Sister Callista Roy

Adaptation Model
• Adaptation Model
• Presented the Adaptation Model. She viewed
each person as a unified biopsychosocial
system in constant interaction with a changing
environment. She contented that the person
as an adaptive system, functions as a whole
through interdependence of its part. The
system consists of input, control processes,
output feedback.
• Focuses on the ability of Individuals, families,
groups, communities, or societies to adapt to
change.
• The degree of internal or external
environmental change and the person’s ability
to cope with that change is likely to determine
the person’s health status.
• Nursing interventions are aimed at promoting
physiologic, psychologic, and social
functioning or adaptation.
• Are innateCoping processes
or acquired ways of interacting
with the changing environment ( Roy &
Andrews, 1999)

INNATE COPING MECHANISM

• Are genetically determined or common to the
species and are generally viewed as automatic
processes; humans do not have to think about
them.
 ACQUIRED COPING MECHANISM
• Are developed through strategies such as
learning.
• The experiences encountered throughout life
contribute to customary responses to
particular stimuli.
2 categories of coping mechanism
• Regulator subsystem
- transpires through neural, chemical and
endocrine processes
- like the increase in vital signs-sympathetic
response to stress.
• Cognator subsystem on the other hand, occurs
through cognitive- emotive processes (
perceptual and information processing,
learning, judgment, and emotion)”.
 Adaptive responses
• Those that promote integrity in terms of the
goals of human systems.
INEFFECTIVE RESPONSES
- Those that do not contribute to the integrity in
terms of the goals of the human system.
INTEGRATED LIFE REPONSES
- Refers to the adaptation level at which the
structures and functions of a life process are
working as a whole to meet human needs
- ( ROY & ANDREWS, 1999 )
 4 adaptive modes:
1. Physiological
- the way a person responds as a physical being to stimuli from
the environment.
- Physiological needs ( oxygenation, nutrition, elimination,
activity and rest, and protection )
- Complex needs ( senses, fluid, electrolytes, neurological and
endocrine function ).
Goal: physiological integrity
2. self- concept-group identity
- Psychological and spiritual characteristics of the person consist
of all beliefs and feelings that one has formed about oneself.
- Goal: psychological integrity
3. Role function
- primary, secondary, or tertiary roles that a person performs in the society.
Primary
- Determined by age, sex and developmental stage.
- Determines the majority of behavior engaged in by the person during a
particular period of life.
Secondary
- Are those that a person assumes to complete the task associated with a
developmental stage.
Tertiary
- Are related primarily to secondary roles and represent ways in which
individuals meet their roles associated obligations.
- Normally temporary in nature, freely chosen by the individual (Clubs, hubbies )
Goal: social integrity
4. Interdependence
- Coping mechanism from close relationship which results to giving and
receiving of love, respect , knowledge, skills, time, and value.
2 relationship: significant others, or most important and support system
- Goal: affectional adequacy.
 Person
Metaparadigm
• Biopsychological being and the recipient of nursing care.
Environment
• All conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the
development of an organism or groups of organisms.
• Stimuli ( stressors )
a. Focal
- those most immediately confronting the person, it attracts the most attention.
b. Contextual
- all other stimuli that strengthens the effect of the focal stimulus.
c. residual
- those stimuli that can affect the focal stimulus but the effects are unclear.
Health
• The person encounters adaptation problems in changing the environment.
Nursing
• A theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and
action related to the care of the ill or potentially ill persons .
• Reference:
Alligood, Martha(2018). Nursing Theorist and
Their Works, 9th ed.pgs. 249-263.