ZINCA\CMNKWMWKMN OICKMPMN OIZI\MSMPMN @K \YMNC

\MSMP

Oipmhm rumncmn lirtmnccunc jmwml untuo dincarcmnismsi oicimtmn msufmn oipirmwmtmn `i

unit oirjmnym untuo dingmpmi tujumn pincarcmnismsimn, pihmymnmn oipirmwmtmn `i rumncmn

dihiputi 2
=. Wtruotur Arcmnismsi

Wtruotur arcmnismi rumnc rmwmt tir`iri `mri struotur lintuo `mn lmcmn. Lirlmcmi struotur,
lintuo `mn lmcmn `mpmt `icunmomn tircmntunc pm`m lismrnym arcmnismsi `mn tujumn ymnc incin
`igmpmi. \umnc rmwmt silmci wm`mf `mn pusmt oicimtmn pihmymnmn oipirmwmtmn pirhu didihioi
struotur arcmnismsi titmpi rumnc rmwmt ti`mo tirdmsuo `mhmd struotur arcmnismsi rmudmf smoit
lihm `ihifmt `mri surmt oiputusmn dintiri Oisifmtmn na. =70 `mn =79 tmfun =;36. ahif omrinm
itu `iriotur rudmf smoit pirhu dinirlitomn surmt oiputusmn ymnc ncmtur struotur arcmnismsi
rumnc rmwmt.

Lir`msmromn surmt oiputusmn `iriotur tirsilut `ilumt struotur arcmnismsi rumnc rmwmt untuo
dinccmdlmromn pahm fuluncmn mntmr lmcimn mtmu stme mtmsmn lmio virtiomh dmupun
farizantmh. @mpmt jucm `ihifmt pasisi timp lmcimn, wiwinmnc `mn tmnccunc jmwml sirtm
tmnccunc cucmt. Lintuo arcmnismsi `mpmt puhm `isisumiomn `incmn pincihadpaoomn oicimtmn
mtmu sistid pinucmsmn ymnc `icunmomn.

<. Zincihadpaoomn Oicimtmn

Witimp arcmnismsi didihioi sirmncomimn tucms mtmu oicimtmn ymnc fmrus `isihismiomn untuo
dingmpmi tujumn. Oicimtmn pirhu `ioudpuhomn sisumi `incmn spisieiomsi tirtintu.
Zincarcmnismsimn oicimtmn `ihmouomn untuo didu`mfomn pidlmcimn tucms pm`m pirmwmt
sisumi `incmn pincitmfumn `mn oitirmdpihmn `idihioi pisirtm sisumi `incmn oilutufmn ohiin
pincarcmnismsimn tucms pirmwmt ini `isilut dita`i pinucmsmn.

Oipirmwmtmn `iliriomn omrinm oiti`modmdpumn, oiti`motmfumn `mn oiti`modmdpumn ohiin

`mhmd dihmouomn motieitms untuo `irinym `mhmd upmym dingmpmi `irmjmt oisifmtmn ymnc
aptidmh. Witimp oicimtmn oipirmwmtmn `imrmfomn oipm`m pingmpmimn tujumn `mn dirupmomn
tucms dinijir oipirmwmtmn untuo sihmhu dincoaar`inmsi, dincmrmfomn `mn dincin`mhiomn
prasis pingmpmimn tujumn dihmhui intirmosi, oaduniomsi, inticrmsi pioirjmmn `imntmrm stme
oipirmwmtmn ymnc tirhilmt.

@mhmd upmym digmpmi tujumn tirsilut dinicir oipirmwmtmn `mhmd fmh ini oipmhm rumncmn
lirtmnccunc jmwml dincarcmnisir tinmcm oipirmwmtmn ymnc m`m `mn oicimtmn pihmymnmn
oipirmwmtmn ymnc momn `ihmouomn sisumi `incmn oilutufmn ohiin, sifinccm oipmhm rumncmn
pirhu dincomtmcariomn ohiin ymnc m`m `iunit oirjmnym. Dinurut Oran (=;63) omticari ohiin
`i`msmromn mtms 2 Pincomt pihmymnmn oipirmwmtmn ymnc `ilutufomn ohiin, dismhnym
oipirmwmtmn dmn`iri, dinidmh, silmcimn, tatmh mtmu intinsie. Ysim dismhnym mnmo, `iwmsm, usim
hmnjut. @imcnasm/dmsmhmf oisifmtmn ymnc `imhmdi ohiin dismhnym pirmwmtmn li`mf/artapi`i,
ouhit. Pirmpi ymnc `ihmouomn, dismhnym rifmlihitms, oidatirmpi. @ililirmpm rudmf smoit ini
pincihadpaoomn ohiin `i`msmromn mtms oadlinmsi omticari `imtms.

Wihmnjutnym oipmhm rumncmn lirtmnccunc jmwml dinitmpomn dita`i pinyusunmn oipirwmtmn

mpm ymnc tipmt `icunmomn `i unit oirjmnym untuo dingmpmi tujumn sisumi `incmn judhmf
omtmcari tinmcm ymnc m`m `i rumncmn sirtm judhmf ohiin ymnc dinjm`i tmnccunc jmwmlnym.

Dmnmjidin Oinirjm Ohinio

Oansip `msmr dmnmjidin oinirjm ohinio
Dmnmjidin oinirjm ohinio m`mhmf sumtu upmym pinincomtmn oidmdpumn dmnmjirimh
`mn oinirjm pirmwmt `mhmd didliriomn pihmymnmn `i institusi pihmymnmn oisifmtmn
untuo dingmpmi pihmymnmn ymnc lirdutu (@ipois \K, <::9).
Dmnmjidin oinirjm ohinio `i`msmromn pm`m praeisianmhisdi pirmwmt, ihdu pincitmfumn
`mn tionahaci, mspio hicmh eardmh sirtm hmn`msmn itiom. Dmnmjidin oinirjm ohinio
`ihmosmnmomn
`incmn tujumn diincomtomn dutu pihmymnmn pirmwmt `i institusi pihmymnmn
oisifmtmn. @mhmd pinirmpmn dmnmjidin oinirjm ohinio pirmwmt `ifmrmpomn dmdpu
dinincomtomn
pincitmfumn `mn oitirmdpihmn, didmtufi stmn`mr ymnc `ititmpomn, didpunymi
oidmdpumn
dmnmjirimh ymnc lmio, dihmosmnmomn msufmn oipirmwmtmn ymnc lirdutu `mn pm`m
mofirnym dmdpu didinufi fmrmpmn dmsymrmomt `mhmd fmh pihmymnmn oisifmtmn
ymnc lirdutu.

=. Kdphidintmsi
➢ Euncsi pincarcmnismsimn
➢ Dirudusomn systid pinucmsmn
➢ Dinjihmsomn ringimn tucms oitum Pid.
➢ Dinjihmsomn rintmnc oin`mhi `i rumnc rmwmt
➢ Dincmtur `mn dincin`mhiomn tinmcm oipirmwmtmn `irumnc rmwmt
➢ Dincmtur `mn dincin`mhiomn hacistio rumncmn/emsihitms rumncmn
➢ Dincmtur `mn dincin`mhiomn situmsi hmfmn prmotio
➢ Din`ihicmsiomn tucms oipm`m oitum Pid
➢ Euncsi pincmrmfmn2
➢ Didliriomn pincmrmfmn oipm`m oitum Pid
➢ Didliriomn dativmsi `mhmd dinincomtomn pincitmfumn, oitrmdpihmn `mn siomp
mnccatm Pid
➢ Didliri pujimn oipm`m mnccatm Pid ymnc dihmosmnmomn tucms `incmn lmio
➢ Didlidlinc lmwmfmn
➢ Dinincomtomn oahmlarmsi `incmn mnccatm tid
➢ Dihmouomn supirvisi
➢ Didliriomn ineardmsi tintmnc fmh-fmh ymnc lirfuluncmn `incmn ymnoip `irumncmn
➢ Dihmouomn pihmparmn `mn pin`aoudintmsimn
M. Ivmhumsi
=. Euncsi pincin`mhimn2
➢ Dincivmhumsi oinirjm omtid
➢ Didliriomn udpmn lmhio pm`m oinsirjm omtid

➢ Dincmtmsi dmsmhmf `i rumnc rmwmt `mn dinitmpomn ti`mo hmnjut

➢ Didpirfmtiomn mspio hicmh `mn itio oipirmwmtmn
➢ Dihmouomn pihmparmn `mn pin`aoudintmsimn
➢ Zirmn Oitum Pid `mhmd tmfmp
=. Zincomjimn 2 dincudpuomn `mtm oisifmtmn ohiin
<. Ziringmnmmn 2
Euncsi piringanaan dan oitinacaan2

➢ Lirsmdm Omru dihmosmnmomn sirmf tiridm tucms

➢ Lirsmdm omru dihmosmnmomn pidlmcimn tucms
➢ Dinyusun ringmnm msufmn oipirmwmtmn
➢ Dinyimpomn oipirhumn untuo dihmosmnmomn msufmn oipirmwmtmn
➢ Dihmouomn ran`i oipirmwmtmn lirsmdm oipmhm rumncmn
➢ Dincariintmsiomn ohiin lmru pm`m hincouncmn
➢ Dihmouomn pihmparmn `mn pin`aoudmntmsimn
7. Kdphidintmsi

Euncsi pincarcanisasian2

➢ Dinjihmsomn tujumn pincarcmnismsimn tid oipirmwmtmn

➢ Didlmci pioirjmmn sisumi tincomt oitircmntuncmn pmsiin

➢ Didlumt ringimn tucms mnccatm tid `mhmd oipirmwmtmn

➢ Dmdpu dincoaar`inir pioirjmmn ymnc fmrus `ihmouomn lirsmdm tid oisifmtmn

hmin
➢ Dincmtur wmotu istirmfmt mnccatm tid
➢ Din`ihicmsiomn prasis msufmn oipirmwmtmn pm`m mnccatm tid
➢ Dihmouomn pihmparmn `mn pin`aoudintmsimn
Euncsi pincarafan2

➢ Didliriomn pincmrmfmn oipm`m mnccatm tid

➢ Didliriomn lidlincmn pm`m mnccatm tid
 ➢ Didliriomn ineradmsi ymnc lirfuluncmn `incmn msoip
➢ Dincmwmsi prasis pidlirimn msoip
➢ Dihilmt mnccatm tid smdpmi mwmh `mn mofir oicimtmn
➢ Didliriomn pujimn/dativmsi oipm`m mnccatm tid
➢ Dihmouomn pihmparmn `mn pin`aoudintmsimn

0. Ivmhumsi2
Euncsi pincindalian2

➢ Dincivmhumsi msufmn oipirmwmtmn

➢ Didliriomn udpmn lmhio pm`m pihmosmnm
➢ Didpirfmtiomn mspio hicmh `mn itio
➢ Dihmouomn pihmparmn `mn pin`aoudmntmsimn
Ziran pilaosana dalad tafap

Zincoajian 2 dincoaji oisiapan oliin dan diri sindiri Yntuo dilaosanaoan asufan

oipirawatan.

=. Ziringmnmmn2
Euncsi pirilnganaan dan oitinacaan2

➢ Lirsmdm Omru dincm`momn sirmf tiridm tucms

➢ Diniridm pidlmcimn tucms `mri omtid
➢ Lirsmdm omtid dinyimpomn oipirhumn untuo dihmosmnmomn msufmn oipirmwmtmn
➢ Dinciouti ran`i oipirmwmtmn
➢ Diniridm ohiin lmru

➢ Kdphidintmsi
Euncsi pincarcanisasian2

➢ Diniridm pinjihmsmn tujumn pincarcmnismsimn tid

➢ Diniridm pidlmcimn tucms
➢ Dihmosmnmomn tucms ymnc `iliriomn ahif omtid
➢ Dihmosmnmomn pracrmd oahmlarmsi `incmn tid oisifmtmn hmin
➢ Dinyisuimon wmotu istirmfmt `incmn mnccatm tid hminnym
➢ Dihmosmnmomn msufmn oipirmwmtmn
➢ Dinunjmnc pihmparmn, dingmtmt tin`momn oipirmwmtmn ymnc `ihmosmnmomn
 Dmnmjidin Oipirmwmtmn `i Zusoisdms Dihmhui Dmnmjidin Oinirjm Ohinio

Dmnmjidin dinurut Cihhiis (=;65) ymnc `itirjidmfomn ahif @iom Wuodmnm `mn \iom Si`ym
Wuodmnm (=;;5) m`mhmf sumtu prasis `mhmd dinyihismiomn piomrymmn dihmhui armnc hmin,
si`mncomn dmnmjidin oipirmwmtmn m`mhmf sumtu prasis lioirjm dihmhui mnccatm stme
oipirmwmtmn untuo didliriomn msufmn oipirmwmtmn sigmrm praeisianmh. Dmnmjir
oipirmwmtmn `ituntut untuo diringmnmomn, dincarcmnismsiomn, dididpin `mn dincivmhumsi
smrmnm `mn prmsmrmnm ymnc tirsi`im untuo `mpmt didliriomn msufmn oipirmwmtmn ymnc
siieiotie `mn siieisiin duncoin lmci in`ivi`u, oihumrcm, `mn dmsymrmomt.
Wihmdm ini dmnmjidin oipirmwmtmn ti`mo `ijmhmnomn `incmn lmio `i Zusoisdms. Lirli`m
`incmn `i \udmf Wmoit mtmu ohinio swmstm. Didmnc dmnmjidin Zusoisdms sigmrm udud
tihmf `imtur ahif pidirintmf tirdmsuo pingmtmtmn `mn pihmparmnnym. Nmdun tucms paoao `mn
euncsi pirmwmt silmcmi pihmosmnm msufmn oipirmwmtmn smncmt jmrmnc tirsintuf pm`m
mphiomsinym. Ahif omrinm itu ti`mo dincfirmnomn lihm Knstitusi pin`i`iomn hilif didihif
\udmf Wmoit silmcmi hmfmn prmotio dmnmjidin oipirmwmtmn. Pintunym m`mhmf silumf
oirucimn lismr mpmlihm tinmcm praeisianmh `incmn cihmr Zraeisi (Nirs) ourmnc tmfu hmncomf
mpm ymnc fmrus `ihmouomn untuo dmnmjirimh oipirmwmtmn `i Zusoisdms.
@ipmrtidin (siomrmnc Oidintirimn)Oisifmtmn pm`m tmfun <::9 dincihumromn oiputusmn
Dintiri Oisifmtmn \K Nadar 675 tmfun <::9 tintmnc pi`admn pincidlmncmn dmnmjidin
oinirjm pirmwmt `mn li`mn. Fmh ini sifmrusnym dinjm`i jmhmn tirlmio mcmr dmnmjidin
oipirmwmtmn lism `imphiomsiomn `incmn lmio `mn dincfmsihomn pihmymnmn oipirmwmtmn ymnc
lirdutu.
Dmnmjidin oipirmwmtmn `mn dmnmjidin oinirjm ohinis pm`m `msmrnym smdm `mn fmnym
didpunymi pirli`mmn `mhmd istihmf ymnc `ipmomi.
dmnmjidin oipirmwmtmn smdm `incmn dmnmjidin oinirjm ohinis lmio `mhmd tmfmpmn dmupun
unsur ymnc dinjm`i lmcimn ‗ lmcimnnym. Dmnmjidin oipirmwmtmn tir`iri `mri 7 tmfmpmn
ymitu dmsuomn (input), prasis (pragiss) `mn oihumrmn (autput).
@mhmd dmnmjidin oinirjm ohinio tir`mpmt stmn`mr, fmh ini dingmoup stmn`mr, sistid, prasi`ur,
mnccmrmn, pirmhmtmn, pirsi`immn ymnc dirupmomn lmcimn ‗ lmcimn `mri pincudpuhmn `mn
piringmnmmn. @mhmd dmnmjidin oinirjm ohinio jucm tir`mpmt urmimn tucms, fmh ini dingmoup
pirsanmhim, arcmnismsi, `isoripsi oirjm, oirjmsmdm tid `mhmd dmnmjidin oipirmwmtmn.
Kn`iomtar oinirjm dingmoup ivmhumsi tucms, pincmdlihmn oiputusmn, didpincmrufi
oiputusmn, didpincmrufi pirulmfmn, mu`it pmsiin, pinihmimn pristmsi. Ofusus untuo `isousi
riehiosi omsus, didpunymi istihmf ymnc `ioinmh silmcmi Nursinc \aun` (ran`i oipirmwmtmn).
Nmdun silinmrnym `isousi riehiosi omsus dingmoup arcmnismsi, ivmhumsi tucms, oirjmsmdm
tid, pidigmfmn dmsmhmf, pincidlmncmn stme `mn pinihitimn. Danitarinc dingmoup ivmhumsi
tucms, dinidmhismsi oiti`mofm`irmn, pinurunmn pircmntimn, pidigmfmn dmsmhmf, dinmncmni
oanehio, oaduniomsi `mn mnmhisis trmnsmosianmh, sistid ineardmsi oadputir.
@mhmd dmnmjidin oinirjm ohinis m`m lilirmpm oitirmdpihmn `mn tionio ymnc fmrus `ioumsmi
ymitu himrninc arcmnismtian `mn gamgfinc. Himrninc arcmnismtian m`mhmf sumtu oidmdpumn
ymnc fmrus `idihioi ahif pirmwmt pridir. @incmn himrninc arcmnismtian pirmwmt pridir momn

dmdpu dincarcmnisir pirmwmt msagimti` ymnc `ipidpinnym. Gamgfinc m`mhmf oidmdpumn

ymnc su`mf sifmrusnym `idihioi ahif sidum pirmwmt, omrinm smhmf smtu pirmn pirmwmt m`mhmf
 silmcmi i`ugmtar mtmu pin`i`io. Bm`i sihmin din`i`io dmfmsiswm oipirmwmtmn, pirmwmt jucm didliriomn
@mri oirmncom oansip dmnmjidin oinirjm ohinio `mn dmnmjidin oipirmwmtmn, fmdpir sidum
lmcimnnym smdm. Bm`i pm`m `msmrnym dmnmjidin ohinio m`mhmf dmnmjidin oipirmwmtmn. @mn fm

Smrsita, L. I. (<::5). Zincmruf pirsipsi pirmwmt pihmosmnm tintmnc euncsi dmnmjirimh oipmhm rumnc tirfm`mp pihmo

Klm`, K. (<:=5). Kdphidintmsi Euncsi Zincarcmnismsimn Zusoisdms ymnc Lirariintmsi pm`m Wtmn`mr
Mori`itmsi Zusoisdms `i Zusoisdms Dmismn Omlupmtin Lan`awasa (@agtarmh `issirtmtian, YNKUI\WKPMW DYFMDD

Dadmy, Wmrhatm [ `oo. <:=0. ‘Zincmruf Oinirjm Zirmwmt `mn Zincarcmnismsimn Pirfm`mp Zihmymnmn
Oipirmwmtmn @i \umnc \mwmt Knmp Dinccunmomn Dita`i Pid `i \WK Emismh Dmomssmr `mhmd Burnmh
ihdimf oisifmtmn @imcnasis‛‛