Introduction to the Seminar

Many people today take for granted the very means of travel available to them. Few stop to think of how life would be different had man never tamed that first wild horse, or shaped that very first wheel. How did ancient man hit on these life-altering ideas? Where did the thought first originate? How have the advances of time led humanity from the ground to the stars? It all started with the invention of the wheel somewhere around 4000-3500 BC. This invention affected man in many ways helping him transport his crops also in turn allowing him to interact with other people from different tribes. The wheel laid the foundation of the human interaction through trade and also fuelled the inquisitive nature and scientific temper of man which led to a flurry of innovations over the centuries. Today man has reached the moon, built supersonic aircrafts which can transport people at the speeds greater than the speed of sound, built vessels that cross the oceans and transport passengers, freight, minerals, oil and what not. These innovations have led to the evolution of transport and thus led to the birth of the idea of trade and exchange and made it possible for man to come out from the small tribes and become an international citizen. Today , in this age of globalization , transport has become an integral part of everyones life; whether it be as luxury or as necessity. Human dependence on transport has become like that of a newborn to his mother. Transportation has a great impact on the social and economic frontiers, be it providing greater mobility to civilians or be it the revenue generation made by the Railways, transportation is the heart and soul of a nation. Through this presentation, we have made an effort to bring to light the social and economic impacts of Transportation in todays age of globalization.

A report by: Dheeraj Choudhary 08D04003 Rajdeep Khandelwal 08D04004 Aditya Bhandare 08D04005 Neeraj Kookada 08D04006 Harshad Mohod 08D04009

INDEX

Transportation System
Modes of Transport
So what exactly do we mean by transportation? It is the facility consisting of the means and equipment necessary for the movement of passengers or goods from one place to another. Since the economic liberalization in the 1990s, development of infrastructure within the country has progressed at a rapid pace. The most dominant modes of transport are aviation, rail transport, road transport and water transport, but other modes also exist, including pipelines, cable transport, space transport and off-road transport. Each mode of transport has a fundamentally different technological solution and some require a separate environment. Each mode has its own infrastructure, vehicles, and operations, and often has unique regulations. Transport using more than one mode can be described as intermodal.

Aviation
Airplanes are multipurpose ranging from commercial passenger flights to logistics (cargo planes) from National Security to rescue operation flights. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of takeoff and landing on ice, snow and calm water. The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time.

Roadways
Traditional ways of transport : Bullock carts and horse carriages, Bicycles, Hand-pulled rickshaw, Cycle rickshaw, Trams had been quite popular modes of transport in the British era but today they have fizzled out to give way to their more sturdy , mechanically advanced counterparts like the auto-rickshaws, local trains, automobiles, utility vehicles etc. A road is identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads can be smoothed, paved, or prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.

Railways
Rail transport is where a train runs along a set of two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive that hauls a series of unpowered cars that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by trackside systems. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships. Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities; Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by highcapacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.

Waterways
Water transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, makes over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. In the 19th century the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercrafts is propelled by large pusher-prop fans. Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental shipping;[10] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.

Other
Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor transport. Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been sent to all the planets of the Solar System. Suborbital spaceflight is the fastest of the existing and planned transport systems from a place on Earth to a distant other place on Earth. Faster transport could be achieved through part of a Low Earth orbit, or following that trajectory even faster using the propulsion of the rocket to steer it

Transport Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built up. Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built up. However, they require fixed infrastructure at terminals. Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations where passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to another. For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's advantages. For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and suburbs. The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple stops. For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of use. The financing of infrastructure can either be public or private. Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through taxation.

Organizations
There are many organizations that control the transport sectors at the national level. Some of them are:
Organizations Functions Roads Ministry of Road Transport and Development of road transport infrastructure and national highways, Highways and overall regulation of freight road transport in the country National Highway Authority of Development and maintenance of national highways in the country India Roads department, state Development and maintenance of state highways in the country government Ports, shipping and inland water transport Ministry of Shipping Coordination of various activities related to ports, shipping and inland water transport National Shipping Board Advisory body to the Ministry Director General, Shipping Implementation of various provisions of the Merchant Shipping Act,1958, of various international conventions relating to safety, and mandatory requirements under the International Maritime Organization Port Trusts Managing daily activities of the individual major ports in the country Inland Water Way Authority of Regulation and development of national water ways for the purposes India of shipping and navigation Transport Department, state Regulation and development of water ways other than national government waterways for the purposes of shipping and navigation Tariff Authority for Major Ports Independent regulation of tariff setting in Major Ports Civil aviation Ministry of Civil Aviation Planning and development of infrastructure for regulating air traffic. Responsible for Airport Authority of India, Director General of Civil Aviation and Bureau of Civil Aviation Security
Infrastructure and facility for Air traffic is provided by AAI. It is also responsible for maintaining domestic and international airports and civil enclaves at defence airports in country

Airport Authority of India (AAI) Director General of Civil Aviation/Bureau of Civil Aviation Security Railways Ministry of Railways

Perform regulatory functions

Planning and development of railway infrastructure

Social Implications
Community impacts are typically more localized (focusing on the everyday lives of people in adjacent neighbourhoods) and typically measured in more qualitative terms.

Civic Pride Effect

Some transportation investments such as rail transit systems, freeways, airports, and train stations, bridges are sometimes justified partly because local citizens see them as a symbol of a progress. (eg. Bandra-Worli sea link) In theory, that could enhance the quality of life for local residents, enhance the ability of the community to attract new business investment, and ultimately also raise property values. This may create favourable public sentiments (initial, at least).

Distributive Effect
Distributive effects are differences in the distribution of various effects of transportation projects among different geographic communities (spatial differences) and population groups (demographic differences). These differences can occur in terms of who receives benefits direct money as well as transportation benefits, who pays the costs of projects, and who bears the negative impacts. The beneficiaries of a particular project may be difficult to identify because they are dispersed across a region. But the negatives associated with the projectsthe noise, community disruption, and other effects usually occur along a relatively small area in the immediate surroundings of the facility. Even when a project provides net gains across a region, the relative benefits and costs going to individuals and groups within the region vary such that those who must tolerate the worst effects may not be enjoying benefits in proportion with the costs they bear."

Land Use
A transportation project may lead to changes in the intensity and use for neighbouring real property (land and the buildings on them). This occurs partly as a direct result of changes in land taken up by the transportation facilities, such as roads, transit stations, and vehicle storage and maintenance facilities. It also occurs indirectly due to changes in accessibility which may encourage changes in density of land development, extent of open space and mix of uses (residential, retail, office, industrial, park, and so on) and having a direct effect on the social life of the people living there, possibly leading to change of jobs, change of residence, etc.

Accessibility
In general, accessibility measures the relative ease with which desired destinations can be reached. For individuals and households, access to important lifestyle destinations (i.e., work,

recreation, family and friends, houses of worship, and shopping) is a vital element of overall quality of life. For businesses, good accessibility to workers, suppliers, and markets is essential to operate efficiently competitively. This is because transportation links together the factors of production in a complex web of relationships between producers and consumers. The outcome is commonly a more efficient division of production by an exploitation of geographical comparative advantages, as well as the means to develop economies of scale and scope. The productivity of space, capital and labor is thus enhanced with the efficiency of distribution and personal mobility. Although a transportation project may substantially improve the accessibility of some locations it may reduce the accessibility of others. Accessibility also leads to urban sprawl, i.e. the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts (development of Vashi, New Bombay areas) to low-density areas and commutedependant development of rural land, high segregation of uses (e.g. stores and residential), and various design features that encourage vehicle dependency. Increased dependence on transport facilities leads to high per-capita consumption of fossil fuels.

Displacement and Barrier Effects

"Community cohesion" is an urban planning term for patterns of social networking within a neighbourhood or community. The impacts of transportation projects on community cohesion "may be beneficial or adverse, and may include splitting neighbourhoods, isolating a portion of a neighbourhood or an ethnic group, generating new development, changing property values, or separating residents from community facilities" (FHWA 1987). The loss of pedestrian-scale villages has disconnected communities. Many people in developed countries have less contact with their neighbours and rarely walk unless they place a high value on exercise. Displacement of businesses and residences resulting from a transportation project is an important related impact. Transportation facilitates migration of businesses and people to other parts which may lead to decay of that area. This is known as urban decay.

National Security and Defence:

The movement of the forces for the rescue operations during natural disasters and attacks plays a vital role in the efficiency of its working. Well connected transportation system ensures proper reach of help and ammunitions at the time of national emergencies. The National Defence System use all modes of transport be it railways, airways, roadways or waterways, roadways being the major contributor.

Accidents
Accidents may be road, rail, where trains crash into each other or any other object, water and air mishaps. Most common are road or traffic accidents. Traffic accident, motor vehicle collision, motor vehicle accident, car accident, or car crash, occurs when a road vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other geographical or architectural obstacle. Traffic collisions can result in injury, property damage, and death. The most attributed

cause of vehicular accidents is due to arrogant and reckless drivers. Driver impairment like alcohol, physical impairment, old age, sleep deprivation, drug use may be a reason. Other causes are Road conditions, Vehicle design and maintenance. With over 130,000 deaths annually, India has the worst road traffic accident rate worldwide (Global Status Report on Road Safety, WHO: June 2009).

Pollution
One of the major issues that have been caused because of modern transportation is Pollution, like air pollution and noise pollution. Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. The process of burning gasoline to power cars and trucks contributes to air pollution by releasing a variety of emissions into the atmosphere causing numerous health issues. Noise pollution is another major problem arising out of transport, mainly during traffic jams. Noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Pollution affects public health which may disrupt social life.

Economic Implications:
Transport plays a significant role in the overall development of a nations economy. In India, the share of the transport sector in GDP (gross domestic product) in 1997/98 was 7.3% (1993/94 prices). Road transport and the railways account for the majority of this contribution. All policy statements in the transport sector recognize the importance of using market signals in transport planning. Post-liberalization, there has been increasing emphasis on commercial orientation of the service providers. Private investment can now provide transport infrastructure for roads, civil aviation, and ports. Access to capital markets was made easier for government agencies such as the NHAI (National Highway Authority of India) to permit greater public-private partnerships.

Economic Impact Analysis

In the context of transportation planning and policy, economic impact analysis (EIA) analyzes how a program or a project affects the economy of a given area. The economic impact area may be as small as a neighborhood or as large as the nation, depending on the scale of the program or project. Different measures of economic impact work at different spatial areas. At a neighborhood or corridor level, economic impacts may be measured in terms of the change in demand for locations as reflected by increased property values, increased investment in new construction activity or increased density of development. At a regional or state or national level of analysis, the measures of economic impacts are in terms of changes in business output or gross state product (GSP) or gross domestic produce (GDP), and the associated changes in jobs and in wage income. The impacts can be shown through a model as follows:

Generators of Economic Impacts:

The economic impacts of Transportation can be classified as follows: The Broader Economic Development Impacts include 1. Increases in jobs and income resulting from the growth of activity at suppliers of goods and services to serve the expanding construction of public transportation facilities, vehicles, and other equipment, and the expanding operations of public transportation services.

2. They can also include induced economic growth associated with additional workers spending their income throughout the economy. 3. In addition, though, there can also be house-hold and business cost savings enabled by public transportation availability, reduced road congestion, and increased access to employment, education, health care and shopping opportunities. In all, Labeling Economic Impacts, both capital and operations spending on transportation lead to impacts on the economy through three categories of economic impact which are as follows: (a)Direct effects : Impact on workers and businesses engaged in the manufacturing of vehicles and control equipment, construction of guide-ways and station facilities and operation of public transportation services. (b) Indirect effects : Impact on supporting industries, i.e., those that supply goods and services to enable the direct spending including workers in \industries supplying the engines, equipment parts, and the steel, concrete, wood and plastic materials that are needed for building vehicles, guide ways and station facilities; and (c)Induced effects: Impact on the re-spending of worker income on consumer goods and services including food, clothing, shelter, recreation and personal services.

Economic Impact Analysis

Based on any transportation project, following impacts are always analyzed for: User Impacts a. Travel Cost b. Travel time c. Reliability Economic Impacts a. Employment b. Personal Income c. Property values d. Business sales volume e. Value added f. Business profit Government Fiscal Impacts: a. Public Revenues b. Public Expenditures

Economic Effects of Transport

Transportation is also an economic factor of production of goods and services, implying that relatively small changes can have substantial impacts in on costs, locations and performance. An efficient transport system with modern infrastructures provides market accessibility by linking producers and consumers. The major impacts of transport on the industries are as follows: Commodity market. Improvement in the efficiency with which firms have access to raw materials and parts as well as to their respective customers. Thus, transportation expands opportunities to acquire and sell a variety of commodities necessary for industrial and manufacturing systems. Spatial Agglomeration Transportation supports economic growth through the concentration of economic activity and the clustering of offices, shops, entertainment centers, and other land uses around public transportation stops. Such clustering activity may provide increased efficiency through reduced labor cost, improved communication, lower infrastructure costs, and increased interaction with similar businesses. o The relationship between transportation and business density is widely recognized. The locations of downtown office districts, often focused on financial services and related business sectors, usually coincide with the location of greatest public transportation availability and usage. While the direction of causality may be argued, the relationship is clear. o From a municipal organizations perspective, clustering also helps to support compact patterns of development that in some cases can more effectively utilize infrastructure for electricity, water, and sewer utilities to serve new development. Labor market. Improvement in the access to labor and a reduction in access costs, mainly by improved commuting (local scale) or the use of lower cost labor (global scale). Geographic specialization. Improvements in transportation and communication favor a process of geographical specialization that increases productivity and spatial interactions. An economic entity tends to produce goods and services with the most appropriate combination of capital, labor, and raw materials. Through geographic specialization supported by efficient transportation, economic productivity is promoted. This process is known in economic theory as comparative advantages. Large scale production. An efficient transport system offering cost, time and reliability advantages permits goods to be transported over longer distances.Thus, the more efficient transportation becomes, the larger the markets that can be serviced and the larger the scale of production. Increased competition. When transport is efficient, the potential market for a given product (or service) increases, and so does competition. A wider array of goods and services becomes available to consumers through competition which tends to reduce costs and promote quality and innovation..

Increased land value. Land which is adjacent or serviced by good transport services generally has greater value due to the utility it confers to many activities

Property Value case studies

Examples of property value impacts A statistical study of residential property values in Buffalo, NY, examined how values varied for properties within one-half mile of light rail transit stations. Public Transportation Capital Investment: Jobs per $ Billion, by Industry

Future Innovations
Traffic Reduction
Congestion pricing
Traffic is a key issue in transportation. Many solutions are being explored and implemented. One of them is congestion pricing. The city of London has charged a fee for driving private automobiles in its central area during weekdays as a way to reduce traffic congestion and raise revenues to fund transport improvements. This has significantly reduced traffic congestion, improved bus and taxi service, and generates substantial revenues. Some combination of road pricing and improvements to other modes is the only effective way to really reduce urban traffic congestion and associated problems (Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2006).

Intelligent transportation system (ITS)

Intelligent transport system (ITS) is a system wherein efforts are made to add information and communications technology to transport infrastructure and vehicles in an effort to manage factors that are generally tradeoffs with each other, such as vehicles, loads, and routes to create optimum states to maximize efficiency ,improve safety and reduce vehicle wear, transportation times, pollution and fuel consumption. Interest in ITS comes from the problems caused by traffic congestion and a combination of new simulation techniques, real-time control, and communications networks. Traffic congestion has been increasing worldwide as a result of increased use of cars, urbanization, population growth, and changes in population density. Congestion reduces efficiency of transportation infrastructure and increases travel time, air and noise pollution, and fuel consumption. Intelligent transport systems are presently being applied in
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Electronic toll collection High occupancy toll lanes Emergency vehicle notification systems Cordon zones with congestion pricing Automatic road enforcement Variable speed limits Collision avoidance systems Dynamic Traffic Light Sequence

Reduce pollution
We are mostly using primitive and environmentally harmful fossil fuels to propel our mass transit services. Alternative methods of public transport are being explored to lessen the harmful environmental impact of public transport. Slide-walks, bus-trains, driverless pods, maglev trains, etc. are some of the alternate methods used. Also, alternate fuels such as dieselelectric and hydrogen-diesel hybrids, biodiesel, solar power are being looked into.

Sustainable Public Transport

Growing transportation problems, including fuel prices and carbon dioxide emissions, are forcing urban governments to consider implementing better public transportation initiatives in an effort to reduce the impact of the increasing fuel prices on our environment and financial markets. Research and development of renewable energy sources will require increased funding from municipalities already struggling with their congestion and pollution problems. The United Nations hopes that these initiatives will help reduce energy costs, pollution and even urban poverty. United Nations Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of the Nairobi based UN Environment Programme (UNEP), said an increasing number of cities in the developing countries of Asia and Latin America are starting to introduce modern 21st century rapid bus transit systems, alongside measures to boost safer cycling and walking.

Transportation in Agenda 21
Agenda 21 is an action plan of the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable development and was an outcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janerio, Brazil, in 1992. It gives the blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the UN, governments, and major groups in every area in which humans directly affect the environment. The second meeting was the Johannesburg summit (2002). India adopted this agenda and there are provisions for transportation development in it. Agenda 21 stresses the need for an integrated strategy of urban planning, rural development, and transport infrastructure. It recognizes the mobility needs of commercial, private, and public activities. Specifically for the poorer sections of society, public transport is the only option, and thus vital to their economic and social development. Strategies to reduce the effect of air pollution, arising from ill-managed transport and traffic systems, on vulnerable sections of the

society are important. Reducing traffic-related accidents and damages is another area highlighted. Efforts to include private sector participation in infrastructure are to be made. Concerns for increased use of roads and consequent decreasing rail use have been expressed and policies are being made to prevent it. To promote cleaner technologies, especially zero-emission technologies in the urban Indian context, and to promote R&D leading to their commercialisation, available technology options will be evaluated with a view to identifying vehicle technologies and fuels for the future.