facility“ located in the town of Reina Mercedes. Isabela
was the top rice-producing province in 2012 contributing to about 50 percent of the total
production of the region and ranked second in place as a rice-growing province in the country
a year after. In 2013, it was awarded the „Best Corn Quality Award“ by the Department of
Agriculture and was called the „Hybrid Rice Champion of the Philippines“ and has produced
15% of the aggregate national annual rice production.
It has a 224% rice sufficiency rate which means it produced more rice than the region can
consume, making it a supplier of rice to its neighboring regions and provinces. Historically
speaking, the province (and the country itself) became well-known in the 20th century because
of the world-famous Tabacalera Philippine cigars. Though its biggest industry is agriculture, it
also has the potential for manufacturing wooden furniture and tourism.
87
Ilagan covering 116,626 hectares lives its economic boom, playing a vital contributory role for
Isabela. It is acknowledged as the corn and rice granary of Luzon. To the predominantly
agricultural economy of Isabela, this town adds vigor to its trade, commercial, and cultural life.
Through the accomplishments and efforts of the current administration, Ilagan was awarded
the Most Child-Friendly Municipality, Sandugo Award (2009), Peace and Order Philippine
National Police (PNP), Most Outstanding Municipality in Region 02 (Department of Interior
and Local Government Gawad Pamana ng Lahi Heritage Award) and the
Association of Tourism Officers of the Philippines (ATOP). These are among the awards
received by Ilagan.
4.1.2 Location of the Proposed Site:
BARANGAY LULLUTAN, ILAGAN CITY, ISABELA
The proposed development for the study is located in barangay Lullutan Ilagan city, Isabela.
Approximately 2 hectare lot was been reserved for the proposal of a Medium Rise Crematorium
and Columbarium of the City of Ilagan.
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4.1.3 BASE MAPS
89
A.Existing Urban Land Use Map
90
B.Comprehensive Land Use Map
91
C.Existing flood hazard map
92
D.Zoning map
93
4.1.3.2 Site Analysis
In Ilagan, the summers are hot and overcast; the winters are short, warm, and partly cloudy;
and it is oppressive and wet year round. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically
varies from 68 degree Fahrenheit to 94 degree Fahrenheit and is rarely below 64 degree
Fahrenheit or above 99 degree Fahrenheit.
Northwest Monsoon
Southwest Monso
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4.1.3 SWOT Analysis
1. Favorable geographic location.
2. Surrounded by large amount of trees.
STRENGTH 3. The site is large enough to support the proposed project
“Crematorium and Columbarium Building.
4. The Site is accessible from the National Highway.
5. The area are far from residence
1. Lacking in the Drainage system of the site.
WEAKNESS 2. Lacking in the Water system of the site.
1. Attract investors and Livelihood for the City of Ilagan.
OPPORTUNITIES 2. Boost the integrity of the City of Ilagan.
1. C
THREATS
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4.1.5 Photographic Survey of the Site
4.2 Data Analysis
96
Based on the data presented by a chart.
Majority of the surveyed people are under 21 – 25 years old under Generation Z which have a
total of 59.4 %.
•Followed by 26 – 30 years old which have a total surveyed of 16.0%
•Next is the 18-20 years old have 9.4% total surveyed
97
Based on the data presented by a 3d Pie chart. We have equal percentage of gender that was
surveyed. Total of 50 % under Female and 50% under Male gender.
Based on the data presented by a 3d Pie chart. We have gathered 73.6% total of Single surveyed
people. 21.7% are Married and 4.7% are Annulled/ Divorced.
98
Based on the data presented. We get majority of the people or respondent are student with total
number of 70. Next are employed with a number of 40 in total respondents. 9 are unemployed
and 2 are self employed.
99
Based on the data, I get a total of 90 respondent who are living in the City of Ilagan.
And majority of this respondent have visited and walked through cemetery with total of 100.
This Bar graph, we concluded that total of 90 respondent that are resident in Ilagan were have
able to visit/walked through a cemetery.
100
Based on the surveyed data, we received feedback from respondent what they can say about
the Existing of Private and Public Cemetery.
Overall rate is satisfied in the cleanliness, in terms of Safety, location and in terms of
environment.Rating the Aesthetic design of Private and Public cemetery in their area highest
numbers of rate is 3 – 41% Rate (Aesthetic design).
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Total of 93.5% answered YES as agreed that our cemeteries need to modernized. When we say
modernized, we must adopt with the technology.Respondents answered a majority Positive in
terms of Online Memorial page and Funeral webcast. While in terms of grave site webcam, we
received highest numbers answered Slightly Positive – 34 Respondents.
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Based on the respondents 83.1% are answered YES experience to enter crematorium and 89.6%
have knowledge about this idea and the process. Majority rate Positive in terms of proposed
Technology used for Mid Rise Crematorium and Columbarium.
RESULTS SURVEYED ABOUT THE PROPOSAL
We received a total of 84.4 % of respondent were approved cremation as an alternative method
to the traditional burial process and 96.1% wanted to have a Medium Rise Crematorium and
Columbarium building in the City of Ilagan. In terms of rates for the question what to do or
done with their ashes 28.6% are wanted to Stored at a columbarium, while 23.4% want to
Scattered in an urn at home.
103
104
For the proposed Crematorium and Columbarium majority respondent Top priority is
Sustainable design, top 2 is the traditional design and modern design.
A total of 94.8% wanted to have a landscapes and mini park in the proposed Mid-Rise
Crematorium and Columbarium.We concluded based on the surveyed respondents top prefer
is Mix Burial and Cremation, top next is Cremation.
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RESULTS SURVEYED ABOUT THE PROPOSAL
Question 1:What activities, if any, you think the Medium Rise Crematorium and
columbarium should be used for beyond interment of the dead.
1.Keep in mind the function of the columbarium, although a modernized design approach can
be integrated. it must keep respect for the person buried in the columbarium. traditional and
modern design while keeping it sustainable.
2. A place were provided for the family members to grave to their loss family members.
3.Execute cremations, clean or rake out crematories, accurately transport and handle ashes,
perform cremation responsibilities, inter or scatter ashes, monitor emission levels, and perform
other related tasks.
4.None, it is a place for those that already passed away. Cleanliness, peacefulness of the place,
and respect for them should be prioritize.
5.Outdoor activities,also memorial celebration.also. private rooms for family who want to take
more time on the funeral services.
6.Floating Flowers and Candles, Planting a Memorial Tree.
 TOP SURVEYED OPINIONS/COMMENTS
Question 2:What Other spaces which you think are necessary to be included in Medium
Rise Crematorium and Columbarium building?
1.Chapel and green spaces ; Mini park that has water underneath arc bridge compacted with
water.
2.I think the most important is chapel and seat and tables for the family and relatives
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3.A place/ area that all the family members and relatives of the dead will gather and quietly/
relaxing ambiance to grave.
4.Possibly a chapel, a store, and parks where they can unwind with their families
5.Shell; The exterior framework or walls and roof a building; Park consist of mini park that has
water underneath mini arc bridge. Note it must be maintained.
6.Super structure; The vertical extension of a building or other construction above the
foundation.
7. Maybe mid-rise The orientation of the spaces should take religious views into account. space
for cremation, room for relatives and their gathering, and space for personnel.
4.3 Synthesis
Based on the data gathered for the process of the research study there is a huge need for
the Crematorium and Columbarium Building. ,as for demand because of high death rate in the
past, We are in need of a crematorium facility that is geared with proper healthcare equipment’s
and measures, and facilitates proper infection control guidelines and protocols. A modernized
state of the art facility that will incorporate advance technology to the
proposed project study.not only for the people who are capable but also for the people who are
incapable.
 COST OF DYING IN THE PHILIPPINES: HOW MUCH DOES A FUNERAL COST?
(LAST UPDATED APRIL 05, 2022)
Burial Cost in the Philippines
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Burial costs typically revolve around these two factors: the memorial lot and burial-related
services. Even in the end, you’ll still find yourself taking a sizeable amount of money out of
your pocket. However, this shouldn’t be a problem if a memorial lot has already been purchased
beforehand or the family has a mausoleum.
Memorial Lot: PHP 1,000 - PHP 10 million+
Apartment tombs may cost between PHP 1,000 and PHP 3,000. For the poorest of the poor,
some charities and organizations may offer burial assistance.[3]
Prices of private lots may reach up to PHP 100,000. More expensive options, such as a
mausoleum, may have a starting price of PHP 1 million. Other upscale options, such as a garden
or estate lot, may be priced beyond PHP 10 million.
Burial-Related Services: Up to PHP 50,000
 What is the Price of Cremation in the Philippines?
While cremation may be a much cheaper alternative than burial, it still comes with a hefty price
tag. Prices of cremation in the Philippines start at around PHP 70,000 and may reach up to
PHP 100,000.
When it comes to urns, you may find options online that are priced between PHP 2,500 and
PHP 17,000. The cheaper ones are usually made of marble. If you want to honor your loved
one in the grandest way possible, some urns are priced at PHP 100,000 and up.
On the other hand, a columbarium in the Philippines may be priced from PHP 20,000 to PHP
250,000.
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4.3.2 PRIMARY/SECONDARY DATA
In consideration of different faiths and traditions, the survey represents that Roman Catholics
have the highest rate of population in City of Ilagan, Isabela. Furthermore, the result illustrated
that many people in the municipality are concern about the physical and economical condition
of the Municipal Cemetery causing them to be more encouraged of improvements and
innovations to be held in the said conditions. The study recommends having a chapel and
crematory inside the cemetery as cremation is being accepted to be done in the spoilage burial
process.The survey shows that sadness has the highest ratings of how the pandemic affected
them, followed by stress, then fear and anxiety, and lastly, depression.
SURVEY TALLY
RELIGION
ROMAN CATHOLIC 58
PROTESTANT(LEMELIF,METHODI 33
ST,ETC.)
MUSLIM 1
INGLESIA NI CRISTO 6
LATTER DAY SAINTS 1
JEHOVAH’S WITNESS 1
BAPTIST 1
TALLY OF NUMBERS
QUESTIONS
YES NO MAYBE
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1.Do you often visit a cemetery 32 58 10
except on November 1 and 2?
2.Do you visit a cemetery? 85 12 3
3.Do you value Filipino traditions 84 4 12
and beliefs?
4.Do you find cemetery a crowded
place during All Saint’s Day? 86 6 8
5.Do you feel comfortable to stay in the
cemetery during those days? 30 47 23
6. Are in favor of modernizing burial
process in ilagan city? 74 8 18
7. Do you find a cemetery
uninteresting/ dull/ creepy place? 28 55 17
8. Do you think that landscape can
help to improve a cemetery? 84 3 13
9. Do you agree on the practice of 46 27 27
cremation?
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10. Do you agree if Chapel will be replaced
inside the cemetery to be used for 64 20 16
internment ceremony?
Stress 53
Fear 35
Anxiety 35
EFFECT OF PANDEMIC
Sadness 64
Depress 20
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4.3.3 ARCHITECTURAL PLANS AND PERSPECTIVES ZONING DEVELOMENT
PLAN
112
A.PROPOSED SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
113
B. PROPOSED GROUND FLOOR PLAN
114
C. PROPOSED 2ND - 4TH FLOOR PLAN
115
D. PROPOSED 5TH FLOOR PLAN/ ROOF DECK
116
E. PROPOSED BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN
117
F. PROPOSED FRONT ELEVATION
G. PROPOSED LEFT SIDE ELEVATION
118
H. PROPOSED REAR ELEVATION
I. PROPOSED RIGHT SIDE ELEVATION
119
J. PROPOSED LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS AND CROSS SECTIONS
120
4.3.3 ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVES
AERIAL PERSPECTIVE
121
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW ENTRANCE
122
INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE
CAFETERIA
123
OUTSIDE COLUMBARIUM NICHES
124
SKY GARDEN
MINI PARK
125
INSINERATOR CHAMBER
126
MAIN LOBBY
127
INNER GARDEN/THERAPEUTIC GARDEN
ADMIN OFFICE
128
CONFERENCE ROOM
MEMORIAL HALL/FUNERAL
129
ANTEROOM/MORTUARY
CHAPEL/PRAYER ROOM
130
LOUNGE AREA
LOUNGE AREA
131
EXECUTIVE OFFICE LOUNGE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE
COLUMBARIUM
132
133
WALL TO REMEMBER
SHOWROOM/COFFIN
134
TECHNICAL/CONTROL ROOM
URN SHOP/ROOM
135
FLOWER SHOP
INDOOR COLUMBARIUM
136
4.4 DESIGN PROPOSAL
4.4.1 LIST OF SPACE REQUIREMENTS
DEFINITION/CRITERIA OF SPACES/ROOMS
List of Spaces
LIST OF SPACE DEFINITION/CRITERIA OF
REQUIREMENTS SPACES/ROOMS
Columbarium- a structure, either freestanding or part of another
building, containing niches for the internment of cremated human remains.
Crematorium- any designated place duly authorized by law to cremate dead persons.
Cremation room separated with a transparent glass and
concrete wall from the waiting and/or
viewing room. It shall be provided with
sufficient firefighting equipment as
approved by the local fire department.
Waiting and/or viewing room a window where families can watch the
cremation process
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Toilet facilities Which must include facilities for disabled
persons in accordance with current
building regulations, should be easily
accessible before the service, and
immediately after the service at the point
where mourners disperse after the
ceremony.
Washing facilities Washing facilities with soap, detergents
and germicidal solution shall at all times
be available exclusively use of personnel
working in a crematorium.
Processor (grinder) The bones and remnants are put into a
grinder, or cremulator, that uses ball
bearings or rotating blades, like a blender.
The remains are pulverized and poured
into a plastic, lined container or an urn
of the family's choice.
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Mortuary refrigerator/freezer. shall be provided for safe storage until
final disposition and temporary holding
peak activity or emergency situations.
Gas room/ storage shall be constructed with concrete or
impervious material and located below
the ground 5 meters away from the
cremation and waiting/viewing rooms.
Chapel – a place for prayer or worship
Administration Office- Where the administrative staff are housed will depend
entirelyon the site and whether a cemetery is incorporated.
Comfort Room- Public Conveniences
Lobby- Waiting Area
Cafeteria- a restaurant in which the customers serve themselves or are served at a
counter and take the food to tables to eat.
Room of Remembrance- Memory room provides visual and audio media such
as
music, photos and videos of the deceased.
Parking Area- an area for parking
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4.4.4 JUSTIFICATION OF SPACES (CALCULATIONS)

JUSTIFICATION OF SPACES (CALCULATIONS)
ADJUST-MENT
for No. of
GROSS DESIGN Occupants ALLOWABLE
FLOOR STANDAR (govt pandemic QUANTITY

SPACE/S protocol) 2mts
AREA D (HLURB)
(sq.m) social
distancing
Columbarium 1464 300x300x300 26,556(total
(TGFA of =0.027 cu.m columbarium niche
Columbarium) vaults)
1.80m -
(typical
height of
columbarium
vault)
REQUIRED QUANTITY OCCUPAN GFA
SPACE/S T LOAD/ - (sq m)

PERSON
Administration 1 64 sq m for 216 sq.m
Office above1- -
hectare lot
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area
Public Comfort @2500 1.50 sq.m/ WC 104.01 sq.m
Rooms OCCUPANTS (Maximum)
1.11 sq.m/
MALE 1250
URINAL
= 14 WC, 13
1.11 sq.m/
UNRINAL,
LAVATOR
14
Y
LAVATORI
ES
@HLURB
FEMALE 1250
=15 WC, 14
LAVATORI
ES
@HLURB
141
Personnel @ 30-492 for 1.50 sq.m/ WC 11.55 sq.m
Comfort Room Male & 2 for 1.11 sq.m/ (Minimum)
Female WC,1 URINAL
URINAL, & 1.11 sq.m/
2 LAVATOR
LAVATORI Y @HLURB -
ES for each
Male and
Female
@HLURB
Parking Area - Ratio of 1:50 2047 sq.m
vaults or 100
parking slots -
whichever is,
lower.
@HLURB
REQUIRED QUANT NO. OF OCCUPA GFA
SPACE/S I- TY OCCU -NT - (sqm)

P LOAD/
ANTS PERSON
CHAPEL 2 72x 2= 0.65 sq.m 36x2 =72 144
144 (seating) x2
= 288 sq.m
142
@NBCP
CAFETERIA 1 32 1.2 sq.m 16 90 sq.m
per person
CREMATORI 1 2 - 2 108 sq.m
UM
4.5 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
“As an Architect, you design for the present, with an awareness of the past
for a future which is essentially unknown”- Norman Foster
4.5.1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES
Generally, the primary objective is to come up with the modernized design of a Crematorium
and Columbarium which is friendly to the concerned occupants.
Specifically, the objectives are as follows:
1. To design a meaningful place where families can memorialize their loved ones when financial
circumstances or the limited availability of conveniently located cemetery plots make earthen
internment difficult or impractical.
2. To make it easier for visitors to get about and to suit the needs of families that want to be buried
together.
3. To identify the modern technology and facility that shall be integrated into the study.
4. To provide a green, safe, and healthy environment for the bereaved and their families
5. To provide quality, bereaved families and death care services.
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6. To minimize the negative thoughts and fear of people to the dead through a holistic approach
and building character.
4.5.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1) Passive survivability
Passive survivability is especially important during a pandemic. It is achieved through high
levels of insulation, passive solar design features, cooling-load-avoidance strategies, natural
ventilation, day lighting, and other passive design features
2) Digital Services
This service allows grieving families and friends to say their final goodbyes to their loved ones
online, as pandemic social distancing is maintained within the crematorium and columbarium.
This digital service protects the online security of individuals private service and helps people
to celebrate the life of their loved
3) Lighting
Light can improve mental health.
According to Ivy Cheung, study author and PhD. candidate in neuroscience at Northwestern
Medicine, “Light is the most important synchronizing agent for the brain and body. Proper
synchronization of your internal biological rhythms with the earth's daily rotation is essential
for health.” (Soraa, 2018)
Paying attention and understanding the kind of light to use is such a crucial part of feeling
happy and healthy. Controlling the light, to help improve overall health and happiness of the
user.
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4) Physical Environment
Personal control, socially supportive relationships, and restoration from stress and fatigue are
all affected by properties of the built environment. That is why, ensuring that built space has
positive effects on health outcomes is important.
4.5.3 DESIGN CONCEPT
The focus of this study is to design an innovative crematorium and columbarium that benefits
not only the environmental society but also the whole community of Ilagan City, Isabela, the
study had come up with a concept that incorporates emotion of spaces, holistic design, and
pandemic resilience design strategies and neoclassical architecture, which is characterized by
clarity of form, sober colors, shallow space, strong horizontal and verticals that render that
subject matter timeless and classical subject matter. The sensitivity of spaces, especially in this
season of the pandemic, made the researchers pursue the application of an effective design
approach for the bereaves.
also found out that pandemics caused the people, especially the bereave, a negative
psychological effect. Therefore, a holistic design concept utilizing architecture is necessary to
be adapted as a solution for the given situation. Besides, the fact that people who have been
lost their loved ones causes emotional fatigue gives an indication that applying the concept of
the emotion of spaces results in a positive effect to the bereaves, which is very important as a
priority impact of this project.
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Table . EMOTION OF SPACE
Space Emotion Sense
Worship Room Peaceful Vision
Waterfall Garden Inspiring Vision, Audition, Olfaction
Entrance Hall and Lounge Welcoming Vision, Audition, Olfaction
Administration Office Welcoming Vision Audition
Chapel Inspiring Vision, Audition,
Olfaction,Somatosensation
Garden Peaceful Vision, Audition, Olfaction,
Somatosensation
Room of Remembrance Inspiring Vision, Audition,
Somatosensory
Public Gathering Place Welcoming, Inspiring Vision, Audition, Gestation,
Somatosensory
Five Senses:
Sight / Vision, Hearing / Audition, Taste / Gustation, Smell / Olfaction, Touch /
Somatosensation
“Our experiences are the result of our perception with senses. To design an
architecture is not only to simply design a decent space, but to create a wonderful
travel experience and without senses there would be no experience.” (Shiyu,2017)
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4.5.4 STRUCTURAL CONCEPT
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Chapter V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY
"However passionate, sinning, and rebellious the heart hidden in the tomb, the flowers growing
over it peep serenely at us with their innocent eyes; they tell us not of eternal peace alone, of
that great peace of "indifferent" nature: they tell us, too, of eternal reconciliation and of life
without end." - Ivan Turgenev
The Philippines needs an area of about 1.5 million square meters to engrave its dead in
underground niches while only 42,439 square meters are needed if those if the dead were
cremated and inured. Philippines has reported an average of 403 deaths monthly, which made
an increasing pressure for cremations as a more cost- and space-effective, and possibly safer
solution from a disease transmission perspective. Cremations are taking environmental and
sanitary considerations into account. This makes it a viable choice for some families here in
the Philippines even before corona virus ever existed City of Ilagan.
The study aimed to introduce a design to be applied in A Proposed Crematorium and
Columbarium, it attempts to answer the questions:
With the extent desire of this project to provide a place for the holy preservation of the remains
of deceased people, the ultimate goal of this project is to provide a pandemic resilient, more
comfortable, less-snug and hustle-free structure for the holy preservation place for the remains
of deceased persons through crematory process .This proposed project, embraced and
researched further on the needs of the people specifically the families of the deceased
persons, nature and type of the project, site scrutiny, environmental situations and terms with
correlation to the study such Architectural planning theories and principles to be applied, which
cover and encompass the present trends and conditions of today’s columbarium here in the
country.
148
This study will be unique in a way that concerns how the families of the deceased will find this
structure not a dark and scary one. A structure that would not be looked-like a Columbarium as
it is literally, but which is conceptually unique, friendly and architecturally efficient internally
and externally.
The proposed project focuses on the needs of deceased families, site scrutiny, and
environmental conditions. It aims to create a unique, friendly, and efficient architectural
structure that is not dark or scary, but rather conceptually unique and friendly.it upgrades a
dignified site to pay homage to the deceased and justify land use in a specific locality, ensuring
architectural goals are applied during preliminary planning and designing.
5.2. CONCLUSION
 The study results that holistic design could be applied, in columbarium by applying 5 senses
concept that incorporates the considerations in choosing the materials to be used in the project,
human interaction with architectural space, and making physical environment using
architecture to help improve the health of the occupants.
 Making the columbarium innovated and technology-oriented, the study results of adapting
technologies like; Self- driven building, Water Waste Treatment, Flood Management, Passive
Cross-Ventilation, and Air-Purifier, in pursuing holistic and sustainable building.
 The study proves that vertical columbarium is accepted as an architectural way of making the
project economically and socially sustainable by solving land scarcity
 in a cemetery, providing less cost burial for the stakeholders, and making the project a new
source of income for the given municipality.
 By completing the study, established results show that the designed project considered the
importance of both bereaved families and deceased people.
149
 The study gives innovative design guidelines in planning a columbarium that benefits the
stakeholders with or without the pandemic.
 The study shows that providing a crematory on the same building gives a practical solution
concerning the cost in travel time and money of the users.
5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS/ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS
Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions presented, the researchers suggested the
following recommendations:
1. Provide detachable rooms for more accommodation,specially for family to
provide much profitable.
2. Crematory guidelines in designing a cremation room must be a standard
guidelines and basis to avoid a negative impact to the end-users.
3. Study about passive survivability should be expounded more to improvise cost-
friendly, practical architectural ways of design and to make the building safer to
use, especially in times of pandemic.
4. Materials to be used in the design of the building must be analyzed well to offer a
new concept that is more functional, holistic, pandemic resilient, and aesthetically
beautiful.
150
5.4 ANNEXES
SURVEY QUESTIONAIRE
A PROPOSED CREMATORIUM AND COLUMBARIUM BUILDING IN CITY OF ILAGAN
Good Day ! I am Angelo B. Agustin, a fifth-year BS Architecture Students from the Isabela
State University - Ilagan City Campus. I am currently working on my thesis study entitled " A
PROPOSED CREMATORIUM AND COLUMBARIUM BUILDING IN THE CITY OF
ILAGAN"
By continuing you are permitting us the authority to see the data you will provide .Your
willingness to participate will be deeply appreciated since it will contribute to the study's body
of knowledge
In accordance of RA 10173 or the Data Privacy Act of 2012, all personal and/or sensitive
information solicited and disclosed from this questionnaire shall be only used for the study
alone. Rest assured that your responses in this instrument will be kept confidential.
Thank you for taking time to complete this questionnaire.
Part 1: Respondent's Profiles
Name:(optional)
Your answer
Age?
Choose
Gender*
Choose
Marital Status?*
151
Single
Married
Annulled/Divorced
Widowed
Other:
Employment Status?*
Student
Employed
Unemployed
Self Employed
Other:
Part 2: Questionnaire
1. Are you a Resident of the City of Ilagan?*

Yes
No
Other:
2. Have you ever Visited/Walked through a Cemetery?*
Yes
No
3. How often do you Visited/walked through a Cemetery on average
Column 1
Once or Twice a Month
A few times
Once
Not at all
other
152
Once or Twice a Month

A few times
Once
Not at all
other
3.What do you experienced on visiting public cemetery?*
Your answer
What do you experienced on visiting private cemetery?
Your answer
4. What can you say with the Existing Public Cemetery*
5 - VERY SATISFIED
4 - SATISFIED
3 - SOMEWHAT
2 - N0T SATISFIED
1 - VERY DISSATISFIED
In terms of Cleanliness
in terms of Safety
in terms of Location
In terms of Environment
in terms of Safety
in terms of Location
In terms of Environment
What can you say with the Existing Private Cemetery?*
5 - VERY SATISFIED
4 - SATISFIED
3 - SOMEWHAT
2 - NOT SATISFIED
1 - VERY SATISFIED
In terms of Safety
In terms Location
In terms Environment
153
In terms of Safety
In terms Location
In terms Environment
5. What do you think about the current overall aesthetics of cemetery in your
area/place?*
Very Satisfied
1
2
3
4
5
Very Dissatisfied
6.Does your cemetery is properly oriented?*
Yes
No
7. Do we need to modernized our Cemeteries?*
Yes
No
8. How do you feel about using online services like this?*
Very Positive
Positive
Slightly Positive
Neutral
Slightly Negative
Don 't know
Funeral Webcast
Online Memorial Page
Grave site webcam
Funeral Webcast
Online Memorial Page
Grave site webcam
9. How would you feel about this Technology being used in a proposed mid rise
crematorium and columbarium?*
very positive
154
positive
neutral
don't know
Audio Guide for the blind
Narrative Audio Speakers
services enhanced by sound and light
Audio Guide for the blind
Narrative Audio Speakers
services enhanced by sound and light
PART 3: QUESTIONAIRE
1. Do you have knowledge about cremation process?*

CREMATION= is a method of final disposition of a dead body through burning
Yes
No
2. Do you enter any crematorium or columbarium?*
Yes
No
3. Do you approved cremation is an alternative method to the traditional burial
process?*
Yes
No
4. Do you want to have a Medium rise Crematorium and Columbarium Building in the
City of Ilagan?*
CREMATORIUM/KREMAHAN= building where dead people's bodies are burned,
usually as part of a funeral ceremony.
COLUMBARIUM/KOLUMBARYO=structure that holds cremated remains
Yes
155
No
6. What do you like to be done with your ashes?*
COLUMBARIUM/KOLUMBARYO=structure that holds cremated remains
Scattered in the nature or at sea
Scattered at a personally meaningful location
Stored in a an urn at home
Stored at a columbarium
other
6.Checked the listed below that you prefer the most in a Funeral Process?*
Cremation
Mix-Burial and Cremation
Burial Only
7.Do you want landscapes and mini park in the Medium Rise Crematorium and
Columbarium Building?*
MEDIUM RISE = having a moderately large number of stories, usually five to ten, and
equipped with elevators
Yes
No
PART 4; Architectural and Design and Features
For the proposed Crematorium and Columbarium*

Top Most Priority
Priority
Not a Priority
Traditional Design
Modern design
Sustainable Design
Traditional Design
Modern design
Sustainable Design
1.What activities, if any, you think the Medium Rise Crematorium and columbarium
should be used for beyond interment of the dead.*
Your answer
156
2. What Other spaces which you think are necessary to be included in Medium Rise
Crematorium and Columbarium building?recomend*
MEDIUM RISE = having a moderately large number of stories, usually five to ten, and
equipped with elevators
Your answer
157
PHOTOS DURING THE THESIS DEFENSE
With Ar.Geraldine J. Paguigan,Ph.D., Ar. Bagnos A. Quebral,Jr. UAP and External
Panel Ar. Clarissa M.Balante, UAP
158
CONSULTING AT CITY ARCHITECTS OFFICE
Interview and Consulting with Ar.
Isagani Magaoay, City Architect
,about the site of the proposed project
and Approval for Lot bearing.
Picture with Ar.Isagani Magaoay,
City Architect and Ar. Brian Nieva of
City Architects Office.
159
GATHERING DATA AT CITY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OFFICE
Interview with Engr. Romeo
C.Garcia,City Planning and
Development Coordinator about the
future development in City of Ilagan about
proposing crematorium and columbarium at
the city.
160
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) DOH – Department of Health, Sanitation Code of the Philippines
(https://doh.gov.ph/node/5731).
2) Official Gazette – Presidential Decree No. 856, s. 1975
(https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1975/12/23/presidential-decree-no-856-s-1975/)
3) Senate of the Philippines – Requirements and Operations for Columbarium
Establishments in the Philippines.
Government Offices:
 DENR– Department of Environmental and Natural Resources
(https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/sites/default/files//200417_INQ_Enano_DENR%20told%2
0Crematorium%20not%20for%20infectious%20wastes.pdf)
 Department of Health (DOH).
 Philippines National Trade Repository.
 https://archinect.com/features/article/92247934/student-works-martin-mcsherry-s-
vertical-graveyards
 https://biomimetic8.rssing.com/chan-15928150/all_p1.html
REFERENCE
1. Kay Hill, 2020
FUNERARY ARCHITECTURE: DESIGNING FOR GRIEF
http://www.designcurial.com/news/funerary-architecture-designing-for-grief-7816430
2. LIZ CHARLOTTE GRANT, 2020
Laying the Dead to Rest During the Pandemic’s Peak
https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2020/april-web-only/coronavirus-laying-dead-to-rest-
during-pandemics-peak-covid.html
161
3. Marc Lodge Andrew Lagace, 2017
CORPSES TO CREMAINS, CHICKENS TO JPEGS
https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/79494
4. Kyra Swee Yew Yong, 2016 COLUMBARIUM IN THE COMMUNITY
http://superarchitects.world/portfolio/columbarium-in-the-community/
5. Matthew Au, 2016
Housing the Dead A lens through local denitrification patterns
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/10g1v3rz
6. Philjake, 2018
Vertical Cemetery – Graves in High Rise Towers https://thetowerinfo.com/vertical-cemetery-
high-rise/
7. Charmaine Ng, 2020
Coronavirus: Temples, columbaria devise alternative ways to observe Qing Ming
https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/coronavirus-temples-columbaria-devise-alternative-
ways-to-observe-qing-ming
8. K Folíková Palánová and O Juračka (2018)
https://www.google.com/search?safe=active&sxsrf=ALeKk03XNbegbkAgDuA7aNS1z_RpuYN
9. Caroline Koh Smith, 2020
Enlivening Spaces for the Dead: The Relevance of Cemeteries in the 21st Century
https://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/215/
10. SHIYU SONG, 2017
FUTURE CEMETERY IN METROPOLIS
https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/62111/2017-05-darch-song.pdf
11. Mommy Blogger Sigrid, 2019
About Cremation | Why The Filipino-Chinese Prefer Cremation
162
https://www.lovinglymama.com/celebrating-life-in-style-the-filipino-chinese-way-christ-the-
redeemer-columbarium-complex/
12. Karlo G. Magpayo, 2017
Social Acceptability of Cremation and Columbary use in Modern Times
https://punkmarketing.wordpress.com/2017/11/03/social-acceptability-of-cremation-and-
columbary-use-in-modern-times/
13. Karlo G. Magpayo (2018)
The Rise of Columbarium in Modern Times
https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/the-philippine-star/20181101/282243781594796
14. Agatha Guidaben and Brenda Barrientos-Vallarta (2019)
For congested LGUs, columbarium's are the way to go
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/specialreports/713964/for-congested-lgus-
columbariums-are-the-way-to-go/story/
15. Eleanor R. Laquian (2019)
A New Place for Cremation Ashes in Church
https://canadianfilipino.net/news/a-new-place-for-cremation-ashes-in-church
16. PTV (2017)
Filipinos remember departed loved ones in columbaria
https://www.ptvnews.ph/filipinos-remember-departed-loved-ones-columbaria/
18. Sun. Star (2018)
Dying is expensive for the unprepared https://www.pressreader.com/
19. Romina Cabrera (2020)
Bodies Piling Up? Specialists Move To Speed Up Burial Of The Dead
https://www.onenews.ph/bodies-piling-up-authorities-move-to-speed-up-burial-of-the-dead
20. Christian Jasper Nicomedes and Ronn Mikhael Avila (2020)
163
An Analysis on the Panic of Filipinos During COVID-19 Pandemic in the Philippines
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian_Jasper_Nicomedes/publication/340081049_An
_Analysis_on_the_Panic_of_Filipinos_During_COVID-
19_Pandemic_in_the_Philippines/links/5e7606aa299bf1892cfc4dd3/An-Analysis-on-the-
Panic- of-Filipinos-During-COVID-19-Pandemic-in-the-Philippines.pdf
21. Proclamation No. 803 (1996)
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1996/06/06/proclamation-no-803-s-1996/
22. HLURB Rules and Regulations for Memorial Parks/ Cemeteries - HLURB
http://hlurb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/laws-
andissuances/policies/MemorialParksCemeteries.pdf
23. Izuru Takewaki (2020)
New Architectural Viewpoint for Enhancing Society’s Resilience for Multiple Risks
Including Emerging COVID-19
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2020.00143/full#F1
24. Annette Clayton (2020)
A vision for sustainable, resilient, pandemic-era buildings: Here’s how we do it.
https://blog.se.com/building-management/2020/08/20/a-vision-for-sustainable-resilient-
pandemic-era-buildings-heres-how-we-do-it/
25. Funeral Guidance for Individuals and Families (2020)
https://www.cdc.gov/coronvirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/funeral-guidance.html
26. William J. Hercules, Faia, Dr. Diana Anderson, Marc Sansom (2020)
Architecture Is a Critical Ingredient of Pandemic Medicine
https://www.architectmagazine.com/practice/architecture-is-a-critical-ingredient-of-pandemic-
medicine_o
164
27. Manuel Duarte Pinheiro and Nuno Cardoso Luís (2020) COVID-19 Could Leverage
a Sustainable Built Environment https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/14/5863/pdf
28. Alex Wilson (2020)
Resilience in a Pandemic https://www.resilientdesign.org/resilience-in-a-pandemic/
29. Bereavement Services – Cremation (2020)
https://www.iow.gov.uk/council/OtherServices/Bereavement-Services-
Cremation/Crematorium
30. Coronavirus guidance for Cemetery and Crematorium (2020)
https://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/cemetery-and-crematorium/coronavirus-guidance-for-cemetery-
and-crematorium/
34. Soraa (2020) Living in Light: How our Overall Health is Affected by the Lighting
Around Us https://www.soraa.com/learn/healthy/living-light-how-our-overall-health-affected-
lighting- around-us.php
35. Presidential Decree 1096 The National Building Code of the Philippines
Rule VII and VIII
36. Philippine Statistics Authority Philippines Statistics Authority- City of Ilagan
https://psa.gov.ph/content/ilagan city-Isabela
37. Philippine Statistics Authority
165
RESUME VITAE
ANGELO B. AGUSTIN
Brgy. Malasin, Ilagan City, Isabela, Philippines
Mobile Number : 09061351876
Email Address : bernaldezangelo092@gmail.com
PERSONAL Date of Birth: March 27, 2000

INFORMATION Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Height: 5’6
Weight: 65kg
Father’s Name: Mario Agustin
Occupation; FARMER
Mother’s Name: Emelyn Agustin
Occupation; OFW
Habits:
Tertiary: Bachelor of Science in Architecture

EDUCATION Isabela State University (2018 – Present)
K12 – High School: Isabela High School (2017- 2018)
Senior High: Isabela National High School (2014 - 2017)
Secondary: IWNHS – Ilagan West National High School (2010 - 2014)
Elementary: Malasin Elementary School (2004 – 2010)
166

A Proposed Crematorium and Columbarium Building in The City of Ilagan

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A PROPOSED CREMATORIUM AND COLUMBARIUM BUBUILDING IN THE CITY OF ILAGAN

“A Proposed Crematorium and Columbarium Building in the City of Ilagan”

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Architecture Department College of Engineering,

Architecture, and Technology

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

City of Ilagan, Isabela

In Partial Fulfillment of the Academic Requirements for the degree

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

believe in me and give inspiration to my research.

and made it unforgettable experience for me.

much as I am proud of having you as my parents.I love you both.

you shared that is beneficial in the completion of this study.

Thank you very Much !

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY-----------------------------------------------------------------

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM----------------------------------------------------------------

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY-----------------------------------------------------------------

The following will be the beneficiary of the study:---------------------------------------------

1.4 ARCHITECTURAL GOAL----------------------------------------------------------------16

1.4.1 Specific Objective:------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY--------------------------------------------------

1.7 THE PROCESS OF CREMATIONS----------------------------------------------------------------

1.8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK-------------------------------------------------------------------

The Conceptual Framework of this study uses combines strategies----------------------------

1.9 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK--------------------------------------------------------------------

1.2.2 HANDLING OF INFECTIONS CADAVER----------------------------------------------------

1.2.3 CREMATION Vs. RELIGION--------------------------------------------------------------------

1.2.4 LOCATION , SITE DEVELOPMENT, AND ZONING:--------------------------------------

1.2.5 WASTE MANAGEMENT-------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.2.6 ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS AND DESIGN------------------------------------------------

1.2.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS--------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES-------------------------

2.1 HISTORY OF CREMATION IN THE PHILIIPINES -------------------------------------------

2.1.1 LOYOLA MEMORIAL CHAPELS AND CREMATORIUM--------------------------------

2.1.2 WESTERN HISTORY OF CREMATION-------------------------------------------------------

2.1.3 TRADITIONAL CREMATION:------------------------------------------------------------------

2.1.4 LIQUID CREMATION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.2.1 FOREIGN CASE STUDY--------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. The Architectural Transitions of Life and Death at Crematorium Tumulus--------------------

Adopted of the Study----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

"Crematorium Siesegen" Issuu, 22 Nov. 2018 issum.com----------------------------------------

A sense of calm pervades the site of Crematorium Siesegen, completed in Belgium in

The Vertifcal Cemetery designed by Martin McSherry

Diamond Hill Crematorium

Adopted to the Study

Effective Crowd Circulation and Dispersal-------------------------------------------------------

Symbolic Building Form and Detailed Design----------------------------------------------------

2.3 DIFFERENT AUTHORS AND BOOKS , ARTICLES------------------------------------------

2.3.2 ARCHITECTS THAT DESIGN A COLUMBARIUM BUILDING.------------------

2.4 ARCHITECTECTS PERSPECTIVE----------------------------------------------------------------

2.1 MORTALITY RATE IN THE PHILIPPINES-----------------------------------------------------

Table III. - 49 Causes of Mortality , 2010-2012--------------------------------------------------------

Mortality Rates : Ilgana City Isabela 2012------------------------------------------------------

2.4 VIABILITY STUDIES:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TECHINICAL VIABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT/ ASSESSMENT:-----------

Self - Driven Building---------------------------------------------------------------------

2.3 Examples of Renewable Sources---------------------------------------------------

Wateer Waste Treatment-----------------------------------------------------------------

2.8 Goverming Laws and Guidelines--------------------------------------------------------------------

2.8.1 RULES AND REGULARIZATIONS TO GOVERN COLUMBARIUM PROJECTS pg.

RULE II MINIMUM DESIGN STANDARDS---------------------------------------------------------

Section 4 Design Standards and Guidelines for Columbarium Porjects-----------------------------

II. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 856 December 23, 1975-----------------------------------------