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Physics Part 2
Physics Part 2
Part-2
Gravitation
Fluids
Simple Harmonic Motion
Wave Motion
Mechanical Properties of Matter
Thermal Expansion and Calorimetry
Heat Transfer
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Thermodynamics
Gravitation 10.1
Gravitation
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. 2Gm #
2
F net = 2 cos 45c
a 2
d n
2
7.
By symmetry the direction of resultant force is as Gm Gm Gm
2 2 2
Net force = 2 + 2 + 2 + .....
shown in diagram. 1 2 4
4 G
2. Gravitational force doesn’t change. = 3
Gm 2
F net = 2 2 cos 30c
a
F net Gm 3
acceleration = m = 2
a
5. For equilibrium forces must be equal. 2
Gm1
Finitial =
GMx m GM y m ^a 2 h
2
=
rx2
2
ry
2
Gm1 2Gm1 m2
Ffinal = cos 45c
^a 2 h
Mx r 2 2 +
e xo
2
= a
My ry
6.
3m 10. m = 34 πr3 ρ
2
= Gm 2
]2rg
F
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
Gb 3 M l
1. a h = 6400 km = Radius of earth, 1
gsurface =
GM = gs = 9.8 m/s b 1 Rl
2 2
]2Rg
` gh = 2 4 4 3
= 2.45 m/s 2
]3 g ignoring the spin.
= GM
R2
2. On Z - 34,
3. Clearly (b)
10.2 Physics
gd = 1600 = gs b1 - 6400 l
4. From principle of superposition, Net field at P (as 1600
well as at any point inside the cavity.
= 34 Gπρ ]- OP g
= gs b1 - 14 l = gs b 34 l
Where OP = vector from center
gs b 25 l
16
gh = 1600
of sphere to center of Then gd == 1600 = = 16 # 34 = 64
gs b 4 l
cavity. 3 25 75
Force = 3 Gπd b 2 l M
4 R 8. Only the mass contained within a sphere of radius
` In this case,
'x' centred at the center of earth will b able to exert
= 2Gm3πdR a force on the mass m .
G b 3 πx3 ρ l m
4
5.
90 b 640 l
100 gs = gs 1 - 6400 .....(1)
` force =
M
& ρ= 4 3
x2
95 b d l 3 πR
100 gs = gs 1 - 6400 .....(2)
4 3 M
G f 3 π x 4 π R3 p m
1 90 = 6400 - 640 3
&
2 95 6400 - d
` force = 2 = GMmx
3
x R
& 95 ]6400g - 90 ]6400g
9. For the solid sphere case,
= 95 ]640g - 90d
G b 3 πR3 ρ l m
4
& 90d = 60800 - 32000 πGρRm
]2Rg2
F1 = = 3
` d = 320m
G b 3 πR3 ρ l m G b 34 π b R l ρ lm
3
4
6. According to the question. 2
]2Rg2
F2 = -
b 3R l
2
gh = 1600 = gs b1 + 6400 l
1600 -2
10. Outer shell will not exert a force on this particle &
7.
inner shell will act as a point mass placed at its non
= gs b1 + 14 l
-2
center.
Gm1 m 4Gm1 m
F =
r1 + r2 2 ^r1 + r2 h2
` =
= gs b 54 l = gs $ 16
-2
25 c m
2
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
& 2 m ]0 g2 - 2R = 2 mv - R 2R = 2 mv 2 - R
1 GMm 1 2 GMm & 2R = 2
1 GMm GM = GM GM
2
` 2 mv = 2R & v = $R
`v= R
R R2
9. Ui = U12 + U13 + U14 + U23 + U24 + U34
= gr
1.
Vescape, earth 2ge Re ge Re
= GMm GMm - 3GMm
4R - R = 4R
Vescape, moon = 2gm Rm
= gm $ Rm
= 6 # 10 3. Energy at surface = Energy at 3
7. Vescape = 2gR =
2GM = 3 # 108 m/s. 2G ]4M g 2GM =
R V e' =
R =2 R 100 km/s
INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
T2 ? R3 GM ]a - bg ]a + bg]a - bg 2
1.
& ab = 12 2 vA
2 3
b
T1 R1 20 # 20 = r3
` 2 = 3 & 2bGM
a ]a + bg
T2 R2 T22
4 # 4 # 4r3
& vA =
` T2 = 20 # 8 = 160 days
2bGM
a ]a + bg
` angular momentum = m a
` ]d g
= m 2aGMab
+b
2.
3. Time between A & B along the marked route is
needed.
If v A & vB are the speeds of planet at A & B , then:
Equal areas in
m v A a = m vB b
& v A a = vB b .....(1)
equal times
Also, total energy will be conserved. π ab in a time = T .
- GMm 1
+ 2 mv A2 = GMm + 12 mvB2 πab 1
-
` a b Reqd. area = 2 - 2 # 2b # ae
GM : b - a D = 2 _vB - v A i
1 1 1 2
` Reqd. time = πab # ab : 2 - eD
2 T π
a2 2
= 12 d 2 v A - v A n = T: 2 - π D
1 e
2
b
Gravitation 10.5
L dA
4.2m = dt b -1l
GM 1 3
` va = 3R b
a+ 3l
L 1
or ∆A = 2m ∆t
= 12 # 4.4 # 1015 # ]365 # 24 # 3600g = GM 2 3 GM
3R # 3 # 4 = 6R
= 6.94 # 10 22 m 2 7. Using the condition of ‘Equal areas in equal times’,
5. Area travelled at A = Area travelled at B in since area SCD is double that of area SAB, hence
time ∆t time taken from C to D should be double that of A to
B.
1 # 1
2 OA # v A ∆t = 2 # OB # vB ∆t
` t1 = 2t2
vB OA
v A = OB = x 8. Conserving angular momentum about the center of
6. Here the sun,
m rmin v1 = m rmax v2
v1 rmax
` v2 = rmin
9. Since speed is maximum at P4 , KE is also max. at
P4 .
10. Angular momentum of satellite about the center of
Clearly 20 = 6 R earth.
JKits speed NO JKits distanceNO
And 2ae = 2R KK O K O
mass of KKalong the OOO KKKfrom the OOO
e =3
1 =e o # KK O#K O
KK tangentialOOO KKKcenter of OOO
` satellite
KK OO KK OO
Speed is min. at Aphelion Ldirection P Learth P
. . .
GM b 1 - e l
va a 1 + e here a = 3R m orbital speed R+h
& has mass of
INTEXT EXERCISE: 6
earth in its
GM 1 T = 24 hrs
expression
1. Orbital speed = r ? r
r = 36000 + 6400
v1 r2 16R 4
` v2 ? r = 9R = 3
1 = 42400 km
2. Since T 2 ? r 2 or T ? r3/2 , if r is changed by a
For the spy satellite, if TS & rS are the time period
factor of 4, T changes by a factor of ]4g3/2 = 8 & radius of orbit, then:
3. Since the satellite is moving in a circular path, it
24 # 24 = 42400 # 42400 # 42400
is accelerating (in this case, towards the center of 6800 # 6800 # 6800
TS2
earth).
Using height = 400 km
1
4. KE = 2 mv 2
2 24 # 24
]6.24g3
2πr
` TS =
v = T & r3 ? T 2 ` r ? T 2/3
2
-1
1
& TS = 1.54 hrs
v ? T3 & v ?T
-3
`
2
KE ? T
-3
`
Height
2 3 200 400 600 800 1000
5. T ?r (km)
For geostationary satellite, Time 1.48 1.54 1.61 1.68
10.6 Physics
6. Net force on particle A 8. Energy needed = Total energy - Total energy
towards the center in larger orbit in smaller orbit
EXERCISE - 1
2 M i + 4Uj i = 6S
6. F = mg = 2 _3S i + 8Uj
F12
g = Gm
7. a2
M
g 1 = Gm 2
1 M F13 3
^a 2h
F net = F1 ^S
i h + F2 _Uj i = F _S
i + Uj i
= 1.67 # 10 -9 _S
i + Uj i
Net field = g 1 + 2 g cos 45c
8. Field in the cavity
Gm2
2. T sin i = ; T cos i = mg
= 34 πGρ b R l
gl2
2
; i = tan -1 d 2 n
Gm Gm
tan i =
gl2 gl
M
Use ρ= 4 3
GM G81M
3. At P ; g = 2 -
x ]D - xg2
=0 3 πR
P GM
& D–x = 9x; 10x = D M 81M 9. g = 2 &
x D–x r
D 9D
x = 10 from the Moon and 10 from the earth.
R is reduced to R/2 and the mass fo the mars
becomes 10 times
4. If we take complete spherical shell than gravitational
field intensity at P will be zero hence for the hemi 4 4
gmars = 10 gearth and Wmars = 10 = 80N
spherical shell shown the intensity at P will be
along c .
Gravitation 10.7
10. g' = g b1 - R l; g = R
2h Dg 2h 0 3
k
20. # dV =- # Ig .dx: # dV = # x3
dx
v r
1 = 2 R = 2 ; g' = g b1 - R l
h 1 d
0 - v = ;- E v =+ k 2 & V = k 2
3
1
2x2 r 2r 2x
D g' d h
g = R & R g decreases by 0.5% 21. Equilibrium position of the neutral point from mass
4 'm' is
GM gρ 3 πR3 4
11. g = 2 = &g= 3GρπR
m
R R2 = e od
g R m+ M
& g \ R & g' = 3R & g' = 3g
- G m1 - G m2
GM g mg 10
V1 = r1 ; V2 r2
]R + hg2 49
12. g' = = ; w' = 49 = 49 = 0.20 N
- Gm ^
Apparent weight of the rotating satellite is zero
V1 = M + m h;
md
because satellite is in free fall state.
M ^ M + mh
- GM
V2 =
13. g' = g - ~2 r cos 60 60°
Md
mω 2r
60°
2
g' = g - ~ R cos 60 2
V = d ^ M + mh
-G 2
g' = 0, g = ~ cos 60 2 2 r = R cos 60°
- 3GM
22. Vcentre = 2R
4g 2r R R
R = ~ , t = ~ = 2r 4g = r g
23. ∆V =- Eg .dr
14. There will be no buoyant force on the moon.
Because field is uniform
(Eventually balloon bursts)
` 2 =- Eg .20 & E = 10 ; ∆V =+ 10 54? = 5
GMm 1 1 2
15. 2
mrω = 2
r
& GM = r3 ω 2
work done in taking a 5 kg body to height 4m
r3 ω 2 m
= (change in gravitational potential)
g =
R2
= 5 b 52 l & 2 J
]4nRg3 ω 2
= 64 nRω 2
]nRg2
` g' =
24.
Gm 1m
16. g= 2
R 2m
4
M = 3 ωR 2 ρ 4m
8m
3g
So ρ = 4πRG
v = v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 + .....
17. 3/5mg = mg - mR~ 2
Gm Gm Gm Gm Gm Gm
=- 1 - 2 - 4 - 8 - 16 - 32 - .....
3 2 g
~2 = g - 5 g & ~ = 5 R =- Gm b1 + 12 + 14 + 18 + ..... l " G.P. of infinite
GM pGMe 4 4
18. g p = ge; ; πR d = πR d
=
series.
R P2 3 p p 3 e e
2
R P
dp 1 1
or 2Re d P = Re de & d = 2
e =- m f 1 - 1 p
2
GM GM
19. Ig =
v =- gm ]2g
, V =- R
R2
V = Ig R = 6 # 8 # 106 = 4.8 # 107 =- 2gm
10.8 Physics
25. Let the possible direction of gravitational field R h
GMm ] g = 2 GMm ]
at point B be shown by 1, 2, 3 and 4 (Figure 1). R 2R R R + hg
Rotate the figure upside down. It will be as shown in R2 = 3 R h
figure 2.
R
h = 3
Figure 1 1 B
29. By applying conservation of energy
2 4
3
KEi + PEi = KE f + PE f
1 2 GM m GM m
mv
2 - Re = 0 - 2Re
= B Figure 3
GM m
1
mv
2
2
= Re :- 12 + 1D
3
2 4
1 2 GM m GMe
mv
2 = 2Re & u = R
Figure 2 1 B
30. Ui + Ki = U f + K f
Now on placing upper half of figure 1 on the lower
- GMm 1 2 GMm
R + 2 mvi =- r + 0
half of figure 2 we get complete sphere. Gravitational
field at point B must be zero, which is only possible 1 2 = GM b Rl
b Rl
if the gravitational field is along direction 3. Hence 2 vi R 1 - r = gR 1 - r
gravitational field at all points on circular base of
hemisphere is normal to plane of circular base. R vi2 R
`
1 - r = 2gR &r =
` Circular base of hemisphere is an equipotential vi2
1 - 2gR
surface.
31. Let the mass fo the particle be m
26. Wexternal force + ^Wa " b hravitational force = ∆K
PE at a distance of R' = ]GMmg /R'
- 10 + ^Wa " b hgravitational force = 4 PE at a distance of Re =- ]GMmg /Re
^Wa " b hgravitational force = 14 J
Decrease in PE = Increase in KE
VB - VA =- 7 Jkg 1
-
& v = R c1 - e m
2 2GM R
increase by the same amount everywhere (potential
e R'
gradient will remain constant). Hence potential at
2GMRe
c1 - e m
point P = 10 - 5 =+ 5 J kg 1
-
R
&v= 2
Re R'
28. Work done in lifting a bod by a
2gRe c1 - m
height x Re
`v=
R'
=- ∆U
32. W = :- GMm D : GMm D
3R - 3R
= GMm GMm
R - R+x
GMm GMm
= 3R - 5R
= GMm c R ]R + xg m
x
= R : 3 - 5 D = 15 R
GMm 1 1 2 GMm
Given that
Gravitation 10.9
33. When they are r distance apart MS Tm 2 re 3 1 2
Me = d
Te
n d
rm
n = f 13 p ]392g3
1
39. From the conservation of angular momentum,
Conservation of linear momentum
mv1 r1 sin 90c = mv2 r2 sin 90c
m1 v1 = m2 v2
Conservation of energy
1 1 Gm1 m2
0 = 2 m1 v12 + 2 m2 v 22 - r
Relative velocity = v1 + v2
V r
34. By conservation of energy V1 = r2
2 1
r
& v2 = d r1 n v1 = d
1.5 # 10 7 n ^
- GMm 1 2 1 2 5 # 103h
R + 2 mv = 2 mv' + 0 2 0.5 # 10 7
or v2 = 1.5 # 10 4 ms
-1
use v = 20 km/s
1 C
R = 6400km 40. F ? ;F= m
rm r
2GM 2G2M = 2GM
This force will provide the required centripetal force
35. ve = R ; v' e = R/2 2 R
ve = 2 ]11.2 km/ secg = 22.4 km/ sec
Therefore
C 2= C
36. To escape from the earth total energy of the body mω 2 r =
;ω
rm mr
m+1
should be zero KE + PE = 0
2π ]m + 1g/2
T = ω &T \ r
mgRe
1
mv
2
2
- GMm
5R = 0 & KEmin = 5 1 GM1 M2
2
41. K.E. =+ 2 r
GMm = mv V
m
37. r
r2 r
r = 2r for the first and r = 8R for the II nd
M
GM K.E1
v= b 1 8R l
r2 K.E2 = 2R 1 = 4: 1
3 3
2πr 2πt 2 = 2πr 2 GM1 M2 P.E1
T= v =
Similarly P.E. is &- , P.E = 4: 1
GM 4 R
Gρ # 3 πr3 2
K.E
1
Put the ratio of P.E. = 2
T?
ρ
42. Relative angular velocity when the particle are
38. The time period Te of the earth around the sun of moving in same direction is
mass Ms is given by
ω1 + ω 2 & ^ω1 + ω 2 h t = 2π
T = GM ]reg3 , where re is the radius of the earth’s
4r2
e
2
S 2π π
orbit.
` ω 2 = 24 rad/ sec; ω1 = 6
Similarly, time period Tm of the moon around the
When the particles are moving in the same direction
earth is given by then angular velocity becomes.
45. m
Given rB = 3rA
2
Fg 30º Fg mv M GM GMm
L
Now FA = r A = r r = 2
rA
2Fg cos30º L
A A A
GMm
m FB =
r B2
m
FB R A2 1
FA = r B2 = 9
MV 2
2 Fg cos 30 = R 49. Total energy,
2
2d 2 n 2 =
GM 3 MV 2
1 GmM
L L E = 2 mv 2 - 3r
3
GM GmM GMm mM
V= = ] g - 3r =- G 6r
L 2 3r
46. Net force on the package is zero hence it will revolve GMm - GMm
Required work = ∆U =- 6R - R
around the earth and never reach to earth surface.
5GMm
47. Angular speed of earth = angular speed of =
geostationary satellite 6R
EXERCISE - 2
1. In horizontal direction
Force due to this strip on 'm'
Net force =
G 3 mm
cos 30c -
Gm 2
cos 60c = dF = Gm dm
12 d 2
4d 2 x2
+ 2
= Gm a 2bx dx
2 2
= Gm2 - Gm2 = 0
x
8d 8d
α+,
in vertical direction a + bx 2
Total force F = # dF = # Gm
x
2 dx
G 3 m2 G 3 m2 α
= 2 cos 60 c + 2 α+,
12d 3d
c 2 + b m dx
a
= Gm # x
Gm 2 α
cos
+ 2 30c
= Gm & α - α + , + b, 0
4d a a
3 Gm 2 3 Gm 2 3 Gm 2
= Gm ' a b α - α + , l + b, 1
= 2 + 2 + 1 1
24d 3d 8d 2
3 Gm 2 1 + 8 + 3
= : D 3. Net force on M due to M and M, 2M and 2M , 4m,
d2 24
4M , 5M, 5M and 7M and 7M is zero. The force
3 Gm 2
= along SQ due to 3M is-
2d 2
2. Let’s take strip of length 'dx' at length x , from M3M
F =G
^0, 0h d2
3GM 2
Its mass = dm = ρdx = ^a + bx 2h dx =
d2
along X-axis
Gravitation 10.11
4. G ^ M1 + M2 h
So, FA = 2 m
p
For point 'B' :
GM
There will be no force by shell B
x ] L + xg
Field due to the left rod at a distance x is
GM1 m
Force on the small element dx
So, FB = 2
q
For point 'C' :
dF = dm c x ]L + xg m
GM
There will be no gravitational field.
Total force = # dF
So, FC = 0
2L 8.
= # L c x ]L + xg m dx
M GM
L
GM2 4
= 2 ln 3
L
5. When r < r1 , gravitational intensity is equal to 0
M2
GMm GMm # 3 = 3 GMm
F= cos θ =
^ 2R 2 h ^ 2R 2 h
M1
r1 2 8R
2
r2
9. At point P , Eg - Eg = Eg
1 2
when r > r1 , gravitational intensity is equal to
GM1
r2
When r > r2 , gravitational intensity is equal to
G ]M1 + M2g
r2
6. dEnet = 2dE sin θ
= 2 Gdm sin θ
r2 4 3
m1 = 3 πR ρ0
= 2G. λrd2 θ sin θ
m2 = 3 π b 2 l ρ0
r 4 R 3
2 G λ
= r sin θdθ
= 34 πr3 ρ0 18
Enet = # dE net
Gm
4
G πR3 ρ0
Eg1 = 2 1 = 3 2
π/2 x x
2gλ
= r # 4 1
G 3 πR3 ρ0 8
Gm2
0
Eg2 = 2 =
m , bx - R l bx - R l
λ = , and r = π 2 2
1 - 1
Eg = g 3 πR3 ρ0 > x 2 R 2H
4
Enet = 2Gm 2
π
8b x - 2 l
,
Along +y axis
10. The gravitational field intensity at a point inside the
7. For point 'A' spherical shell is zero.
For any point outside, the shells acts as point situated
Note: There is NO gravitational field inside a
at centre. spherical shell.
10.12 Physics
11. Flux through the surface
as Radius of the moon is one forth so g on moon is
also one fourth.
= # g .ds
Time period of a second pendulum on the earth
= g # ds
,
T = 2π gearth
= g # 4πR 2
= GM # 4πR 2 ,
at moon T = 2π gmoon
R2
g
, = , gmoon = , b 4 l
= 4πGm
dividing 1 1
earth
12. Gravitation field in side the cavity is uniform 1 99.2
, = 4 = 24.8 cm
4
g = 3 πGP GC 2 (vector joining the centres)
17. On the equator, ge = g - R~2
2
13. For r < R1 g=0
When ge = 0, g - Rω = 0
For R1 # r < R2 R
& ~ = g
2r R
g is only due to mass of shaded T = g
portion R
& T = 2r g
3 3
r - R1
g = 3 πGP e o
4 R
= 2r g
r2
GM # 3
For r $ R2 g = 2
r = 2π 640010 10 # 3600
1
h
14. 4r
OR T = 9
18. gh = g b1 - R l
2h
dwh dgh
w = mg & dh = m dh
` dhh = m dh cg - m =m
dw d 2gh 2g 2mg
, ,
Net torque = F2 . 2 - F1 . 2 R = R
R
= ] F2 - F1g 2
, dw 2mg
& dhh = R h 0
F2 = mgH2 = mg '1 - 1
2H2 dw
& dhh \ h 0
R
F1 = mgH1 = mg '1 - 1 1
2H
19. At height h above the surface fo the earth, therefore.
R
mg H1 - H2 h,
^
x = ^ F2 - F1 h 2 = g' = g b1 - R l
, 2h 2h
R & Dg1 = R g
15. we = 50 # 10 = 500 N
At depth d below the surface of the earth
w p = 50 # 5 = 250 N
g' = g b1 - R l
d d
& Dg2 = R g
Gravitational field become zero at one point during
journey..
Dg1 = Dg2 & d = 2h
Hence option (a) is correct 20. dV =- gdr
G ^ρhb 3 πR3 l 4
4 K
dV =+ r dr
GM
16. g = 2 = = 3 GπρR
R R2
Integrating, V = V0 + K log c r m
r
g\R 0
Gravitation 10.13
21. Both field and the potential inside the shell is non 1 R
2
3GMm R
22. P.E. of the system is equal to Ui =- h =
2R 1 - k2
work done 30. Here, radius is not constant,. We assume that density
of the sphere is t
= DU = 6U f - Ui@ = Ui =-
3GMm
2R
M
Gm1
` t=
4
r1 rR 3
23. Gm = 34 3
r2
2
Consider the intermediate
situation.
m1 m2
2 =
4πr1 4πr22 dM = ^4πX 2 dxh ρ
m1 + m2 = m 4
M = ρ. 3 πX3
m = m1
Gm
4πR 2 4πr12 dW = x dM
Gm 5
or = Gm1 = 3
x bρ. 3 πx l_ 4πx dx $ ρ i
=G
4 3 2
R# r
1
2
24. Applying energy conservation from P to O
= 163π gρ 2 x 4 dx
16 2 2 R
Ki + Ui = K f + U f W = 3 π Gρ $ #
0
4
x dx
O + ^ M0 hd
= GM
n
5
2 R
= 16 2
R + ]2Rg2
2
3 π G ρ $ 5
= 12 m0 V 2 + ^m0 hb - GM l
JK M NO2
R
2
16r G R5 KK O
W = . . KK 4 3 OOO
3 5 K rR O
V=
2GM d1 - 1 n L3 P
R 5 3 GM 2
= 5$ R
r =- G : R + r D
25. V = R + b - Gm
GM l M m
3 GM 2
` Uself =- 5 $ R
r =- G : R + x D
26. V =- R + b - Gm
GM l M m
31. Gravitational potential at a point on the surface of
GM
27. F =- c dx i + dy tj m =- ait - bjt
dU dU earth is - R
If the earth is assumed to be a solid sphere, then the
28. Using conservation of energy
gravitational potential at the centre of the earth is
1 2 GMm - GMm - 3GM
2 mv0 - R = R + h 2R
1 - mgR 2 Decrease in gravitational potential is
2 mv02 - mgR = R + h
R # GM = Rg
2 2 2
h = max height R
Loss in potential energy is
R
h1 = ,h =R R # GM #
2 2 2 2 m
R
h3 = 2R
Now, gain in kinetic energy = loss in potential
29. Using conservation of energy energy.
Therefore,
1 2 GMm GMm
2 mv0 - R =- R + h 1
mv
2
2
= 12 mgR or v = gR
10.14 Physics
32. Net potential at mid point 36. According to Kepler’s law applying angular
momentum conservation m1 v1 r1 = m2 v2 r2
- Gm1 - Gm2
]d/2g
= + dA = L
d/2 37. dt 2m
- 2G
= ^ 1m + m2h ^ L = angular momentum h
d
If body is projected at escape velocity, it reaches mvmax rmin
= 2m
infinite distance with velocity just greater than zero.
2 16
12 # 4 # 10
^ h
=
1 - 2Gm 1 m + m 2 # 10
= ] P.E g f + ] K.E g f
2
mVe2 + = 4 # 10 4 ms -1
2 d
2G ^m1 + m2 h
2
Ve
= 40 kms 1 -
& =
2 d
2
4G ^m1 + m2 h 38.
4π 2
T 2 = GM a3, where a is semi-major axis.
& Ve = s
d 1 /3
T 2 GM
2
a =< F
33. = GMm
mg pole & mg' = R
mv
4π 2
R2
mg mv 2 2v 2
In case of ellipse, we have
& mg - 2 = R or g = R
2a = rmax + rmin
At the pole, total energy of a particle is
ET = U + K rmax = 2a - rmin
GMm 39. From the principle of conserving angular momentum,
ET =- R + 0
we have
GMm
` Binding energy = ET = R = mgR
mvR = mv'r .....(i)
1 2 2v2
` 2 mv e = mgR = m R R
[ v' = speed when spaceship is just touching the
& ve = 2v planet]
From conserving of energy, we have
34. Ve = 11.2 km/s. is escape velocity near
Earth’s surface. 1 2 1 2 GMm
2 mv = 2 mv' - r .....(ii)
2
mv GMm
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
=
R R 2
R = v :v 2 + 2GM
r D
r 1 /2
GM
v' 2 = R
R2 40. Applying conservation of angular momentum at
2
v' = 10 # 64000000 = 8 km/s position A and B
2GM
mv A # OA = mvB # OB
35. Ve = R
GM vB OA
V0 =
r
Hence, v A = OB = x
Using conservation of energy
41. As the velocity of the particle is less than the orbital
- GMm -V 2
velocity of the satellite, the particle goes in the
r = 2 + 12 mv' 2 e
elliptical orbit of the semi-major axis less than r .
Canceling 'm'
Let r1 be the minimum distance and v1 be the
V2 velocity fo the particle at this position, then
-V0
2
= 2e + 12 mv' 2
2
V' = Ve2 - 2V02
m0 # 3 # v0 r = m0 v1 r1,
Gravitation 10.15
where m0 si the mass of the particle and v0 is the d d
d1 = M m2 and d2 = M m1
orbital speed equal to GM/r
2
Also,
Gm1 m2 d ^ M - m hD
= m1 ω 2 : M
v1 r1 = 3 v0 r d2
1
From energy conservation,
So, GM = ω 2 d3
2
GM = b 2Tπ l d3
2
m0 # v02 Gm0 m0 v12 GMm0
&
23 - r = 2 - r
1
1/3
GMT 2
Solving the equations, we get r1 = r/2 d =< F
4π 2
42. Net force is towards centre GMm 1
44. FG = R (as FG ? R given)
2F1
Fnet = F2 +
2 mv 2 GMm
So R = R & v 2 ? R0
= F2 + 2 F1 - GMm
45. Energy of each satellite in the orbit = 2r
_
Gm 2 = Gm 2 bbb
]2rg2
F2 = 2 bb
4r
Total energy of the system before collision,
2` " Fnet
Gm = Gm bbb
2
F1 =
^ 2 rh 2r bb
2 2
GMm - GMm
a
Ei = E1 + E2 = 2E =- 2 # 2r = r
gm
2
2 Gm 2 mv 2
As the satellites of equal mass are moving in the
= 2 + = r opposite directions and collide inelastically, the
4r 2r 2
velocity of the wreckage just after the collision is
Gm ^ +
& v= 4r 1 2 2 h Ans.
mv - mv = 2mV, i.e., V = 0
43. Let d = distance between stars and d1 and d2 be the
distances of stars from centre of mas of system.
the energy of the wreckage just after the collision
will be totally potential and will be
` d1 = c m + m m m2
d - GM ]2mg 2GMm
1 2
Ef = r = r
d2 = c m + m m m1
d
As after collision the wreckage comes to standstill in
and
1 2
the orbit, it will move along the radius towards the
m1 + m2 = M earth under gravity.
EXERCISE - 3
G # 103 = G # 105
At poles z = 90c , ` ge = g - R~2
]1 - xg2
6.
x2
= ^6.4 # 106h b 24 # 60 # 60 l
2r
g p - ge = R~2
1-x =
& x 10
= 34 # 10 -3 ms -2
1
& 11x = 11 km
= ]4 + 30g # 10 -3 ms -2
` ρ =1 p =4
Gravitation 10.17
= 8 b 3 rR3 tl, r = 2
GM 1 4 R
11. a =- 3 y
R
VA = R ; 3E
dv GM G rtR3
` v dy =- 3 y
`
R 3 - 2rtR
GM
G
5
=- 3 r tR2
vdv =- 3 ydy
R
RS V R V
during downward journey, u = 0, v = v and y runs SS Potential due WWW SSS Potential due WWW
from R to zero. Now VB = SSto the completeWW - SSto the sphericalWW
SS W S W
S sphere at B WW SS cavity at B WW
#0 v vdv GM # 0 T X T X
` =- ydy
=- 3 ^3R2 - r2h - :- 2 r D
R3 R GM 3 GM'
2R
v2 GM b R2 l
& 2 =- 3 0 - 2 11 GM 3GM'
R
or VB =- 8 R + R
GM
v = R 13. From the law of conservation of energy
After collision with the centre, velocity is v' (say) ]U + Kgsurface = ]U + Kgat 3
1 GMm 1 1
Given e =2
- R + 2 mu2 = 0 + 2 mv2
v' - 0 1 2GM
& v-0 = 2 - R + u2 = v2
1 GM - v e2 + u2 = v2
& v' = 2
v2 =- ]11.2g2 + ]15g2
R
In the upward journey, let the ball reaches to a height
=- 125 + 225 = 100
h
v = 10 kms -1 & a = 2
#v'
0 GM # h GM 4
Now, vdv =- ydy 14. We know that, g = = 3 rGRt
R3 0 R2
v' 2 GM h2 gp Rp t p
& 2 = $
` = R t also ve = 2GR
R3 2 ge e e
1 GM GM 2
4 $ R = R3 $ h
]vegp gp Rp gp gp te
]vege
` = ge Re = ge $ ge t p
R
& h = 2 gp te
= g
e tp
` Required distance is
6 3 3
R R
= 11 2 =1
R + 2 + 2 = 2R
]vegp 11
3 ]v g
e e =
3] g
11 11 = 3 km s
-1
` b =2
Z] Potential due b_ ]Z Potential due _b 15. Let v be the speed of projectile at the highest
]] bb ]] bb
] b ] b point. By conservation of angular momentum and
12. VA = ] [ to the complete ` [
bb - ]]to the spherical `b
]] b conservation of mechanical energy, we have.
] sphere at A b ] cavity at A bb
b ]
\ a \ a
muR sin a = mvrmax
3 GM b GM' l
=- 2 R - - r
1 G Mm 1 GMm
and 2 mu2 - R = 2 mv2 - rmax
4
M = 3 rR3 t 3R
Solving these two equations, we give rmax = 2
M' = 3 r b 2 l t
4 R 3
R
` hmax = rmax - R = 2 & } = 2
10.18 Physics
16. For a satellite in circular orbit, 19.
mv02 GMm
r = r2
2 GM COM
or v0 = R + h B A
r2 r1
GM 1 2GM
& R+h = 2 R
GM GM
R + h = 2R & h = R
dA L mr2 ~ ~r2
When the satellite stops, k = 0
Rate of area swept dt = 2m = 2m = 2
` Ui - U f = K f
(r = distance of COM)
- GMm b- GMm l 1 dA
& = 2 mv2
& dt \ r2
2R - R
GM = b dA l
= 2 = b m2 l = 9
v = gR dt A r12 m 2
R
&
b dA l r2 1
` k =1 dt B
1
17. 2 mv esc
2 GM m
= Rm & vlaunch = 2
2GMm 20. w.r.t C.O.M frame of reference, total K.E and
m Rm
For flight of stone from moon to earth, energy is
angular momentum of system is conserved.
conserved. 1
w.r.t COM K.E. = 2 (red mass) v rel
2
` ]K + Uginitial = ]K + Ugfinal mr
w.r.t COM Angular momentum = 2 vrel
1 GmM 1 GM m
2 mv launch
2
- R E = 2 mv impact
2
- Rm
` Equating energy
mE mE
GmME 1 m 2 Gm2 1 m 2 Gm2
- R
E
2 2 v o - ro = 2 2 v rel - r
so, required elocity is
(Here vrel is relative velocity = to line as vrel along
the line joining is zero when separation is either min.
2G ; R m + R m + R E - R E E
3M M M M
vimpact = or max)
m mE E ME
q 3
Angular momemtum conservation
So, 2# p = 2# 2 = 3
mr mr
2 0 v0 = 2 vrel
18. The fastest possible rate of rotation of a planet is
rv
that for which the gravitational force on a body at v
` rel = 0r 0
the equator just barely provides the centripetal force
solving 3r2 - 4rr0 + r 02 = 0
needed for the rotation. Let M be the mass and R
be the radius of the planet and M is the mass of a r
r
` max = r0 rmin = 30
body on its surface. Then,
ratio = 3
GMm
mR~2max =
R2
GM
& ~ max =
R3
G 4
or ~ max = $ rR 3 t
R3 3
4Gtr rGt
= 3 =2 3
2r 3r
Tmin = ~ max = Gt
& b =3
Gravitation 10.19
EXERCISE - 4
b1 l
2 2
- 3Gm 3Gm
=- k b r l
2
& d + 0 =- 2R + 3 2 mv GM 3/2
dE =- k b r l dt
GM 3/2
or .....(ii)
From eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 dr =- k b r l
GMm GM 3/2
dt
2r
GMm b r l3/2 1
dt =- $ GM $ k dr
2r 2
3 2 = c Gm 2 Gm 2 m
2 mv 3 m 1 1
2R - d
= $ $ dr
2 GM k r
Gm b R - d l
1 2
v = m 1
#0 t dt #7R
R
=- dr
2k GM r
13. Let at a distance r from the centre of the earth,
m 6 @R
the body has a velocity v . From conservation of t =- r 7R
k GM
mechanical energy,
mR ^ - h ca g =
GM
m
t = 7 1
k GM R2
1 GMm 1 GMm
mv
2
2
- r = 2 mv e2 - R
2rR
15. T=
v2 = v e2 + R : r - 1D
2GM R v
1 GMm
E = 2 mv2 = n - 1
= 2gR + 2gR : r - 1D
R R
v = ; n-1E
2GM 1/2
or
ca ve = 2gR and g = m
GM R
R2
2r R 2r # ]n + 1g/2
` T = = R
2gR 2
dr 2g 2GM/R n - 1 2GM
Or v = r or dt = R r
& T ? R]n + 1g/2
1
Or dt = r dr 1/2
R 2g 16. Conservation of angular momentum of the body
& #0 t dt = 1 6]R + hg3/2 - R3/2@ about O yield the following:
R 2g
1 6]R + hg3/2
- R3/2@
2
Or t =3$
R 2g
2R ;b
g 1 + r l - 1E
1
3 h 3/2
Total energy of satellite at an orbital radius r is
GMm ]mv sin 30cg R = nV' ]R + hg
E =- 2r
V = V ]R + hg:
` V' = 4 D
V
GMm 2R 4
& dE =+ dr .....(i)
2r2
Therefore, h = R
Gravitation 10.21
17. Mass of sphere M \ R . If mass of
3 21. P = 0
complete sphere is M , then, the mass
This mass distribution can be taken as a solid sphere
of cavity will be M/8
of uniform mass density P0 .
Using the figure, F = force due to
whole sphere - force due to cavity.
GMm b R l - G ] M/8g m
]Rg2
F=
R3 2
GMm R 2 G ] M/8g m
2 2 -
R R2
Finding orbital speed at r < R
2 : 84 - 18 D = 8
GMm 3 GMm = 3
R R
2 8 mg GMmr mv2
3 = r
R
m 6GM GM m 2 GMe m
18. E = 2 # 5r e - 2re =- 3 r
V?r
which is the total energy of the earth-satelite system.
Orbital speed at r $ R
5r
1
So, semi-major axis fo the elliptical orbit is a = 4 V?
r
Speed of the satellite at the apogee position is
(Standard satellite orbital speed)
v #r 2 6GMe GMm
v A = 2aP - r = 3
5r 22. Total energy of satellite =- 2a
apogee position.
GM 2GMe
use conservation of energy
New orbital speed is v0 = 3r/2e =
3r
Required change in the orbital speed is 23.
GMe
∆v = v A - v0 = 0.085 R
19. As all the points on the periphery of either ring are
at the same distance from point P , the potential at
point P due to the whole ring can be calculated Wext = m ]VA - VBg
as V =- ]GMg / ^ R2 + x2h where x is the axial
= md n
GM GM
distance from the centre of the ring. This expression -
2R 5R
is independent of the fact whether the distribution of
mass is uniform or non-uniform. 25. By applying work energy theorem change in K.E. =
GM G # 2M work done by all the forces.
So, at P , V =- -
2R 5R
DK.E = Wg - Wfr; Wg > Wfr
=- R < F
GM 1 2
+
2 5
Therefore KE f increases due to the torque of the
20. Inside the spherical shell, V is constant, so from air resistance its angular momentum decreases
energy conservation, therefore (a), (c)
- GMm mv2 GMm
3R = 2 - R 26. Conditions for motion of geostationary satellite.
v2 GM :1 - 1 D GM # 2 4GM
2 = R 3 = R 3 or v = 3R
10.22 Physics
27. Pressing force by the particle on the wall of tunnel is 32. Gravitational potential due to hemisphere at the
and acceleration is mg sin i . centre is V because distance of each mass particle
Pressing force from the centre O is R . If the distance between the
point and mass is changed potential will also change.
GMx # R GM
= mg cos i & 2x & 2R2
R3 2GM
Pressing force is independent from 'x' thus it is 33. Escape velocity = R = Ve
constant acceleration. GM
Orbital velocity = R = V0
2 R2
GMx x - 4 GM
g sin i = = 4x 2 - R 2
Escape velocity = 2 # orbital velocity " (a)
R3 x2 2R3
θ 1 1
α
mV
2
2
e = 2#
2 mV0 " (c)
2
Gm ]2mg
m~ 2 b 3 l = 36. In case of earth the gravitational field is zero at
2r 2r r3
& T = ~ = 2r 3Gm
r2 infinity as well as the the centre and the potential is
T
` \ r3/2 and T \ m -1/2 minimum at the centre .
29. Due to symmetry the gravitational field at the origin 37. The angular velocity of the geostationary satellite
is zero. The equipotential line will take the shape of must be equal to angular velocity of earth in both
a circle in yz plane. direction and magnitude.
^F ? r1, F2 ? r2h
Vin = constant = R
Gm
of the coil is
Similarly
v
Solving above equation
1
R3 = 91/3 and v1 = 2
2 v 02 sin2 i
h> 2g
` R3 > R2 > R1
So, v3 > v2 > v1
v3 1 /3 v1 1
Also, v1 = 9 and v2 = 2
10.24 Physics
G2Mm GM 55-57.
]2Rg2
49. F = &a=
2R2
Let the angular speed of
1 4hR 2
hR 2 revolution of both stars be
h = 2 at2 & GM = t2 & t = 2 GM w about the common centre
, that is, centre of mass of
GM GMh
50. v at surface = 2as = 2 h= R system.
2R 2
The centripetal force on
R R2 star of mass m is
If a = 0 , t1 = v = ;
GMh
2d Gm ]2mg
R2
m~ 2 3 = solving we get
but a > 0 ; t < d2
GMh
4r2
G ]2Mg m 1 GMm GMm
T = 3Gm d3
51. & 0 - ]
2R + hg
= 2 mv2 - R - 2R
The ratio of angular momentum is simply the ratio
GM
v
& , R of moment of inertia about center of mass of system.
b 2d l
2
52-54. m
Lm im ~ 3
LM = iM ~ = =2
2m b 3 l
d 2
T 2 = c 4π m R3
2
GM
GM 1/3
Similarly, The ratio of kinetic energy is simply the
R =c 2 m ratio of moment of inertia about center of mass of
4π
GM system.
log R = 3 log T + 3 log c 2 m
2 1
4π
va
y = mx + c 58. COAM : mva ra = mv p rp rP ra
2 (a) At perigee
(1) Slope = m = 3
vP
rp < ra ` v p > va (r)
GM
Intercept c = 13 log c 2 m = 6
(b) Distance from sun at the position of perigee
4π
b 20 # 10 -11 l M decreases (q)
3
log 4 # 10 = 18 GMm
(c) Potential energy at perigee U p =- rp
(2) M = 6 # 10 29 Kg
(d) Angular momentum remains same (p)
2 3
(3) T ?R 59. (a) Potential at A is less than potential at B
(b) We cannot compare about gravitational field at
RA 3 R 2 ω 2
d n =d An =d Bn A and at B
RB RB ωA
ω 2 ω
(c) At C and D , gravitational field and potential
b R l =d Bn & d ωB n = b 8 l
1
3
4R ωA remains same.
A
(d) As one moves from D to A , field decreases.
ω rel = 8ω 0 - ω 0 = 7ω 0
θ rel = ^ω rel ht
2π = ^7ω 0 h t
2π
t = 7ω
0
Gravitation 10.25
GMm 1 61. (a) At centre of thin spherical shell V ! 0, E = 0
60. P.E. =- r & K.E. = 2 mV2
(b) At centre of solid sphere V ! 0, E = 0
GMm 1
Total energy =- r + 2 mV
2
(c) At centre of spherical cavity inside solid sphere
GMm 1 V ! 0, E ! 0
T.E. = 0 if - r + 2 mV2
2GM
(d) At centre of two point masses V ! 0, E = 0
For V< r , T.E. is - ve
2GM
for v> r , T.E. is + ve
GM
If V is r i.e. equal to orbital velocity, path is
circular.
If T.E. is negative, path is elliptical.
If T.E. is zero, path is parabolic
if T.E. is positive, path is hyperbolic
3. T ' = T b R l = 3 3 T
1. Given that a particle is projected from the surface to 3R 2
a height of 10R.
Gm
4. g = 2
As the particle rises up, the work done by gravity r
reduces the kinetic energy and at maximum height it Gm
]3rg2
g' =
stops.
Gm
By the equation of conversation of energy, g' = 2
9r
- GMm 1 2 - GMm g
R + 2 mv = 11R + 0 g' = 9
20GM
v
& = 11R
2r
Escape velocity of body from earth surface is,
2GM
ve = R
10 r
So v can be written as v = 11 ve .
2. KEi + PEi = KE f + PE f
1 GMm 1 GMm
mu02 + d - n = mv 2 + d - n
2 10R 2 R
2GM 1 5. Given,
v 2 = u02 +
<1 - F The mass of satellite A = 200 kg and of satellite
R 10
B = 400 kg.
9 GM The height of satellite A above the surface of earth
v= u02 +
5 R = 600 Km and of satellite B = 1600 km.
9 (11.2)
2 & The radius of rotation of satellite
= 12 + d n
2
A = 6400 + 600 = 7000 Km
5 2
& The radius of rotation of satellite
= 144 + 0.9 (11.2) 2 = 256.896
B = 6400 + 1600 = 8000 Km.
= 16.028 km/s - 16 Time period of the satellite revolving in circular
10.26 Physics
mv 2 1
and also we can write R = n
1 R
GM v2 \ n - 1
v=
u2 - R e R
1
v \ ]n - 1g ...(3)
R 2
From eq. (2) and (3)
R
T\ 1
]n - 1g
R 2
m 9m GMe
T \ Rb l
T \ Rb
n-1 n+1 l
10 VT = 10
2 +1 2
2R
Gm
m GMe 11. r g = ; r#R
10 Vr = m u - R
2
R3
Gm
Kinetic energy =
= 2 ; r>R
1 m 2 m b GMe GMe l r
2 10 (V T + V r ) = 20 81 2R + 100u - 100 R
2 2
g
= 20 b100u2 - 2R e l
m 119GM
= 5m b u2 - 200R e l
119GM
r
7. The area swept by the planet per unit time i.e.,
dA 1 2 di 1 2
dt = 2 r dt = 2 r ~ ...(i) GM =
12. V0 =
R gR
Also, angular momentum L = mr w ...(ii)
2
dA L
Ve = 2gR
Using (i) and (ii), dt = 2m .
Increase in velocity = Ve - V0 = gR ^ 2 - 1 h
8. E1 = Ef – Ei
13. VCenter = V due to complete sphere
E1 = c - ]R + hg m + R = 0
GMm GMm - V due to cavity
- GM b3R 2 - b R ll
2
GMm - 3GM'
f R p
E2 = ] + g
2
2b 2 l
2 R h = 2R -
As per question, E1 = E2 = GM
-
R
- GMm GMm GMm
]R + hg + R = 2 ]R + hg
14. W = 0 - b-
GMm l GMm
R = R
1 3 R
R = 2 ]R + hg or, h = 2 = 3.2 # 10 km
3
m
= gR2 # R = mgR
9. As the object of mass m is ejected from the satellite, = 1000 # 10 # 6400 # 103
1 = 64 # 109 J
which has same speed v so its total energy is − 2
mv2. = 6.4 # 1010
Gravitation 10.27
T2 = d R2 n = 8
3/2
T1 R1 1
(s) planet
R
mdx g b R l = R ; x2 E
x mg 2 R
3.
d
T= # 4R / 5
= 108 N
4 R /5
Vs
Earth rA C rB B
Sun A
com
Ms = 3 # 105 Me
5. mA mB
Gm A mB 4r2 4r2
]rA + rBg
d = 2.5 # 10 4 Re
& 2 = m A rA 2 = m B rB
TA T B2
ve = 11.2 km/ sec . m A rA mB rB
` =
Applying COE (conservation of energy) T A2 T B2
As C com & m A rA = mB rB
- GM s m GM e m 1
hence TA = TB
- + 2 mv s 2 = 0
d + Re Re 2 3
6. T ? r
2GM s 2GMe 7. Gravitational force is a central force.
vs2 =
+
d + Re Re kr 2
8. U = 2 & F =- kr
2GM e
ve = mv 2 k
Re R =+ kR & v = mR
10.28 Physics
g
Angular momentum L = mvR = mk R 2
12. = 84 ; 1 + Rh = Re
h =
1
c1 + R m
h 2 e
GM.2m 1 e
9. - L + 2 mv2 = 0 + 0
h = Re
4GM M M
- GMe.m 1 - GMe m
& v= L m R + 2 Mv 2 =
L L
e 2Re
10. Given R A = RB = R 1 mυ 2 = GMe m ; υ = GMe
MB = 2M A 2 2Re Re
Calculation of escape velocity for A:
` ve = 2 v0
R
Radius of remaining star = 2A .
ve = 2gRe
4 R M
3
Mass of remaining star = t A 3 r 8A = 8 A N =2
13. Centre of mass of system lies at 6 R from lighter
2GM A (2) GM A
vA = 8R A = 2R mass.
Writing force equation for star 3MS along the radial
G ^18M S2 h
Calculation of escape velocity for B
7 direction, we get. 63MS ~2 # 6R@ =
Mass collected over B = 8 M A
81R2
GMS
&~ R=2
Let the radius of B become r. 81R2
` 3 r _r3 - R B3 i t A = 8 t A 3 rR 3A
4 7 4 81R3
&T'= GMS
7 ]15g1/3 R
& T ' = 9T
& r3 = 8 R 3A + R B3 =
2
& n = 09
v 2
23GM A 23GM A
` 2B = = 3 MS
1/3 R 4 # 151/3 R 6R 6 MS
8 # 15 2 C
23GM A
` vB =
9R
2 # 151/3 R
v 23 10 # 2.30
` vB = =
A 151/3 151/3
n = 2.30
11.
Writing the net force on system:
GMm GMm GMm Gm
+ -
^3l h2
^ 4l h
2
^3l h2
^ l h2
= m
2m
GM M = 2M - 2m
& +
9l 2 16l 2 9l 2 l2
M M
& 16 - 9 =- 2m
9M - 16M =-
& 144 2m
7M
& 144 =- 2m
7M
& m = 288
` k=7
Fluids 11.1
Fluids
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. Pressure is independent of surface area of contact. 7. Liquids transmit pressure
2. Total pressure of base 8. Pressure in a liquid increases in the direction of
Due to oil & water = ^ρgh hoil + ^ρgh hwater
body forces. In this liquid there are two body forces:
3. For a hydraulic press,
F1 F2
A1 = A2 if the pistons are at the same height.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
]2 + 4.8g
This upthrust acts at the midpoint of the immersed
ρblock =
10 = 0.68 g/cm3
portion.
3
` mass of block = 10 # 0.68
Then balancing moments about the hinge,
= 680 g
9. From the vessel frame the body is
Anticlockwise moment = Clockwise moment
in equilibrium, with pseudo
of weight of upthrust
forces acting
` T = Vd ^ g + a h - Vρ ^ g + a h 6A ]2,g@b 3 ρ w l $ , cos α = ;b 2, -
2 sin α l Aρ w gE
,
4
= V ^ g + a h^d - ρh
; 12 b 2, - 2 sin α l + , E cos α
,
2 sin α
10.
1
Solving, sin α = 2 & α = 30c
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. A1 v1 = A2 v2 5. In streamline motion, velocity of fluid is always 0 in
a direction perpendicular to the streamlines.
π ^4R 2h v = ^πR 2h vB
6.
` vB = 4v
1 ]1 g2 + # # ]0.15g = 1 2
2ρ ρ g 2ρv
Speed of efflux = 2 g D
& v2 = 1 + 3 = 4
` v = 2 m/s.
For vertical motion,
Now using continuity equation,
1
H - D = 2 g t2
10 4 m 2 # 1 m/s = Area # 2 m/s.
-
2 ] H - Dg
A = 5 # 10 5 m 2 t =
-
` ` g
3. Clearly, (a)
Then horizontal distance
4. Using continuity equation, speed should be
maximum. 2 ] H - Dg
x = 2gD g = 4D ]H - Dg
Using Beinqulli’s equation then, pressure should be
minimum.
Fluids 11.3
7. Using Bernoulli equation, A dh
` dt = a
2gh
^0 02m of Hg h + 12 # 1000 # 1 2
. A
T = #
-1/2
And h dh
a 2g
= x + 12 # 1000 # 1.75
As per the question,
& x = 0.02 # 13600 # 10 + 2 # 1000 ]1 - 3.0625g
1
2A 6 1/2@H =
h 0 10 min
a 2g
= 1688.75 = pressure in S.I. units 2A 6 1/2@H/2 =
h 0 x min
1688.75 a 2g
` Height of mercury = 13600 # 10 = 0.0124 m
H
` = 10
x
8. Analogous to above, b Hl
2
10
or x = min c 7 min
0.02 # 13600 # 10 + 2 # 1000 ]0.16 - 0.36g
1 2
h = 13600 # 10 10. Let h = depth of water in cylinder.
= 0.019 m of Hg.
Then speed of efflux = 2gh
9. v = 2gh
for the water jet to hit the ground,
Volume of flowing out
1 2H
H = 2 gt 2 & t =
g
in time dt
= 2gh dt.a 2H
horizontal distance covered = 2gh g
If a = area of Orifice. = 4hH = R (given)
This volume leads to a decrease in 'h'
` 4hH = R 2
Such that:
2gh dt ]ag = A dh
2
R
h = 4H
EXERCISE - 1
Thrust is equal to pressure at the point.
& ht oil g = 25 cm t water g
oil
2. F = 6tgh@ 5A?
h
25 # 1
& h = 0.8 = 31.25 cm
= ]1000g ]10g ]6g ]10g ]8g
& height difference
m1 g m2 g
3. A1 = A2
= 31.25 - 25 = 6.25 cm
Solving m2 = 3.75 kg
7. Barometer read atmospheric pressure.
4. WA > WB as mass of water in A is more than in B
= P2 V2 & ^Patm + htW gh 3 rr3
4
8. P1 V1
or PA Area A = PB AreaB
= 7HtW g & h = 7H
or FA = FB
2
9. h # 1000 # g = 100 # 13600 # g
5. Thrust is same for both containers
2 # 13.6
= ρgH
or h = 100 m = 27.2 cm
11.4 Physics
10. Force on the side walls is
(refer to figure in question to identify A, B, C )
F1 = Average pressure # curved surface area
Now, PB - PC = tgh
& PB = ^P1 + talh = tgh & PB - PA = htg + l ta
F1 = c m ]2rRhg = rRtgh2
tgh
or
2 14. Centripetal force on the element considered is
( t = density of liquid) ^dph A = ]dmg x~2
Force on the bottom is
= ^dxAth x~2
F2 = Pressure at the bottom # area of dp = t~2 xdx
the bottom p2 L
= ^tghh^rR2h = rtghR2 # dp = t~2 # xdx
p1 0
Given, F1 = F2
t~2 L2
` rRtgh2 = rtghR2 & h = R p2 - p1 = 2 ,
11. Consider an element
Also, p2 - p1 = tgh
of liquid of thickness t~2 L2
dh as shown in the tgh = 2
figure. Density at 2 2
~ L
this location is & h = 2g
t kh (where, k is
= m m
15. Dv = v f - vi = y - x
a constant).
Pressure due to this element is 16. mg = 60 .....(i)
dp = ]khg g dh
mg - t1 vg = 40 .....(ii)
h mg - t l vg 2 t0
mg =3 or tl = 3
& t = kg # hdh
0
Where t 0 = density of the block and t l = density
= 2 kg h2 = c m h2
1 kg of the liquid
2
17. ∆U = mgh
kg
t = 2 h2 is similar to y = kx2 (a parabola) ∆U = σ 0 Vgh
12. Let P1 and P2 be the pressures at the bottom of the 18. Wapp = mg - FB
left and right ends of the tube, respectively.
= tVg - tW Vg
= ^t - tWh Vg
= ^7tW - tWh Vg = 6tW Vg
4 1
19.103 # 5 + 13.5 # 103 # 5 = t # 1
or t = 3.5 # 103 kg/m3
Then F = ]P1 - P2gA = tghA
20. Let ρ S, ρ L be the density of silver and liquid. Also
Where A is the cross section of the tube. m and V be the mass and volume of silver block.
The mas of the liquid in the horizontal portion is
` Tension in string = mg - buoyant force.
m = tLA T = t S Vg - t L Vg = ^t S - t Lh Vg
Now, F = ma m
Also V = tS
& tghA = ρLAa
T =c
aL tS - tL m
` h = g
` mg
tS
13. The points A and C are in same horizontal level ]10 - 0.72g # 103
= # 4 # 10
10 # 103
hence PC - PA = tal
= 37.12 N
Fluids 11.5
21. Figure shows the points described in the equation. m g = a ]a - 2gtW g .....(ii)
2
& a2 ]a - 2g tW + 200 = a3 tW
& a2 = 100 & a = 10 cm
& 2 # 10 # h = 400 & h = 20 m 34. tA = 0.75, t p = 0.6
tB = 1.0, t Q = 0.9
24. Let mass of gold is m then mass of copper 210 - m
As relative density of P is lesser than B , so it
upthrust loss of weight
will float in liquid B and as relative density of Q
= 210g - 198g & Vin tW g is greater than liquid A so it will sink, because if
= 12g & Vin = 12 cm3 density of the object is greater than that of the liquid
Total volume i which it is immersed, then its weight is more than
the upthrust and vice versa.
m 210 - m m 210 - m
=t + t
gold cu
= 12 & 19.3 + 8.5 = 12 35. Let v be the volume of the solid block of density
t . Let t1 is the density of water. Weight of body
& m = 193 = vtg . When the body is immersed in water,
So weight of gold = 193 g
Tension in the string = Upward thrust - Weight of
25. In free fall geff = 0 the body
26. Weight = upthrust & mg = ^3 # 2 # 10 -2h # 103 # g & T = vt1 g - vtg = vg ^t1 - t2h
& m = 60 kg
When the lift is moving upwards with acceleration
27. Let mass of cube is m and side is a then a , the tension in the string is T = v ^t1 - th^gah
or W2 = real weight - W 1 1
P1 + 2 tV12 = P2 + 2 tv22
Now, real weight = W1 + W
1
& 3 # 105 = 105 + 2 # 103 V22
` W2 = W1 + W - W = W1
& V22 = 4 # 102 & V2 = 20 m/s
38. As the piece touches the glass at small number of
1 1 1
points, water would be there at the bottom of the 48. tA + tVA2 = iB + tVB2 = tC + tVC2
2 2 2
piece also and hence buoyancy acts on it.
as rA = rC > rB
From equilibrium condition, mg = FB + N
rA = VC < VB
m
FB = V t water g = t metal # t water # g
` t A = tC > t B
0.16
= 8 # 10 = 0.2 N
` height of the liquid in the tubes A and C is same.
So,
160
N = mg - FB = 1000 # 10 - 0.2 49. V22 = V12 + 2gh = ]2g2 + 2 # 1000 # 5.1 # 10 -1
= 1.4 N = 1024
39. Work = DPV = ^3 # 10 - 1 # 10 h
5 5
V2 = 32 cm/s
# 50000 = 10 J 10
50. v A a A = vB # aB = v A # 4 = vB # 2 vB = 2v A
40. In case of non viscous, streamline flow, radial 1 1
Again, 2 tv 2A + tgh A + p A = 2 tv 2B + tghB + pB
velocity gradient is zero.
41. A1 V1 = Total area # ^velocity through each capillaryh
1 1
& 2 tv 2A + p A = 2 tv 2B + pB ]as h A = hBg
42. From equation of continuity & p A - pB = 2 t ^v 2B - v 2Ah = 2 # 1 # ^4v 2A - v 2Ah
1 1
]A # 3g = ]A # 1.5g + ]1.5A # Vg
1
& 2 # 1 # 1000 = 2 # 1 # 3v 2A
& V = 1 m/s2
( p A = pB = 2 cm of water column = 2 # 1 # 1000
43. Using A1 V1 = A2 V2 dyn/cm 2 )
2 # r ]2 # 10 -2 g2
4000
V2 = = 8 m/s. ` vA = 3 = 36.51 cm/s
r ]1 # 10 -2 g
&
2
So, rate of flow = Va a A = 36.51 # 4 = 146 cm3 /s
V
Maximum height = 2g = 3.2 m 2
51. The air through the horizontal tube will decrease
44. the pressure and more liquid will be pushed into the
V22 = V12 + 2gh capillary tube.
V2 = 2 m/s A
52. Using equation of continuity, we have v2 = A1 v1
A1 V1 = A2 V2 2
A = 5 # 10 5 m 2
- From Bernoulli’s theorem,
1
45. From continuity equation, velocity at cross-section
p1 + tgh1 + 2 tv12
(1) is more than that at cross-section (2).
p2 = tgh2 + 2 tv22 & g ]h1 - h2g = 2 ^v22 - v12h
1 1
2 dgh + n
x2 = 2 60 # 30 2mg mg
or v= 2gh + tA =
tA
x3 = 2 40 # 50
2g b 2 l = gh .....(i)
h
60. v1 =
x4 = 2 50 # 40 or x3 = x4 = maximum
56. Velocity of efflux
From Bernoulli’s theorem,
EXERCISE - 2
1. Pressure exerted by fluid at closed end B is 3. The liquid will rise upto 80 feet height
only if the pressure at the point is less than
P = tgl
P0 by an amount t w .g.h. i.e.; Pressure at
` force exerted by fluid at closed end B is point A should be PA = P0 - tgh < 0 (As
tgh = 103 # 10 # 80 > 105 ]P0g ) and it is not
F = PA = ltg A0 possible for us to make the pressure negative.
2. To measure the atmospheric pressure, same length
of tubes containing mercury are required, no matter
how many tubes are used.
(Since Patm = t Hg g h ) Hence (d)
11.8 Physics
4.
At point B the pseudo force is maximum hence
pressure is maximum.
B 8. At point H the pseudo force is minimum hence
pressure is minimum.
O
s sin 45 cos i + cos 45 sin i 11. N
v = sin 45 cos i - cos 45 sin i arel
marel = mg sin i - ma cos i
i = tan -1 b s + v l
s-v
but for water surface tan i = a/g
5. a
& rel = 0
12.
;36 - t l b 36 lE g = ;48 - t l b 48 lE g
2 2
9 t0
23. Let h = height to of water column
Solving t0 = 3
then tW gh + t H g ]10 - hg = t Cu g10
16. In stable equilibrium the object comes to its original
g
= ρgydy b 12 - y l + F # 12 = 0 #
0
ρg
& F = 6
6tL@ = 2 tVL
2 dp dm
35. Fth = dt = 2 V dt = 2 V
At base, reaction force of buoyant force will act in
downward direction. 36. by A1 V1 = A2 V2
The forces acting at the base of each tank are
b r4D1 l V1 = b rD2 l V2
2 2
FA = W + fB = W + mg 4
V2 = 4V1
FB = W + fB = W + mg
37. ]rR 2 g v = n ]rr 2 g v'
FC = W + fB + N = W + mg
38. Rate of flow = Av
Thus, FA = FB = FC
Volume of water filled in tank in 15 s
31. Let t be the density of the material, t 0 be the
density of water. When the sphere has just started 15
A # 10 :1 - sin 30 tD dt
# π
sinking, the weight of the sphere = weight of water V =
0
displaced (approx.)
cos r/t 15
= 10A <t + F = 10A ;15 - E
30
& 3 r ^R3 - r3h tg = 3 rR3 t 0 g
4 4
r/t 0 r
^R3 - r3h
& ^R3 - r3h t = R3 t0 & Height of water level = 10A = :15 - 30 D
t0 V
= t
R3 r m
Fluids 11.11
gl v = 2gh .....(ii)
39. A1 V1 = A2 V2 or A # V1 = 2A 2 or V1 = 2gl
2 ρ 7V1 - V 2 A = ρgl sin θ
1 2 2
from equation (ii) put the value of v in equation (i)
41.
R2 2h
T = 2 g
r
on solving
t = 46.26 second
ρ1 - ρ 2 = ρg d tan θ = ρ m g∆h 45.
42. Initially, the water flowing out will be less than
that flowing into it. Hence, the water level will go
on rising. When the water level is h , the velocity
of efflux = 2gh . When this becomes equal to the
velocity of inflow, the level will become steady as
2g b 2 l = gh
h
the area of cross section of the filling tube and area
Velocity of efflux of water =
of cross section of the hole are equal. This height is
force on ejected water = Rte of change of momentum
given Torricelli’s theorem.
of ejected water.
v2
v = 2gh or 2g = h = t ]avg]avg
= t av2
Thereafter the water level will not rise.
Torque of these forces about central line
43. = ^tav2h 2R.2
2
Fthrust = tav
Fnet = F1 - F2 = at 62g ]h1 - h2g@
= 4tav2 R = 4t agh R
= at ^2ghh 46. Pressure at (1):
or F ?h P1 = Patm + t g ]2hg
Applying Bernoulli’s theorem between points (1)
44. and (2)
& v = 2 gh Ans.
A1 v1 = A2 v2
h v
πR 2 dh/dt = πr 2 v .....(i) 47. v0 = 2gh , v = 2g = 4 0
2 2
11.12 Physics
48. The two streams strike at the same point on the
t1 = time of fall of water stream through Q is
ground.
2 ]H - h1g
= g
t2 time of fall of the water stream through
=
2h2
P= g
Putting these values is Eq. (i), we get
R1 = R2 = R ^ H - h1 hh1 = ^ H - h2 hh2
u1 t1 = u2 t2 .....(i) or 7H - ^h1 + h2 hA 6h1 - h2@ = 0
EXERCISE - 3
15 cm
20 cm ⇒ a = 10 m/s2 V(1000)g
Applying n = u + at at t = 2 s,
10 cm we have n = 2 × 10 = 20 m/s a
ral = rgh Now, using n - u = 2ah, we have
2 2
gh 10 # 5
⇒ 2 × 10 × h = 400 ⇒ h = 20 m V(500)g
a= = = 5 m/s2
l 10
1 6.
2. 0.9P0 + rgh = P0 + rn2
2 x
& n = 5 m/s
x
3. 1
21
d-x d+x
mg = [2r1 × 103 + r1 × (203 - 103]g
vvg = # >t e1 +
0
h0
o (dv) g + t0 e1 +
h0
o (dv) gH
= 9r1 × 103g = tl × 8 × 103g v/2
d d
⇒ r1 =
8
g/cm3 vv = 2t0 e1 +
o # dv = t0 v e1 + o
h0 h0
9 0
d
4. x & v = t0 e1 +
o
dh h0
h 7. Buoyant force on soap, FB = A[xr0 + (L - x)rw]g
Weight, W = LArsg
For equilibrium, FB = W
dh
Q = an = px d -
n 2
⇒ LArsg = A[xr0 + (L - x)rw]g
dt x
a 2gh dt = -px2 dh ...(1)
⇒ Lrs = xr0 + (L - x)rw ⇒ rs = [r0 - rw] + rw
L
x2 = R2 - (R - h)2 ...(2) x tw - t s 1000 - 800 2
⇒ = = =
Substitute (2) in (1) and do integration L t w - t0 1000 - 300 7
Fluids 11.13
t 15
M’g = # t (1 + by) dyAg
o
l/4
3 15
M’ = t0 Al <
+ blF
4 32
3Mg
V't l c m = VPs c m
10. FH = (tgR) rR 2 = tgrR3 = 4g 4g
2 3 3
Fv = (M + m)g V
V' = 2
3Mg 2
Fnet = [(M + m) g] 2 + e o 14.
2
9 m 2
When it is depressed by x .
Fnet = Mg d1 + n
4 M
acc = a g b d = 1a l
dx
2h #
11. Initially g 2g # 10 = R
1
T = 2π g
After applying excess pressure
P + ρg ]10g
15.
2d
n = 2R
2h
g # ρ
P + ρg ]10g
ρg ]10g
Taking ratio =4
P = 3ρg ]10g
Apply Bernoulli theorem at point a & B,
= 3 atm
12. 1 1
PA + tVA2 = PB + tVB2
2 2
as A >> a, VA << VB
F 1
& + t0 t0 + tVB2
A 2
2 F
& VB2 =
tA
]2 g^ 4 # 103 h
=
^103 h]2 g
Assume area of cross section of rod: A
=4
Equating torque about P
& VB = 2 m/s.
(2LA) tgL sin i = ^xAt w gh b2L - 2 l sin i
x
x =L
r
This means i = 3
11.14 Physics
16. or T + ]0.8g ]250g g = ]250g t L g
.....(i)
T + BF = m2 g
2
Time period of above system
l
g ]sin a1 + sin a2g
= 2r ,
when l is the length of liquid column.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii)
T = 0.5 N
R
k 1
R/2 18 = 2 & k = 9
30° 60°
20. Tmax = ^7 # 106h ^10 -6h = 7N
b R + rR l
Initial buoyant force is
3
In the given question, T = 2r
g ]sin 30° + sin 60°g BF1 = ]0.1g3 ]1000g]10g = 10N
2 ]3 + rgR
Weight of the block is
3g ^1 + 3 h
= 2r
w = ]0.1g3 ]1500g]10g = 15 N
17. Let H be the depth of the lake
` BFmin = 15 - 7 = 8N
As temperature is constant, ^pVhbottom = ^pVhsurface
(at the time of breaking of wire.)
6t + H ]1g^gh@ 34 rr3
gh = ^tghh 3 r ]2rg3
4
H = 7ht & b =7
BF = mg + kx
VtW g = Vt S g + kx ` ^Vi h ]1000g ]10g = 8
0.5 # ]0.5g]10g + 50x
Volume of water to be removed
800 1000 10 =
#
= ]200 - 100g]2g = 200cm3
5
x = 0.025m = 2.5cm = 2 cm
` 2t = 200
& b =5
& t = 100s
19. T + m1 g = BF 1
& t =1
Fluids 11.15
EXERCISE - 4
7.10m 2r 35m
T = 2r = 3
18mg mg
Thus the increment in pressure at each point is
F
DP = A (by Pascal’s law)
11.16 Physics
a h -h 4
8. tan i = g = h tan 45c2 + h1 tan 45c 13. T1 = T2, Mg + 2 T1 = 3 rr3 tW g T1 = 250 2 N
2 1
4 cm
= 20 cm
& a = 2 m/s 2
9. For spring balance A
Mg
= - Th = 2g - Th
14. Consider the condition of equilibrium for the mass
for balance B of water contained between cross section separated
mg
= + Th = 5g + Th by x and x + dx from rotation axis.
p2 r2
10. When the levels equalise then the height of the liquid
dp = t~2 xdx; # dp = # t~2 xdx
r1 r1
h1 + h2
in each arm =
2
Transferred length of liquid
h1 + h2 h1 - h2
= h1 - 2 = 2
Transferred mass
=c m Aρ
h1 - h2
2
Loss in gravitational potential energy
p2 - p1 = t~2 ; x2 E = t~2 b r2 r1 l
r2
2
2
- 2
= mgh = c m Aρg
h1 - h2 2
r 1 2
2
2 ^p2 - p1h
t ^r22 - r12h
Mass of the entire liquid ~=
= ^h1 + h2 + h hAρ 15. Absolute pressure in bulb = Gauge pressure +
If this liquid moves with a velocity v then its KE Atmospheric pressure = P + Pa
Using Bernoulli’s equation,
= 2 ^h1 + h2 + h h Aρv 2
1
t a v2
Pa + P = PBC + 2
&c m Aρg = 1 ^h1 + h2 + h h Aρv 2
h1 - h2 2
2
Where t a is the density of air
2
^h1 - h2 h
g
` PBC = Pa + P - b 2 l v2 = Pa - tgh
1.3
2 ^h1 + h2 + h h
v
& =
so equating these two values for PBC we get
11. P = 100 cm # 1 g cm -3 # 1000 cms -2
P + tgh
= 105 dyn cm -2
V=
0.65
F = 105 # 100 dyn = 1.99 N
12. When the oil is poured, the fraction of ice in the
water decreases, i.e., volume of ice melted into
water is greater than volume of water displaced by
ice. So water level rises. Overall volume of ice will
decrease as it melts. so the upper level of oil falls.
Fluids 11.17
16. Pressure at the location of element is 18. A snapshot of the system at an instant is shown in
p = tgh the figure. v = speed with which the water level
or p = tgy sin i
lowers (this has to be constant)
Force on the element is dF = p ^b dyh , where b is
the width of the wall.
A = rx2 = area of surface of water.
dF = tgy sin i ^bdyh = tgb sin i ydy
v' = 2gy = speed of
` Total force on the wall due to the liquid is
H/sin i
water through orifice.
F = tgb sin i # ydy
a = area of orifice (given)
0
H2 tgbH2
From equation of continuity, at this instant
or F = tgb sin i 2 =
2 sin i 2 sin i
tgH2 Av = av'
F
or b =
2 sin i
rx2 v = a 2gy
17. We know that
r2 x 4 v2
a 9 2gy =
tan i = g0 = 10 a2
r2 v2 4
&
y= .x
2ga2
r2 v2
If v has to be constant, = constant = k (say)
2ga2
then equation required is y = kx 4
h
Also, tan i = 3 (from figure) r2 v2
where, k=
h 9 2ga2
` 3 = 10 & h = 2.7 m
19. From the non-inertia frame of tube, force on the
So, when water level goes below C no water comes liquid element is zero.
out through C . Initial volume of water is
Vi = 3 # 3 # 2 = 18 m3
Final volume of water is
1
Vf = 2 # 3 # 2.7 # 3 + 3 # 0.3 # 3 = 14.85 m3
` Volume of water spilled
= Vi - Vf = 18 - 14.85 = 3.15 m3 ^dph A ^dx ath ~2 x = 0
= 3150 L
^dx At = mass of elementh
11.18 Physics
dp =- t~2 xdx ρQV Uj + ρQV S
i
#p p dp #L - h xdx
L
Moment of the force about 0 is
&
2
=- t~2
1
2
ρQ l
ρQV l = anticlockwise.
p2 - p1 =- 2 6L2 - ]L - hg2@
2
t~2 πr
23. In a static fluid, pressure remains same at the same
level, ie, pressure do not vary with x-coordinate.
=- 2 6L2 - L2 - h2 + 2 Lh@
t~2
Hence (c).
P = t ]2hgg
2
p1 - p2 = 2 62Lh - h2@ .....(i) 24.
t~
F ]2hgg
On applying Bernoulli’s theorem between points (1) A2 = t
and (s), we have Fbase = 2h t g A2
Fwall = h t g 6A2 - A1@, at the level x
p1 + 2 t ]0g2 = p2 + 2 tv2
1 1
25. Assuming that the block is completely submerged in
1 water, then
p1 - p2 = 2 tv2 .....(ii)
Fb = 1000 > mg ]920g So, not possible.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Let complete in oil
: D
t~2 2 2L
Fb = ]0.6g ]4g ^1000 + ]1g]6g]100gh = 840
1 2
2 t v = 2 h h -1
v = ~h
2L Fb < mg So, not possible
h -1
So let 'x' part in oil and remaining water
20. PA = PB = t m g ]l - xg
920 = 6]1g]10 - xg + ]0.6g]xg@ 100
9.2 = 10 - x + 0.6 x
0.4 x = 0.8
x = 2 cm
21.
26. PV = constant
(Assumed isothermal process)
22.
At the bend force exerted by water is
Fluids 11.19
28. Pressure at the base = tg 2h 32. The free-body diagram of
= 2tgh the entire liquid is as shown
in the figure, m is the mass
Force exerted by the liquid on the base of container. of the entire liquid in the
vessel. As the liquid is in
= 2tgh A2
equilibrium, net force on the
liquid is any direction has to
be zero. From the above statement, we can say that
option (a) is correct.
For liquid contained in section lettered A , vertical
component of forces acting on the inclined face is
equal to atmospheric pressure force and weight of
liquid. Force on the base is atmospheric force plus
weight in section B . From the above statement, we
~ + N1 = ^2tghA2 h
can say (directly or indirectly) that options (b), (c)
and (d) are also correct.
` ~ < 2tghA2
33. Pressure decreases in the
& N1 = ^ pressure at x h^ A2 - A2 h direcion of aceleration. If
we take two points 1 and 2,
= ^tgh h^ A2 - A1 h two points in the horizontal
1 1 line, then we can write
29. ρ1 + 2 ρV12 = ρ 2 + 2 ρV22 p1 - p2 = tal .
A1 V1 = A2 V2
As the inclination of liquid surface with tan θ = a/g.
The equipressure lines will be parallel to this line.
Also ρ1 - ρ 2 = ρgh
30. If one surface is pushed down by x the other surface 34. When balloon is filled with air, balloon experience
moves up by x buyoncy force due to surrounding air.
.. . . .
Net unbalanced force on ........................................ B W
..............
............ ..........
...................................
.................................
..............
. .. .. ..
. .......................
.......................
.. ... .. ..
..............
................ ...........
.
. .
...............
. . .. .. ..
..............
The liquid column = 2xAtg .......................................
..............
Mass of the liquid column = lAt
KE of the water = Pressure energy of the wate at that
1 P
layer 2 mV 2 = m # ρ
V 2 = ρ = ρ 7P0 + ρg ^h1 - h0 hA
2P 2
V = ; ρ # P0 + ρg ^h1 - h0 h-E
1 /2
2
P0 + 0 + tg ]3.6g = P0 + 2 tv2 + 0
1
& v = 6 2 m/s We know 2P0 + ρg ^h1 - h0 h = h2 + h1
Volume blown per unit time
& X = ρg0 + ^h1 - h0 h = h2 + h1
P
= av = rr2 v = 96 2 # 10 -4 m3 /s
Similarly, at A and C
i.e. X is h1 metre below the top or X is - h1 above
the top.
PA + 2 tv2 + tg ]3.6 + 1.8g = P0 + 2 tv2 + 0
1 1
43. As long as water fills the tube (as shown in the figure)
& PA = 0.46 # 105 N/m2 and points A and B are open to the atmosphere, the
velocity at B will be given by Torricelli’s theorem.
37. If a0 is the horizontal acceleration of the vessel,
then the water surface makes an
horizontal.
` i = tan -1 d
g 3n
g
= tan -1 ^ 3h = 60cs
Hence, vB = 2gh2 where h2 is the difference in
38. Let zmin is the minimum level of the dotted parabola.
the levels A and B .
r 2 ω2 ]0.1g2 ]10g2
` z1 = zmin + 12g = zmin + 2 # 10 44. We apply Bernoulli’s theorem for level A and for
the highest level, CD (lebelled by subscript 1), to
]0.2g2 ]10g2
2 2
r ω2 get
and z2 = zmin + 2g = zmin + 2 # 10
1
But z1 + z2 = 2 # 0.4 = 0.8 m PA = P1 + 2 ρv12 + ρgh1 .....(i)
Solving the above equations, we get
Since the tube has uniform cross section and water is
incompressible,
zmin = 0.275 m
v1 = vB = 2gh2 .....(ii)
39. Upto the instant, the block completely enters the
water, tension increases as BF increases. Therefore,
From Eqs. (i) and (ii)
T becomes constant. Hence, graph (b) is correct.
P1 = PA - 2 ρ 7 2gh2 A - ρgh1
1 -2
40-42.
= Patm - ρg ^h1 + h2 h ....(iii)
2P0 = ]h2 + h0gtg + p0
the minimum value of P1 = 0 ( P1 cannot be negative
(Since liquids at the same level have the same
become then no water will reach the level). Hence,
pressure)
putting P1 = 0
P0 = h2 ρg + h0 ρg
P
h2 ρg = P0 - h0 ρg ^h1 hmax = ρatm 1.0 # 105
g - h2 = 1 # 103 # 9.8 - 3.0
= 10.2 m - 3.0 m = 7.2 m
Fluids 11.21
45. Putting h1 = h2 = 3.0 m in eq. (iii) above. ^tl3h
= 2 ^l2h = 2 a = 2
lta ma
P1 = pressure at level CD
= Patm - ^tgh]3 + 3g = 1.0 # 105 - 6tg
in (b) tla part is zero while average force of tgx is
The gauge pressure at level ; E 6l @ = ^ h
0 + tgl 2 tg 3
2 l
5 2
CD = 6ρg = 6 # 10 - 6ρg
t ]l3g
= 2 ^gh = 2
mg
= 5.9 # 10 4 N/m2
46. Vertical force is buoyant force ]BFg upwards.
Similarly for other part
BF = Vi t L g = b r2R Ll tg =
2
2 rR Ltg
50. (a) On ABCD avg pressure = ; E
2 0 + t1 gh
2
47. p1 = tgR
So F = ; E5lh? =
t1 gh t1 gh2 l
p2 = tg $ 3R 2 2
(b) No contact of t2 and not any pressure on
ABCD due to t2
(c) On CDEF due to t1 at every point
pressure is t1 gh so average is also t , gh so
& pav =
p1 + p2
= 2tgR F = ^t1 ghh ]hlg = t1 gh2 l
2
Area = 2R $ L
(d) On CDEF force due to liquid of density t2
Horizontal force is t2gh2 l
is
FH = ^2tgRh $ 2RL = 4tgR2 L 2
51. When the plastic ball is in the container, it displaces
48. At every point Fnet is radial water whose weight is equal to the weight of plastic
ball. When the plastic ball is in water, it floats and
displaces water of equal weight. So, d remains
constant and h decreases.
When the stone is in the container, it displaces water
whose weight is equal to the weight of stone. When
` the stone is in water, it sinks and displaces water
whose volume is equal to the volume of stone. So,
49. Pressure varies with height & P = tgh d and h decrease.
and is horizontal with acceleration & P = tla
When ice cubes are in the container, before and
after melting, displace same amount of water. So,
so on (a) tgh part is zero while average force of d and h remain same.
tax is
When temperature rises, balloon expands. So, BF
; E 6l @
0 + tla 2 on it increases.
2
Thus, tension increases and d also increases.
11.22 Physics
1 1 to
Now, P1 + 2 tV12 + tgh = P2 + 2 tV 22 + tgh 0
P1 - P2 = 2 t _V 2 - V1 i ..... (1)
1 R
2
& V2 = 2V1
..... (2)
& 5 to = t L
1
So, 4500 = 2 # 750 # 3V12
[From (1)]
6. using equation of continuity 40VA = 20VB
& V1 = 2 m/s
& 2VA = VB
Volume flow rate = A1 V1 = 24 # 10 -3 m3 s -1
Using Bernoullies equation
1 1
3. P0 PA + tV A2 = PB + tV B2
2 2
m 1
& PA - PB = t (V B2 - V A2)
2
1 V B2
& OP = 1000 fV B2 - p
A
v1 2 4
H
3V B2
P0
& OP = 500 #
4
a v
(OP) # 4 (700) # 4 28
m = 24 kg & VB = = m/s = m/s
A = 0.4 m2 1500 1500 15
a = 1 cm2
Volume flow rate = 20 × 100 × VB = 2732 cm3 /s
H = 40 cm dV dx
7. As, dt = A dt = A 2gh
Using Bernoulli’s equation
& c P0 + m + tgH + 1 tv12 = P0 + 0 + 1 tv2 ... (1)
mg 1 b dV l2 # 1
2 2
h=
A A2 dt 2g
Neglecting v1 , we get
Fluids 11.23
10. kx0 + FB = mg
2 # b 60 l # 2 # 9.8
1 0.74 2
1
=
b 22 l
7 # 4 # 10
-4
L
kx0 + σ 2 Ag = Mg
= 22 # 22 # 16 # b 60 l # 2 # 9.8 . 4.9m
49 # 108 # 10 -4 74 2 1
σLAg
Mg - 2
x0 = k
8. Since height of water in the given large tank remains
same so water inflow rate = water outflow rate Mg
= k b1 - σ2LA
M
l
Qi = Av = A 2gh
11. Diameter = 8 # 10 3 m
-
Q2i 10 -8 1
h= = -8 = m v = 0.4 m/s
A 2g 10 # 2 # 9.8 19.6
2
v = u 2 + 2gh
= ]0.4g2 + 2 # 10 # 0.2
= 0.051 m = 5.1 cm
9.
= 2 m/s
A1 v1 = A2 v2
π c 8 # 10 m # 0.4 = π # 4 # 2
-3
d2
4
3
d . 3.6 # 10 m .
-
1. P2 T 1-c
c
d 1n
P1 = T2
2
2
P2 = b 150 l
A2 = 0.4 m 300 -1
# 600
600
P2 = 4 = 150Pa
PM P
A1 = 0.1 m
2 P1 = 600 Pa
Now, t = RT & t \ T
T1 = 300 K
P T
t2 = d P1 nd T2 n = (4) b 2 l = 2
3
1 = 0.2 kg/m t 1
1 2 1
V1
t
dm t2 = 21 = 0.1 kg/m3
dt = t1 A1 v1 = 0.8kg/s
0.8 0.8
v1 = 0.2 # 0.1 = 40m/s
Now, t2 A2 v2 = 0.8 & v2 = 0.1 # 0.4 = 20m/s
g = 10 m/s2 Now, Won gas = T K + T U + T (Internal energy)
c =2 P1A1 T x1 – P2A2 T x2 =
Gas undergoes adiabatic expansion, p1 - c Tc =
^ P TV - P1 TV1 h
1 1 f
2 Tmv2 - 2 Tmv1 + (Tm) gh + 2 2 2
2 2
Constant
11.24 Physics
Now, A 1 T x1 = T V1 4.
And, A2 T x2 = T V2
O
1 ` P TV1 - P2 TV2 R
Rh
= 2 Tm _v22 - v12 i + ]Tmg gh + 2 ^ P2 TV2 - P1 TV1 h
1 2 A r
h
P P v2 - v2
& 2 d t1 - t2 n = 2 2 1 + gh
1 2
h = 360 m
In OOAB
R 2 = ] R - hg2 + r 2
2. h1 + h2 = 0.29 # 2 + 0.1
h1 + h2 = 0.68 R 2 = R 2 - 2hR + h 2 + r 2
.....(1)
& P0 + t k g ]0.1g + t w g ^h1 - 0.1 h - t w gh2 = P0 & 2hR = h 2 + r 2
6t k = density of kerosene & t w = density of water@
h2 + r2
R
& =
& t k g ]0.1g + t w gh1 - t w g # ]0.1g = t w gh2
2h
& 800 # 10 # 0.1 + 1000 # 10 # h1
Now considering equation of surface
- 1000 # 10 # 0.1 = 1000 # 10 # h2 ~2 r2
y = y0 +
& 1000 ^h1 - h2 h = 200 2g
& h1 - h2 = 0.02 ~2 r2
h=
.....(2) 2g
& h1 = 0.35 n 2 n1 n 2 - n1
Now using: v - u =
& h2 = 0.33 R
h1 35 1- 3
4
So, = 1 4
h2 33
& v +
3 ] H - hg
-
3. P1 = P2 - ta cos 45°d + t ^ g - a sin 45° h d -R
1 1 4
P -P 2a
& v = -
& 1tgd 2 = 1 - g 3R 3H
g 1 2h 4
& b = 0 for a =
& v = 2 -
2 3r 3H
2 -1 g 3H ~2 H
-1
b=
2
for a = 2 v
& = >1 + H
4 4g
dp
5. =- gt ] r g
dr
G m] r g 4
g] r g = ; m] r g = rtr3
r 2 3
4
& g ] r g = rtGr
d 3
2
d dp 4
& = rt 2 Gr
dr 3
1 a
R2 - r2
p ] r g - p ] Rg = rt 2 G d n
4
45°
&
3 2
put p ] Rg = 0
2
p ] r g = rt 2 G ^ R 2 - r 2 h
3
Fluids 11.25
9
P ]3R/4g
1-
16 9 7 63
p ]2R/3g
= = # =
4 16 5 80
1-
9
9
p ]3R/5g 1-
25 16
p ]2R/5g
= =
4 21
1-
25
1
p ] R/2g 1- 1 1
4 9 3 27 P0 - 2 ρ a v a2 = P0 - 2 ρ , v ,2 - ρ , gh
p ] R/3g
= = # =
1 4 8 32 ta
1-
v, = v considering h to be small.
9 t, a
6. 10. The buoyancy force is the force due to the pressure
of the liquid.
The forces on the bubble (except buoyancy force)
are – gravity and viscous.
11. The gas in the bubble is insulated. Hence the process
is adiabatic. For adiabatic process
γ-1
On small sphere p
` Tf = T1 # e f o
γ
4 3 ^ρh + = 4 2 ^2ρh T
γ - 1 = constant
3 πR g kx 3 πR g .....(i)
p γ
pi
P + ρ g ^ H - yh
on second sphere (large)
4 3 ^3ρh = 4 3 ^2ρh + Tf = T0 # < 0 P +, ρ gH F
3 πR g 3 πR kx .....(ii)
0 ,
P + ρ g ^ H - yh
by equation (i) and (ii) 5 /3 - 1
= T0 < 0 P +, ρ gH F
5/3
3
4πR ρg 0 ,
x= 3k
P + ρ g ^ H - yh 5
2
= T0 < 0 P +, ρ gH F
0 ,
7. For A, mg + T = B .....(1) BA
11
A
` d A < dF T
13 to 14.
mg
When bouyant force on (tube + air) system will
For B '
T + B = mg .....(2) become equal to weight of tube then tube will
B'
T start sinking. (Here we can neglect weight of air as
` dB > dF
compared to weight of tube)
(1) - (2)
net force enerted by gas on the test tube is zero.
& mg - B' = B - mg
Now, Let volume of air in this case = Vair
& mg + mg = B + B' mg
FB = mg
d A + dB = 2dF ( a B = B' )
So, d w ]Vtube + Vairgg = mg
&
8. A1 V1 = A2 V2 A1 = 400A2
& 1 b 2.5 cm3 + Vair l = 5
5
400 ^5 # 10 -3h = V2
& V2 = 2 m/s.
& 2 + Vair = 5
9. Pressure at A and B will be same
Vair = 3 cm3
As initial volume of air = 3.3 cm3
So, 3 V = 0.3 cc
11.26 Physics
So, X = 0.30 16.
As temperature of air is constant vg
So, PV = constant
P0 3.3 = Pf 3, Pf is final pressure of air
& Pf = 1.1P0 = P0 + 0.1P0
mg
So, 3 P = 10 4 Pa
480 # g = vt1 g
So, Y = 10 ]480 - N g g = vt 2 g
480 - N t2
So, X = 0.30 =
480 t1
Y = 10.00
- h2
N e
d1 - n=
FB h0
= e-
h1 - h2 50
=e h0 6000
480 e
-h1
h0
N 50 50 # 480
1- = 1- &N= =4
480 6000 6000
mg
15.
V
Vt
P0 - P = t ^v 2 - vt2 h
1
.....(i)
2
4
Also, 4St vt = v # 3St & v = vt .....(ii)
3
From (i) and (ii)
2
1 16 2 1 7vt
P0 - P = t d
v - vt n = t
2
2 9 t 2 9
N
` =9
Simple harmonic motion 12.1
rt rt ω ^ A 2 - x 2h = ω 2 x x = 1 cm
2. y = 0.4 d cos 2
- sin 2 n
2 2 6. 2
ω A = ωA
rt
= 0.4 cos 2 d n = 0.4 cos rt 8. V = ω 4A 2 - x 2 ω ]2Ag = 2V
2
3. 8 2 = ω 2 ^ A 2 - x 2h V' = ω 4A 2 - ] Ag2 = 3 ωA = 3 V
7 2 = ω 2 ^ A 2 - ] x + 1g2 h 9. T = 1 s & A = 2m
y = A sin ^ωt + φ h
6 2 = ω 2 ^ A 2 - ] x + 2g2 h
π
at t =0 Y =+ A & φ= 2
Vmax Aω = 65 2
25 x
2π 10.V2 = 4 - 4
4. Time period = ω = 2s . Total distance covered
= 5a
Compare with V2 = ω2 A2 - ω2 x2
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
y2 = 2 sin b ωt + 4 l
1 π
1. Mech Energy = 2 mω 2 A 2
2. KE at mean position = 2 m ]ωAg2
1 π
Phase difference = 12
3. ω = 2πf = 50 rad/s 8.
Total energy = 2 mω 2 A 2 = ]0.4 + 0.5gJ
1
2π
4. From diagram φ = 3
φ = ω/3
π
φ 1
Time taken = ω = 23π = 2 s
5.
2π 3
φ 1.2
t = ω = 23π = 3 = 0.4 s 9.
1.2
π φ
φ = 3 time = ω
6.
From diagram φ = π/3 dU
F =- dx =- 6 sin 3x =- 18x
y1 = sin b ωt + 6 l
π
7. 2
a =- 9x & ω = 9
12.2 Physics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. ω1 A1 = ω 2 A2 ω 1 k
8.Frequency = 2π = 2π m' m' = 1.5 kg
k1 k2
Using conservation of momentum
& m A1 = m A2
m m v -1
2. T1 = 2π k T2 = 2π 0.5v = 1.5 v' & v' = 3 = 1 m/s
1 k2
The initial displacement from equillibrium position
T1 2 T 2
k = k + k = c π m +c 2 m
m m m is
eq 1 2 2 2 π
m 0.5 # g
T' = 2π k = T12 + T22
= k =x
eq
k1 + k2 v' = ω A 2 - x 2
3. ω = m
Solving we can get A
k
4. If m1 is removed ω' = m 9.
2
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1 16 = ,
1. T = 2π g T ' = 2π g 4T T = 2π geff
For the pendulums to be in phase again 4π 2
3. T2 = g ,
ωt + 2π = ω't 2
4π
2 log T = log g + log ,
t 2π
2π T + 2π = 4T t 1
Required slope = 2
4T
t = 3 T T' ,/4 = T
4. Required time = 2 + 2 T' = 2π g 2
d
2. F = Vd1 g - Vd2 g = Vd1 g d1 - d2 n = T2 + T4
1
d
geff = g d1 - d2 n = 34T
1
Simple harmonic motion 12.3
5. R h l= g
g' b h = 2 l = g b1 - R
8.
2
, , eff = L2 - d 2
T' = 2π g' = 2 T = 2 2 s
, eff
g T = 2π
6. ω = , = π rad/s T = 2s g
θ = 2c sin ωt I m , 2 /3 = 2,
9. TA = 2π mgd = 2π mg ,/2 2π 3g
π 1
For θ = 1c ωt = 6 & t = 6 s
,
TB = 2π g
Total time period = 2 b T4 + 16 s l = 3 s
4
,
3
2mR 2
7. T = 2π
, , 10. 2π g = 2π mgR
geff = 2π g cos θ
INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
1. x2 n
y = A ^1 - 2 sin 2 ωt h = A d1 -
A2
5. F1 = mω12 x
F2 = mω 22 x
2 1 1
F1 + F2 = m _ω1 + ω 2 i x = m4π d t 2 + t 2 n x
2 2
Restoring force = wt of 2x length of liquid 1 2
R
= ]2xg APg
6. T1 = T2 = 2π g
^ fs hmax = µmg = mω 2 A
Total mechanical energy = 2 mω 2 ^ 2 A h
1 2
3. For small θ
= mω 2 A 2
restoring torque = mgR sin θ
I
10. T = 2π 2Mgd
= mgRθ
I A = 3 + d M, + M c 5 , m n
2
M, 2 2
mgRθ g 12
α = = Rθ 2
mR 2
R ,2 + ,2 = 5 ,
T = 2π g d = 4 16 4
4. x = A sin ωt
EXERCISE - 1
; ^g = r2h
2
10. a =- ω x
amax = g = b T l A
2r 2
2
=- ω A sin ωt
T 4r2 1
-ω A 2
# ]sin ωtgdt g = 1 A & A = 4 = 0.25 m
0
< a > = T
A/2 1 r -A A
# dt
O
16. cos i = A = 2 & i = 3 -A A
O
0
- ω 2A : ω D
- cos ωt T
Total phase difference A cosθ =A
= 0
=0 between them θ θ
T-0
φ
11. X = A + B sin ωt
x - A = B sin ωt 5r A/2 A/2
z = 2i + r = 3
Hence, Amplitude = B
Simple harmonic motion 12.5
17. = 3 b 2 l & a = 2r
ar 1 3
10
5
21. a b
0
x = A cos ~t & a = A cos ~ and a + b = A cos 2~
θ
OR From phaser θ
T/ 2
2r T r
z = ~t = T 8 = 4
A/2 1 x r x A
cos i = A = 2 & i = 60c
cos z = A & cos 4 = A & x =
2
Phase difference 2i = 120c
Average velocity
19. x = a sin ~t = a sin b T l
2r t
total displacement
= total time
2r b 8 l p
T
At t = 8 , x = a sin f = a sin b 4 l =
T r a
2x 2A/ 2 4 2A
T 2
= = = T
T/4 T/4
t=0
3T
t=T t=T/ 8 23. For (a): at t = 4 , particle at extreme position.
φ a a =- ~2 x ` F ! 0
θ
OR t=3T/ 4 t=T/ 4
For (b): at t = T/2, particle at mean position
v = ~A ]maximumg
t=T/ 2
For (c): at t = T , particle at mean position
2r T r r
& a =- ~2 x = 0
~ = ~t; z = T 8 = 4 & i = 4
For (d): at t = T/2 , particle at mean position
x a
As cos i = a so x = 1
2
so x = 0U = x kx2 = 0
20. x = a sin ^~t + zh
24. sin b 6 l = sin b2r + 6 l = sin 6 = 2
13r r r 1
At t = 1s, x = 0 = a sin ^~t + zh & z =- ~
Now x = a sin ]~tg = 2
a
& 4 = a b 6 l cos ]~g = 3 cos b 3 l
1 2r ar r
12.6 Physics
DT Dz 2 Dz r
Dividing Equation (1) and (2), we have
25. T = 2r & 8 = 2r & Dz = 2
3 M
` 5 = M+m
26. At equilibrium position K.E. is maximum
9 M
25 = M + m & 9M + 9m = 25M
27. 2 kx2 = 2 k ^A2 - x2h
1 1
m 16
A & 16M = 9m M = 9
or x =
2 1 1
38. 2 mv2 = 2 K1 x12
28. Total Energy of S.H.M. remains constant so average
energy = Total energy 1 1
mv2
2
= 2 K2 x22
29. X = A sin 2ryt, K1 x12 = K2 x22
Hence, the frequency of K.E. is 2y
Rubber ribbon can exert only tension not
1 compression so at a time only one is effective.
30. E = 2 m~2 A2
m
1 k
= 2 m # m # A2
T = 2r K
1 1 K
= 2 kA2 40. f1 = 2r m1
E is independent of mass 1 K
f2 = 2r
PE ]ming = 15 J
m2
31.
f1
KE ]maxg = 2 ^Avg KE h = 10 J f2 = 2 or m2 = 4m1 or m2 - m1 = 3 kg
Total energy = 25 J F 6.4
41. K = x = 0.1 = 64
32. PEay2 m r m
T = 2r k & 4 = 2r 64 & m = 1kg.
& PE is zero at mean position.
42. Frequency depends only o K and m
33. 2 mω 2 ^ A 2 - x 2h = 2 mω 2 x 2
1 1
m T2
34. Potential energy associated with restoring force is 43. T = 2r K m = k
4r2
zero at equilibrium position. mg
mg = Kx x = K
35. As the body is undergoing S.H.M., total energy of
system remains constant. T2 g
T2 K g
x = x =
36. Keq = K1 + K2 4r 2 K 4r2
1 1 1 44. kx = mg sin 30c
K1 = 2K + 2K
& K1 = K k g sin 30c 5 # 100
~= m = x = 2.5 = 14.14
K2 = K + 2K = 3K
2k # 2k
Meq m m 45. keq = 2k + k + 2k + 2k = 4k
T = 2r Keq = 2r 4K \ 4K
1 Keq 1 4K
M so, frequency f = 2r M = 2r
37. T = 2r k .....(1) M
46. In spring mass sytem time period depends only on k
M+m
T' = 2r k and m , not on g
5T
& 3 = 2r
M+m
.....(2) 47. Frequency depends only on K and m
k
Simple harmonic motion 12.7
48. Both the spring are in series f1 k/2 3
f2 = = 2
K ]2Kg
2k/3
2K
` Keq = K + 2K = 3
T T T
52. 4 - 12 = 6
n
Time period T = 2r Keq gEarth
53. gMoon = 6 ` TMoon = 6 TEarth
m m2 m
where = m 1+ m Here n = 2
1 2 54. Given time for both are same
m 3 3m
` T = 2r 2 . 2 K = 2r 4K
9T1 = 7T2
OR l1 l2
9 # 2r g = 7 # 2r g
k 2k
m m l1 49
& 9 l1 = 7 l2 & l2 = 81
v
keq
m m l l 2
55. T = 2r geff = 2r = T
g + g/4 5
x x
l
Total extension = 2x 56. T = 2r g , As it does not depend on amplitude
By energy conservation ` % change in time period of 0% Hence option (d)
is correct.
E = 2 Keq ]2xg2 + 2 mv2 + 2 mv2
1 1 1
v2
1 2k 1 1 4 57. Tmax = mg + m~2 l = mg + m l
E = 2 3 4x2 + 2 mv2 + 2 mv2 = 3 kx2 + mv2
= mg + m l # l ca ~ = m
g A2 g
dE 4 ]2xg dx ]2vg dv
dt = 3 k dt + m dt
l
or Tmax = mg + mg b l l = mg ;1 + b l l E
There is no loss of energy A 2 A 2
dE 8 8kxv
dt = 0 & 3 kxv + 2mva = 0 & 3 =- 2mva l
58. T = 2r g , At high altitude value of g decreases
4kx 4kx 4k
a =- 3m & - ~2 x = 3m & ~ = 3m
` length of pendulum must be decreased to keep
2r 3m correct time.
T = ~ & 2r 4k
l
49. 59. T0 = 2r geff .....(i)
T0 l
Now 2 = 2r g + a .....(ii)
1 k f1 m2
f= m m = f2 = m1
a0
& f =b M l = b1 + M l T
f1 M+m 1/2
m 1/2
2
m
50. Time period of spring block system is T = 2r k
mg
a constant force doesn’t affect T ..
g+a
51. For 1st condition
k
keff = 2
& g = 4 & a = 3g (upwards)
]2kg]kg 2 1 l 1 g
For 2nd condition keff = 2k + k = 3 k 60. T = f = 2r g & f = 2r l
f1 l2 b n l2 l2 l1 b n + 1 l2
T
m 1 1 k f2 = l1 & n + 1 = l1 & l2 =
` = 2r k ` f = T = 2r m n
12.8 Physics
61. In an artificial satellite L
1 m.g. 2
f0 = 2π
geff = 0 & T = 3 ^mL2 /3h
62. KE at centre 3g
= 21π # L = 2 f0
= 2 m~2 ]A2g = 2 m4r2 f2 A2
1 1
when bottom half of the stick is cut of
KE at distance x
m L
= 2 m4 r2 f2 ^A2 - x2h
1 1 2 .g. 4
m ] L/2g2
f0 ' = 2π
1
Difference = 2 m # 4r2 f2 x2 = 2r2 f2 x2 m 2 3
3g
63. The center of mass of the sphere and water system
= 21π # L = 2 f0
first go bellow the centre of mass of sphere till lowest
position and then again rises to initial value.hence 67. Time period of compound pendulum
the effective lenght of pendulum first increases to
maximum then decreases to the original.hence time Ta I
period of oscillation first decreases to minimum then
and Iring > I
again increases and become equal to the original.
disc
` T1 > T2
64. The net downward force on the changed sphere is
I
^mg - qEh making the acceleration bg - l 68. T = 2π
qE
Mgl
m
Fe = qE
1 2 2
= 2π 2 MR + MR 2π 3R
MgR 2g
W = mg
Then y = x so path is straight line.
And the time period will be
A=
r
C2 + D2 + 2CD cos 2
L l
T = 2r anet = T = 2r qE
Ar = C 2 + D 2
g- m
So, choice (b) is correct and the rest are wrong. anet 71. y = 5 ^sin 3rt + 3 cos 3rt h
qE
cannot be g + m , so the choice (d) is wrong. 3
= ]5 g]2 g= sin ]3rt g + cos ]3rt gG
1
65. I = 5 mR2 = 5 # 25 # ]0.2g2 = 5
2 2 2 2 2
= 10 sin d 3rt + n
r
x 0.1
x = Ci c = = 1 = 0.1 3
i
I 2
` Amplitudes = 10 m
T = 2r C = 2r 5 # 0.1 = 2r 2 = 4r secs.
#
= 100 cm
1 mgl
66. f0 = 2r I 72. x = 2 sin ~t &
Where, l is distance between point of suspension
y = 2 sin b~t + 4 l = 2 sin ~t + 2 cos ~t
r
and centre of mass of the body.
Thus, for the stick of length L and mass m : x
& 2 + y2 - 2 xy = 2
Which represent oblique ellipse
Simple harmonic motion 12.9
EXERCISE - 2
1. v max only dx
7. Average velocity V = dt =- Aω sin ω t
If initial velocity is v max t t
then after one time period particle acquires same # v dt - Aω # sin ω dt
speed vmax in same direction means same velocity <V> = 0
t = 0
t
v max
# dt # dt
2. Non-positive means negative 0 0
Aω b
scalar product of two vectors will be negative if - cos ωt lt
ω 0
they are antiparallel as F and a are always in same <V> =
[t - 0] t0
direction and opposite r
- A [cos ωt - cos 0]
3. F.a
= ]t - 0g
= ma .a (It is always non-negative) A 51 - cos ω t?
<V> =
4. The equation a =- 100x + 50 =- 100 ^x - 1/2h t
ba t = 6~ l = ]π/6ωg :1 - cos ω 6ω D
1 1 r A π
[ a =- kx from where x = x - 2 and x = 2 is the
mean position]
3 E 3Aω 6
itself shows that the particle performs SHM.
= 6Aπω ;1 - = π 2 - 3@
2
Hence (d)
Since particle does not change it’s direction in the
10. a = - d
r2 n r2
sin c 2ωt + m should be 1.
φ1 + φ 2 r
&~=
2
x 64 = 8
2r
a 2 = 2a # 1 # cos c 1 m
φ - φ2
& T = ~ = 16 sec .
2
T
There is a time difference of 2 between t = 2 sec .
cos c 1 m
1 = φ - φ2
&
2 2 to t = 10 sec . Hence particle is again passing
through the mean position of SHM where its speed
π φ -φ
& 4 = 12 2
is maximum.
π 4 2 32 2
& φ1 - φ 2 = 2
i.e. Vmax = a~ = 4 2 & a= = r m
r/8
12.10 Physics
dv
OR -3 4
11. v dx =- 100x + 50 -5 5
& # vdv = # ]50 - 100xgdx 2r 2r r
3 4
~ = T = 20 = 10 5 5
θ2 θ1
v2 100x2
& 2 = 50x - 2 + c
At x = 2 v = 0
r
from figure i1 + i2 = 53c + 37c = 90c or 2
& 0 = 100 - 200 + c & c = 100
r r
i = ~t & 2 = 10 t & t = 5 sec.
& v2 = 2 ;50x - 100 E
2
x
2 + 100 15. a x = A sin ~t
At x = 0
` x1 = A sin ~ & x1 + x2 = A sin ]2~g
v = 2 ]100g
2r 2r r A
~ = T = 8 = 4 & x1 = & x1 + x2 = A
2
v = 10 2 m/s. A x 1
& x2 = a - , Therefore x12 =
π/6 π/3 2 2 -1
12. T1 = ω T2 = ω T1 < T2
16. For weightlessness
Free body diagram of bob of the pendulum with
mg = m~2 a & g = ^2rfh ]0.5g
2
respect to the accelerating frame of reference is as
follows: 2g
& 2 r f = 2 g & f = 2r
` Net tension in the string is T = mg cos a
17. x = 3 sin 2t + 4 cos 2t = 5 sin ^2t + zh
a = 5, vmax = a~ = ]5g]2g = 10
18. From question
1
m 2 2
# -3
2 ~ A = 8 10
& 2 # 0.1 # ~2 # ]0.1g2 = 8 # 10 -3
1
mg cos a
& ~=4
T
So, geff = m = m = g cos a
So, question of SHM is
Greatest distance 20. x = A cos ~t
E = 2 K ^ x + yh
T 20 3
& Time taken = 4 = 4 = 5s 3 1 2
Simple harmonic motion 12.11
E = 2 K _ x 2 + y 2 + 2xy i
1 2k 3
& Vmax = mA
= E1 + E2 + K xy
dU =
= E1 + E2 + K xy 28. U = U0 sin ax & dx U0 a cos ax
= E1 + E2 + 2 E1 E2
At equilibrium, - dU
dx = 0
22. Due to impulse force, the total energy of the particle
& U0 a cos ax = 0
becomes: π π
& ax = 2 or x = 2a
1 1
m 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 ~ A + 2 m ~ A = m~ A d 2 U =- 2
U0 a sin ax
Let, A' be the new amplitude. (Apply energy dx 2
conservation law) d2 U
keff =
dx 2 x = 2πa
` 2 m~2 ]A'g2 = m~2 A2
1
= U0 a 2 sin b a $ 22π
a
l
& A' = 2 A
= U0 a 2
23. Restoring force F = dx = dx ^u0 ]1 - cos axgh
- du - d
m
F ]xg =- u0 a sin ax
29. Time period = t = 2r
K
For small angle sin ax . ax
Spring divided into two equal parts so length is
reduced to half.
F =- u0 a2 x
1
We know K \ l
=- ~2 x = b T l # x
- u0 a2 x 2r 2
& acc. = m
` K become twice
m
so, time period T = 2r
u0 a2 m m
Tnew = 2r Knew = 2r 2K
24. At t = 4 x=0
1 b2r m l T
i.e. particle must pass through the mean position su
= K = 2
2
curve (3) is not correct.
30.
The magnitude of slope of x - t graph is the speed
Among curves (1) and (2), slope of (1) greater at
t=4
so (a) is correct
1 1
25. Here 2 mv2 = 2 kx2 &
1 2
^ 2 2
h 1 2 2
2 m~ a - x = 2 m ~ x
a 4
x & = = =2 2 cm
2 2
Velocity before collision = 2gH
26. TE = 2 mω 2 A 2 b ω = 2π l
1
T
Pan is massless so velocity after collision
27. U ^ y h = k y
3
= 2gH
As the particle is oscillating under the influence
of conservative force, total mechanical energy is
by energy conservation
conserved throughout the journey of the body.
mg ]xg + 2 m ^ 2gH h = 2 kx2
1 2 1
At extreme position,
K $ E = 0, P $ E = kA3
kx2 - 2mgx - 2mgH = 0
Total energy = kA3
mg mg 2Hk
x= k + k 1 + mg
At mean position, kinetic energy is maximum
at equilibrium kx0 = mg & x0 = mg/k
m ^Vmax h + 0 = kA3
1 2
`
Amplitude = x - x0
2
12.12 Physics
31. Let displacement of block is x1 and of cart is x2 as
+ 2 0 + 4 = 0 bwhere a = dt l
Kx Kx dv
shown.
4M1 + M2 - Kx
Hence, 4 a= 4
a =- c 4M + M m; ω 2 =
K K
^4M1 + M2 h
`
1 2
K 2π
^4M1 + M2 h
ω = ; T= ω
By linear momentum conservation 4M1 + M2
` T2 = 2π K
mv mx
mvl1 = Mv2 & v2 = M1 so x2 = M1
34. By work energy theorem;
For block force equation can be written as
wext + wspring = k f - ki
F = 2k ]x1 + x2g = m~ x1
2
Let x1, x2 be the initial and final extensions and
& 2k bx1 + M x1l = m~2 x1 & ~2 = 2k b Mm l
m M+m v, v' are initial and final velocities.
1 1
Initially, Fx1 - 2 kx12 = 2 mv2 .....(1)
Mm
2k ]M + mg
So T = 2r 1 1
and finally, Fx2 - 2 k'x22 = 2 mv'2 .....(2)
n
32. Time period T = 2r k
In both cases: force applied is same, and velocity
becomes maximum when F = kx 9at equilibrium)
M M2 M#M M
where n = M 1+ M = M+M = 2
1 2
(After which the mass will deaccelerate)
So, time period T = 2r
M ]a k = ag ` F = kx1 = ]4kg x2
2a
& x2 = 41 ]k' = 4kg
x
33.
Substituting in (2):
1 1
fx2 - 2 k' x22 = 2 mv'2
Fx 1 1
4 1 - 2 k'x22 = 2 mv'2
A B O C
So,
1
v = t1 + t2
Phase covered
Time taken ] A " Bg =
And the frequency of collision will be double the
time taken
free of oscillation.
r/3
= ~
So frequency of collision.
r m 2
=
2v = 2v = 2L
3 k : v +r mD
K
2r 0.9
t =
3 k 41. The blocks will continue to move together till the
2
r 0.9 frictional force on mass m 5B? compensates the
-2
10 = maximum force in oscillation
9 k
& k = 10r 2
` nmg = amax = m~2 a
~ For the arrangement
= 100 N/m
K
k
37. ~1 = m , ~2 = 4m = 21
k ~ = ]M + mg
Frictional force max
]~1 - ~2g t = 0, 2r4r, ..... t = 0
mka kam ka
= nmg = ]
M + mg
= 2m = 2
& = ~ - ~ = 4 & 2r = 4 ]~1 - ~2g
2r
t
1 2
5as M = m?
r ]~ - ~ g
& 2 = 1 2
2 & k = r N/m
So, choice (b) is correct and the rest are incorrect.
38. Let v is velocity of (pan+body) system after 42. Time period of spring
collision.
]m + M g v = m 2gh T = 2r b k l
m
m 2gh
k , being the force constant of spring
v =
t1 = 2r b k l
m+M m
For first spring. .....(1)
Immediately after the collision, system is at a 1
mg
For second spring
distance of from new equilibrium position.
k
t2 = 2r b k l .....(2)
m
In S.H.M.,
2
v 2 = ~ 2 ]n 2 - x 2 g
The effective force constant in their series
m ^2gh h
2 2 2 kk
k m g combination is k = k 1+ 2k
& = f A2 - p 1 2
]m + M g2 m+M k2
Therefore, time period of combination
12.14 Physics
]k1 ++ k2gE
T - 2r ;
k1 k2
4 ]k1 + k2g
m
` keq =
k1 k2
4 r 2
m ]k 1 + k2g keq k1 k2
4m ]k1 + k2g
& T2 = .....(2) ~ =
k1 k2 m =
the effective force constant in their series
kk 44. From the figure it is clear that, if the displacement of
combination is k = k 1+ 2k
1 2 block is x0 , extension in spring will be 4x0 .
Therefore, time period of combination
]k1 + k2gE
T = 2r ;
m
k1 k2
4r m ]k1 + k2g
2
& T2 = k1 k2 .....(3)
From equations (1) and (2), we obtain
` t12 + t22 = T2 [from equation (3)]
43. Imagine pulley 2 is fixed and cannot change its
position. Now if pulley 1 moves down by x1 ,
Force on the block will be
block will move down by 2x1 . similarly, if pulley
]8kx0g2 = 16kx0
1 is assumed to be fixed and pulley 2 moves up by
x2 . then block will move down by 2x2 . But in the
` 16kx0 = keq x0
problem both pulleys are not fixed. So, if block m
& keq = 16k
moves down by x0 then
keq 16k k
~ = m = m =4 m
~ 2 k
` f = 2r = r m
& b T - T l t = 2r
x0 = 2x1 + 2x2 2r 2r
2 1
2T = k2 x2
&c m n # T1 = 2r (where n is number
g g
and 2T = k1 x1
1 - 1.44
2T of vibrations completed by longer pendulum)
` x1 = k
1
2T
&c m n # 2r
and x2 = k g g 1.44
g = 2r
1 -
2
1.44
If keq is equivalent spring constant of the system,
then
& n=5
T
Thus after 5 vibrations of longer pendulum they will
x0 = k
eq again start swinging in same phase.
T
& 2x1 + 2x2 = k 46. For simple pendulum ~ = g/l and maximum
eq
i + ^a2 - ghiUj
= _- aS
L
51. As b < a so T = 2r g
l mL2
= 2r
_a + ^g - a2h2i
2
1
2 & kL2 i = 3 .a
1
force = ]P - P0gA = Ma
by P1 V1 = P2 V2
T = mg cos α =
So, geff = m m g cos α
P0 hA = P ]h - xgA
P0 h
& P = h- x
L L
T = 2π geff or T = 2π g cos α
= bh - lA
P0 h
So force x - P0 M = a
50.
P0 Ax P0 Ax
M ]h - xg
a= . Mh ; (For small x )
Mh
T = 2r P0 A
12.16 Physics
& , - a 4 k, + k = 0
55. For small angular displacement ( i ) 2 T2 2
I ,2 + k2
58. T = 2π mg, = 2π g,
59. Initially finally
k(x+y)
kx FB FB
Net torque on body = Ia
(/ 2+y)
/ 2
2 2
k1 a + k2 b
kx + FB = mg
For small i &a= i
ML2
mL2 + 3
kx = mg - ρVg
56. Center of mass 2m of a system is at a distance from ρA,g
kx = mg - 2 .....(i)
,
peg P is and moment of inertia of the system
2 2
Let cylinder be displaced through y then restoring
force,
2m, 2
fnet =- 7k ^ x + y h + FB - mgA
is 3
ω
fnet =- :kx + ky + ρA b 2 + y l g - mgD
,
P
θ
θ
C.M. mgsinθ
mg mgcosθ k + ρAg 1 k + ρAg
& ω= m & f = 2π m
,
τ = r # F =- mg sin θ 60. Let small angular displacement of cylinder be θ
2 2
, ^ then restoring torque
& Iα =- mg sin θ sin θ - θ for small θh
2 2
Iα = - k ]Rθg R where I = 2 MR 2
3
2m, 2 , 3gθ
& 3 α =- mgθ & α =- =- ω 2 θ
2 2 2 2, 2
d θ kR
2
d2 θ 2k
& 2 + 3 θ = 0 & 2 + 3M θ = 0
3g 2 2, dt 2 dt
&ω=
2π
& T = ω = 2π 2 MR
2 2, 3g 2k
& ω 2 = 3m
57.
61. If block is in equilibrium mg = kd ,
where d is extension in the spring.
Now, let the block is pulled down
θ and released. It performs
oscillations. The figure shows the
mgsinθ mg mgcosθ snapshot of the system in which x
is the displacement (downwards)
τ =- mg sin θ, & Iα =- mg, sin θ from the mean position and v is
& m ^, 2 + k 2h α =- mg,θ ]sin + θg
the velocity (downwards), at that
instant. Angular speed of the pulley
v
g, θ g, at this instant ω = R
& α =- =- ω 2 θ & ω =
^, 2 + k 2 h , + k2
At this position total energy of oscillating system is
, + k 6 = 2@
2 2 2 2
2π , +k =
ET =- mgx + 2 mv 2 + 2 /ω 2 + 2 k ] x + d g2
& T = ω = 2π g, 2 , g π 1 1 1
Simple harmonic motion 12.17
2 va + Mva + 2k ^ x0 + 2x h v = 0
dE l
dtT =- mg b dt l + 2 m ]2vg dt + 2 2 ]2vg dt
dx 1 dv 1 l dv
` - Mgv +
R R
a c M + 2 m =- 4kx
l
+ 12 k2 ] x + d g dx
dt
R
As total energy of the system remains constant, [a Mg = 2k x0]
dET 4k
dt = 0 a =- f M + l p x, comparing with
R2
` - mgv + mva + 2 va + k ]s + d gv = 0
l
2
R
a =- ω x, we have
- mg + ma + l 2 a + kx + kd = 0 4k
R ω = l
M+ 2
a ;m + 2 E =- kx 6a mg = kd @
l R
R
l
k M+
a =- > m + l H x
2
& T = 2π R
4k
R2
Comparing with standard equation of SHM i.e. 63. x = A sin ~t, y = a cos ~t
2
a =- ω x , we have
or x2 + y2 = A2
m + ^l/R 2h
Thus the motion of the particle is on a circle.
T = 2π k
64. y = 4 cos2 b 2 l sin ]1000 tg
62. In the equilibrium position, let the tension in the t
string is T and extension in spring is x0 . Then,
T = k x0
y = 2 cos b 2 l ;sin b 2 l + sin b 2 lE
t 2001t 1999t
2k x0 = Mg
y = sin ]1001tg + cos ]1000tg
`
Now, let the pulley is slightly + sin ]1000tg + cos ]1999tg
displaced from its equilibrium
position ]Og and released. It starts y = sin ]1001tg + 2 sin ^1000t + r/4h + cos ]999tg
oscillating about the equilibrium
position ]Og . The following figure
So the given expression is composed by three
equation of S.H.M.
shows the snapshot of the system
3 sin a - sin ]3Ag l
during its oscillations. 65. x = 10 sin3 ]rtg ; bsin3 A = 4
String does not slip over pulley’s surface
3 sin ]rtg - sin ]3rtgD
v & x = 10 :
& ω = R 4
[Particle of the string has velocity 2v ^ . h for no
30 10
& x = 4 sin rt - 4 sin 3rt
slipping]
30 10
So amplitude = 4, 4
Total energy of the system at this instant is
Frequency = 1/2, 3/2
ET =- Mgx + 2 /ω 2 + 2 Mv 2 + 2 k ^ x0 + 2x h
1 1 1 2
A = ^/ Axh + ^/ Ayh
b 3
`
2 2
2m = 2 # 10.6 = 0.1415 s
-1
= ]8.46g2 + ]7.2g2 = 11.25
b
2m << ω 0
/ ay o
f = tan -1 e
/ ax = tan b 8.46 l
-1 7.2
` Frequency will be approximately same as that of
undamped oscillation.
= tan -1 ]0.85g
1 k 44
` f = 2r m = 2 # 3.14 = 7Hz
so, the resultant equation assumes the form
/ Ax = 3 + 5 cos 37c
Simple harmonic motion 12.19
74. In case of driven oscillations
= 3N
F0 /m 3/2
A = A =
4r - ^ 10h + 0
`
_ω 2d - ω 02 i + c
2
m
2 bω d 2 2
m
b = 0 ^a no dampingh
= 0.0509 = 5.09 cm
Here,
75. The motion happens with the angular frequency of
~ 0 = angular frequency of driving force
= 2r rads -1 driving force.
k 20
` ~ = ~ d = 2r
~0 = m = 2 = 10 rads
-1
2r
F0 = Amplitude of driving force T = ~ = 1s
EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type r di r
4. i = Sin (wt + f) ⇒ = w cos (wt + f)
72 dt 72
1. a = g, geff = g 2
where w = 2p/T = p,
ma
T l
Therefore at the instant when
3
o
45 r r
g 2 45o
i= Sin (wt + f) = #
72 72 5
m~ 2 l di r r~ 4
Equilibrium
; ;= w cos (wt + f) = #
2 position dt 72 72 5
mg 2 or geff mg
MR 2
5. (kdq) d = e oa
m~ 2 l 2
T cos 45° = .....(i)
2kd 2 1 mR 2 2
2 a =- e
o i; K.E. max = .~ 0
MR 2 2 2
T = sin 45° = mg 2 .....(ii)
(i) ' (ii), we get, mR2 2Kd2 2
= 4 . .i 0
mR2
m~ 2 l 2g 2g
1 = & ~2 = &~= 6. For small angular displacement of cylinder.
2mg l l
k
M
l 2l
T = 2r =r g M
k
2g
P
2. In the given situation, sphere undergoes pure
The energy of system angular displacement q is
translatory motion
1 1 1 1
l E = k (2Ri) 2 + k (Ri) 2 + Mv 2 + I~ 2
t = - d mg + mgl n sin q 2 2 2 2
2
where n is the velocity of centre of mass and w is the
ml 2 angular velocity of cylinder. Since E is constant.
I= + ml 2
3 dE
` =0
x - 3mgli - 9 gi 2 9g dt
`a= = = ;~ = =9 di di dv d~
I 4ml 2 8 l 8ll
2= G & 4kR 2 i.
dt
+ kR 2 i
dt
+ Mv
dt
+ I~
dt
=0
3
⇒ 5kR2q + MR2a + Ia = 0
3. Since the equation is a sin2 function, it
5kR 2 MR 2
~ of S.H.M. = 40r
⇒ a =- i where I =
(MR 2 + 1) 2
2r
Compare it with a = - w2q
T = 40r
10k 3M
= 50 ms Thus ~ 2 =
or T = 2r
3M 10k
12.20 Physics
13. U = 2 - 20x + 5x
2
As it is restoring
dU 3
dx =- 20 + 10x
in nature, FR =- 4 kx
F =- dx = 20 - 10x =- 10 ]x - 2g
dU
` a
3 k
=- 4 $ m x
` The particle is executing SHM about mean
3 k
&~ = 4$M
position x - 2 = 0 or x = 2
3 4M
` k = 10
= 4M $ 3
& m~2 = 10
= 1 rad s -1
10 10
~2 = m = 0.1 = 100 16. Velocity of the particle at the time of collision is
& ~ = 10 rad s -1 u = 2gh
vmax = A~ = 5 ]10g = 50ms -1
4.5mg m
u = k = 3g k
2g $
` b =2
Let velocity of combined mass after collision is v .
14. In SHM, U - x graph is a parabola
Then, mu = ]2m + mgv
` U = C1 x2 , where C1 is a constant.
u m
& v = 3 =g k
From figure
Now, the time period of SHM is
when, x = 0.2m, U = 2J
3m
2 = C1 ]0.2g2
T = 2r k
2
& C1 = 0.04 = 50
` U = 50x2
Also,
1
in SHM U = 2 m~ 2 x 2
100
Mean position from the point of collision is at a
& ~2 = 4 = 25
mg
distance k as shown in figure.
& ~ = 5s -1
2r 2r y = A sin ]~t + dg
T = ~ = 5
mg
2r
At t = 0 , y = k
T = 5 s
mg
15. If the sphere moves down along the plane by a
` k = A sin d .....(i)
distance x ,
Extension in the spring = x cos 30c
Now, for amplitude v = ~ A2 - y2
` Restoring force = F cos 30c m2 g2
m k
g k = 3m A2 -
k2
&c 3 m
mg 2 m2 g2
= A2 - k
k
2mg
A = k .....(ii)
= ]kx cos 30cg cos 30c
From eqs. (i) and (ii), y = 0 to y = A
= kx c
3m
2
3
= 4 kx
& t'
T
= 4
2
12.22 Physics
T T T
Force along the direction of displacement on each
Total Time = 12 + 4 = 3
ball is
1 3m F = k 3 x cos 30c + k 3 x cos 30c = 3kx
= 3 2r k
2r 3 30 # 10 -3
# F =- 3kx
= 3 100
[negative because restoring in nature]
-2
= 2r # 10 = 20r ms
F 3k
` b =2
` a = m =- m x
F
17. h = 3k
Ai
& ~=
x m
Here, A = L2 and i = l
1 3k 1 6k
f = 2r m = 2r 2m
` Restoring force is F =- hAi =- hLx
hL
& b=6
Acceleration is a =- m x
mg
19. In equilibrium, kx0 = mg sin 30c = 2
&a \- x
hL
` Oscillations are simple harmonic with ~ = m
2r m
So, T = ~ = 2r hL
4m
= r hL
ET = 2 k ^ x0 + x h - mgh + 2 mv 2
1 2 1
& a =4
+ 12 b mR l ω
2
1 mR 2 v 2
+2 2 $ 2
R
dtT = 2 k $ 2 ^ x0 + x hv - mgv $ 2
dE 1 1
When displacement is each ball x , the extension in
+ 12 m2v $ a + 14 m2va = 0
each spring is mg m
kx0 + kx - 2 + ma + 2 a = 0
x' = x cos i
; E
3 mg
3 2 a $ m =- kx a kx0 = 2
=x 2
2k - 2 ]300g
each spring is connected to two balls. a =- 3m x = ] g x =- 400x
3 0.5
So, net extension of each spring = 2x' = 3 x ω = 400 = 20 rads 1
-
& p =4
Simple harmonic motion 12.23
20. In the equilibrium of two blocks,
In the light of Eqs. (1) and (2), the above equation
5
reduces to 4 ma =- kx
T = kx0 + mg sin i .....(1)
2T = mg .....(2) 4k
& a =- 5m x
During oscillations if displacement of block 1 is x 4k
and its velocity v , then the respective values for
& ~ = 5m
x v
block 2 will be 2 and 2 .
` b =5
ET = 2 k ]x0 + xg2 + 2 m1 v2
1 1
x1 = 10 sin d 4rt + n
r
21.
2
+ 2 m2 b 2 l + m1 gh1 - m2 gh2
2
1 v
& A1 = 10 units
ET = 2 k ]x0 + xg2 - 2 v = 0
1 mg
x2 = 5 sin ]2rt g + 5 8 cos ]2rt g
5
+ 8 mv2 + mgx sin i
= 5 sin ]2rt g + 5 8 sin d 2rt + n
r
2
dtT = 2 k2 ]x0 + xg $ v + 8 m2va
dE 1 5
Phase difference between SHM’s of second equation
mg r
+ mgv sin i - 2 v = 0 is 2
` Resultant amplitude is
dtT = 2 k2 ]x0 + xg $ v + 8 m2va
dE 1 5
]5g2 + ^5 8h + 2 $ 5 $ 5 8 $ cos r
2
A2 = 2
mg
+ mgv sin i - 2 v = 0
= 225 = 15 units
5 mg
kx0 + kx + 4 ma + mg sin i - 2 = 0 A1 10 2
` A2 = 15 = 3 & b = 3
EXERCISE - 4
1. vdv v2 bx2
f = dx = a - bx & 2 = ax - 2 + c
At x = 0, v = 0 &c=0
a
Substituting; x = b ; gives
a
vmax =
b
Let upper block is pushed down by x . at equilibrium
Also, the velocity of the car should become zero at
mg = ky , i.e. weight of upper block is balanced by station B .
spring when it is deformed by y . Upper block will
perform SHM with amplitude x about equilibrium
x = 0; x = b b l
bx2 2a
position. Lower block will leave surface when
i.e. ax - 2 = 0 &
spring is extended by y , means upper block is at 2a
distance 2y from its mean position. That should be
` Distance between the two stations is b
upper extreme position of upper block. So amplitude
x = 2y . di
3.
dt = 2 ` # di = 2 # dt & i = 2t
2. f = a - bx
Let BP = a ` x = OM = a sin i = a sin ]2tg
For maximum velocity, acceleration should be zero.
Hence M executes SHM within the given time
a
i.e. a - bx = 0 & x= b period and its acceleration is opposite to 'x' that
means towards left
a
` At x = b , the particle has its maximum velocity.
12.24 Physics
4. Let the line joining AB represents axis 'r' . By the 8. a = 8r2 - 4r2 x =- 4r2 ]x - 2g & ~ = 2r
conditions given 'r' coordinate of the particle at
time t is
Here a = 0 so mean position at x = 2
Let x = A sin ^~t + zh
As particle is at rest at x =- 2 (extreme position)
and amplitude = 4 as particle start from extreme
position. Therefore
x - 2 =- 4 cos 2rt & x = 2 - 4 cos 2rt
` r = 2 2 cos rt g
mg = m~2 min A & g = 2~2min & ~ = 2
r
x = r cos 45c = = 2 cos rt
2
moment it occurs first after t = 0
` 2 2
ax =- ~ x =- r 2 cos rt
2 = 2 sin b~t1 + 3 l & ~t1 = 6 & t1
r r
` 2
Fx = max =- 4r cos rt
r r 3
= 6~ = 6 g
5. Torque about hinge
11. The small block oscillates along the inclined plane
2.5 g 40 cos i - 1g.100 cos i = 0 with an amplitude A . As a result the centre of mass
of the system undergoes SHM along the horizontal
So rod remains stationary after the release
direction:
6. Amplitude phasor diagram: mA sin ~t 1 m
xcm = m + M cos 60 = 2 m + M A sin ~t
The acceleration of the C.M. is acm =- ~2 xcm , along
/ / the horizontal.
` resultant amplitude = 6 2
which is equal to the force of friction acting on it.
peg
µ
A'
x
B'
2µ
Simple harmonic motion 12.25
π = δ 2 = sin 1 b 6 l
13. If this instant is taken as t = 0 . Then, 1
-
`
π
Initial phase for particle (1) is δ1 = 2
δ 2 = π - sin b 6 l
-1 1
` Phase difference is
δ 2 - δ1 = π - sin 1 b 16 l - sin 1 b 3 l
- 1 - 1
and initial phase for particle (2) is δ 2 = π
15. The left half of the graph is usual SHM.
x1 = A sin b ωt + 2 l
π m
`
` t1 = π
k
and x2 = A sin ]ωt + πg
For the right part, U = mgx
When both of them have same displacement,
At the origin, U = 0
x1 = x2
` K = E0
As we move right the potential energy inreases
A sin b ωt + 2 l = A sin ]ωt + πg
π
` linearly with x .
& cos ωt =- sin ωt
This is similar to a body that is thrown vertically
& tan ωt =- 1 upwards with initial velocity.
3π = 2π = 3π 1 2 2E0
& 4 ωt or T t 4
` 2 mu = E0 & u = m
3T
Time of flight till it reaches point of projection (i.e.
& t = 8
origin) is
14. Let particle (1) is moving towards right and particle 2u 2 2E0 2E0
(2) is moving towards left at this instant, t = 0 t2 = g = g m =2 mg 2
Total time of oscillation is
m + 2E0
T1 = t1 + t2 = π k 2 2
mg
x1 = A sin ^ωt + δ1 h
16. In the absence of wall W2 , the time period of block
m
would have been 2π k . But due to the presence
And x2 = 2A sin ^ωt + δ 2 h
of W2 , it alters. But for the left part of oscillation
So, v1 = Aω cos ^ωt + δ1 h (from the mean position shown, the period will be
m
and v2 = 2Aω cos ^ωt + δ 2 h T1 = π k
A
For the right side part,
At t = 0, x1 = 3 and v1 is positive
d = A sin ωt [from x = A sin ωt ]
A sin 7ω ]0 g + δ1A & sin δ1 = 3
A = 1
` 3
5d
δ1 = sin b 3 l
-1 1
` d = 3 sin ωt
`
3
A
& sin ωt = 5
At t = 0, x2 = 3 and v2 is negative.
ωt = sin b 53 l
-1
2a sin 7ω ]0 g + δ 2A
A =
` 3 3
1
& sin ωt = 5
& sin δ 2 = 6
ωt = sin b 53 l
-1
As v2 is negative at this instant, sin ^π - δ 2 h = 6
1
t = 2π sin 1 b 53 l
T
-
&
12.26 Physics
This is the time taken by the block to reach W2 from Restoring force is F =- ρg ^sin θ1 + sin θ 2 h Ax
mean position. Collision with W2 is perfectly elastic
(given) ρg ^sin θ1 + sin θ 2 h
Acceleration is a =- m Ax
Time taken for right side part of oscillation will be
Comparing this with
T2 = 2t = 2 : 2π sin b 5 lD
T -1 3
2
a =- ω x, we have
m
=
2 $ 2π k
sin 1 b 53 l
- ρg ^sin θ1 + sin θ 2 hA
2π ω = m
=2 m b l
-1 3
` Time period of oscillation of water column is
k sin 5
` Total time period is m
ρgA ^sin θ1 + sin θ 2 h
T = 2π
T = T1 + T2
20. Let particle is displaced by “y” upwards from
=π m m b l
-1 3
k + 2 k sin 5 equilibrium position. Change in length of each upper
: b lD
y
= m -1 3
k π + 2 sin 5 spring is y cos 60c = . Lower springs undergo
2
17. Half of oscillation (from mean position), the block elongation by y cos 30c each.
performs SHM with spring of stiffness k and the
remaining half with spring of stiffness 4k. ky
Force exerted by each upper spring is and by
T M 2
t1 = 21 = π k 2k 3 y
T M π M each lower spring is = 3 ky
and t2 = 22 = π 2
4k = 2 k
ky ky
3 M 120
` T = t1 + t2 = 2 π k 2 2
FL
18. For the wire Y = A∆L0 60
0
F YA
& ∆L0 = L0
ky
Fnet = 2 ^ 3 ky h cos 30c . + 2
YA
` For the wire k' = L cos 60c .
0 2
Spring and wire are in series ky
= 3ky +
kk' kYA 2
keq = k + k' =
L0 c k + L m
YA 7ky
=
0
2
kYA 7k
or keq = YA + kL
0 ~2 =
2m
m m ^YA + kL0 h
T 2π 2m
keq = 2π kYA T = 2r
7k
19. An intermittent snap-shot of oscillating water 21. Let initial length of spring is L. After charging its
column is shown below. length becomes 2L . For equilibrium of sphere -2,
2
1 Q
4πε0 ]2Lg2 = k.L
2 2
1 Q = Q
& k = 4πε 3 .....(i)
0 4L 16πε0 L3
Pressure acting is
dp = ρg ^sin θ1 + sin θ 2 h Ax
Simple harmonic motion 12.27
+ 12 m2v ]ag + mgR sin ^θ + φ h ddtθ = 0
dθ = = v
dt ω R
- Mg + Ma + 2 a + ma + mg sin ^θ + φ h = 0
l
Now, if he sphere-2 is slightly displaced away from R
sphere-1, from the equilibrium position such that the
- Mg + a ;M + m + 2 E + mg 6sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ@ = 0
l
separation between two spheres becomes x , then R
we have restoring force on sphere-2 as
θ is very small
2 x
F = k ] x - Lg - 4πε
1 Q
` sin θ - θ = R and cos θ = 1
2
0 x
- Mg + a ;M + m + E + mg R
l x
[ a net extension = x - L ]] cos φ + mg $ sin φ = 0
R2
mg cos φ
a ;M + m + E =-
m l
f' ]2Lg
Now, T = 2π x
R2 R
[ a here, equilibrium position is mg cos φ
a =- l x
at x = 2L ] Rc M + m + 2 m
R
2
f' ]2Lg = dx 1 Q
= =k + 4πε 3 $ 2G
dF mg cos φ
0 x
& ω =
Rc M + m + m
x = 2L x = 2L l
1 Q
2 R2
= k + 2πε
Rc M + m + 2m
0 8L
3
l
2 2π R
Q
` T = ω = 2π mg cos φ
= k+
16πε0 L3
Using Eq. (i) in this, we have 23. Figure (i). When the plank is situated symmetrically
on the drums, the reaction on the plank from the
f' ]2Lg = k + k = 2k drums will be equal and so the force of friction will
m be equal to magnitude but opposite in direction and
` T = 2π 2k hence, the plank will be equilibrium along vertical
22. In equilibrium, net torque on the pulley must be as well as horizontal direction.
zero.
` MgR = mgR sin φ
& M = m sin φ
Snapshot during oscillations is shown in the figure.
Figure (ii). Now, if the plank is slightly displaced
horizontally, the reactions ill not be equal. Consider
a moment at which the displacement of COM is x
rightwards.
In the situation shown, total energy is
For vertical equilibrium of the plan,
N A + NB = mg .....(i)
ET =- Mgx + 2 Mv 2 + 2 l b R
1 1 v l2 + 1 2
2 mv N A ] L + xg = NB ] L - xg .....(ii)
+ mgR 7cos φ - cos ^θ + φ hA
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
dET 1 ] g 1 l ] g] g
dt =- Mgv + 2 M 2v a + 2 R 2 2v a N A = mg b L2L x l
-
12.28 Physics
NB = mg b L2L x l
+
and 2T = k4 x4
Note NB > N A 2T 2T 2T
` x1 = k , x2 = k , x3 = k
1 2 3
F =- ^ fB - fA h =- µ ^ NB - N A h
`
2T 2T 2T 2T
x0 = 2 $ k + 2 $ k + 2 $ k + 2 $ k
=- µ L x =- b lx
1 2 3 4
mg µmg
= 4T ; k + k + k + k D
L 1 1 1 1
& Acceleration is 1 2 3 4
F µg T
a = m =- L x
Also x0 = k
eq
µg T ;1 1 1 1D
` ω =
` keq = 4T k1 + k2 + k3 + k4
L
2 π L 1
& T = ω = 2π µg
` keq =
4 ; k + k2 + k + k D
1 1 1 1
1 3 4
24. A snapshot during
oscillations of the keq 1
~ = m =
4m b k + k + k + k l
cylinder is shown in 1 1 1 1
the figure. Its 1 2 3 4
displacement is x
T = ~ = 2r 4m b k + k + k + k l
v 2r 1 1 1 1
and velocity v . Its angular velocity is ~ = R (due
1 2 3 4
to pure rolling)
26. Let the horizontal displacement
As the centre of the cylinder is at a distance x from
of the plank, at an instant during
the initial position, the springs which are connected
its oscillations is x and its
at a point of its rim must be compressed and stretched
velocity is v .
by a distance 2x . Thus, at this intermediate position
total energy of the oscillating system can be given as
For pure rolling at A ,
ET = 2 mv2 + 2 b mR l 2 :1 k ]2xg2D2
1 1 2 v = vCOM + ~R
2 ~ + 2 v v
1 1
` vCOM = 2 , ω = 2R
= 2 mv2 + 4 mv2 + 4kx2
ET = 2 k1 x 2 + 2 k2 x 2 + b 12 /ω 2 l + 2 b 12 m0 vCOM l
1 1 2
2
3
= 4 mv2 + 4kx2
dET 3
& is MI of sphere along horizontal diameter.
dt = 4 m2v $ a + 4k $ 2x $ v = 0
6a ET is constant@
1 1 1 2
ET = 2 k1 x2 + 2 k2 x2 + 2 $ 5 m0 R2 $
v2
$2
4R2
3
2 ma =- 8k x 1
+ 2 m $ 2v $ a = 0
a =- b 3m l x
16
& m m
k1 x + k2 x + 50 a + 20 $ a + ma =0
a b 10 m0 + m l =- ^k1 + k2 hx
16k 7
~ = 3m
2r 3m r 3m k1 + k2
& T = ~ = 2r 16k = 2 k
& a =- f m + 7 m p x
10 0
25. Let x1, x2, x3 and x4 are extensions of respective
springs. If x0 is the downward displacement of k1 + k2
` ~ = 7
block, then m + 10 m0
x0 = 2x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 + 2x4 1 k1 + k2
` f = 2r 7
Also, 2T = k1 x1, 2T = k2 x2 2T = k3 x3 m + 10 m0
Simple harmonic motion 12.29
ET = 2 /~2 + 2 k ^y0 + yh
v 1 1
27. ~' = R - r
2
For pure rolling. v = r~ 4
- mg $ 3 y
r
= 2 $ 36 mL2 ~2 + 2 k ^y0 + Lih
` ~' = R - r ~ 1 81 1 2
d~' r d~
dt = R - r dt 4
- mg $ 3 Li
r
& a' = R - r a dE
` dtT = 0
For pure rolling,
` 2 $ 36 mL2 2~ $ a + 2 k $ 2 ^y0 + Lih $ L~
1 81 1
a
a = r
4
- mg $ 3 L~ = 0
g sin θ g sin i 2
where, a = I = 1 = 3 g sin i
Using eq. (i), we get
1+ 2 1+ 2
mr
1 81
2 2
2 36 mL 2a~ + k L i~ = 0
2g
` a = 3r sin i
81 36k
36 ma =- ki & a =- 81m i
r 2g
a' =- R - r $ 3r sin i
36k 6 k 2 k
` ~ = 81m = 9 m =3 m
[negative, since restoring torque]
3 m m
2g
` T = 2r 2 k = 3r k
a' =- ]
3 R - rg
i
30. Let us locate the COM of the body. It is given that
5a i is small? mass of the body is m . mass fo the cylinder (if
m
present) that fills the cavity = 15
2g
3 ]R - rg
` Angular frequency =
2r
` T = Angular frequency
3 ]R - rg
= 2r 2g
6 ]R - rg
=r g
Mass of the cylinder without cavity
28. Moment of inertia of T-bar about O is
m = 16
= m + 15 15 m
16 ]0 g - m b R l
15 m 15 2 R
YCOM = 16m - m =- 30
15 15
2m ]2Lg2
MI of cylinder (without cavity) about contact point
l = 3 $ 3 is
16 R2 16
L2 m ]2Lg2E
+ ;m
l1 = 15 m 2 + 15 m
3 $ 12 + 3
16 3 8 8
81 R2 = 15 m 2 R2 = 5 mR2 = 5 mR2
l = 36 mL2
In equilibrium,
MI of cylinder (if present) that fills the cavity about
O' is
4
ky0 $ L = mg $ 3 L .....(i)
12.30 Physics
m ^R/4h m b 3R l2 ∆x2 =+ x2
2
l2 = 15 2 + 15 2
∆x3 =- x1
= mR2 b 15 $ 32 + 15 $ 4 l
1 1 1 9 M∆x1 + m∆x2 + M∆x3 = 0
& M ^- x1 h + mx2 + M ^- x1 h = 0
l2 = mR2 :15 $ 32 D = mR2 b 480 l
1 + 72 73
m
x1 = 2M x2
MI of remaining body about O' is l = l1 + l2
The stretch in the left spring = x1 + x2
The compression in the right spring = x2 + x1
l = b 5 - 480 l mR2
8 73
` Net force on carbon atom is F =- k ^2x1 + 2x2 h
= b 480 l mR2 a =- m $ ^ x1 + x2 h
768 - 73 k
695 139
l = 480 mR2 = 96 mR2
=- 2mk b 2m
M x2 + x2
l
d 2 x2
In the second figure, restoring torque is x = mgy sin i =- 2mk b m 2+M2m l x2
dt 2
k b m + 2m l
=- m M x2
R
or x =- mg 30 i
mb M l
k m + 2m
` ω2 =
139 ω1
Also, x = /a = 96 mR2 a m
` ω 2 = m + 2M
139 mgR k
` 96 mR2 a =- 30 i
= M
mb M l
k m + 2M
a =-c mi
g
R 0.023 32. The time period of a physical pendulum is
]0.023g r
g l
& ~ = T = 2π
Mgl
Where, l = MI of the system about point of
2r suspension.
x = ~
M = mass of the system and
R
= 2r ]
0.023g g
l = distance betweem COM of the system and point
suspension
= 41.4 R/g
Now, m = m + m = 2m
31. Case (i) is similar to m ]Rg + m ]3Rg
l = m+m = 2R
l = b mR l 6 2 ]3Rg2@
2
2
2 + mR + mR + m
`
= mR2 :2 + 1 + 1 + 9D = 2 mR2
1 23
In case (ii), let us assume the system is at rest 23 2
initially. 2 mR = r 23R
Now, T = 2r ]2mg g ]2Rg 2g
∆x1 =- x1
Simple harmonic motion 12.31
3a
= 2 0 = 0.86 a0 (c) = a "sin ~t + sin ]~t + 90cg, + a sin ]~t + 45cg
100 ]2 - xg
20 - 10x =
a =0= m
Therefore, resultant motion is simple harmonic of
=- ω 2 ] - 2g
amplitude
x
A = ^ 2 + 1h a
a at x = 2 So V is maximum at x = 2
and which differ in phase by 45c relative to the first
This is equation of S.H.M. so particle exectures
Energy in SHM \ (amplitude) 2 :E = 2 m A2 ~2D
S.H.M. 1
Also ω 2 = 100 & ω = 10
` Eresultant = b a l = ^ 2 + 1h = ^3 + 2 2h
E A 2 2
2π
T = ω = π/5 sec . single
` Eresultant = ^3 + 2 2h Esingle
Simple harmonic motion 12.33
` N - mg = ma & N = m ^a + gh = 2mg
= 4 + 5 = 9
At halfway up, acceleration is g/2 downwards
` - mg = ma & N = m cg + m = 2
g mg
N
2
12.34 Physics
57. Velocity of 3kg block just before collision. K
60-62. ~= m = 200 rad/s
= ~ a2 - x2 = b k l^a2 = x2h
m
Maximum extension the spring from natural position
is x .
= b 3 l]22 - 12g = 30 m/s.
900
Velocity of combined masses immediately after the
Then mg + ma = kx
collision 2 ]10 + 5g
& x= 400 = 7.5 cm
]3g]30g Eq. line
= 3 + 6 = 10 m/s. ΣF = 0
Extension of the spring when A it
New angular frequency is stretched to equilibrium V=0
line is 'x'
k 900
~' = m = 9 = 10
mg = kx'
Therefore v' = ~' a - x '2 2
2 # 10
& x' = 400 = 5 cm
& 10 = 10 a'2 - 12 & a' = 2m
therefore amplitude A = x - x' = 2.5 cm
58. From energy conservation
If upward direction is taken as positive at
t = 0, x =- A
Using x = A sin ^~t + zh
- A = A sin φ
3π
φ = 2
3T 3T
also y = 0 at t = 4 , so force is zero at t = 4
T
At t = 2 , v = 0 & PE = oscillation energy x
A (3,0)
Simple harmonic motion 12.35
Am : 1m2 + m2 1 D = nm2 g
66. As B is at its equilibrium position and moving m k -m k
towards negative extreme at t = 0 1 2
= 9 + 4 cos 2 2πt - 12 cos 2πt + 16 + 4 sin 2 2πt - 16 sin 2πt
Minimum distance 73. Vmax = Aω
Vmax 2π
= 29 - 20 = 9 = 3cm
& A = ω = 2π # ]0.2g = 0.20m
1 keff 1 k1 + k2 m T2 k
68. f = 2r &m= T = 2r
Total Mass = 2r m1 + m2 k 4r 2
= 0.2 kg
69. Suppose the system is displaced towards left by a
distance x , The restoring force on m2 is
At t = 0.1 , acc. is maximum
F = m2 ~ x 2
(towards right)
amax =- ω A =- b 0.2 l # 0.2
2 2π 2
&
F = m2 b m1 + m2 l # :a ~ = m1 + m2 D
k +k k1 + k2
=- 200 m/s2
1 2
Friction f on m2 will be towards left 1
Maximum energy = 2 mv max
2
=4J
v2
74. The velocity-displacement relation is x2 + = A2
~2
x2 v2
& 2 + =1
If k2 x > F A ~2 A2
which may be a circle if ~ = 1 . and elipse if ~ ! 1
k2 x > m2 b m1 + m2 l x
k +k
1 2
The acceleration - velocity relation is
k1 + k2 m1 + m2
& k2 < m2 v2 a2
2 2 + 4 2 = 1 , which may be a circle if ~ = 1
~ A ~ A
k1 m1
k2 < m2
and elipse of ~ ! 1 .
k1 Am + nm2 g = m1 b m1 + m2 l Am
Acceleration - displacement graph is straight and
k +k
70.
1 2 acceleration time graph is sinusoidal.
m l
` T = 2r k = 2r g
Numerical Type
The gravitational force acting on the particle
r r r GMmr ]- rtg
Tz 2 -6 3 = 1 sec = .
1. t = ~ = 2r = r R3
6 3 & Force component along the tunnel = restoring
force, FR =-c m cos i
GMmr
2. V = ~ A - x2 Vmax = A~ R3
A~ gm
& FR =- R x c a 2 = g, r cos i = x m
2 = ~ A2 - x2 GM
R
A2 & Acceleration of the particle along the tunnel is,
4 = A -x
2 2
g
3A2 a =- R x.
x2 = 4
i.e. a \ x.
3
By comparing the acceleration of particle with the
x= 2 A
standard form of acceleration of S.H.M, we can say
Single Option Correct g
~2 = R .
3. Let x = A sin ~t g
A
&~= R.
& 2 = A sin 3~ 2r R
& Time period of oscillation is, T = ~ = 2r g.
1
& sin 3~ = 2
r 5. (A) F = ma a =- ~ 2 x
& 3~ = 6
3T
r 2r at 4 displacement zero (x = 0), so a = 0 F = 0
& ~ = 18 = T
(B) at t = T displacement (x) = A
& T = 36 s
x maximum, So acceleration is maximum.
4. Given, the radius of the earth = R.
(C) V = ~ A 2 - x 2
R
The tunnel is drawn at a perpendicular distance 2 Vmax at x = 0
from the center of the earth. Vmax = A~
Consider the particle is displaced by a distance x T
at t = 4 , x = 0, So Vmax.
from the mean position of the particle
(D) KE = PE
A
is at x = , which is possible between
2
T T
r t = 4 to t = 2 .
x
R ml 2
2 6. xCM = 3m = 3 l
2
K
Angular frequency, ~ = I
Simple harmonic motion 12.37
m T
m # 2 2 ml2 3K 10. K.E. is mas at t = 0 , then it decreases to zero t = 4
I = nl 2 = 3m l = 3 `~=
ml2
2 2 4A 2
11. v = A - 9
l
Required tension in the rod = m~2 i20 3
5A 2
v =
= c 2 m i20 b 3 l = l 0
3K l ki 2 9
m
ml 2
3v = A' 2 - 49A
7. Given, Potential energy = Kinetic energy
5A 2 = 4A 2
1 1 3 9 A' 2 - 9
2 mω x = 2 mω2 (A − x )
2 2 2 2
2
A 5A
or, 2x2 = A2 ; x = . 5A 2 + 9 = A' 2
2
8. For torsional pendulum, oscillation frequency 7A
A' = 3
1 C
,' , a1 + AY k
υ = 2r Mg
I 12.
1
For given C, υ ∝
I ,
T = 2π g .....(1)
y1 I2
y2 = I1 ...(i) ,'
Tm = 2π g .....(2)
1 1
I1 = 12 M(2L)2 = 3 ML2 ,
2
Tm
I2 = 3 ML2 + 2m b 2 l
1 L 2 = ,,'
T2
1 mL2 Tm
2
Mg
= 3 ML2 + 2 2 1 + AY
T
4
y2 = 80% of y1 = 5 y1
Y = :a Tm k - 1D Mg
T 2 A
Using these values in eqn. (i),
1 mL2 13. x = A cos ~t
5 3 ML 2
+ 2
4 = 1
displacement in t time = A - A cos ~t
3 ML
2
for T = x A 51 - cos ~x? = a
b 5 l = b1 + 3m l or, 25 = 1 + 3m
2
A 51 - cos 2~x? = 3a
4 2M 16 2M
for t = 2x
3m 9 m 3 1 - cos ~x 1
2M = 16 or, M = 8 = 0.37 =3
2 sin2 ~x
9. Frequency
1 1
& ]
2 1 + xg 3
=
1 k 2 1 k 2 2
f = 2π m f = 2#m k = mF # 4π
4π 1
& 3 = 2 + 2x & x = 2 = cos ~x
6.023 # 1023 atoms present in " 108 gm
r 2r r
A = 2a, ~x = 3 & T x = 3
1 atom will be present in
T
& = 6x
108 # 10 -3
"
6.023 # 10 23 14. A = A0 e - 2m
bt
19.
Mg
A = P0 P0 V0c = Pv'c
mg = P0 A .....(1)
P0 Ax0c = PA ]x0 - xgc
At equilibrium
c
Px
]x0 - xgc
Let piston is displaced by x P = 0 0
Fb = mg
tAl0 g = dAl g .....(i)
Mg - d n A = Frestoring
p0 x0c
]x0 - xgc
P0 A da -
x0y n 6x0 - x . x0@
]x0 - xgc
= Frestoring
cP0 Ax
F =- x0
cP0 Ax
F = x0
Restoring force,
d2 x dx dx
17. m 2 + b dt + kx - b dt
dt
F = mg - Fb'
d2 x dx
m 2 + b dt + kx = 0
F = mg - ρA ^l0 + x h g
dt
here b is demping coefficient
This has solution of type
dAla = dAl g - ρAl0 g - ρgAx
x = e mt substituting this
mm2 + bm + k = 0
tg
a = dl x
- b ! b2 = 4mk
m= 2m tg
~= dl
on solving for x we get
ld
a cos ^~1, t - ah .....(i)
b
x = e 2m t T = 2r tg
k
~1 = ~20 - m2 where ~ 0 = m
b
m =+ 2
2
So, average life = b
x2 = A sin ^ωt + φ 2 h
d2 x 10 m
2M $ = 2T - kx
dt2
At t = 0, distance between block and pebble
d2 x
where a1 / 2 …(i)
= 10 - ]4.9 + 0.2g
dt
= 4.9 m
And the FBD of the rest of the system in the frame 2r
T = = 6 sec .
of pulley B : r/3
A
at t = 1, block travells a distance of = 0.1 m
2
towards “O”
` Range of pebble = 5 m
]V cos 45cg T = 5
& V = 5 2 m/s.
= 50 m/s.
Upward acceleration of block M w.r.t. the pulley B = 3.
Downward acceleration of block 2M w.r.t the pulley
T - M ^g - a1 h 2M ^g - a1 h - T
M = 2m
& = 3 ^g - a1 h …(ii)
4M
Torque about
T
P = ]kxg 2 + ]kxg 2 = kxL = k 2 i
L L L2
Substituting in equation (i),we get
8M ba x = L sin i - L il
2M. a1 = 3 (g - a1) - kx 2 2
8Mg
x=Ia
14M
or 3 a1 = 3 - kx …(iii)
KL2 ML2 - 6ki
This is the equation of SHM
& - 2 i = 12 a & M =a
Maximum extension = 2 × Amplitude 6K
& a =- M i =- ~2 i
8Mg
i.e. x0 = 2× 3k
6K ~ 1 6K
x
& ~= M and f = 2r = 2r M
At 40 , acceleration is easily found from equation
12.40 Physics
4. mω 2 A2 = R & mω 2 R = R & ω 2 = 1
m
ω1 1 1
ω 2 = mn 2 # m = n 2
Extensions in springs are x1 and x2 then E1 E2
ω1 = ω 2
k1 x1 = k2 x2
7. x = A sin ~t
and x1 + x2 = A ~A
v = A~ cos ~t = 2
kx k2 A
& x1 + k1 1 = A & x1 = k + k2 1
2 1
& cos ~t = 2
5. (a) m r 2r r m
~t = 3 & t = 3 = 3 k
M 2r m r m
for (c) time = 3 k +2 k
MωA = ]m + M g ω'A'
5r
= 6
m
k
M M A = ^m + M h
K k
2r
for (d) time = 3
m m
M + m A' k +r k
A' = A' = M 5r m
= 3 k
A A m+M
8. Torque is same for both the cases
^ M + mh
(b) T = 2π k I
T = 2r mgd
Time period remain same in both case. After m
mass is placed on both block. I A > IB
~A < ~B
6. v = ω A2 - x2
or v 2 = ω 2 ^ A 2 - x 2h 9.
or v2 = ω2 A2 - ω2 x2
x=0 x=A
or v2 + ω2 x2 = ω2 A2
v2 x2 =
or 2 2 + 1
ω A A2
as A =a ` mω1 a = b
10. In 1st case amplitude of SHM is a
a 1 2
b = mω1 = n (given)
In 2nd case amplitude of SHM is 2a
Total energy = 2 k ^amplitudeh
a 1 2
R = n (given)
E1 = 2 k ]2ag2
1
1
E1 = 2 m ω 22 A22
E2 = 2 k ]ag2
1
1 2 2
E2 = 2 m ω 2 R
E1 = 4 E2
b 11. Linear momentum
mω1 A1 = b & mω1 a = b & ω1 = am
P = mv
= 12
mn = m~ A2 - x2
Simple harmonic motion 12.41
& P2 + m2 ~2 x2 = m2 ~2 A2 vvB, A =- 5rit - tj
represents a circle of P - x diagram with radius of
vBA = 25r2 + 1
circle R = A ^a m2 ~2 = 1h
(iii) xA = sin t
~ of spring mass system remains constant and
1
equal to m
k vA =cos t = 2 m/s
xB = cos t
Amplitude of oscillation inside liquid will decrease
3
due to viscous force vB = - sin t = - 2 m/s
So radius of circular arcs will decrease as position 3 1
vBA = - 2 - 2
change
(iv) vvA & vvB are always perpendicular
Correctly shown in option (b)
So, | vvBA | = v 2A + v 2B = 10 m/s
12. When 0 < E < V0 there will be acting a restoring
force to perform oscillation because in this case
particle will be in the region x # x0
13. V = ax 4
1
T.E. = 2 m~2 A2 = aA 4 (not strictly applicable just
vvB =- 2 it + ; 2 - 10 b 3 - 10 lEtj
5r 5r r 1
` vvB =- 2 it + b1 - 6 ltj
5r 5r
Wave Motion 13.1
Wave Motion
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. Ist equation can’t be written in the form of f ]ax ! bt g
`
T
∆t = 4 & T = 0.17 # 4 s
2. From comparing the given equation with standard
f = T = 0.17 # 4 . 1.5 Hz ]1.47 Hzg
1 1
`
wave equation,
` (a)
K = 1.57, ω = 314
ω 314 -1
10. Amplitude can be read on the y-axis and is 0.2 cm
` v = K = 1.57 = 200 ms
Wavelength can be read on the x-axis & is 2 cm.
` (b)
The wave is transverse.
3. Since any direction in x-y plane is perpendicular to
the wave.
Hence (d)
` I' ? ^2S0 h c
f 2 S0 f
2
m ? I
4 4 = 4
Mass of the wire = ρA, = µ,
` (c)
` µ = ρA
8. Here, ω = 15π, k = 15π
T
ω 15π
` v = ρA ` (c)
` v = k = 15π = 1 m/s.
15. Given f = 250 Hz
a ωt & kx have the same sign, the wave travels
along - ve x-axis.
From the diagram, measuring along x-axis,
2π 2π 2 λ = 0.4 cm
Also λ = K = 15π = 15 m
4
9. Given time ∆t = 0.17 s is from maximum to mean
` v = 250 # 1000 m = 1 m/s.
position.
` (a)
13.2 Physics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
= 0.1 # 0.54 = 0.054 m = 5.4 cm
` (b)
7. The other wave should travel along - ve axis & should
1. have the same amplitude. Also, the displacement
produced by the wave. y = a cos ]kx - ωt g at x = 0
should be exactly cancelled by the other wave
]at x = 0g .
` y =- a cos ]kx + ωt g ` (c)
This can also be obtained by considering a phase
change of π when y = a cos ]kx - ωt g undergoes
reflection.
` yreflected = a cos ]kx + ωt + πg
=- a cos ]kx + ωt g ` (c)
At t = 2s, the two pulses will interfere to give a flat 2π
8. Here, k = 3 ; ω = 120π
string, implying no extension of string and hence no
PE. ω 120π =
` v = k = 180 m/s.
` All energy is kinetic. ` (b) b 2π l
3
2. Here, A1 = 5, A2 = 10 T T
from v = µ , 180 =
c 10 2 m
-
3 #
` Amax = 15 Amin = 5 1.5
Imax 15 2
3 # 10 12 -2
` Imin = 5 2 = 9 ` (d)
` T = 180 # 180 #
105
3. Reflection at a fixed boundary leads to a phase
= 648 N
change of 180c .
` (a)
The velocity is reversed too, since the wave starts
moving in the opposite direction. λ
9. From the problem statement, 2 = 10 cm
` (d) `
20
v = 100 # 100 = 20 m/s.
4. For zero PE, string should be flat,
` (b)
π
& 40π t = ]odd g 2 20 2
10. v = -4 = 2 # 10 m/s.
odd 1 3 5 10
#
& t = 80 s ` 80 s & 80 nλ
For a fixed-fixed string, L = 2
` (c)
2L 2 # 1m
` λ = n = n ( in this case)
λ
5. Distance between adjacent nodes = 2 2
2 # 10 =
` f = 100 n Hz
= b 2Kπ l 12 = K
π
b2l
n
` (d)
The plucked point should have maximum
6. The resultant wave will be displacement.
490 - v v
11. v =
Similarly, 2x = 2, & , 2 = 4x
0.1 70 m/s. 2
If 400 Hz is the nth mode of oscillation, v v
3x = 2, & ,3 = 6x
3
70 # n
then 400 = 2, .....(1)
As is seen,
70 # ]n + 1g
Similarly 450 = 2, .....(2)
1 1 y y
:
,1 , 2 : ,3 = 1 : 2 : 3 = y : 2 : 3
1 8 = n
& 9 n+1 & n = 8
,1 + , 2 + ,3 = 100 cm
2
using n = 8 in 1 , y y 11y
` y + 2 + 3 = 100 & 6
70 # 8
, = 400 # 2 m = 0.7 m
= 100 & y = 600
11
` (b) 600 300 200
` the lengths are 11 , 11 & 11
T
µ
12. Given, f = 2, also µ = ρA if A =
area of cross section.
1 T
Then f = 2,
πr 2
1 2T
f ' = ] g
π ]2rg2
Also,
2 2,
T
; 2, E
2 1
= 12
4 πr2
15. Frequency of both the wires is the same.
= 1 f
2 2 T T =1 T
vthin = 2 v
ρ.π ^4r 2h 2 ρπr 2
=
` (d) ρ.πr thick
` λThick = 12 λthin since vthick = 12 vthin
14. f1 : f2 : f3 = 1 : 2 : 3 = x : 2x : 3x
` 100ps formed in the thicker wire will be double
the loops formed in the thinner wire.
Then
` 1: 2
` (b)
v v
x = 2, & ,1 = 2x
1
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
vNitrogen b l
γRT 7
M Nitrogen 5 # 28 γ
` v = =
v b 3 l1 = 1
Helium
b γRT l 5 ` vrms = 3 = 2 3 2
M Helium 3#4
3
` (b)
= 5 ` (c)
2. According to the problem
γRT I
4. a Speed in hydrogen = v = 8. Here, 56 = 10 log I
2 , 0
if I = sound intensity t the windows
γRT γRT v
` Speed in oxygen = 32 = 16 # 2 = 4 . I 5. 6
& I = 10 6.4
-
& -12 = 10
10
Average molar mass of the mixture
This is intensity at a distance of 84 m from the
speaker. If the total power output is symmetrically
= 3x
# 2 + 2x # 32
5x distributed, then
= 70 x P
5x = 14 10
-6.4
= 2
4 # π # 84
γRT 1 γRT v
` P = 10 6.4 # 4 # π # 84 2
-
v
` mixture = 14 = 7 2 = 7
= 0.035299...
γ 2 # 1011
5. Speed of sound waves = ρ = 8000
- 0.035 W
= 12 # 10 4 m/s.
9. If I represents intensity, then
1m = 2 # 10 -4
` Required time = ∆t = 1 P
c 2m
4
2 # 10 m/s. IP 4π # 9
` (b) IQ = P
c 2m
4π # 25
6. Power output = 63µW
if p = output power of point secure.
Intensity at a distance of 210 m
-6 IP 25 2
= 63 10 2
# ` IQ =
4 # π # ]210g
92
-6 amplitude at P 5
63 # 10
# 1
& amplitude at θ = 3
4 # π # ]210g2 10 -12
And then, required ratio =
. 110
` (a)
` (a) 10. β = 10 log ^ I/I0 h
I
& 2 = log I/I'
Also, 79 = 10 log
10 12
-
I = 107.9 ` I = 10 -4.1
& 100 = I/I'
` -12
10
Power = 10 4.1 # 2 W
-
`
& I' = I/100
= 158.86 # 10 6 -
. 160 µW
` (a)
Wave Motion 13.5
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1. Educated guess: The phase difference should be π . 5.
A + 4A + 2 ] Ag]2Ag cos π
2 2
` Anet =
=A
` Intensity = I0 ` (a)
2. ∆x = 1m
For minimum frequency, λ should be max.
Initially,
λ ∆x = ]SB + BDg - SD
` ∆x = 1m = 2 & λ = 2m
= 2 c d 2 + d m - dy
2 V2
340 m/s
` f = 2m = 170 Hz 64
1
` (d) = 2d b1 + 64
1 l2 - d
4
= 2d b1 + 128 l - y = 74d + 64
1 d d =
nλ .....(1)
Finally
3.
∆x = ]SA + SDg - SD
1
= 2 c1.01 2 d 2 + d m - dy
2 2
64
S1 P = 144 + 2.25 = 146.25 . 12.1 m 1
= 2d b1.01 2 + 64
1 l2 - d
4
S2 P = 144 + 12.25 - 156.25 = 12.5
= 7 .1608
4
α + 64 = ]n + 1g λ .....(2)
d
λ
` ∆x = 0.4 m = 2 a initial path difference was 0
from (2) - (1) operation,
343 0.1608d =
` λ = 0.8 m & f = 0.8 = 428.75 Hz 4 λ
` (c)
` λ = 0.0402 d
` (a)
4.
(Highly calculation intensive- Student is doomed if
he/she doesn’t know how to use binomial theorem.)
6. Here, ∆x 4.4m - 3.6m = 0.8m
for constructive interference, ∆x = nλ
S1 P = 144 + 1 = 145 = 12.04 m v nv
& 0.8 = nλ = n f ` f = 0.8
S2 P = 144 + 49 = 193 = 13.9 m
Here v = 344 m/s.
a ∆x = 13.9 - 12.04 = 1.86 m n # 344 = #
` f= 0.8 n 430
` This is the second destructive interference,
` f n = 5, f = 2150 Hz (Not possible)
3λ
` 1.86 = 2 & λ = 1.24 m n = 6, f = 2580 Hz (Possible)
343 n = 7, f = 3010 Hz (Not possible)
` f = 1.24 Hz = 276.6 Hz
` (a)
Hence (a)
13.6 Physics
344 of sonometer would have been 470 Hz to start with.
7. Here, λ = 875 m
v v
9. fwire = 2 # 95 cm in one case and 2 # 100 cm in
Exactly midway, ∆x = 0
If the person walks a distance the other. The difference between these numbers is
'd' then ∆x = 2d . 8.
λ 100v 100v
for a minima, ∆x = 2 using n = 1
` 190 - 200 = 8 [converting length to S.I.]
λ λ 1 344 86
` v = 19 # 8 # 2 m/s.
` 2d = 2 & 4 = 4 # 875 = 875
c 0.1 m
` fwire = 100 # 10 v = 8 # 190 # 200
In fact, slightly less than 0.1 m .
` Frequency of fort = 156 Hz
` (a)
` (a)
8. a Fork frequency = 480 Hz ,
10. On the lines of question II,
` chronometer frequency is either 470 Hz or 490 100v - 100v =
Hz. 96 100 8
4v
T v
& 96 = 8 & v = 192 m/s.
v= µ and fsonometer = λ ? T
100 # 192 =
Then fwire = 96 200 Hz
` if T increases, frequency of sonometer also
increases.
` ffork = 196 Hz
If then, the number of beats decrease, the frequency
` (a)
INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
λ =
a This pipe is 20 cm long, no resonance will take
1. Given 4 20 cm
place.
Resonances will also be obtained at lengths of air
` (d)
column odd b λ
4
l
340
4. Here λ = 1700 m = 20 cm
& 3 # 20cm = 60cm or 5 # 20cm = 100cm etc.
` (d)
If this wavelength has to excite an open pipe then
λ
the length of pipe should be (integer) 2 , i.e.;
2. Here for closed pipe 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm.....
v
f = 4L if LC = length of closed pipe.
A 20 cm pipe will oscillate in its second harmoic,
since 20 cm = ]2g 2 .
C
20 cm
Similarly, if L0 is the length of open pipe, then
3v
` (b)
f = 2L
0 v
5. Given, 512 = 4L if L = length of the closed tube.
v 3v LC 2 1 a
` 4LC = 2L0 & L0 = 4 # 3 = 6 v
` L = 4 # 512
340
3. For 850 Hz source, λ = 850 m = 40 cm
if the same length is used as an open pipe,
v
fundamental frequency = 2L
If 40 cm wave is to excite a closed pipe, then length v
of pipe should be odd b λ l
= = 1024 Hz
2 b 4 # 512 l
4 v
= 10cm, 30cm, 50cm etc.
` (a)
Wave Motion 13.7
6. If L0 = length of open pipe, then: Now, fundamental frequency of open pipe
300 = 2L
v = 2vL = 100 Hz
0
3v V 3V
Also, 600 = 4L 8. 4,1 = 2, 2
C
,1 1
3 # 330 3 # 165 & ,2 = 6
` LC = 4 # 600 m = 4 # 6 cm
Ans (c)
= 41.25 cm
5V - V
` (c) 9.4, 2, = 100
V
7. Frequency of 3rd harmonic of closed pipe 4, = 100
V
= v = 43L v 2, = 200 Hz
b 4 L l
3
10.
V
4, = ^ f0 hinitial
Assuming that 3rd harmonic of closed pipe is higher
than fundamental of lcosed pipe by 100 Hz.
V
2,' = ^ f0 h final
3v v 2v ,
4L - 4L = 100 & 4L = 100 ,' = 2
v
& 2L = 100
Minimum length of water column = 60 cm
INTEXT EXERCISE: 6
v f v + vS
f ' = f f v + 10 p = f b 11v l 1 11 4. Given = 1.2 &
1. 10 v = 10 f v = 1.2
f cv+v m
v
v
S
11f
f '-f -f vS
` # 100 = 10 f # 100
f & v = 0.2
= 10%
For the second case,
` (c) f
= 1 v = 01.8 = 1.25
fc m
2. Since there is no relative motion between the source v - vS
1 - vS
& the observer, doppler effect will not come into v
picture.
` (b)
Frequency heard = frequency emitte = 200 Hz.
5. Since the velocity will have no component along
` (d) the line joining source & observes, hence, Doppler
fapproach - fRecession effect will not be observed.
3. Given factual
# 100 = 2
` n1 = 0 ` (b)
v + vS - v + vS
v= G = 100
2
&
v 2 - vS2 6. ‘A’ hears a frequency V due to the source held in his
30000vS _90000 - vS i
2 hands.
&
& vS2 + 30000vS - 90000 = 0 Frequency received by a from B = V b v +
v
ul
& vS = 3 m/s.
= Vu
v ` (a)
` (b)
13.8 Physics
9. From vehicle going away
f ' = 500 b 34034010 l
+
7.
= 240 b 320 + 4 l
320
= 500 # 35 b 1 l
34 = 500 1 + 34
From vehicle coming towards
= 500 + 14.7
= 240 b 320 - 4 l
320
c 515 Hz
` No. of beats per sec
Wavelength = Shortest distance between two
wavefronts in the same phase. = 240 b 320 l b 320 l
316 - 240 324
[The observer will feel the same distance between
= 240
# 320 # 8
324 # 316 c 6
the wavefronts but will encounter them footer as a
result of running towards them]
` (a)
` (d) 10. Let the observer detect a frequency f ' . The wall
8. Since both, the man on the platform & the train, are also detects the same frequency f ' , & reflects it
stationary there is no relative motion between them. too.
Hence, no Doppler effect in spite of the wind.
There is no Doppler effect between the observer 2
the wall 9no relative motion).
` fheard = foriginal = 500 Hz
Hence, observer receives f ' from the wall
λ required = λ original = 0.68 m
` No beats.
` (a)
` (a)
EXERCISE - 1
v = dt = ab cos bax + bt + 6 l
dy r 6. Path difference is m between B and G
7. v is same for all the waves
3
= 7.5 # 12 # 2 = 77.94 cm/ sec .
From the figure m1 = m3 < m2
3. ~ = 2rf = 4r sec -1
So ~1 = ~3 > ~2
2r
K= = 2r m -1
m
Wave Motion 13.9
ω 420 100
8.
Vω = k = 21 = 20 # 4 # 10 -2 -2
4 # 10
T
& f = 30Hz
` V = µ = 20
& T = ]20g2 µ = ]20g2 # 0.2 = 80N P 42
19. P a A2 0.40 = 2 & P = 1.6 watt
2
9. Satisfy the standard equation of wave.
20. By definition
log x - t = log ] x + t g
2 2
x -t
& I ? bT l
2r 2 t A 2 v A 2
21. I =
y = 0.1 sin 2π ]0.1 # - 2t g
2
T
10.
& I1 = b A1 T2 l = b 2 # 1 l = 1: 1
I A T 2 1 2 2
] - g
dy 2 2 1
dt = 0.4π cos 2π 0.1x 2t 22. Amplitude depends upon phase angle.
vmax = ]0.4π m/sg
23. Amplitude varies between A1 + A2 to A1 - A2
2 waves
24. A2 net = ^ym + ymh
11. f = 1 sec . = 2Hz; λ = 5m 2
for z=0
` v = fm = 10 m/s.
A
` net = 2ym & Inet aA2 net a 4ym2 ? 4I
12. y1 = a sin ωt
y2 = a cos ωt = a sin ]ωt + π/2g
where i & Intensity of either wave.
π
y1 lags y2 behind by phase 2
25.
13. y1 propagartes in + x -axis and y2 along -ve x-axis.
90 = 2 # 10 # f 2 # 25 # 10
-4
` Amplitude of component wave is a/2
13.10 Physics
34. If T = mg = vtg 42. Frequency depends on source not on medium.
43. f1 m1 = f2 m1
]3000g]1g = ^ f2h ]1.5g
1 T
` f = 2l n = 300 .....(1)
v
200 Hz = f2
Now T ' = mg - B = vρg - 2 g
544
44. time to reach sound wave = 340
T ' = vg b l
2ρ - 1
2 544 544
time to reach bullet = ]
340 - 20g
= 320
1 vg ^2p - 1h
` f' = 2l .....(2)
Dt = 544 :320 - 340 D = 544 # 320 # 340 0.1 sec .
n 2 1 1 20
1 1
c m f' = 300 c 2ρ m
f' 2ρ - 1 2 2ρ - 1
2
` f = 2ρ 45. V a T V increases m increases
ω c1
35. K = Vω for either component waves v
46. v12 =
M2
=
5 # 18 # 3
m1 # c2 3 # 40 4 = 0.75
YA 1 YA 4
36. As T = 20 4 & v0 = 2 # 24 20 $ µ .....(1) c RT
47. the speed of sound in air is v = M
YA 1 YA 6 c
and T' = 20 6 & v' = 2 # 26 20 $ µ .....(2) M of H2 is greatest in the given gases, hence
v' 24 6 speed of sound in H2 shall be maximum.
` v0 = 26 4
48. Speed of sound in a gas is given by:
` v' > v0
γRT
2π 2cm v = M
37. K = 0.025 π = λ = 0.025
λ
1
λ 1 v ?
Required length = 2 = 0.025 = 80 cm M
v1 M2 m2
n T = n-1 T =
38. 2l µ 384 2l µ 288
` v2 = M1 = m1
n Here = C = 3 for both the gases bc monoatomic = 3 l
4 Cp 5 5
` n-1 = 3
v
n = 4 Now; 4 b 2L l = 384
V T1
` V1
49. V2 = T2
Put L = 75 cm
V1 Kx
K ]1.5xg
V2 =
` V = 144 m/ sec .
m m V1 1
39. L = 5 2 & 10 = 5 2 & m = 4m V2 = 1.5
v 20
f
` = = 4 = 5 Hz
V
m V2 = 1.5
40. Distance between position having 3 nodes and 2 V
antinodes = wavelength = 1.21 Ac V2 = 1.5
41. For sonometer wire V2 = 1.5 V
n # 100 = ]n + 1g # 95
V2 = 1.22V
n = no of harmonics
I I
50. b1 = 10 log I b2 = 10 log I2
& n = 19 0 0
f = 19 b 2 l + 4 = 20 b 2 l - 4 & L = 16
L L b1 - b2 = 3.0103
`
I
f = 20 b 2 l - 4 = 156 Hz
L 10 log I = 3.0103
& 2
here B1 = B2 a of same medium.
& f = 250, 258Hz
S1 k2 m1 59. First maxima after O will appear when path
S2 = k1 = m2 = 2 difference DS = m
P2
Power = 2t0v
2.42 + 12 - 2.4 = m m = 0.2
P0 is same for both waves
sound velocity = fλ = 1800 # 0.2 = 360 m/s.
v is same for both waves wave = 130 - 120 = 10m
I 4I
52. B0 = 10 log I B1 = 10 log I
0 0
I
= 10 log 4 + 10 log I
0
= 20 log 2 + B0 = B0 + 6
for so constructive interference DS = nm
Hence when intensity is increased four times, level
becomes ]B0 + 6g decibels.
DS 10
m= n = n ^n = 1, 2, 3.....h
P 10 10 10
53. = I for an isotropic point sound source.
m = 10, 2 , 3 , 4 .....
4rr2
& P = 4πr
2
Ans (a)
vsound
70.
m1 V
& 1.2vsound = vsound + v &v=
2 = l + .6d y1 =
m1
5
vsound - vman
f2 = f0 vsound = 0.8
f0
& f = 1.25
2
m2 V
4 = l + .3d y2 =
m2
y2 2 ]l + .6dg ]l + .6dg
y1 = 4 ]l + .3dg =
2 ]l + .3dg
Wave Motion 13.13
f2 = f b V - V l = b 340 - 17 l = 323 f
78. Let original frequency is f V 340 340
by the concept of Doppler effect s
frequency of reflected wave f1 323 19
f2 = 306 = 18
V+u 332 + 12 v 330
f' = V - u f = 332 - 12 # f f' - f = 6 80. f = f0 v sound = 450. 330 - 33 = 500Hz
sound - vsource
344 81. Apparent frequencies of both the whistles are the
320 f - f = 6
same as heard by the stationmaster because both
320 # 5
& f = 24 = 80Hz trains are moving away from station.
79. f1 = f b V - V l
V 82. 7m = 0.14; m = 0.02
s
v 3 # 108
f1 = f b 340 - 34 l = f b 306 l
340 340 f= = 0.02 = 1.5 # 1010 Hz
m
EXERCISE - 2
5m m
1. As 2 = 20 & m = 8cm 6. Distance between boat = 2 = 10m
2r 314
& m = 20m
K= = 4
m
time period T = 4 sec .
2r #
~ = KV 350 = 27475
` V = m/T = 20 m/4 sec .
8 # 10 -2
` y = 0.05 sin b 4 # - 27475tl
314 = 5 m/s.
V V
1 ]t = 0g 7. R A = V , RB = V
2. y = A B
1 + x2
as VA > VB, R A < RB
1 ]t = 2g
1 + ]x - 2vg2
y= 8.
Now comparing
x - 2v = x - 1
m
Dotted shape shows pulse position after a short
v = 0.5 sec
time interval. Direction of the velocities are decided
according to direction of displacements of the
3. V \ T
particles. at x = 1.5 slope is +ve
V1 T1 2T
V2 = T2 = T = 2
at x = 2.5s slope is -ve
52 = n .....(2)
t= .....(2)
g
Solve (1) and (2)
from equation (1) & (2)
m
` a = 4.1 L
sec2 & ` x = 3 from the bottom
13.14 Physics
measure AB m
11. measure CD = T = V
1
12. 2f = 6, f = 3, T = 3 sec . v = 3 m/ sec .
m
3 = T & m = 1m
x = vt
3 = 3t &t=1
3T
Total time = t + 4
= 1 + 4 b 3 l = 4 = 1.25 sec .
3 1 5
2~
But the velocity of the wave = 2k =
2ry 19. As y = A sin ]Kx - ~t + 30c + 180cg for incident
2r/m wave.
~ 1 m m
If A~ = k , A = k = r & A= r Now for reflected wave: Energy aAmp2
y = sin b~t - kx - 6 l
r
Y = 0.8A sin ]Kx + ~t - 30g
`
respectively 1st & 2nd wire. 29. v =
T 4.5 # 107
n = 0.05
p q p 1
` 2l V1 = 2l V2 & q =2 n #
4.5 10 7
2l 0.05 = 420 .....(1)
1 Tl1 1 Tl2
24. f1 = 2l m f2 = 2l m n+1 4.5 # 107
1 2
2l 0.05 = 490 .....(2)
f1 l2 l1 ]1 - 20ag
` f = l1 = l1 n 6
2
From equation (1) & (2) & n+1 = 7 & n = 6
f = ]1 - 10ag
f1
6
2
Put n in (1) ` 2l 3 # 102 = 420
(By binomial theorem, assume α to be small)
30000 1500
l = 140 l = 7 = 214 cm
f2 - f1
a = 10f = 10 -4 cC -1
2
YA
1
25. n = 2l n
T 1
n = 2l
YA a DT 1
30. f = 2l
T 1 l .Dl
n n = 2#1 tA
Put values
1 9 # 1010 # 5 # 10 -14
n
` = 11 Hz
=2 = 35 Hz
9 # 103
26. 31. In sonometer
v v
Va T
n1 = 2l n2 = 2l
1 2
v V T1 T
and n = 2l (for complete length of wire)
` V1 = 2 = T2 & T2 = 41
2
`%
As l = l1 + l2 + ...
T
V V V T1 - T2 # T1 - 41
2n = 2n1 + 2n2 + ... T 100 = T # 100 = 75%
1 1
1 1 1
n = n1 + n2 + ...
13.16 Physics
32. It obvious that particle at 0.2 L will have larger 40. sin 2rnt + sin 2r ]n - 1g t + sin 2r ]n + 1g t
amplitude than particle at 0.45 L, 0.5 L being the
62rt ]n - 1 + n + 1g@
node and 0.25 being antinode.
= sin 2rnt + 2 sin 2
62rt ]n + 1 - n + 1g@
cos 2
sin 2rnt + 2 sin 2rnt cos 2r t
c N = 7/5 (Diatomic) v
2
Frequency of wave in wire = 2l
c He = 5/3 (Monoatomic)
When l = 1m
35. The equation of pressure variation due to sound is
v
f1 = 2
p =- B dx =- B dx 7s0 sin ]ωt - kxgA
ds d 2
when l = 1.05 m
= B ks0 sin ]2~t - 2kxg v
2 # ]1.05g
f2 =
I I
36. b = 10 log I , 60 = 10 log I f1 - f = 5 and f - f2 = 5 & f1 - f2 = 10
0 0
8I
& 2 b1 - 1.05 l = 10
b = 10 - log I v 1
0
I
= 10 log 8 + 10 log I = 30 log 2 + 60 = 69dB 20 # 1.05
0
or v = 0.05 = 420 m/s.
1
37. I ? A2 and I ? 2 rRL v
f1 = 2 = 210Hz
I1 R2 A12 A R2 25
I2 = R1 = & A1 = R1 = 9 = 5: 3 f = f1 - 5 = 205 Hz
A22 2
m v 330
Minimum distance = 2 = 2f = 2 # 165 = 1m
Wave Motion 13.17
500r 506r Z] v
45. f1 = 2r = 250; f2 = 2r = 253 ]] for open pipe
] 2,
51. ffun = []
` Df = 3 s -1 = 3 # 60 min -1 = 180 min -1 ]] v
] 4, for closed pipe
\
46, In an open pipe the ends are points of displacement f \ T , but f does not depend on pressure.
antonodes and hence pressure node. The midpoint
(for fundamental mode) is a point of displacement
for closed pipe ftest overtone = 3ffundamental
node and hence pressure antinode. (variation of
pressure is maximum at pressure antinode and zero 52. y1 = A cos ]ax + btg
at pressure-node)
so here k = a
47. Closed Open 2r 2r
= a & m= a
m
V V
4l1 = l2 b
~=b & n = 2r
c aincident m
2
Iincident I
=
Ireflected 0.64I = areflected
For reflected wave displacement equation
y2 = 0.8A cos ]- ax + bt + rg
l2 = 4l1
=- 0.8 A cos ]ax - btg
l 50
l1 = 42 = 4 = 12.5 cm
by super position law resultant wave
48. Now the tube becomes a closed pipe with length l/2
y = y1 + y2
Fundamental frequency of = A cos ]ax + btg + 6- 0.8A cos ]ax - btg@
vsound v
so incorrect option is (d)
= sound
4 ^l/2h
B= 2l
53. For pipe A , second resonant frequency is third
which is fundamental 3V
harmonic thus f = 4L
A
Frequency of A
For pipe B , second resonant frequency is second
3V 2V
49. Second overtone of open pipe = 2l harmonic thus f = 2L
1 B
5V 3V 2V
Second overtone of closed pipe = 4l
Equating 4L = 2L
2 A B
Since, these frequency are same = 3 . ]1.5g
4 4
& LB = 3 L A = 2m
3V 5V l1 4 # 3 6
2l1 = 4l2 & l2 = 2 # 5 = 5 54. Let e be the end correction.
Now, the ratio of fundamental frequencies: m 3m
0.1 + e = 4 0.35 + e = 4
V
f1 2l1 2l
Solving this equation we get
f2 = V & l2
1
4l2
e = 0.025 m = 2.5 cm
= 10: 6 = 5: 3
V
55. n = 4L initially
m
50. 4 = ,1 + e .....(1)
As the length changes by l , and velocity changes by
3m v , the new frequency.
4 = ,2 + e .....(2)
V+v
n' = ]
4 L + lg
From (1) and (2) e = 2 cm
So, choice (c) is correct and the rest are incorrect.
13.18 Physics
fB =
2k
, fC =
3k 64. Using the formula
L 32 2L 28
f' = f b
v + v0 l
3k 11
fD = , ` fC /fD = 28 v
L 44
5.5 = 5 b
v + vA l
we get .....(1)
58. n' = b V s l nr, nr = b V - V l n
V+v V v
6.0 = 5 b v B l .....(2)
s
v+v
and
n' = b V - Vs l n = 350 - 50 # 1.2
V+V 350 + 50
here v = speed of sound
s
400
= 300 # 1.2 = 1.6 KHz
v A = speed of train A
and vB = speed of train B
59.
solving eqn. (1) and (2) we get:
vB
vA = 2
65. The motorcyclist observes no beats. So the apparent
frequency observed by him from the two sources
must be equal.
n' = b V - V0 cos a l n
V - V sin a
f1 = frequency recorded by motorcyclist from police
s
car.
1 f2 = Frequency recorded by motorcyclist from
tan a = 2 is constant and n’ remains constant and
stationary siren
n' < n so, graph, must be a straight line.
For no beats & f1 = f2
60. There is no relative motion between source and
V 176
` b 330 - y l = 165 b 330 + y l
observer so frequency remain constant n = 330 - 22 330
m0
when wind start blowing in the direction of wave
Solving this equation we get, y = 22 m/s.
motion then velocity of sound = V + uw
v+v
V+u V+u
so apparent wave length m' = n w = V w m 0 66. v' = v d v - v0 n
s
v-v
T' = T d v + v s n
61. frequency of sound for approaching observer
c+v
fa = c f 0
EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type nv
9. f = 2l .
1. IIIrd overtone node is formed at 3m from end A, in 5th, 10th, 15th ...
4V 2V 2 200 harmonics
f= = = = 2(200); f =400 Hz
2L L 1 (5/1000) 5 144
& = ] g
f 1 = 6 Hz
2 5
P p02
2. I = = 5
4rr 2 2tv 10. y(at t = 1) = 2
x + 6x + 9
2tvP 2 # 1 # 330 # 50r
(by assuming wave is moving in +ive x direction)
p02 =
= = 5 N/m2
2 rr 2 4r # 330 5
y (x, t) =
3. The given equation can be represented as 2
((x - v (t - 1)) + 6 (x - v (t - 1)) + 9)
2r x 2r
y = 2 × 10 cos d n sin d 5000t n y (at t = 2) =
5
50 50 2
(x - v) + 6 (x - v) + 9
Comparing it with standard equation of stationary 5
2r 2r 2
wave = x + x (6 - 2v) + v 2 - 6v + 9
m 50
by comparing with given equation at t = 2
l = 50 units
6 - 2v = 12 ⇒ v = -3 m/s ⇒-ive ×-direction
So loop length l/2 = 25 units.
⇒ speed = 3m/s
4. When the two positions of the resonance are obtained
⇒ Ans. V + C = 3 + (-1) = 2
at distances l1 and l2 respectively then the velocity
11. Tension at the top = (6 + 2) × 10 = 80 N
V of sound is given by V = 2f ( l2 - l1 )
Tension at the bottom = 2 × 10 = 20N
V = 2 × 1600 × 10 × l0-2 = 320 m/s
Ttop 80
5. For x = 5/2,
\ Velocity of wave at top = =
5/2r n n
y = 4 sin d n cos (96pt) = 2 cos (96pt) Tbottom 20
15
Velocity of wave at bottom = =
n n
So, y will be maximum when cos (96pt) = 1
Since source is same ⇒ frequency same.
vtop m top 80
ymax = 2 cm at x = 5/2 cm.
` v = = =2
bottom m bottom 20
v - v1
6. Direct frequency received by O(f1) = d nf
` m top = (2 # 0.06) = 0.12 m
v
frequency received by wall = f (No relative motion 1 m
12. Total energy = tA 2 ~ 2 #
between S and wall) 2 4
v - v1 13. Let velocity of train A = VA & of train B is VB
frequency received by O from wall (f2) = d
nf
v
velocity of sound = VS
beat frequency = ; f1 - f2 ; = 0 VS
VS + VA
7. For train B, v = 25 m/s \ given, 5.5 = f
p 5 & VA =
VS 10
350 A VS + VB VS. VB 10
fA =
25
f0 Also,6= f
p 5 & VB = ` = =2
350 - VS 5 VA 5
2 14. Phase difference between S1, and S2
For train C, v = 25 m/s 2m 2r
350 = # Ox = #1 = r
f lA = f B C m 340
25 0 170
350 +
2 IS = IS = IS = I
1 2 3
\ Frequency of beat = fA - f lA . 5 Hz
intensity due to all three source at point P is = I
13.20 Physics
40 m D m
L1
So, (n + 1) = 240
2
80
9m
⇒ (n + 1) = 240
15. 41 m 2
L2
or n + 1 = 6
OPC
n=5
Dx = 1 m So string is vibrating in fifth overtone.
nl = 1 19. Acceleration of system a = 5 m/s2
C
In case of backward direction wave transmission:
f= = C # n; n = 1; f = 330 Hz Tension at point from r distance from C in the string
m
BC is T = 15 - 5r
16. For direct sound from the source,
VS - V0 T
f1 = f pf
Wave velocity, v =
n
VS + Vsource 0
VS = velolcity of sound 15 - 5r
⇒ v=
V0 = Velocity of observer 1
350 dr
Vsource = Velocity of source f1 = # 180
⇒ = 15 - 5r
360 dt
For sound heard after reflection, 1
dr
t1
VS - V0 VS
⇒ # = dt #
f2 = f
pf l & f l = f p f0 15 - 5r 0
0
VS VS - Vsource 2
⇒ t1 = (151/2 - 101/2)
\ f2 = f0 ; 5
350 2
\ No. of beats = f2 - f1 = d180 -
# 180 n
⇒ t1 = ( 3 - 2) s
360 5
180 # 10
= = 5 beats/s
In cace of forward direction wave transmission:
360
Tension at point from r distance from B in the string
17. Path difference = Dx = d2 - d1 = 0.5 BC is T = 10 + 5r
2r 2r f 100 1 r
= Ox = v Ox = 2r # . = 10 + 5r dr
m 300 2 3
v= & = 10 + 5r
1 dt
intensity at C
t2
P1 P2 2
1
P1 P2 cos d n = 6W/m 2
r dr
=
4rd1 2
+ 2
4rd 2
-
4 r d d 3
# = # dt
1 2
0 10 + 5r 0
18. 2A sin kx = 3 2 2
& t2 = (151/2 - 101/2)
⇒ 2 × 3 sin kx = 3 2 5
1 2
⇒ sin kx = & t2 = ( 3 - 2) s
2 5
2r r 3r & t1 = t2
⇒ x= ;
4 4 3l2 - 5l1 3 # 74 - 5 # 44
20. e e = o; e =
m
Distance between consecutive points 2 2
3m m m
= - =
8 8 4
m
= 20 cm & m = 80 cm
4
Wave Motion 13.21
EXERCISE - 4
4. Draw a sketch graph showing the two terms of
f = b l at lowest point
v
1. use of principal of superposition to find the final
m
1 mg waveform.
f= n
m
v1
f1 = at highest point
m1
1 ] M + mg g
f1 = n
m1
f1 = f: no any change in sourc frq
5.
1 mg 1 ] M + mg g
= ,
m n m n
& <m1 = m
M+m F
m di
2T sin 2 = dm.~2 R
Ey 4
2. tan a = E = 3 di m m~ 2 R 2
x 2T 2 = l Rdi.~2 R T= l
tan a = E = c m
Ey Ey
1 1
T T ~L
x 2
1
V ` = n = = ~R ` V = 2r
m
But tan a = tan a1 l
~L
6. VP/R = 2r
Ey 4 1
2 =3 ~L ~L ~L
VP./G - VR/G = 2r & VP/G - 2r = 2r
Ey = b 3 l units
8
VP/G = 2 b 2r l
1
~L
3. Mass per unit length of the string,
7. Due to Doppler effect apparent frequency of S1 will
10 -2
m = 0.4 continuously decreases. But apparent frequency of
= 2.5 # 10 -2 kg/m S2 changes to lower value when it crosses o so best
represented graph is.
` Velocity of wave in the string,
Ans (c)
1.6
V = T/m = 8. vsource
2.5 # 10 -2
V = 8 m/s (2r, 0)
For constructive interference between successive S
pulses: vobserver
2, ]2 g]0.4g
Dtmin = V = 8 = 0.10 s
Velocity of approach of observer to source decreases,
(After two reflections, the wave pulse is in same becomes zero and finally becomes velocity of
phase as it was produced since in one reflection separation. Hence apparent frequency continuously
its phase changes by r , and if a this moment next
identical pulse is produced, then constructive decreases. ^ fapp = f when vapp = 0 h
interference will be obtained.)
13.22 Physics
9.
= x 2 + 2 ] x + 1g
Solving v =- 5 m/s.
15. Given wave is produced by the superposition of the
following two waves
z1 = A sin ]kx - ~t g and z2 = A sin ^ ky - ~t h
Hence the direction of propagation is along 45º with
vsound V/ofu positive X-axis.
f = f0 v
sound - vsource V/ofu - V/ofu
16.
330 330
= 600. = 600. 330 - 20 cos 37
330 - v cos i
y = A sin ]kx - ωt g
10. Let the velocity of source at mean position is u
observer hear maximum frequency when source at 'P' , ]kx - ωt g
= π+ π3
approaching line from mean positions.
v = dt =- Aω cos ]kx - ωt g
dy
c
Lmax = c - u v
=- ]10mmg 2Tπ cos b π + π
3
l
and minimum frequency when source reseeding π ^ tj h
c
= 20
from mean position Lmax = c + u v
17.
velocity at mean position u = 2gd ]1 - cos ig
` f' = b
V + V0 l
f =b V l f,
V + at
V which is a
1 + (x - vt) 2
At t = 0.2 s, 1 + ] x - 0.2vg2
Wave Motion 13.23
T ^ yh = T1 + c my
T2 - T1
2π ]1 - cos θg = 2π d1 -
n
1
18.
h 2
'y' is the height from earth’s surface
power dissipated across total solid angle 4π is
0.10 ω .
Vsound ? T
2 -1
s1 = 4π 2π e o
0.1
Vground
power through
T1 2
& Vat y =
T1 c my
T2 - T1
= ]0.1ge
2 -1
h
o
2 2
T1 c my
T2 - T1
= 0.0146 ω .
]c g
h
& Vat y = T1
Pthrough s3 = Total power - Ps1 - Ps2
= 0.1 - 0.029
T1 + c my
T2 - T1
- dy
]c g
h
= 0.7 ω
dt = T1
P02
y=0
dy
t 21. I = 2PV
-c #
# dt
P02 = ]2.6g # ]330g
=
T1 + c 2 1 m y
y=x
T -T T1 0
&
h
P0 - 29.29 N/m 2 ^30 N/m 2h
19. 2πf
B = PV 2 ; K = V
P0 B A K & A = 1.1 # 10 5 m
-
& 3n1 = n2
` f - 280 = 10
& f = 290 Hz
` n1 = 1 & n2 = 3 (minimum possible values)
25.
]1 g 100
2.6 # 109 = 161.8 Hz
2 ]0.6g
f =
20. θ = 45c
V - V sin θ
f' = V 0+ 2V cos θ ; tan θ = 1 2
0
A ] xg = 4 sin b 15 l
26. πx
33.
fopp = c V + 10t m f0
V f α T
1
T 1/2
f 21T p = 10
= 1349 Hz f
=
y = f ] x - Vt g
f + 15 T + 100 11
28.
2y 2y f
11 = 10f + 150
2t =- v 2x f = 150 Hz
22 y 22 y
2 = f" ] x - Vt g v 2 = v 2 2 36. From properties of standing waves.
2t 2x
37. In case of sound wave, y can represent presence and
29. y = 10 4 sin ]60t + 2xg
-
displacement, while in cae of an electromagnetic
k = 2 ; λ = πm wave it represent electric and magnetic fields.
Aω = 1 m/s
1
ω = 103 ;
3
f = 2π # 10 Hz
A and B point will move in opposite direction
λ = 2π # 10 m
-2 displacement level of A and B will be equal.
Wave Motion 13.25
40. Since the edges are clamped, displacement of the 45. For constructive interference path difference ]∆S g
edges u ^ x, yh = 0
∆S = nλ ( n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ..... )
y
here ∆S = 2 m
(L,L)
(0, L) C B
So option (a) & (b) are satisfied for constructive
interference similarly for destructive interference
∆S = ]2n + 1g 2
λ
A
O x
so (d) option satisfied condition
(0,0) (L,0)
Line OA i.e. y = 0, 0#x#L 46.
AB i.e. x = L, 0#y#L
BC i.e. y = L, 0#x#L
OC i.e. x = 0, 0#y#L
The above conditions are satisfied only in alternatives
] Bg and ]C g .
Wave emitted from Q y = A sin _ωt - kxQ i
Note that u ^ x, yh = 0 , for all four values e.g. in
y = A sin b ωt - kx p + 2 l
π
alternative ] Dg, u ^ x, yh = 0 for y = 0, y = L but
Wave emitted from P
is not zero for x = 0 or x = L . similarly in option
∆φ = φ P - φ Q = ωt - kxP + π _ωt - kxQ i
2-
(a), u ^ x, yh = 0 at x = L , y = L but it is not zero
= k _ xQ - xP i + π
2
for x = 0 or y = 0 , while in option (b) and (c),
u ^ x, yh = 0 for x = 0, y = 0, x = L and y = L = 2 π _ x - xP i + π
λ Q 2
41. , = 1m f = 10 sin ]80 r t - 4rxg
r ^x - x h r
= 10 Q p +
2
For superimposed second wave is
For A xQ - xP =- 5
f2 = 10 sin ]80r t + 4rxg
& ∆φ = 10 ]- 5g + 2 = 0
π π
Amplitude of stationary wave = 2a = 2 # 10 = 20m
2r
For B xQ - xP = 5
K = 4r =
m
2r 1
& ∆φ = π
m = = = 0.5 m
4m 2
For C xQ - xP = 0
, = 1m
π
& ∆φ = 2
], = 2mg
I A IB: IC = ] I + I + 2I cos 0g : ] I + I + 2I cos πg
:
: b I + I + 2I cos π
2
l
Total ] N = 5g
47. When sound wave is reflected from rigid end
displacement wave get extra phase at π and pressure
42. For monochromatic plane wave polarization does wave get no extra phase So option (a), (b), (c) are
not require: correct
43. At closed end displacement node and pressure 48. Energy per unit area associated with progressive
antinode are formed
sound wave I = 2π 2 a 2 n 2 sV if we increase
44. For stable interference, phase difference should not amplitude to 2 times or frequency to 2 times
vary with time. Hence waves should have same
I will be doubled. So increment 41% or either
frequency and a constant phase difference, same
wavelength. amplitude of frequency
13.26 Physics
49. Fundamental frequency of V - Vs V - V/5 4V
54. For observer O1 , λ1 = f = f = 5f
V V
open pipe, n0 = 2, closed pipe, nC = 4,
1 2
For O2, there is change of medium hence at the
V V surface of water, keeping frequency unchanged
2,1 - 4, 2 = 5 .....(1)
V = 4V
V 3V λa λw
For first overtone n0 = ,
nC = 4,
1 2 16V λW 4V
& λ w = 4λ a = 5f
V - 3V =
,1 4, 2 5 .....(2)
velocity of wave relative to observer
, 1 f'' =
on solving (1) and (2) ,1 = , 2 & ,1 = 1
λw
2
21V 5f 21f
, = 5 . 16V = 16
50. Making hole at 3 length from close end. Pipe start
,
behaving as closed pipe of length 3 55. For a plane wave intensity ( energy crossing per unit
V area per unit time) is constant at all points.
So new fundamental frequency n' = 4,/3
V
For plane wavefront 7
original fundamental frequency n = 4, n' = 3n
1 2
So option (b) and (d) are correct
I11 = I22
λ
51. x = 4
1 2
V 340
But for a spherical wave, intensity at a distance r
λ = n = 340 = 1 m
from a point source of power P ( energy transmitted
1 per unit time ) is given by
x = 4 m = 25 cm
For other resonance position
x = ]2n - 1g 4
s
λ
so x = 25, 75, 125 cm...
P 1
I = or I ? 2
Tube length is only 120 cm so get resonance 4πr 2 r
minimum length of water = 120 - 75 = 45 1
" For a line source I ? r
Distance between two successes nodes
λ 100 P
= 2 = 2 = 50
Because I = 2πrL
y = 4 ]7 - 10g + 1 = 4 cm = 0.25 cm
( f1 = Fundamental frequency) 1 1
fn = Frequency of nth harmonic δy
64. Transverse velocity =
TE δt
KE
< >=< PE >= 2
At t = 0.015 s, vt = 15 cm
58. V = A cos ]ωt - kxg As for x = 13 cm ]vt - 4g < x < vt
` _φ P - φQ imin = π
Therefore
^φ P - φ R hmin = 2π δy v
=- 4 =- 250 cm/s
δt
V 300
59. λ = f = 25 = 12 m 65. Medium of string BC is denser. These will be π
φ A - φ B = 6m phase difference between reflected and transmitted
wave.
∆ max = 2A (when both have same velocity.
λr v µ2
= 5 # 10 5 m - 66. = v1 = µ1
λt 2
B B 9 2
10π
71. v = ρ & 1050 = 1000 B . 10 N/m
Moles = 36 # 22.4 moles (22.4 lt. contains 1 mole
324 ^ 0 h
= 332
So tube is open closed.
f
f' = 330 + 6 ^ f0 h
and effective length of air column = 99 + 1 = 100 cm 330 - 2
So
, =5 = λ , so five half loops will be = 328
λ 4 & 1 54 open
336 f0
formed 78. Graph given in option (a) satisfy the frequencies
determined in earlier two questions.
, = 5 b λ l
4 so second overtone. closed
dξ
74. Pex =- B dx
cos 2π ]400g t
π ^ y + 1cm h
= ^125 π N/m 2h sin 280
cos 2π ]400t g
Wave Motion 13.29
79. (a) 80. Use base fundamentals of modes of vibration of a
& A sin ]ωt - kx + 0g
string.
81. (a) y = 4 sin ]5x - 4t g + 3 cos ]4t - 5x + πg
is superposition of two waves having same
ω and k . Resultant is wave with individual
particles undergoing SHM.
(b)
(b) y = 10 sin bt - 330
x l
cos 100 bt - 130 l .
x
& A sin b ωt - kx + 2 l
π
= A cos ]ωt - kxg represents superposition waves of different
frequencies.
= A cos ]kx - ωt g
(c) It is a standing wave.
(c)
(d) Similar to (b)
& A sin ]ωt - kx + πg 82. In the case of tube closed at one end.
]24 + 1g
= A sin ]kx - ωt g f= 4 v = ]2n + 1g 80
= 80, 240, 40, 560.
(d)
83. Use different cases of doppler effect in theory.
& A sin b ωt - kx + 2 l
3π
=- A cos ]ωt - kxg
=- A cos ]kx - ωt g
Numerical Type f
= 1 - f0 = 684 - 676 = 8 Hz.
2v
1. f1 = 2l B
1 3. V =
v t
f2 = 4l
2 B
Now, f1 = f2
Vpipe 2t 1
Vair = =
2v v B 2
& 2l = 4l t
1 2
& l1 = 4l2 = 80 cm
Vair
Vpipe =
2. Given, 2
The speed of each can approaching each other (n + 1) Vpipe
fn = 2,
Vcar = 7.2 Km/hr = 2 m/s
The frequency of the horn blown by each car Vpipe 300
f1 - f0 = 2, =
f0 = 676 Hz. 2 2
The velocity of the sound in the air, V = 340 m/s.
= 105.75 Hz (If 2 = 1.41)
Each driver hears 2 sounds: (1) Sound emitted by = 106.05 Hz (If 2 = 1.414)
his/her own car (2) Sound coming from another car.
Single Option Correct
According to Doppler effect, Frequency of sound,
f0 = c m fs
v + v0
coming from car-2, heard by car-1 is, 4.
v
f1 = f0 b 340 - 2 l
340 + 2 v
f0 = f v + 5 p fs
v
& f1 = 676 b 338 l = 384 Hz
342
6
f0 = 5 fs
& The number fo beats observed by each driver
13.30 Physics
8. Imax = 1 or b A1 - A2 l = 1
f0 - fs I 16 A + A 2 16
% change = # 100
fs min 1 2
1 A1 + A2 = 4A1 – 4A2
= 5 # 100 = 20%
A1 5 I1 25
5. The diameter of the resonance column tube d = 6 3A1 = 5A2 or = ` =
cm. A2 3 I2 9
The frequency of the tuning fork f = 504 Hz. 25
9. l = 50 cm = 0.5 m, vp = 10 km/ h = 9 m/s
The speed of the sound v = 336 m/s.
& The end correction e = 0.3d = 1.8 cm v = 330 m/s
Let, the reading of the water level at first resonance
Frequency of second harmonic produced by an open
= l. flute,
In the resonating tube, the end correction occurs v 330
y = 2 # 2l = 0.5 = 660Hz
because the reflected wave goes a little above the
mouth of the resonating wave. Hence, the length of Frequency heard by the person
the resonating tube becomes the original length of 25
the resonating tube plus the end correction. v + v0 330 + 9
y' = v y = 330 # 660 . 666Hz
m V
l & + e = 4 = 4f
10. Let f1 and f2 be the frequency registered by the
336 observer in two cases.
& l + e = 4 # 504 = 0.16666 m = 16.66 cm
& l + 1.8 = 16.66 cm v+v 340 + 0 340
f1 = f v - v 0 = f 340 - 34 = 340 - 34 f
& l = 16.66 - 1.8 cm S
340 - 0
f2 = f 340 - 17
& l = 14.866 cm.
f 340 - 17 19
T The required ratio f1 = 340 - 34 = 18
6. v = n 2
12. v = gx
T1 Mg
7. Case I : v1 = n = n dx =
dt gx
T2 M a2 + g2 20 dx = # t
Case II : v2 = = n = n #0 x 0
g dt
v1 g
v2 = 2 # x1/2 dx = g t
_g 2 + a2 i
1/2
1/4
2 x = gt
b v1 l = e o
g2 + a2 1 a2
v2 . 1+ 4 2 2 20 = 10 t
g2 g
60.5 1 a2 0.5 1 a2 2 2 =t
60 = 1 + 4 2 ; 1 + 60 = 1 + 4 2
g g
13. % Change in frequency
a2 1 g g
2 = 30 or a = .5 V V
g 30 V - Vs - V + Vs
= V # 100
V - Vs
Wave Motion 13.31
2V 16. The transverse displacement y ^ x, t h of a wave on a
= V + sV # 100
s
string is given by
2 # 20 #
+ 20 100 = 12% _ 2 + bt2 + 2 ab xt i
y ^ x, t h = e
= 320 - ax
14. For closed organ pipe - (ax + bt) 2
It is transverse type y (x, t) = e
^ 2n + 1 h v
f = 4, , ^n = 0, 1, 2...h b
Speed v =
^2n + 1h v a
4, < 1250
and wave is moving along - x direction
]2n + 1g < 1250 #
4 # 0.85 - [ a x + b t] 2
340
y (x, t) = e
]2n + 1g < 12.5
17. Y = A sin ]ωt - kxg + A sin ]ωt + kxg
2n < 11.50
Y = 2A sin ωt cos kx standing wave
n < 5.25
For nodes cos kx = 0
So n = 0, 1, 2, 3....5
.x = ]2n + 1g 2
2π π
So we have 6 possibilities. λ
v 1 T 1 T ]2n + 1gλ
15. f = = = x = 4 , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .....
2, 2, n 2, Ad
T YD, 1 yD, 18. By equation
T,
Also Y = A∆t & = & f=
A , 2, ,d 1
f = 0.04 and λ = 0.5
D,
, = 1.5m, = 0.01, d = 7.7 # 103 kg/m3 1 25
,
& V = 0.04 # 0.5 = 2
V = µ & b 2 l
y = 2.2 # 1011 N/m 2 T 25 2
by
After solving
= 0.T04 & T = 625 4 # 0.04
2 103
f = 7 # 3 T = 6.25 N
f . 178.2 Hz
1 γRT ∆f ∆, 2. V = ω A2 - y2
1. f = 4, M & f = ,
-3 VP = 2πf A 2 - y 2
(a) M = 20 # 10 f = 320 Hz ∆f = ! 4.5 Hz
VP = 2π a k A 2 - y 2
Not possible V
λ
(b) M = 20 # 10 3
f = 253 Hz ∆f = ! 3.6 Hz
-
Not possible
= 02.π5 # 0.1 (0.1) 2 - (0.05) 2
(c) M = 32 # 10 3
f = 237 Hz ∆f = ! 3.4 Hz
-
Not possible 3π
VP = 50 j m/s
(d) m = 36 # 10 3
f = 242.8 Hz ∆f = ! 3.5 Hz
-
Possible
13.32 Physics
3. As string and tube are in resource f1 = f2 tOA
n O
dy
O
f1 - n = 4 Hz
#
dt =- g #
O L M + ny
P
2
tOA = 7 M + nL - M A y
ng
A
For pulse 2. (From A " O ) M
Tension at P is ^ M + ny h g
When T increases, f1 also increases. It is given that
T ^ M + ny h g dy
beat frequency decreases to 2 Hz. υ = = =
n n dt
& n - f1 = 4 t AO L
dy
n
n = 4 + f1
#
dt = g #
O O M + ny
as f1 = f2
On simplifying as above
n = 4 + f2
` t AO = tOA
3V 3 # 340
Choice (a) is correct
f2 = 4, = # ] g = 340
4 3/4
n = 344 ^ M + ny h g
υ =
4. For resonance, n
v - u # fs = ]oddg # f0
v L
At y = 2 (Midpoint)
v
(a) v - 0.8v # f0 = 5f0
v L
(b) v - 0.8v # 2f0 = 10f0 cM + n mg
2
(c) v - 0.8v # c m = 2 f0
v f0 5 υ=
n
2
(d) v - 0.5v # c m = 3f0
v 3f0 L
At y = 2 (Midpoint)
2
u
L
fs cM + n mg
2
f0 v= is same for both
n
5. ]2n + 1g 4 = 50.7 cm + e
λ the pulses at the midpoint. Choice (b) is also correct
frequency of the pulse remains same throughout the
string. For pulse 1
]2n + 3g λ
4 = 83.9 cm + e υ0 = υ A
using n = 1 e =- 0.9 cm vO v
= A
λO λA
λ = 66.4 cm vO λ
= O
vA λA
v = fλ = 332 m/s.
^ M + µy h g
Now v= µ
6. For pulse 1 (from O to A)
Since v0 > v A
Mass
Tension at P is ^ M + ny h g where n =
λ0 > λ A
length
Choice (c) is wrong. As seen from the expression
T ^ M + ny h g - dy of v, velocity is independent of its frequency and
y = = = wavelength choice (d) is also correct.
n n dt
Wave Motion 13.33
7. V = 100 m/s 10. At open end phase of pressure wave charge by p so
Possible modes of compression returns as rarefraction. While at closed
vibration end phase of pressure wave does not change so
compression return as compression.
, = ]2n + 1g 4
λ
11. (a) The intensity of sound decreases with increases
12
λ = ] + gm
of order. The intensity of
2n 1
sound is maximum for first
2π = 2π (2n + 1) π
k = resonance.
λ 12/(2n + 1) = 6
r ]2n + 1g 50r
~ = vk = 100 ]2n + 1g 6 = 3
(b) The prongs vibrate in
vertical plane.
π 50π
if n=0 k= 6 ω= 3
5π 250π
(c) The prongs does not vibrate in amplitude of
n=1 k= 6 ω= 3
that order.
5π
n=7 k= 2 ω = 250π
(d) Consider end correction, the length of air
8. (a) There are 5 complete loops column is slightly less than λ /4
Total number of nodes = 6
(b) ω = 628 sec 1
-
So ans are (a) and (a)
2π = 1 12. VS/A = 340 + 20 = 360 20 30
k = 62.8 m 1 =
-
λ & λ 10
A B
ω 628
vw = k = 62.8 = 10 ms 1
-
VS/B = 340 - 30 = 310 340 340
20
5λ
L = 2 = 0.25
13. Because
(c) 2A = 0.01 = maximum amplitude
VS = V0 = 20
of antinode
v 10
so as seen from passengers of train A.
(d) f = 2, = 2 # 0.25 = 20 Hz
'
f = f0
9.
14. As seen from B
Intensity
= c (v - w) - u m f1
(v - w) + u
f2
& f2 > f1
13.34 Physics
1 k = 2I0 + 2I0
cos 60c
15. f ? &f= .....(1)
,1 ,1
= 3I0
( ,1 & initial length of pipe)
n=3
V k
e
of = {VT speed of tuning fork, , 2 "
V - VT ,2 19. Let speed of cars are V1 and V2
p = 492 a 330
330 - 2 k = 498 Hz
v + vO
= f0 f
+2
v - vS
` Beat frequency = 498 - 492 = 6 Hz
18.
I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos φ
Mechanical Properties of Matter
14
14.1
Mechanical Properties
Chapter
of Matter
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. Young’s modulus depends only on nature of the 8. If whole system is accelerating upwards with
material. acceleration 2m/ sec 2 , tension in the string is
5 ^ g + ah
2. Work done = ∆P $ E (considering no loss of energy
in the form of heat) Stress
Strain = y
= 12 b F l b1 l
2
A $ Y $A, 5 ]12g /0.5 # 10
-6
= 11
2 # 10
∆P $ E1 ,1 1
∆P $ E2 = , 2 = 2
= 6 # 10 4 -
E = 2 Y ]Straing2
1 M g L
2 2
= 6 AY
2E
& Strain = Y ρ 2 A 2 L3 g 2 ρ 2 AL2 g 2
= 6 AY = 6Y
4. Total elongation in the wire due to it’s own weight
10. Restoring force generated in AB part is 5N, TBC
MgL = 2N , TCD = 1N
]e g = 2AY ; M = dAL
2
dgL
= 2Y
2
` e ? dL
3W
5. TP = 4 + W1
T
Stress = AP
3W +
W1
= 4 S 5 ]0.6g 1
e1 = .
10 3 8 # 10 2
-
Stress 1
Y = Strain = Slope of given graph 1 ]1.2g 1
e3 =
^10 -3h 8 # 10 2
As R has minimum slope, it exhibits more elasticity.
- ]6.2g
1
7. As stress is same in both the wires, etotal =
8 # 10 1
T1 T2
A1 = A2
= 54 ]6.2g
T1 A1 1
& T2 = A2 = 2 = 0.5
= 7.5
14.2 Physics
11. F b - Ll
= AY L 2
T ] xg = F b1 - Lx l
= 2FL
AY
de = AY b1 - 2 l dx
F x
e F
Strain = total
2 = 2AY
L
etotal = # de
0
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
Y 5
η = ]1 + σg = 2 0.110 # 100
1. #
2
0.5Y
= 2 # 108 N/m 2
σ = η - 1
1
0.5Y - η 7. C = B
= η
]dv/vg " Fractiοnal change in vοlume
3. Shearing strain = θ ]= tan θg
= dP
" Change in pressure
` C means fractional change in volume
= ∆,x per unit change in pressure.
B =- b AV/V l
5 - ∆P
= 2 10 8.
#
-1
10
=+ c 100 # 10 N # 100 m
5
= 2 # 10 4
]0.01g
-
= 3 ]0.01g
= 0.12c
- dP +^103h]9.8g]200g
]0.1g
B =] = # 100
dv/vg
6. ; dP = ρgh
= 2 # 105 N/m 2
= 19.6 # 108 N/m 2
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. Surface tension refers to work done by external 3. Liquid surface doesn’t wet the solid if contact angle
agent in increasing the surface area slowly by one is greater than 90c as cohesive forces dominate the
unit. Thereby this process is nearly isothermal. adhesive forces.
= ^75 dyne/cm h^125 ]4πg r 2 - 4πR 2 h
Then water does’t flow outside.
2T
= 74 erg. P0 - r + ρgh = P0
4T = c 4T m
9.r1 3 r
2
r2
r1 = 3
P0 - r + ρg ]3.6g = P0 - r
2T 2T
4π 4π
V1 = 3 r13 & V2 = 3 r23 1 2
d = 8 # 10 3 m
-
V1 : V2 = r13 : r23
= r13 : 27r13 14. Surface of the liquid is concave if cohesive forces
are greater than adhesive forces.
= 1 : 27
INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
Vt = qη r 2 ^σ - ρh g
2 dv
1. 4. Velocity gradient = dx
Vt ? r 2
= 0.05 -m3 /s
As radius of the lead sphere increases by 2 times 10
terminal velocity increases by 4 times.
= 50 s -1
dv πρr 4
2. F =- ηA dx
5. Rate of flow = 8η,
F = ^20 poiseh^10cm 2hb 1cm0/.1sec . l ` Rate of flow increases, if radius of the glass tube
= 2000 dyne increases.
? r ba m l
m V
r ?r
2
` is constant.
r2
mg
8. V ? ηr
13. When body attains terminal velocity.
9. Curve C represents velocity profile of the body as a
function of distance. FB + FV = mg
10. Rain drops finally fall with some terminal velocity,
FV = mg - c d d2 g m
which is proportional to square of radius of the body. M
&
1
11. After travelling large distance h , particle attains
d
terminal speed.
= mg d1 - d2 n
1
` Final velocity is almost independent of h
EXERCISE - 1
1. d = 4mm 1
For same load rα
10 2 ∆l
Y = 9 # 10 N/m
F ∆l ∆l
F = ∆l 4. A = Y l if Y & l are constant
A Y l
= π ^2 # 10 -3h # 9 # 109 # 100
1 ∆l
2
F = AY l & F \ A & F' = 4F
= π # 4 # 10 -6 # 9 # 10 7
5. Area = 1cm2
= 360 π N
∆l = 1.1 l - l
2. ∆lwater = LW
L ∆ air = La Y = 2 # 1011
W
F = ∆l
A Y l
ρ
;W - ρ ρW EL W <1 - ρW FL
W
F = AY b l l = 2 # 106 N
WL 0.1l
La = YA Lw =
0
=
0
YA YA
La ρW ρ0 La Y A ]∆Lg
LW = <1 - ρ0 F & ρW = La - LW 6. L = F ; ∆L = 2π ]R - rg
YA ]R - rg
F/A
3. ∆l/l = Y
& r =F
2
F = Yπr
∆l l 3W
7. TP = 4 + W1
Fl # 1 = 2
& Y π ∆l r
& Y & l are same for all then
T
Stress = AP
3W +
W1
= 4 s
Mechanical Properties of Matter 14.5
8. g
& , = 2
4π
11. Tension in both the strings
10KN
T = 2 = 5000 N
T,
F YA ∆, = AY
From graph, ∆, = Slope L
^5 # 10 h^1500 # 10 3h 3 -
As tan θ 2 > tan θ1
^103h^10 -6h 103 # 106
=
A2 > A1 (since Y & L are same. )
= 75 # 10 -4 m
i.e. Crosssectional area of B is greater than cross
sectional area of A
= 7.5mm (Elongation in the wire)
9. A, = A',' 7.5mm =
` Pulley comes down by 2 3.75 mm
A, = A' ]2,g
12. Volume of wire is
A
A' = 2
V = L # rr2 = 1 # r ^10 -3h2 = r # 10 -6 m3
&
r
& r' =
2
Area of square cross-section
∆ , ,
& Strain = , = , = 1; = ^2 # 10 -3h2 4 # 10 -6 m2
Stress Volume r # 10 -6 r
Y = Strain & Y = stress
Length of new wire = Area = 4 # 10 -6 = 4 m
Elastic energy per unit volume = 2 ]Stressg]Straing
1
Initially extension is
V = 2 ]Y g
1
x = AY = Y c # -6 m
FL F 1
r 10
Y =2 ` Y = ^r # 10 -6h x
& F
` Option (a) is wrong
Finally extension is
10. Considering mass of the wire is FL' F L'
negligible.
x' = A'Y = Y . A'
T = mg = ^r # 10 -6h x.
r/ 4 r2
or x' -6 = 16 x
4 # 10
T,
Y = A∆, 13. Extension in the first case is
Ya∆, FL wL
& T = ,
l = AY = AY
When the mass is made to rotate along circular path
Extension in the second part is
in horizontal plane.
T' = m,ω 2
w ^L/2h w ^L/2h wL
= m, ]4πg2
l' = AY + AY = AY
Y A ]∆,g'
It is clear that l' = l
T' = ,
Note: In the above problem,
T' = ]∆,g ' even if lengths of wire are
T ∆, unequal on two sides of the
, ]4πg2 pully, the elongation will still be 1.
g =4 ; ∆,' = 4cm & ∆, = 1 cm
14.6 Physics
14. V = 1/2K ]2g2 3
& B = 200 # 10 # 10 # 1000 = 2 # 10
9
- dp
17. P $ E = 2 b A l $ b ∆,, l $ ] A,g
1 F B =]
dv/vg
26.
- ]0.155g # 105
= 12 F2 ]∆,gb ∆,, = AY
F l
2
- ]1/10g
& B =
A Y
M g ,
2 2
= 1.55 # 105 N/m 2
= 2 AY
dp
18. Elastic forces are conservative when loading and 27. B =
dv/v
unloading curves coincides even when they are not dp v
linear as in case of rubber. i.e. elastic forces can be dv = B
conservative or non-conservative.
v ]α∆T g = B
Pv
&
19. U = 2 σε = 2 ]Yεg ε
1 1
P
& ∆T = Bα
1 2
& U = 2 Yε is similar to x = ky 2
210g 210 # 10 3
-
which is a parabola passing through origin and 28. vf = 3 = 2
symmetric about X-axis 3500 kg/m 35 # 10
x 0.02 # 10
-2
= 6 # 10 5 m3 = 60 cc -
20. F = ηA h = 0.4 # 1011 # 1 # 0.005 # 1
4
= 4 # 10 N ∆p
B = ∆v/v ; v = v f + ∆v
5
DV DP 1 # 10 v f + ∆v
21. # -7
V = B = 1.25 # 1011 = 8 10
& ∆v = ∆Bp ; ∆v is magnitude of
22. Depth = 200 m
change in volume.
∆V = 0.1 = -3 vf 6 # 1011 =
V 100 10
& a + ∆v = 30
2 # 1010
Density = 1 # 103
vf
& ∆v = 29
g = 10
& ∆v - 2cc
∆p hgρ
B = ∆v/v = ∆v/v
` vinitial = 62 cc.
Mechanical Properties of Matter 14.7
- dv P m - dv dρ 43. When charge is given to a soap bubble (whether
29. v = B & v= P & v = ρ positive or negative), these charges experience
dρ P repulsive forces due to the other charges. Hence they
& ρ = B tend to move out. Hence the size of bubble increases.
ρP
& dρ = K 44. Contact angle is independent of orientation of the
tube.
30. Surface tension is a property based on intermolecular
force, at critical temperature intermolecular force is 4T 4 # 30
45. Pexcess = r = 0.4 = 300 Dyne/cm 2
zero, hence surface tension is zero.
31. Cohesive force > adhesive force 46. As total surface Area of the decreases, surface
energy decreases. Thereby energy is liberated in this
i is obtuse. process.
32. f = 2πrT = 2π # 5 # 75 = 75 0π dyne 2T
47. p = pa + hρg + r = 1.07 # 105 N/m 2
33. f = 2 Tl
48. In the satellite, geff becomes zero but the surface
2 # 10 2 = 2 # T # 0.10
-
tension still prevails. Hence the water will experience
T = 0.1 N/m only surface Tension forc which will push it fully
outward.
34. The property fo surface tension try to decrease the
surface area of the liquid. 49. Water will rise to a height more than h when
downward force ^mgeff h becomes lesser than mg .
35. mg = 2rr1 T + 2rr2 T
so in a lift accelerating downwards, geff is ^ g - a0 h .
7.48 # 9.8 # 10 -3 = 2r ^17 # 10 -2h T
Hence capillary rise is more
T = 70 # 10 -3 N/m
On the poles geff is even more than g . hence the
37. f = 2 # 2πrT = 2 # πdT = 6πT capillary will even drop.
38. We know that surface energy 50. Insects use the surface tension force to keep floating.
Us = T # Area 51. For an acute angle of contact, liquid rises.
Here, as 2 films are formed because of ring, so 2T cos θ
52. h =ρrg
Us = T # 2 # 02 m 2
= 0.2 J
π
as θ = 2 , capilary hise is zero.
39. Potential energy of the molecule on the surface of
liquid is more than P $ E of molecule inside the H 2m = 2 1.80.8 = 89
#
53. ρ V mix = m m
liquid as inner molecule experience cohesive forces mix
0.8 + 1
from all sides. Thereby, it’s binding energy is more
and potential energy less. 2T
m = Rρg
40. W = T∆A 2T # 9
s = 0.1 # 8 # 980
2 # 10 4 = ]60 - 30g # 10 4 T # 2
- -
98 # 4 # 5 =
T= 9 217.77 Dyne/cm
2 1
T = 30 # 2 = 30 = 3.3 # 10 2 N/m
-
2T
54. P - r = pa
4 4
41. 8 # 3 ρR13 = 3 πR3 2T 2 # 0.07
P = Pa + r = 105 +
-3
0.14 # 10
R1 = R/2
= 1.01 # 105 N/m 2
W = T∆A = T 68 # 4π ]R/2g2 - 4πR 2@ = 4πR T
2
h
55. l = cos 45c
2
E T∆ A R
42. E1 = T∆A1 = = 16
9
1
2
l = 50 2
2 2 R 2
14.8 Physics
56. 2πrT = W 59. v ? r 2
-3 -4
2 # 3.14 # 2 # 10 T = 6.28 # 10 v1 r12 1
-2
v = r2 = 4
T = 5 # 10 N/m
-4
5 # 10 =
v1 = 1.25 # 10 4 m/ sec .
-
57. 4
60. v = 9η r 2 . ^ρ0 - ρ w hg
2
-5 -4
65. v< = 9 $ η
5 # 9 # 18 # 10 # 10 = # -12
r2 =
9 10
2 ^3 # 10 h ^10 - 10 h ]9.8g
2 900 10
# # -4 2 4 3
& 2gh = 9 $ -6
9.8 # 10
r = 3 # 10 6 m
-
` h b 1650 m
EXERCISE - 2
1. A Y 1 2 # 1011 # =
L = A S YS lB = 2 # 10 11 2 2
k1 k2 B B 1 # 10
r1
3. r2 = b
l1
Keq = K1 + K2 l2 = a
Y 2A YA YA
l = 1l + 2l ^3mg h l1
∆l1 = A2 Y2
Y=
Y1 + Y2 ^2mg h l2
2 ∆l2 = A2 Y2
2. , B = 2m ,S = L ∆l 3l 3 a 3a
∆l1 = 2l A1 Y # A2 Y2 = 2 2 = 2
2 2 1 1 b c 2b c
AB = 2cm 2
AS = 1 cm 2
4. F = 106 # A
∆, B = ∆, S
Density = 3 # 103
F ,B F ,S A # 106 = A # L # 3 # 103 # 10
AB YB = AS YS
A Y F , 106 = 100 =
L = A S YS = A YS
L= 34 m
B B S S 3 # 10 4 3
Mechanical Properties of Matter 14.9
L ] L - xg
= F
5. T = 20 N
T ] xg dx
2 9 20
π # 10 = πr 2 de = AY
] L - xgdx
-4
& r = 10 m
= F
L AY
∆l = Fl
6. AY
l etotal = # de
l
∆l \ A L
= L FAY # ] L - xg dx
So, Ans is (c) 0
2
= L FAY L2 = 2FAY
L
F
7. A = 7 # 107
2
↑a = 1.5 m/s
200 kg
e
Strain = L
F - a # 7 # 10 7
= 2F
AY
F - 2000 g = 2000 # a
11. Fmax # σA
^7 # 10 7h A = 2000 ^a + g h
1 2
U = 2 # 8K # ∆l
2 1 # # 2 & U = 16 J
2 K ∆l
F ]dxg r2 - r1 13. A = 1 mm 2
de = A Y ; r = r1 + 2 .x
L = 10 cm
= F 2dx
πr Y
∆l = 2 cm
x=L
etotal = # de
m = 5g
x=0
L Y = 5 # 108
= πFY # dx
c r1 + m
r2 - r1 2 ∆l 2
F = YA l = 5 # 108 # 10 6 # 10
-
2 x
0
= 100 N
c - r m
FL -1 -1
πY ^r2 - r1 h r2
=
1
14. Elastic P.E.=K.E. of missile
FL 1 # 1
= πY rr 2
1 2 2 stress # strain # vol. = 2 mv
10. 1 # F # ∆l # = 1
2 A l Al 2 mv 2
L ] L - xg m
T ] xg = b M lF
v = 20 m/s.
14.10 Physics
F = x Bρ
15. A ηh B - ]n - 1gρ0
=
500 6 x
(Using binomial approximation)
-4 = 2 # 10
4 # 10 2
-
4 # 16 # 10
-2
21. The small portion of film is
5 # 10 approximately a straight
& x= 32 m = 0.156 cm
part. Balancing forces on it.
1
16. 46.4 # 10 6 atm = B
-
1 P
B = -6 & B = ∆v/v
46.4 # 10
∆v ∆p -6
& v = B = 46.4 # 10
17. Isothermal electricity for Isothermal
` pv = cons
F denotes tension. T denotes surface tension.
pdv + vdp = 0 T # 2 ]dl g is the surface tension force because 2
p layers are formed.
v
dp =- dv
So, 2 F sin ]dθg = T # 62 # R ]2dθg@
we get; ^sin ]dθg . dθ. for small dθh
dp dv
p =- v
dp p
so F = T # 2 R
dv =- v
22. Clearly the surface tension force on
- ∆p - ∆p
B = ∆v & B = ∆v v & B = p Hemisphere Fs = ]2T g . ]2rrg
v
18. p = 72 cm of hg
v = 1 lit. = 1000 cm3
Process = isothermal
∆v = 100 cm3 N
& FS = 2 # 500 m # 2 # 3.14 # 5 m
∆v 1000 - 900 =
. 30, 000 N . 3000 Kg. wt.
Strain = v = 1000 0.1
Stress = B strain 6a B = p@ 23. wapp = mg - fB + 2T ]l + t g = 8 # 10 3 # 10
-
72 # 3
= 100 13.6 # 10 # 9.8 # 0.1 # # -3 # 2 # 10 -3
- 0.1 15 102
# 103 # 10
-2
= 9596.16 N m
+ 2 # 72 # 10 3 ^0.1 + 2 # 10 -3h = 79.4 # 10 3 N
- -
∆v hρg ∆ρ hρg
19. v = B & ρ = B 4 4
24. n # 3 πr3 = 3 πR3 .....(i)
ρ 2 gh
∆ρ = B "a volumes are equal ,
]n - 1gP0
c a - dV = m ∆A =- 64πR 2 - n.4πr 2@
dρ dρ
20. ρ =
and
B V ρ
ρ ]n - 1gP0
where W = ]∆Ag # T
& dρ = B
& ρ final = ρ + dρ
=- 4π 6n 2/3 r 2 - n.r 2@ # T
]n - 1gρ0
= 4πr 2 T.n 2/3 6n1/3 - 1@
= ρ c1 + m
B
Now R 2 = n 2/3 .r 2;
Mechanical Properties of Matter 14.11
25. Energy released = ]DAg # v !v = surface tension +
and PA = Patm + dgh
Let us say n no. of small drops coalesced. 2T
& Pinside bubble = P + dgh + r
4 4
& n. 3 πa3 = 3 πb3 29.
& n =bal
1 /3 b 3
& b = a.n
2 2
∆A = 4πb - n.4πa
4σ 4σ
{this is -ve, hence energy is released}
PA = P0 + r ; PB = P0 + R
= 4πa 2 ^n 2/3 - nh
" P0 = atmospheric pressure ,
Clearly PA > PB; so air will flow from A to B
& U = 4πa 2 T ^n - n 2/3h
Ultimately bubble A collapses and B becomes
bigger in size.
= 4πa 2 T ;b ba l - b ba l E
3 2
This U converts to K.E. 30.
1 4 3 2= 2 b2 b b - a l
R = 4 cm
Hence ρ.
2 3 πb V 4 πa T 2 a
a
r = 3 cm
6T b 1 - 1 l
& V=
Pr = r ; PR = R !a outside is vacuum +
t a b 4σ 4σ
26. In the shown diagram
The two bubbles are coalescing; so conserving the
Pc = PB no. the moles.
2T 2T
Pfinal # 3 π ]r'g3
P0 - r + ρgh = P0 - r 4 4 4
1 2
Pr . 3 πr3 PR . 3 πR3
T + T = T
Here, we may not know in advance which tube will
rise above the other, but let say the liquid leel is 4σ
Putting Pfinal = r' we get
higher in thinner tube.
ρghr1 r2 r' = r 2 + R 2
so 2T c r - r m =- ρgh
1 1
2 ^r2 - r1 h
&T =
2 1
= 3 2 + 4 2 = 5 cm.
as r2 > r1 ; so we assumed correctly.
31.
P1 P2
r/2
27. Before r After
4 4
By equating volume : 3 πR3 = 8 # 3 πr3
get r = R/2
Lets say, initially, the pressure due to air inside the
4σ bubble is Pair
Now pressure difference in A = R
4π 4σ
and that in B = R/2 = 2 # pressure
& Pair - P1 = r .....(i)
difference in A
Finally, the radius becomes half; so volume becomes
1
28. 8 th and hence pressure becomes 8Pair .
4σ
So, 8Pair - P2 = r/2 .....(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii)
2T 24σ
Pinside bubble - PA = r
get P2 = 8P1 + r
14.12 Physics
32. = patm + 2000 + 2800
Fs Fs
Pressure required to blow bubble
= 4800 dyne/cm 2
By balancing forces
0.5 # 2
37. Velocity gradient =
T # ]2 l g # ]cos θg = dx l h g
-2
2.5 # 10
Also, F = 2ηA dz = 2 # η # ]0.5g
dv 0.5
2T cos θ -2
we get h = xdg 1.25 # 10
40. r = 20nm
ρ s = 2000 kg/m3
η = 1 # 10 3 N - s/m 2
-
cos
Fs θ = Mg & T # 2πR cos θ = Mg .....(i)
ρl = 1000 kg/m3
2r # ^ρs - ρl hg
after doubling the radius 2
v = = 0.87
T # 2π ]2Rg cos θ = M'g .....(ii) 9η
41. Viscous force leads to generation of very high
= M' = 2m temperature.
2T 42. F = mg
35. p - r = Pa .....(1)
1
2T 4
2 # 10 5 v = 3 πr3 ρg
-
p - r + hρg = Pa .....(2)
2
2T 2T
hρg = r - r
= 7 m/s.
2 1
2 # 75 # 10 3 ;
- E
-
2 2 43. Relative to liquid, the velocity of sphere is 2v0
h = - -
3
10 # 9.8 0.5 # 10 3 1 # 10 3 (upwards)
300 =
= 3 3.1 # 10 2 m ` Viscous force on sphere = 6πηr ^2v0 h
-
10 9.8
#
2T
(downwards)
36. p = patm + h pg + r
= 12 πηr ^2v0 h
2 # 70
= patm + 2 # 1 # 1000 + 0.05
(downwards)
Mechanical Properties of Matter 14.13
EXERCISE - 3
4 3
r /2
t 0 A~ 2 t0 r
rr =t - Gg
t
Elongation = # AY0
dx =
Y0
~2
2
3 2 0
⇒ vT = = 2m/ sec 2#4 r
6rrh
= # = r # 10 -11
4 # 10 2
2. F 3F \ a = 1, b = p/2, c = p
r
x \a+b+c=1+ + p = 5.71
Tension in the rod at a distance x from its right edge 2
x
is T = F d 3 - 2 n
5. Q S F
L L S
T 2F Q
\ Net extension in the rod =
YA
#
dx =
YA
L E
0
T TQ TS F
3. Stress =
A
1
E= # Stress # Strain # Volume
In equilibrium condition,
2
3L
1 T Olcu OlSteel TS d n
= > # Vcu + # VSteelH 2 9FL
2 A lcu lSteel
dQ = =
2A ( 2Y ) 8AY
Tl
F = TS - TQ
a Ol =
AY
1 T 2 Vcu VSteel
F(6L) = TS(2L)
` = # 2>
E + H
2 A Ycu YSteel
TS = 3F
& E = 0.25 J
TQ = 2F
4.
6.
x dx
d d
2 2
t0 sin x
dT = (rAdx)w2x = x Adx.w2x
From force balance,
= r0Aw2sin x dx dv d
hA = tA g
\ T(x) = r0Aw2cos x dx 2
dv dg
` =
dx 2h
14.14 Physics
7. When the tube is placed vertically in water, water
9.
rises through height h given by
2T cos i
h= T0 T0
rdg
m m
Upward force = 2pr × T cos q
T = 2T0 = 2mg
Work done by this force in raising water column Fv
through height h is given by FB
ΔW = (2pr T cos q) h = (2prh cos q) T
rhdg
= (2prh cos q) f p = rr 2 h 2 dg 4m
2 cos i
From the free body diagram of the sphere,
However, the increase in potential energy ΔEp of
4 3 vrr3
the raised water column = mg
h 4 m = vd
rr n & m =
2 3 3
4 3
where m is the mass of the raised column of water.
and FB = t rr g
3
a m = pr2hd
Fv = 4mg - 2mg - FB
hg rr 2 h 2 dg
So, ΔEp = (pr hd) e
2 o=
⇒ Fv = 2mg - FB
2 2
rr 2 h 2 dg 2vrr3 4trr3 g 2rr 3 g
Further, ΔW - ΔEp =
⇒ 6rhrv = g- = (v - 2t)
2 3 3 3
The part (ΔW - ΔEp) is used in doing work against r2 g
viscous forces and frictional forces between water
= v= (v - 2p)
9h
and glass surface and it appears as heat. So heat
10. Consider an element of disc at a radius r and having
3 W - 3 EP rr 2 h 2 dg
released = = a width dr. Linear velocity at this radius = wr. Shear
J 2J du
stress x = n
2Tl dy
8.
53o 37o
Liquid h
o
53o 37 r
dr
2Tl
Assuming the gap h to be small so that the velocity
distribution may be assumed linear.
2(2T l ) cos 530 = Kx V ~r
x = n# =n
12Tl h h
=x
Viscous force dF = t × 2prdr
5K
Torque dT = dF × r = t × 2pr2dr
n~r 2
2rn~r3 dr
or dT = # 2rr dr =
h h
d/2 2rn~r3 dr nrd 4 ~
Total torque T = #
0 h
=
4h
thus, x = 4
Mechanical Properties of Matter 14.15
11. Consider an element AB of length dl . Let T be L + DL + 2r = 5.22
the tension and a be the area of cross-section of the
wire. DL = 5.22 - L - 2r
= 5.22 - 5 - 2 ]0.1g
= 0.02 m
Let T be the tension in the wire at mean position
during oscillations. Then,
T/A
Y =
DL/L
YA DL Y ^rr h DL
2
& T = L = L
Mass of the element is ^2 # 1011h]rg^0.5 # 10 -3h2 # 0.02
or T =
dm = ]Volumeg^Densityh = ]adlg t
5
= 200r
The component of T , i.e. bT sin 2 + T sin 2 l
i i
provides required centripetal force to the element
Also, at mean position
considered.
mv2
T - mg = R
i
` FC = 2T sin 2
(here, R = 5.22 - r ) = 5.22 - 0.01 = 5.12m
]dmgR ~2 = 2T b i l
2 ]8rgv2
` ]200rg - ]8rg]9.8g = 5.12
ba i is small, sin i b i l
2 2
]adlg t R~2
& v2 = 5 # 20.48
T =
` N =5
i
dl
i = R 13. If L is the maximum length of the wire that can be
suspended. Then F = mg , where m = tLA (where,
` T a R2 t~2 .....(i) A = cross-sectional area)
Let DR e the increase in radius of the ring
Dl D ]2rRg DR
Longitudinal strain = l = 2rR = R
T/a TR
Y = & DR = aY
DR/R
DR = aY ^aR2 t~2h
R
From Eq. (i) mg tLA
` Maximum stress = A = g $ A = tLg
tR 3 ~ 2
Given, breaking stress
` DR = Y
& x =1
= σb
12. Let DL be the extension of wire when the sphere is
= 7.8 # 109 Nm 2 -
or L = 105 m
& k =5
14.16 Physics
14. Consider an element as shown in the figure ]2000g ^2.12 # 10 -3h
= 1ms -1
^1.06 # 10 3h^4 # 10 -3h
=
Corresponding flow rate is
Q = AV = ^rr2h v
Q = π ^2 # 10 -3h # 1
2
= 4π # 10 -6 3 s -1
m
& x =4
Force xAtg
Stress in the element Area = A = xtg Dv 2 - 0
17. Velocity gradient = = = 2ms -1 m -1
Dy 1 - 0
Now, elastic potential energy stored in the wire is
= 2 ]Stressg]Straing]Volumeg
1
dU
1 ^xtgh
2 2 2
1 t g A
dU =2$ Y Adx = 2 $ Y x2 dx
Total elastic potential energy
2 2
Viscous force,
1 t g A #0
L
=2$ Y 2
x dx
F = hA Dv = ^0.01 # 10 -1h ]2g ]2g = 0.004 N
2 2 3 Dy
t g AL
= 6Y
So, to keep the plate moving with constant velocity,
a force of 4 # 10 -3 N has to be applied. Thus, a = 4
15. Energy per unit volume
18. Velocity gradient
= 2 ]Stressg ]Straing
1
Dv -1 0.5 - 0
= = = 40 ms -1 m
Dy 1.25 # 10 -2
u = V = 2 ]Stressg b Bulk modulus l
U 1 Stress
F = 2 ;hA Dy E
Dv
u = 2 ]Stressg2 ^Compressibilityh
1
or
& 1 = 2 # h # 0.5 # 40
= 2 ^tghh ^Compressibilityh
1 2 1
& h = 40 kg - sm -2
N R = 2000
NR =
tVD
h
4T 4 ]0.05g
&
NR h
V = tD Dp = R = 0.02 = 10Pa
` b =5
Mechanical Properties of Matter 14.17
20. The forces acting on the plate are
= 148.92 # 10 N -4
(i) mg ^. h
BF = :
10 # 0.2 # 1.54 # -6D #
(ii) Force due to surface tension ]FTg^. h
2 10 1000 # 9.8
(iii) Buoyant force ]BFg^- h
= 15.092 # 10 -3 N
` Apparent weight
w + FT - BF = ]80.36 + 14.892 - 15.092g
# 10 -3
= 80.16 # 10 -3 N
80.16 # 10 -3
w = mg = ^8.2 # 10 h # 9.8 -3
= kg - wt
9.8
= 8.1796 # 10 -3 kg - wt
= 80.36 # 10 3 N -
wapp = 8.1796 # 10 -3 kg - wt
The water is in contact along the length
= ]2.0449g # 4 # 10 -3 kg - wt
L = 2 ]10 + 0.2g = 20.4 cm
` FT = ^20.4 # 10 -2h^7.3 # 10 -2h
& a = 4
EXERCISE - 4
1. 2. lc = 1 m
ls = 2m
1m 2m
C S →F
2 2 Dl = 1cm
AS = 16 cm , AB = 10 cm
Yc = 1.2 # 1910
Ys = 2 # 1010
6 6
YS = 2 # 10 , B = 1 # 10
FlS FlC
∆lB = ∆lS
DlS = DlC =
AS AYC
FB lB FS lS FB # 20 FS # 30 ` DlS + DlC = 1 # 10 -2
AB YB = AS YS & 6 =
10 # 10 16 # 2 # 106
FlS FlC
15
-2
& FB = 32 FS AYS + AYC = 1 # 19
F = 1 # 10 2
-
Fl 200 cm
∆lB = AY
2l c1 + 2 m - 2l
2
x C
Dl l - 2l 2l
strain = l = 2l & = 4 # 9.8 # 2
π ^0.35 # 10 -3h # 11 # 1011
2l = 2
x2
=
2l2
= 1.85 # 10 4 m = 0.185 mm
-
4. 2T cos q = W F l
∆lC = A Y
W
T = 2 cos θ :cos θ = x D
4 # 9.8 # 2
π 0.35 # 10 -3h # 22 # 1011
^
l = 2
F = W wl
stress A 2 cos θA = 2Ax
= 0.092 mm
= 2 l ]Dlg2
1 YA ∆lB + ∆lC = 0.185 + 0.092 mm = 0.277 mm
5. Work
-4
8. AB = 0.2 # 19
= 2 l ]a ltg2
1 YA
AS = 0.1 # 10 4
-
1
= 2 YAl a2 t2
= 2 YA a t ]l a tg
1
6.
Area = 10cm 2
F1 + F2 = mg
Y = 8 # 10 2 t/cm 2
F1 F2
A B B C AB = AS .....(1)
5t 5t 2 t 2t
Fx = F2 ]2 - xg .....(2)
= 5tA Y60 + 2tA Y10 + t A120
# # #
Total extension Y f2 AB x
AS = F2 ]2 - xg
]300 + 200 + 120gt
= AY 2A
x = A +SA = 66.6 cm
]300 + 200 + 120g
B S
= 2 9. YB = 1 # 1011
10 # 8 # 10
62 YS = 2 # 1011
= 2 cm
8 # 10
F F
= 0.775 cm Strain = A 1Y = A 2Y .....(1)
B B S S
F1 x = F2 ]2 - xg .....(2)
Equation (1) and (2)
A Y 2 2YS AS
AB YB = x - 1 & x= A Y + YS AS
S S B B
= 100 cm
Mechanical Properties of Matter 14.19
10. After the portion A is punctured’ the thread has 2 15.
options as shown in the figures.
or
Let (a) and (b) coalesce to form (c)
By mole conservation:
Pa .a3 + Pb .b3 = Pc .c3 .....(i)
Clearly, due to surface tension, the soap film wants
to minimize the surface area which is happening in 4γ
Also Pa = P0 + a .....(ii)
option (ii)
4γ
Pb = P0 + b .....(iii)
Hence the thread will become concave towards A
4γ
11. Pc = P0 + c .....(iv)
Putting there values:
b P0 + 4γ l a3 + c P0 + m b3 = b P0 + 4γ l c3
4γ
a b c
& P0 a3 + b3 - c3 + 4γ a 2 + b 2 - c 2 = 0
The FBD of disc is shown in the figure. The net
c3 - ^b3 + a3h = 4π and c 2 - ^a 2 + b 2h = 4π
upward surface tension force. 3v s
also
= Fs cos θ = ]T # 2πr g cos θ
Putting there values:
so, Fs cos θ + W = mg = Wdisc
P0 b 4π l + 4T b 4π l = 0
- 3v -S
12.
& 3P0 V + 4ST = 0
16. Consider a very small (differential) disc element at a
distance y from the upper base.
Let r and r + dr denote the radii of upper and
PA ahs to be equal to PB . lower surfaces, respectively and A and A + dA be
the corresponding areas. Let w denotes the weight
PA = P0 + ρgh .....(i) of the body above the elemental disc and dw that of
Now PC - P0 + tgh a soap bubble has 2 times. the elemental disc. Normal compressive stress at the
top surface of the whole body is
and PC = PB a same air is filled.
P
4v σ= .....(i)
& P0 + r = P0 + tgh .....(ii) πr 02
tghr
get v= 4
13. When the capillary rise is 'h' that means
the force of surface tension ] F g is
supporting the height 'h' of liquid level.
Now if the whole capillary is taken out
Now, consider the normal compressive stress acting
the liquid tries to come out due to gravity over both the surfaces of the element. We can write.
from the bottom point. P+w P + w + dw
A = A + dA = σ = constant
But force of surface tension 'F' now
becomes 2F in the upward direction.
PA + PdA + wA + wdA = PA + wA + Adw
Hence 2F can support a maximum of
'2h' height even if l is very high. So 'h' will be dA ]P + wg = Adw
2h if l > h & will be h + l only if l is lesser than dA A = 1
& dw = P+ w v .....(ii)
h.
14.20 Physics
The increment in area between upper and lower F = 2TR
surfaces fo the differential disc is
FL FR
dA = π ]r + drg2 - πr 2 - 2πrdr
Y =
A DL
=
A DR
The increment in weight is FL FR
Y = =
A DL A DR
dw = πr ρ ^dy h
2
DR = AY = ]2TRg AY
FR R
&
Using these in Eq. (ii)
DR = AY = ]2TRg AY
FR R
2πrdr = 1
σ
πr 2 ρdy
2TR2
ρ DR = AY
dr
2 r = σ dy
18. The pressure of the water changes linearly with the
1 ρ y
2 # r
r dr = σ # dy increase in height. At the bottom of the meniscus
r0 0 it is equal to the external atmospheric pressure p0
r ρ and at the top it is equal to p0 - tgh . The average
& 2 ln r = σy tgh
0
pressure exerted on the wall is pav = p0 - 2 . The
From Eq. (i), force corresponding to this value, for an aquarium
with side walls of length L is F1 = Lhpav
r ρ
2 ln r y
_ P/πr02 i
=
or F1 = Lh c p0 - m
0 tgh
2 2
r πr ρ 0
& ln r = 2P y
0
a 2 k
r = r0 e πr0 ρy/2P
Consider the horizontal forces acting ‘ON’ the
volume of water enclosed by the dashed lines
in the figure. F1 is towards right. ( F1 is by the
wall). External air pushes it to the left with a force
F2 = p0 LH and due to surface tension along a line
Force due to tension in the wire, on the element is of length L , a force F3 = LT acts towards right due
to remaining water.
F1 = 2F sin b 2 l .
i
The volume itself is at rest.
Force on the element due to surface tension of soap
film is
` F1 + F3 - F2 = 0
F2 = 2 ]T R ig -
Lh c p0 - m + LT - p0 Lh = 0
tgh
2
a The wire is in contact with the soap film along
upper length Ri and along lower length Ri both tgh2 L
2 = LT
of the element AB .
For Equilibrium 2T
F2 = F1
& h = tg
2 ]T R ig = 2 F sin b 2 l
i
or h =
2 # 0.073
1000 # 9.8 = 0.00386m = 4mm
2 ]T R ig = 2 F b 2 l
i
ba i is small, sin i b i l
2 2
Mechanical Properties of Matter 14.21
19. d = 2R 23. For hemispherical shape-
For water-glass i = 0c
For flat surface--
θ =0 Tangent on
Tangent θ = 90°
liquid surface
on liquid
surface θ = 90°
Solid
surface
Solid surface
` d = 2R
24. Balancing the force:
d
& R =2
T.4a cos 120c + l18 a2 g = a2 h18 g
Excess pressure is Dp = T : R + R D
1 1 T.2a = a2 18 g ]l - hg
1 2
Here, for one surface, R1 = R l
]l - hg = a2tTg
h
For other surface, r2 =3
25. Viscous force = mg sin6g 39
T 2T
` Dp = R = d
h A t = mg sin6g 39
v
V = Ad
or ha2 t = a318 g sin6g 39 Þ
v ttg sin ia
V h= v
& d = A
26. When the ball is just released, the net force on ball is
2TA
Weff = ^= mg - buoyant forceh .
` Dp = V
` Force, F = A $ ∆p
The terminal velocity 'v f ' of the ball is attained
2 when net force on the ball is zero.
= 2TV A
& Viscous force 6 4g 12 hrVf = Weff
20. Figure shows one of thelegs of the mosquito 2
landing upon the water surface. Therefore,
When the ball acquires 3 rd of its maximum
T.2 4g 12 a # 8 = W = weight of the mosquito.
velocity Vr
2
The viscous force is = 3 Weff
21. The force exerted by film on wire or thread depends
only on the nature of material of the film and not on 2 1
Hence, net force is Weff - 3 Weff. = 3 Weff.
its surface area. Hence, the radius of circle formed
a
by elastic thread does not change.
& Required acceleration is = 3
r
22. As weight of liquid in capillary is 27. The force F1 causes extension in rod. F2 causes
balanced by surface tension, then compression in left half of rod and an equal extension
T # 2 4g 12 r = 4g 12 r2 h118 g
h1
(for in right half of rod. Hence F2 does not effectively
uniform r radius tube) change length of the rod.
F1
2T
h1 = rtgs
F2
but weight of liquid in tapered tube is more than C
2T
h < rtg
14.22 Physics
33. Surface tension depends on nature of tube and liquid.
# F $ ds
28. Work done by F =
2T cos θ
h = ρrg
= # F dx
,
` Capillary rise depends on inner radius of the tube.
= # YAx
L dx 34. Surface area of the bigger drop is less than sum of
0
surface areas of two smaller drops.
= YA ,2
Energy released = T ]∆S $ E g
2L
P $ E = 2 Y ]Straing2
1
Change in
2T cos θ
2 35. h = ρrg
= 12 YA2 ,
if h = 0, T may be zero
Work done by F = change in P $ E
contact angle may be 90c
heat is not produced during elongation. 36. Angle of contact depends on nature of solid and
liquid in contact.
29.
37. When drop splits into smaller drops, total surface
area increases.
` To increase the surface energy. Energy need to be
absorbed.
38. Let PQ is part 1, QR part 2 and RS part 3.
For equilibrium,
mg 4mg
]StressgB = 3 & ]StressgA = 3S
F2 + F4 = F1 + F3
SB A
F2 = F1 + F3 - F4
A will break, if S A < 4SB; rA < 2rB
= 4500 + 45000 - 1300
` (a), (b), (c) are correct.
= 36500 kg
Breaking stress is independent of length.
For the sake of simplicity, the force of 36500 kg
30. Restoring force is not generated when the rope is (acting at Q ) may be split up into two forces of
falling vertically under it’s own weight. 4500 kg and 32000 kg . The force of 45000 kg.
∆, L acting at R may be split into two forces 32000 kg
31. Strain = L = L = 1 and 13000 kg . Now, it can be seen that the part PQ
of the member is subjected to a tension of 4500 kg ,
Stress
Y = Strain & Y = Stress part QR is subjected to a compression of 32000 kg
and part RS is subjected to a tension of 13000 kg.
LA = L'A' ; L' = 2L
F'L F'L
∆l = Y = 1 1 - 2 2 + 3 3 G
A' = A/2 ; radius is 1 FL
&
Now,
A1 A2 A3
not halved
1
=
P $ E per unit volume = 2 ]Y g]1 g 2.1 # 106
1
: 4500 # 120 - 32000 # 60
& Y = 2 ^ P $ E per unit volumeh
6.25 25
# 90 D
32. As cohesive force is more than adhesive force,
+ 13000
12.5 cm
contact angle is obtuse.
= 0.049 cm = 0.49 mm
` Shape of the meniscus will be convex upwards &
liquid descend downward.
Mechanical Properties of Matter 14.23
39. 42. W ]h + xg = 1/2 kx 2
Excess pressure P xY 10 -2 # 2 # 1010
43. v = A = L = 4 = 5 # 107 N/m2
= p1 - p2 = 4T c r - r m
1 1
44. K1 = 106, K2 = 2 # 106
1 2
This excess pressure for the interface is also equal to 2 # 106 # 106 2 # 6
Keq = = 3 10
4T 3 # 106
R 2 # 106 100
~= 3 # 600 = 3
4T c r - r m = R
1 1 4T
`
1 2 45. Total weight = 1000 + w
rr ]0.002g]0.004g
R = r 1-2r = 0.004 - 0.002 = 0.004m 1000 + w
2 1 weight on each rod = 4
40. ^QQ' h T # 2 = F
1000 + w
stress = = 9 # 106
4 # 4 # 10 -4
& w = 14400 - 1000 = 13400 N
1340
No. of persons are = 50 = 26
du
46. F = ηA dy
As u = C1 y + C2
at y = 0, u = 0 hence C2 = 0
F 16 # 10 3
-
2 ]0.1g
` QQ' = 2T =
du =
dy C1
= 0.08 m = 8cm
F = ηA C1
` QM = 4cm
C1 = 200
2 2
` OM = 5 - 4 = 3cm
47. u = c1 y + c2
Required distance = ]5 + 3g cm or
c1 = 200, c2 = 0
]5 - 3g cm
u = 200 # 2 # 10 2 = 4 m/ sec .
-
i.e. 8 cm or 2 cm
AY 4 # 10 -4 # 2 # 1010
41. K = l = 4 = 2 # 106
K
~= m = 100
14.24 Physics
48. y = 0, u = 0, C3 = 0 55. 7Mstyrofoam + mAg + Fsurface tension = Buoyant force
y = 2 cm, u - 2 m/ sec
; 1 # l # l 3 # L # ρ sf + mE g + :2L + 2 $ l D
2 = C1 r # 10 4 + C2 2 # 10 2
- -
.....(1) 2 2 2
T = ;1 # l # l 3 E # Lρ g
du l 3 1 l
dy = 2C1 y + 2
2 2 -2#2#2 2 W
du
F = η A dy
at y = 2 cm, F = 2N
2 = 10 2 # 1 # 72 # 2 # 10 C1 + C2A
- -2
4 # 10 4 C1 + 10 2 C2 = 2 .....(2)
- -
-4 -2
4 # 10 C1 + 2 # 10 C2 = 2 .....(1)
l2 3 3 3 l2
16 LρW - ]2L + l g g
T
4 L ρ sf + m =
on solving
C2 = 0 & C1 = 5000 l2 3 3 l2 3
m = 16 L ρW - 4 Lρ sf
du F 2
- ]2L + l g g
49. dy = hA = 10 -2 # 1 = 200 T
du
50. dy = 2C1 y + C2
2
= 4 : 34 ρW - ρ sf D
Ll 3
du
at y = 0, dy = C2 = 0
- ]2L + l g g
T
53. Fnet (by water) = Buoyant force
= ;1 # l # t E L # tW g
3
56. Loss in P $ E stored in the wire
2 2
Mg
= 12 A . L, ] LAg
3
= 4 Ll2 tW g
; p0 + ρW g c H - l 3 mE + 7 p0 + ρgH @
Mg,
= 2
2
54. pav = 2
& mg = k,
= p0 + ρW g c H -
l 3m
4
mg
` K = l
ω
Heat generated = . ext - ∆P $ E
0
mg,
= 2
On slant face,
Fnet = ρ av # Area = ; p0 + ρ w g c H -
l 3 mE
Ll
4
Mechanical Properties of Matter 14.25
57.
` Tensile Stress
F F cos z F
= AN' = = A cos2 z .....(ii)
A/ cos z
Shearing stress is maximum when
Tangential force is Ft = F sin z z = 45c [from Eq. (i)]
Area of section considered is
Tensile stress is maximum when
FN = F cos z
& 3 l2 = ]2gb 2 l
Numerical Type 3l 1 2
1
stress
1. Y = strain = 20 # 1010 3l 1
& 3 l2 = 2
1
1
Energy density = 2 stress # strain 3l
& 3 l2 = 2 2
= 2 ]straing2 Y = 2 ^5 # 10 -4h2 # 20 # 1010
1 1
0.04
& 3 l2 = 2
kJ
= 25 # 10 2 # 10 = 25
0.04
m3
& 3 l2 = 2
Ans. 25
& 3 l2 = 0.02 m
2. Given that a uniform metallic wire is elongated by
0.04 m when subjected to a linear force F. 3.
0.3 m
10kg
F
T
= v ..........(1)
3l A
According to Hooke’s law, F = Y.A. l , where Y
T = m~ 2 , ..........(2)
is Young’s modulus, A is area of cross section of the
wire, and 3 l is elongation in the wire. Solving
~ = 4 rad/s
F
& 3 l = Y.A. l Single Option Correct
2gr2 ^t1 - t2 h
F.l
&3l =
Y.rr2 4. vt = ,
9h
l
&3l \ 2
Where t1 = the density of water and t 2 = the density
r
of air.
Later, length and diameter of wire is doubled and
subjected to the same force. 5. Y -Young modulus, K -Bulk modulus, h -modulus
& 3 l2 = b l2 l b r1 l
3l l r
2 2
of rigidity and v -poisson’s ratio. We know that
Y = 3K ]1 - 2vg
1 1 2
14.26 Physics
mg
& v = 2 b1 - 3K l
1 Y 3 dr
... (i) r =
3a k
Further Y = 2h ]1 + vg
Weight Density # Volume
Y 9. Stress = Area = Area
& v = 2h - 1 .. (ii)
If dimensions increase by a factor of the stress
From Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), 2 b1 - 3K l = 2h - 1
1 Y Y becomes 9 times
Y Y P
& 1 - 3K = h - 2 10. K = ∆V
V
Y Y
& 3K = 3 - h ∆V P
` V = K
Y 3h - Y
& 3k = h
Coefficient of volume expansion = 3a
P
hY ` 3αT = K
& 3K = 3h - Y
P
` T = 3αK
hY
& K = 9h - 3Y . dhg
11. T = 4
Hence, the correct answer is (d).
d " diameter
du 1 stress
6. = stress # y h " rise of water
dv 2
1 F2
= g " acceleration due to gravity
2 A2 y
du 1 ∆T ∆g
\ 4 T = ∆dd + ∆hh + g = 10..25
01 + 0.01 + 0.01
1.25 1.45
dv d
du
d n
b 1.5%
dv 1 d 24 1
= 4 = 12. Here a = 1.1 # 10 -5 K -1
du 4
d n
d1
dv 2 Y = 2 # 1011 Nm -2
d1
= (4) 1/4
and DQ = 100cC
d2
d1 DL
= 2 : 1
Now Strain = L = aDQ
d2
7.
` Pressure = Stress = Y # strain
= 2 # 1011 # ^aDQh
V
Fundamental frequency =
4 ,/2
= 2 # 1011 # 1.1 # 10 -5 # 100
V
=
2,
= 2 # 1011 # 1.1 # 10 -5 # 100
1 y
=
= 2.2 # 108 Pa
2, P
{ 5 kHz Hence, option (c) is correct
dv dp
8. v = r
13. sin i = R
k
mg/A
=
The bubble will detach if-
k
Buoyant force $ Surface tension force
Mechanical Properties of Matter 14.27
No option matches with the correct answer (Bonus)
= 0.384π # 10 3 Joule
-
F/S F/S
14. Y = = b 0.4 π mJ
Dl aDT
l
4 4
& F = SYaDT 19. 2. 3 πr3 = 3 πR3
R = 21/3 r
15. 2TL = mg
2
S $ E = T4πR
mg 1.5 # 10 2
-
T = 2L =
2 # 30 # 10 2
-
2
= 4πT2 3 r 2
1.5 =
= 600 0.025 N/m
8
= 2 3 πTr 2
16. When radius is decrease by dr
Y Ax
decrease in surface energy = Heat required for 20. F= l
vaporisation
Y ]3Ag x
F2 = ] g = 9F
]4rrdrg # T # 2 = 4rr2 dr t
and
l/3
2T
r
& = tL
22. Water fills the tube entirely in gravity less condition.
17. Vρ g = 6πηrv + vρl g
Vg ^ρ - ρl h = 6πηrv
Vg ^ρ - ρl h = 6πη'rv'
^t - t l 'h
^t - t lh
V' h' = # Vh
^t - t l 'h Vh
^t - t lh
V' h' = #
h'
5.
1. Using geometry R = cos bi + 2 l
b a
e
4S
Pgas = Pa + r
PVc = constant [adiabatic process]
5 = K
2S r2 KK P + 4S OOO
Using Pressure method P0 - Rc + htg = P0 a r1
1
L P
P1 - c T c = constant
& h = R tg = btg cos ^i + a/2h
2S 2S
c Pa + r m T25/3 = c Pa + r m T15/3
4S 1 - 5/ 3
4 S 1/ 5/ 3
e 2 1
2 1
bFl
JK 4S N -2 / 3
Dl1 T1 4S OO
KK P + r O
L a 2
L 2
P
JK 4S NO
bFl T 5/2 KK Pa + r OO
4A d 2 n = KK 2 O
2
Y= .....(ii) T1 4S OO
Dl2 KP + r O
2L K a 1
L 1
P
Dl
(d) is correct.
1 = 2
Dl2 2T cos i1
6 When T1 is in contact with water then h = rtg
4T = 7.5cm < 8cm.
3. Pressure inside tube = P = P0 + r
But in option (B) height is insufficient.
When T2 is in contact with water
2T cos i2
then h = rtg = 3.75 cm 5cm
Volume of water in the meniscus depends upon the
angle of contact.
7. The maximum stress is called the breaking strength
` P2 < P1 (Since r2 > r1 ) (stress) or tensile strength.
Hence pressure on side 1 will be greater than side 2.
The materials of the wire which break as soon as
So air from end 1 flows towards end 2. stress is increased beyond elastic limit are called
4. Pushing force =< p > ]Areag
brittle. While the materials of the wire, which have a
good plastic range are called ductile.
^p0h + ^p0 + tghh
= c m ]2Rhg
2
= 2p0 Rh + t g h2 R
Pulling force = ]Tg]2Rg
Net force = 2t 0 Rh + tgh2 R - 2TR
Mechanical Properties of Matter 14.29
plastic region
v = density of fluid
Strain
t = density of object
P VP ^ρ1 - ρ 2 h η1 η
^ 2 1h
VQ = η2 = η1
Q ρ - σ 2
a v2 - t1 = t2 - v1
proportional Stress breaking
limit strength 9.
F
elastic
limit
R
r
8. v1 4 rR3 + T = t1 4 rR3 g
3 3 R
& ^v1 - t1h 3 rR g = T
4
3
Due to surface tension, vertical force on drop
r T2rr2
= Fv = T2rr sin i = T2rr R = R
= 14.25 # 10 -4 m = 1.425 # 10 -3 m
U = TA
σ 2 - ρ1 = ρ 2 - σ1
= 2.7 # 10 6 J
-
v1 - t2 = t1 - v2
4 4 12.
v2 3 rR3 g = t1 3 rR3 g + vrh2 Rv p
VP σ 2 - ρ1
VQ = σ1 - ρ 2
2 ^ρ - σ h g
V< = 9 r 2
η
Pressure at the bottom of disc = pressure due to
14.30 Physics
surface tension 4T 4 # 0.04
17. PA = P0 + rA & PA = 8 + 0.02
1 1
tgh = T e
+ o
PA = 16 N/m2
R1 R2
R1 >>> R2 4T 4 # 0.04
PB = P0 + rB = 8 + 0.04
1 1 h
PB = 12 N/m2
So <<< and R2 =
R1 R2 2
1
for bubble A, PV = nRT
G = T >0 + h H
1 1
` tgh = T =
+
R1 R2 ]16g 4 r ]0.02g3 = n A RT
.....(1)
2 3
2T
h2 =
for bubble B,
tg
2 7.2
= 27h ^t s - t Lh r5 = dt \ r5
8rg2 dQ
= 22 $ $
2
3 6.4
=3
force
15. Surface Tension c = length
2< + 2F = c # a 2 # 2
2 kq2 kq2
a2 2a
1
a = ]Some constantg d n
2 3
q
so N = 3
c
k yA/l yA
16. ~ n = m = m = lm
& n=4
Thermal Expansion & Calorimetry 15.1
Thermal Expansion
& Calorimetry
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
1. ∆T = 1cC = 1cF 9. ∆V = V0 γ∆T
= ]30g]45g]10g^10 -6h^51 # 10 -6h]100g
C = 9 ]F - 32g
5
2.
& 9C = 5F - 160 ; let C = F = x = 68 85 cm3 = 6.9 # 10 5 m3
.
-
& 4x =- 160 10. ∆V = V0 _ γ L - γ glass i ∆T
x =- 40 = ]12g`68 # 10 - γ glass j]25g
-4 -5
& 167 # 10
3. As
αG > α H 66.8 # 10
-5
= 68 # 10 -5 - γ glass
for same DT, DLG > DLH γ glass = 1.2 # 10 5
-
Therefore, strip is bent downwards. α glass = 4 # 10 6 /Cc
-
= ]1.2g^1 + 19 # 10 -6 # 200h
-2
3 # 10
& 999.84 =γ
= ]1.2g^1 + 38 # 10 -4h
∆V = ]1Lg 999.84 # 4
-2
3 # 10
-6
= 1.2 + 45 $ 66 # 10
- 1.205cm
= 1.2 # 10 7 m3
= 76.44 m 1
2 # 10 5 ∆T = 492
-
wire will be at a distance of 76.44 m from surface of
the earth. ∆T - 101c & Tf = 121cC
15.2 Physics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. In the case of thermally insulated system, heat lost 8. 50 ]0.11g]100 - T g = ]75g]1 g]T - 0g
by body at higher temperature equal to heat gained
by body at lower temperature.
& T = 6.8cC
EXERCISE - 1
1. On heating the expansion will take place along all 5. For any solid body,
dimensions hence both the distances will increase.
-5 -6
I = # dmr2
2. 6 # 10 = 1 # 12 # 10 # OT
` I ? r2 & I = Kr 2
6 # 10 5 =
-
OT & OT = 5cC
12 # 10 6
-
r Increases with increase in temperature.
3. In bimetallic strips the two metals have different
thermal expansion coefficient. Hence on heating I' = K ]σ'g2
it bents towards the metal with lower thermal
= K r 2 ]1 + α∆T g2
expansion coefficient.
I' = I ]1 + 2α∆T g
4. Given ∆,1 = ∆, 2
,1 αs
= K r 2 ]1 + α∆T g2
or ,1 α a t = , 2 α B t ` =
I' = I ]1 + 2α∆T g
,2 α a
, α
or , +1 , = α +s α
(Using binomial approximation)
1 2 a s
Thermal Expansion & Calorimetry 15.3
6.
5
∆C = 9 ∆F 13. d' = d0 ^1 - γ∆T h
]∆TcC g = 5c
= ]13.6g^1 - 18 # 10 -5 # ]200gh
` 9 F
= 13.6 ]1 - 0.036g
∆, = ,α∆TcC
= 13.6 - 0.4896
= ]1 g^10 -6hb 59c F l
= 13.13 gm/cc
= 59 # 10 -6 m 14. Mass at 80c = _Vglass dliquid iat 80cC
7. ,' = , 0 ]1 + α∆T g = V0 ^1 + 24 # 10 -6 # 80h d0 ^1 - 500 # 10 -6 # 80h
= 5m + 5 ]1.2g # 10 -5 # ]15g = V0 d0 ^1 - 476 # 80 # 10 -6h
= 5m + 9 # 10 4 - = ^50 gm h^1 - 476 # 80 # 10 -6h
= 5.0009m = 48 gm
8. ∆d = d α ∆T 15. F = 2 # 1010 # 0.8 # 10 4 # 10 5 # 10
- -
Diameter of the ring need to be increased by
= 160 N
-3 16. F = YA α ∆T
5 # 10 m
= ]1mg^12 # 10 -6h]T - 10cC g
-3 ` Compressive force is independent of length.
` 5 # 10
17. As uniform rod is fixed at one end, with increase
12 # 10 = ]T - 10g
5 -3
& in temperature, rod undergoes desired expansion on
5 ]250g = - another side of rod. Thereby stress doesn’t develop
& 3 T 10 in the rod.
& T = 426.8cC 18.
∆, = F =
, AY α∆T
1
9. Loss (or) gain per second = 2 α ∆T
Considering mass of wire to be negligible, restoring
force “F” in the wire “mg”, where m is mass of the
Clock runs fast at lower temperature owing to
block.
decreased pendulum length.
mg
5 = 2 α ]T - 20cC g^1 day h AY = α∆T
1 `
mg = π ^10 -3h # 1011 # ^10 -5h # 10
2
&
Clocks runs slow at higher temperature owing to
increased pendulum length.
ks m = 3.14 kg
10 = 2 α ]35c - T g (1 day)
1 ,75 ]1 - α∆T g
19. Longitudinal strain =
, 75
35 - T
=- α∆T
& 2 = T - 20
& 2T - 40 = 35 - T
=- 12 # 10 6 # 50 -
& 3T = 75
=- 6 # 10 4 -
& T = 25cC 1
20. Heat received = 2 mV 2 = ms∆T
10. On heating volume of substance increases while V2
mass of the substance remains the same. Hence the
& ∆T = 25
density will decrease
= ] 400
2 30g # ]4.2g
11. Water attains maximum density of 4cC
= 1.58 cC
12. DV, > DVe
(“s” need to be considered in J/kg)
F = yAaDT
γ > 3α
15.4 Physics
21. Given, 0.1 m3 of water at 80°C is mixed with 0.3 m3 27. 13.3 # 10
5
= ]0.5g]4186g]50g + ]0.5g]22.6g
of water at 60°C.
# 105 + ]0.5g]2010g]T - 100g
The density of the water = 1000 Kg/m3.
1 # 105 = 2 ]2010g]T - 100g
1
The mass of the first liquid m1 = 0.1 # 1000 = 100
Kg. t - 100 - 100
The mass of the second liquid m2 = 0.3 # 1000 = 300
& T = 200cC
Kg.
28. ∆Q = m sice ^0 - ]- 8gh + mL + m swater ]14 - 0g
Note: Density variation is considered negligible.
= 8 ]2050g]8 g + 8 ]33400g + 8 ]4186g]14g
According to the law of mixtures, the final
m s T +m s T
= 780 Kcal
temperature of the mixture is, Tf = 1m1 s1 + m2 s2 2
]1.8g]4186g]80c - 10cg = m 3.34 # 105
1 1 2 2
& The specific heat of the liquid S = 1 cal/g/°C. 29.
]100g # 1 # 80 + ]300g # 1 # 60
+ m ]4186g]10g
T
& f= 400
Heat lost by Tea = Heat gained by ice
& Tf = 65°C. 22. Thermal capacity per unit
volume = ρs ]1.8g]7 g]41860g = m ]3.75g # 105
ρ1 s1 2 3 5.166
ρ 2 s2 = 3 $ 4 = 1 : 2 m = 3.75 = 1.3776
mcθ
- 1.4 kg
23. mcθ = m1 L & m1 = L
30. Let x gm of water is converted into ice.
24. Heat released by steam = heat gained by water and
calorimetry x ]335g = ]35g]2.09g]14g
mL + m # S ]100 - 80g
& x = 3.05 gm
= ]1.1 + 0.02g # S # ]80 - 15g
` amount of ice present = 38 gm
m # 540 + 20 m = 1.12 # 65
m = 0.130 kg 31. Heat lost by (water + container) system equal to heat
gained by ice.
25. Heat removed in cooling water from 25cC to 0cC
` ]0.36g s ]22 - 15g + ]0.18g]4190g]22 - 15g
= 100 # 1 # 25 = 2500 cal
Heat removed in converting water into ice at 0cC
= 24 # 10 3 # 3.3 # 105 + 24 -
= 100 # 80 = 8000 cal
# 10 -3 # 4190
Heat removed in cooling ice from 32. Heat lost by water = heat gained by alcohol
+ m ^22.6 # 105h
& s = 2100 J/kg/ c C
& m ^22.6 # 10 h = 7 # 10 - ]4186g]21g
5 5
33. Total amount of ice won’t be converted into water.
5
6.13 # 10
` Final equilibrium temperature is 0c C.
& m =
22.6 # 105
= 0.271 kg
Water left = 429 gm
Thermal Expansion & Calorimetry 15.5
` ∆Hc = ∆HK > ∆HF
EXERCISE - 2
, f = ,1 + , 2 + ^,1 α1 + , 2 α 2 h∆T
= 100 # ^1.76 # 10-5 + 1.2 # 10-6 xh
0
, f = ^,1 + , 2 hc1 +
,1 α1 + , 2 α 2
m = 100 ;^1.76 # 10 -5h x + ^1.2 # 10 -6hb x lE
2 2
,1 + , 2 ∆T 2 0
-5 6 # 10 5 =
- = 3.76 mm
3. ∆L = 6 # 10 = Lαθ & θ = -6 5cC
1 # 12 # 10 T2
= ,A - ,B 20°C
& ,A αA = ,B αB
9. For rod A ∆, = ,0 α A ]100g
40°C
2, 0 α B ]100g
∆, =
For rod B 2
,0 ^1 + 20αC h = ,1 ^1 + 20α S h & ,1 = c 1 + 20αC m , 0
1 + 20α
For rod C 2∆, = xα A ]100g + ^3, 0 - x hα B ]100g
S
5 4
& x = 3 ,0 & 3,0 - x = 3 ,0
15.6 Physics
14. w1 = Mg - FB 21. As same thermal stress is developed in the rods,
1 + γ OT 1
w2 = Mg - FB < 1 + γmOT F
y1 a1 Di = a Di
2 2
,
mg
= - FB 71 + ^ γ m - γ , hOT A
&
1
y1 a1 = a 2
2
Since γ m < γ , y1 a2
& y2 = a1
So w2 > w1
= 3: 2
15. Let at temperature θ , volume increases by 2% then
according to question 22. ,' = , 0 ]1 + α∆T g
100 = 98 61 + 3.3 # 10 ]θ - 4g@
= 1 ^1 + 10 -4 ]20gh
& θ = 60.4 + 4 = 64.4 cC
= 1.002 m
16. Pressure at the bottom in both arms will be equal
,' is supposed to be the length of the rod when
ρ0 ρ0
c m c m
,1 - , 2 temperature is increased by 20cC .
1 + γt1 .,1 = 1 + γt2 , 2 & γ = , 2 t1 - ,1 t2
Stress = Y b ∆,, l
γ - γ 2 + 3α1
17. γ r = γ1 + 3α1 = γ 2 + 3α 2 & α 2 = 1
= 1011 b 10..002
001m l
3
m
18. ∆L = 3 Lthermal - 3 Lcontact force
= 108 ρa
FL ]rod - 1g
= 0 & α1 Lθ = AY
1 23. Rate of cooling of water = Rate of cooling of alcohol
1 2 (250 + 10) # 1 # (5) (200s + 10) # 5
& 130 = 67
& Specific heat of alcohol
α 2 Lθ = AY ]rod - 2g & Y1 α1 = Y2 α 2
FL
2 s = 0.62
19. Thermal stress developed in the rod, when rod is 24. Amount of energy utilised in climbing
F
fixed between two walls = mgh = 0.28 # 10 # 4.2
A
0.28 # 10 # 4.2 =
D, h = 1.96 # 10 2 m
-
=y & 60 # 10
,
= yaDi
= 1.96 cm
10 c -6 m ] A,g
1 98 2 1
2 ]9.8g 10 10
∆ω =
` 20 # 2 # 10 + 20 # 80 = m540 + m.1.100
1700 85
m
` = 640 = 32 gm
^ρA,h s ∆T = 3 ∆ω
4
1
∆T = 20 cC
Thermal Expansion & Calorimetry 15.7
29. Heat released by 5 kg of water when its temperature 35. HA = ]6 cal/sg # ]6 - 2gs
falls from 20cC to 0cC is HB = ]6 cal/sg # ]6.5 - 4gs
Q1 = ms∆θ = ]5 g^10 h]20 - 0g = 10 cal.
3 5
HA 4 8
` HB = 2.5 = 5
when 2 kg ice at - 20cC comes to temperature of
36. Let x = percentage of water solidified
0cC , it takes an energy
Q2 = ms∆θ = ]2g]500g]20g = 0.2 # 10 cal
5
then heat lost = Heat gained
The remaining heat & x # 3.36 # 105 = ]100 - xg # 21 # 105
100
Q = Q1 - Q2 = 0.8 # 105 cal will melt mass m of
& x = 1.16 = 86.2%
` Fraction of water which freezed
M ηM η
= m + M = m + ηm = 1 + η
15.8 Physics
EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type 3 TL
1.
Dl =
AY
m
420 J m1g ice at 0o C
But Dl = LaΔq
5o C Omg L
1 g water at 0o C
\ = LaΔq
ice o
2 sin 37 AY
ΔQ1 = m × 2100 × 5
⇒ Dm = aΔq × A × Y × 2 sin 37° /g
1 2 # 10 -5 # 10 # 10 -6 # 5 # 1011 # 2 # 3
ΔQ2 = kg × 3.36 × 105 j/kg = 336 J = = 12
100° 5 # 10
\ ΔQ1 + ΔQ2 = 420 J \ ΔQ1 = 420 - 336 = 84 J 1 1 # 0.5 1
84 168 24 9. ΔE = # # (1 - (- 0.5)) 2 # d1 - n
\m= # 1000 g = = = 8g 2 1 + 0.5 4
2100 # 5 21 3 0.5 3 4. 5
m = # 1.5 2 # = J
2. m (T - 10) s = s (50 - T) ⇒ T = 20°C 3 4 16
3 4.5
1 × 1000 × ΔT =
3. Heat used for evaporation = 900 kJ 16 # 2
mass evaporated = 0.2 kg 9
ΔE = # 10 -3 °C
64
900 # 103
` Lv = j/kg 10. Δd = daΔT ≈ 6 × 10-4 = 1 × 12 × 10-6 × ΔT
0.2
mT 4 Q 15
4. Q = # mSdT =
5
& m =
5
=3
ΔT = 50o C ⇒ Tf = 70°C
21 × 570 × 50 = m × 540 × 4200 + m × 4200 ×
l 3T 1 3l 1
5. T = 2r g & = = a3i
T 2 l 2
(100 - 70)
T 10 # 8.64 # 10 4 21 # 4500 # 50 1
&3 T = (a 3 i) = e o m = = kg = 250 gm
2 2 540 4200 4200 30
# + # 4
= (7 × 10-7) (20) = 6 s
11. Temp. is increased by Δq then
6. l0A0 = V + V0
Δ l = laΔq
V’ = V(1 + bt)
A = A0 (1 + 2at) 3l
&3 i =
la
l0A = V’ + V0
3l
l0A0 (1 + 2at) = V(1+ bt) + V0
E1 = (rAl)SΔq = rAl S
la
V (b - 2a) V (b - 2a) 3l
V0 = = = 4 × 10-5 m3
when stretched, Stress = Y
2at 2a l
1 3l 3l Y (3 l) 2 A
7. Increase in length of dx = aΔT(dx)
E2 = dY nd n # Al =
2 l l 2l
x x
=d n (dx) (100) = dx E1 tAlS 3 l # 2l 2tSl
5000 50
So, = = = 100
Total thermal expansion E2 2
l # Y (3 l) A a (3 l) Y
1
x x2 1 1
= # dx = e o = m = 1 cm 12. By consewrvation of heat energy
0
50 100 0 100
MA SA ΔTA = mw sw Δ Tw
8. Change in tension = DT mw Sw OTw (60) (4200) (10)
mA = = = 600 kg.
\ 2 DT sin 37° = Dmg S A OTA 140 # 30
3 mg
DT =
2 sin 37 o
Thermal Expansion & Calorimetry 15.9
EXERCISE - 4
L
2
2L 3 L 11. With increase in temperature, interatomic distance
1. DC 2 = L22 - 41 & 0 = 2L2 3 L2 - 1 4 1 increases between all adjacent atoms. Therefore, to
accommodate increased interatomic separation, all
0 = 2L2 ^α 2 L2 θ h - 1 41 1
2L (α L θ)
& values a, b, x and , increase.
& a1 = 4α 2 12. * Gas has infinite number of specific heats.
= 100.054 cm 14. Water attains maximum density of 4cC . Therefore
volume increases when temperature of water either
3. Tensile Stress increases (or) decreases from 4c C.
15. Length
= ^Ysteel hb ∆,, l = YS ^αb - α S h∆T
, = , 0 ]1 + α∆T g = , 0 ]1 + 20αg
= 200 # 109 ^0.8 # 10 -5h]200g
Area
A = A0 ^1 + β∆T h = 6, 02 ]1 + 40αg
8 -2
= 3.2 # 10 Nm
= 0.32 GNm -2
Volume
=
3 # 10 20
3 # 10 5 ]100g
- 10 g water ]0cC g
5 g water ]100cC g
10
4 10
#
. 1000 cal
10 g water ]100cg
7 2
= 2.25 # 10 N/m
8. All dimensions increase on heating.
So available heat is more than required heat therefore
9. Solid body undergoes expansion along all final temperature will be 100cC
dimensions under free expansion conditions.
Mass of vapour condensed
` All mentioned quantities increase.
= 800 5401000 = 10
+
3 g
t
10. R = ; t is thickness of each rod.
α B - α C ∆T
Totl mass of water
Total mass of steam
= 5 - 10
5
3 = 3 =13g
2
15.10 Physics
17. Entire amount of ice will not be converted into x x
water.
& y1 d a1 T - n = y2 d a 2 T + n
L L
18. In 40 min. temperature of water has come down by y1 x y2 x
y1 a1 T - = y2 a 2 T +
40cC . Therefore rate L L
x y1 a1 - y2 a 2
=f pT
mS∆T = 0.60 # 4200 # 40 =
P= t 40 # 60 42.0 W
&
L y1 + y2
19. Sample of ice has been receiving heat at constant
y1 a1 - y2 a 2
rate P from water. Its temperature has increased by F = A y1 f a1 T - $Tp
y1 + y2
30cC in time 60 min.
y2 ^a1 + a 2 h
= Ay1 T f p
mi si ∆Ti
Therefore = 60 min
P y1 + y2
]60 # 60sg # ]42W g
y1 y2 ^a1 + a 2 h AT
^2100 J/kg h . ]30cC g
&m= = 2.4 kg
=
20. Thermal equilibrium reaches after 60 min. Ice y1 + y2
conversion takes place for 20 min. during this time F
water at 0cC continues to give heat at rate P . new length of rod P = ^ L + La1 T he1 -
o
Ay1
m # L f = P # ]20 # 60sg F
= L ^1 + a1 T he1 - o
Ay1
= 42 20 560 kg = 0.15 kg
# #
m
&
F
= L e1 + a1 T - o
3.3 # 10
21-23. As steam has comparatively large amount of heat
Ay1
to provide in the form of latent heat we check what
F
amount of heat is required by the water and ice to go new length of rod Q = ^ L + La 2 T he1 -
o
up to 100°C, that is Ay2
^mi L + mi Sw 3 T h + mw .Sw . 3 T 30. Buoyant force
Mg
[(
= 200×80) + (200×1×100)] + (200×1×45) = Mg = constant = Vsub ρ , # g Vsub = ρ g
,
= constant
= La1 T - x
Lx Lx M (1 + 3α∆T) M (1 + γ∆T) M M
A (1 + 2α∆T)ρ - A (1 + 2α∆T) d = Aρ - Ad
DL2 = ^ L + L a 2 T h - ]1 - xg d
γ = 2ga + α ρ
= 2a 2 T + x
As total system is at rest, restoring force developed (d) dAhin g = Buoyant force = constant = Mg
Numerical Type 5.
20cm
1. m = 2000 gm/ min
o
0C
Heat required by water/min = mSTT
= ]2000g # 4.2 # 40
21cm
= 336000 J
o
4C
dm 336000
` dt = g/ min
8 # 103
mg = A(80) t 0 C g 0
= 42 gm/ min
mg = A(79) t 4 C g 0
2. 1i1 + 2i 2 = (1 + 2) 60 t 80
& t 4°C = 79 = 1.01.
0° C
i1 + 2i 2 = 180 ….(1)
6. As the temperature of rod rises, Extension in the rod,
0 # i1 + 1 # i 2 + 2 # i3 = (1 + 2) 30 DL = L a DT
F/A
Young’s modulus of the rod, Y =
i1 + 2i3 = 90 ….(2) DL/L
F#L L#F
Y= =
2 # i1 + 0 # i 2 + 1 # i3 = (2 + 1) 60 ADL ALaDT
7. Final temperature of calorimeter and its contents is
2i1 + i3 = 180 ….(3) given, T0 = 75cC
and i1 + i3 + i3 = (1 + 1 + 1) i ….(4) & 100 # 0.1 # ]75 - T g + 100 # 0.1 ]75 - 30g
+ 170 # 1 # ]75 - 30g = 0
from (1) + (2) + (3),
& 75 - T + 45 + 765 = 0
3i1 + 3i 2 + 3i3 = 450 & i1 + i 2 + i3 = 150
& T = 885cC
8.
from (4) equation 150 = 3i & i = 50cC
Single Option Correct
3. Increase in volume TV = cV0 TT
c = 3a
So TV = ]3ag V0 TT
Total surface area = 6a 2, where a is side length
,
So, 24 = 6a 2 & a = 2m
Time period T = 2π g
Volume V0 = ]2g3 = 8m3
= 2π g0 ]1 + α∆θg
,
TV = ^3 # 5 # 10 -4h]8 g # 10 = 120 # 10 -3 m3
T = T0 :1 + 2 α∆θD
1
= 1.2 # 105 cm3
2 # 86400
N = T
4. When the rod, which is lying freely, is heated, its
=c
2 # 86400 mb
1 + 2 α∆θ l
1
length will increase naturally and there won’t be any T0
thermal stress . When we try to restrict the change in
= N b1 + α∆2
θl
the length of the rod due to change in temperature,
thermal stress develops. ∆N = N - N0
On heating, the rod length will increase.
= 12 α∆θN0 & ∆N ? ∆θ
& θ0 = 25cC
` A and R are true but R is not the correct
Putting θ0 , we get α = 1.85 # 10 5 /cC
-
explanation of A.
15.12 Physics
9. ∆, =
12. , α ∆T
F F/A
and Y = ∆,/,
0.10 # 1.1 # 10 # 100 =
-5 A # 0.10
2 # 1011
So, F = AYαt
F -5 11
` A = Pressure = 1.1 # 10 # 100 # 2 # 10
Thermal stress b A l = Yαt.
F
8
= 2.2 # 10 Pa
13. ∆V = v0 ]3αg ∆T
10. L & S
L
3 = L ?3 T
= 34 π ]10g3 # 3 # 23 # 10 -6 # 100
F = ∆L ∆V = 28.9 cc
A L Y
14. Let time taken in boiling the water by the heater is t
F = α∆T YS
sec. Then
11. Q = # mcdT
Q = ms∆T
4
T3 n 836 1000 # 30 # 4.2
= # 0.1 # 32 # d 3 dT 4.2 t = 1000 # 30 & t = 836
20
400
. 0.002 k J
= 150 sec .
2. 7.
60 - TB = 2 ^TB - 10c h
3
c m
dQ
&
dt 1 T
4. = T2 = 32 120 - 2TB = 3TB - 30
c m
dQ 1 &
dt 2
& 5TB = 150
K1 2
` K2 = 3 (as both the vessels
& TB = 30cC
are identical) TC = TD = 2 ^TB + TE h
1
5.
= 20cC
8.
At junction A, I1 + I2 = I3
K A A ]100 - T g K A ]T - 25g
2x = B x ; K A = 2K B
a all are identical rods,
& 100 - T = T - 25 90 - T + 90 - T = T - 0
& 2T = 7.5
` 180 = 3T
& T = 37.5c C
& T = 60c
16.2 Physics
Heat transfered in one minute K 4A ^ ∆ T h
= 14 1 1 1
1
= ]9.2g]60g 2 L1
= 2c m
Let m amount ice is melted in one minute dQ
dt
` m ^8 # 10 4h^Cal/kgh = ]9.2g]60g
1
` Ice melts at double rate.
& m = 6.9 # 10 3 kg
-
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. λ m T = Constant 5. λ1 T1 = λ 2 T2
As temperature is reduced by half, λ m T1 λ2 350 7
T2 = λ1 = 510 = 17 = 0.69
becomes doubled.
2. From Newton’s law of cooling, rate of 2 3
dθ = 4σ4πr θ0 ^θ - θ h
cooling is proportional to temperature 6. dt 4π 0
ρ 3 r3 s
difference.
σθ 3
= ρ r 0s ^θ - θ 0 h
b dθ l > b dθ l > b dθ l
dt 1 dt 2 dt 3
` T1 < T2 < T3 b dθ l 1
dt ? r
3. Emissive power refers to energy emitted per
as rQ = 3rP & b dt l = 3 b dt l
dθ dθ
unit area per second. P Q
3
b dθ l = ρ r s0 ^θ - θ 0 h
4σθ
u = σaT 4 8.dt
E1 T14 6 4
b 2 l = 16 dθ 1
4
` E2 = 4 = 4 = 3 81 dt ? ρs
T2 9
- 3 : 16 9. Net heat transfer ]ug = σA _T24 - T14 i
4. ]rate of emissiongSun = ]14000g^4πr 2h ]u/Ag = 5.67 # 10 -8
# ^300 4 - 200 4h
= ]1400g]4πg^1.5 # 1011h
2
= 5.67 # 65
= ]4πg]1400gb 32 l # 10 22
2
= 368.6 Joules
u = σ A T4
10. λ1 T1 = λ 2 T2
5.67 # 10 -8 # 4π # ^7 # 108h # T 4 = ]4πg]1400g
4800 T
b 9 l 10 22
1
T2 = 3600
4
` T = 5801 K
= 34
Heat Transfer 16.3
EXERCISE - 1
]100 - 20g
-12 ]209g 9 # 10
1.
i1 =
-4
3 10
#
100 - 20 ]385g # 3
i2 = -12 9 10 w
3 # 10
3
At cross section C , under steady state conditions.
iT = i1 + i2 = 1.42 # 10 w
100 - TC TC - 0
= 17 iCu i2 385
8cm cm i Al = i1 = 209
& TC = 68cC
m ? A, c
dQ
2. L as the rods are made up d d
dt 9. R1 = K A R2 = K A
1 2
of same material.
` (c) is correct option. 1 1 1 th
KA ]∆T g
Req = R1 + R2 + ........ upto n
3. L = 6000 J/s.
n R1 + R2
]200g]0.75g $ ]∆T g Req = 2R1 + 2R2 = 2 d R1 R2 n
1 n n
= ]6000g
& 1m
2c K A m # K A
∆T = 40cC d d
2 ^ R1 R2 h
&
d
Keq ]nAg
1
n ^ R1 + R2 h
2
4. If the rods are connected in series,
Req = & =
dc1 + 1 m
nA K K2
1
Keff = d K1 + K2 + K3 n L
1 b l
,1 ,2 ,3 1 K1 K2
+
& Keq = 2
1 b 1 1 1 lb 1 l ,
10. Thermal resistance R = KA
Keff = 1 + 2 + 3 3
for same temperature difference, thermal current
1 6 + 3 + 2 b1 l 1
& Keff = 6 3 αR
18 i R , , , AK
` Keff = 11 = 1.6 units & i1 = R2 = K 2A / K 1A = ,1 A1 K1
2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2
^dQ/dt h
2
A L
= A1 $ L2 = 14 $ 32 = 83 = 12 # 1 2 # 11 = 1/8
^dQ/dt h
5. 2
2 1
K1 K2
11.
6. 36c K A = 2KB = 2 K 0°C 70°C 100°C
Heat current is same
b 36 - T l K A A = b T - 0 l KB A
iH =
70 - 0 = 100 - 70 R K
& R2 = 3/7 & K1 = 3/7
d d R1 R2 1 2
]36 - T g2 K = T K
72 0°C K2 T K1 100°C
T = 3 = 24
∆T = temp diff = 36 - 24 = 12 T - 0 100 - T
Heat current is same = R = R1
2
100 - T R1 = K2 =
7-8.
& T R2 K1 7/3
& 300 - 3T - 7T & T = 30cC
16.4 Physics
12. 25 cm from cold end is at 25cC (since temperature
Where L specific heat condensation
gradient is 1cC/cm ) m
T = ] total g
dm/dt
` Rod should be touched at this point to ensure no
heat transfer.
= 12 sec .
20. As the slabs are in contact and system is in thermal
13. a a ∆t kA = a ∆t kB
∆Q ∆Q
equilibrium,
K A A ^100 - 70h KB A ^70 - 35h c
dQ
m =c
dQ
m
` 30 = 70 dt A dt B
K K 1 21. & Reff = 2R
& A = 2B & KA = 2
K
B
Leff L1 L2 '
& R eff = R/2
14. Keff = K1 + K2
^dQ/dt h1
2L L L = R2/R2 = 14
^dQ/dt h2
&
Keff = 2K + 3K
2L 5L 20/4 = 1
^dQ/dt h
& Keff = 6k
& 4
c m = 20 Cal/sec.
12K dQ
& Keff = 5 = 2.4K
&
dt 2
15. As heat is not flowing through AB,
` 20 Cal. of heat flow in 1 minute.
16.
= ^5.67 # 10 -8h^10 -4h]0.32g^3 # 103h
= 146.9 W
100 - P = P - 20
At P, 30 10 24. u ?T
4
& 100 - P = 3P - 60
T2 = 600K, T1 = 300K
& P = 40c
` E2 = 16 E1
17. In series connection, heat current flow should be
same. 25. ustar = 10 4 usun
K∆T1 = 2K∆T2 = 3K∆T3 Astar ]2000g4 = 10 ^ Asun h]6000g
4
&
1 1
∆T1 : ∆T2 : ∆T3 = 1 : 2 : 3 Astar 4 4
& Asun = 3 # 10
= 6 : 3: 2
∆T total = 55cC rstar 2 2
& rSun = 3 # 10 = 900
` ∆T2 = 15cC
18. ∆T Should be same in both the cases. 26. u ? A T4
27. b - dt l = mS 7T - T S A
dT σeA 4 T1
b1 l
4 1/4
& T2 = 16
Rate of temperature fall will be maximum when T1 1
7T 4 - T S4A has mass value i.e. T has max value. T2 = 2
eA 6 4 u1 A1 T14
c - dT m
df = σmS 500 - 300 4@ put all values & 35.
u2 = (for Black bodies, e = 1 )
max A2 T24
1 1
]1/4g4
Get answer.
= 64 $
Now P' =
σA0 (2T) 4 # A
= 4P 37. Rate of loss of heat α ] Ag
4π (2d) 2
as temperature is same for both the bodies.
4σaθ03
mS ] g
dθ ∆θ
30. =
dt U1 A1 r ]4πg
2
4πr 2
U2 = A2 = 6a 2 = 4π 2/3
msolid > mhollow b l ]6 g r 2
3
` Hollow sphere cools faster. 4π 3 = 3
as 3 r a
4
U1 T
b 300 l
4
U1
b 4π l $ 1
1 1/3
31. U2 = T = 1200 = 1 : 256
` U2 = 3
4
2 2
Assuming area is equal.
= ]π/6g1/3
UP A1 T14 8 2 ]400g4 38. Rate of loss of heat = eσA _T - T0 i
4 4
32.
2 2 ]800g4
UQ = 4 =
A2 T2
= ]0.4g^5.67 # 10 -8h
= 16
16 = 1 : 1
]200g # 10 4 #
-
4
33. u = σAθ
6]800g4 - ]300g4@
dθ
ms dt = σAθ 4
= 182 J/s.
T2 t
# dθ =- U2
ms σA # dt 39.
T1
θ4 0
U1 = 16
1 1
t = σA 3 d T 3 - T 3 n
ms 1 T2
2 1
i.e. T1 = 2 as U ? T4
1 1
= Cd T 3 - T 3 n
` T2 = 800 K = 527cC
2 1
T 4
= 12 12 12 $ 14 ^ A = ]2πrg ,h
4
T2
= ]5.67g # ]16g # 10
1 = d T1 n
2 8 T2
= 912 W
16.6 Physics
41. U ? AT
4 Q 4
47. t = σAT = same but Tred < Tgreen
U A T4 1
U2 = 2 24 = 4 $ 2 4 = 4
as λ red Tred = λ green Tgreen (see VIBGYOR)
1 A1 T1
` U2 = 4 ]450g
& Area of red star is greater
= 1800W dθ =- ^θ - θ h
48. dt K 0
dθ A
42. dt ? m
θ t
# dθ # dt
θ - θ0 =- K
]dθ/dt g A m
]dθ/dt g = m1 $ A2 θi 0
2 1 2
θ-θ
r 2 r 3
& ln θ - θ0 = - kt
= d r1 n $ d r2 n i 0
2 1
r2 49. λ1 T1 = λ 2 T2 = λ3 T3
= r
1
4 1 1
= b 13 l
1 /3
& T1 : T2 : T3 = 3 : 4 : 5
T0: surrounding temperature & ]289.8g # 10 # T = ]289g # 10 5
-9
-
k: + ve constant.
& T = 10 4
& graph is straight line with +ve slope.
u ] g -8
A = 5.67 # 10 # 10
16
46. Newton’s law of cooling
= 5.67 # 108
∆θ = 7θ - θ A
∆t k 0
52. λ1 < λ3 < λ 2
θ = surrounding’s temperature
` T1 > T3 > T2
80 - 60 = 8 80 + 60 - B
& t k 2 30 .....(i)
60 - 50 = 8 60 + 50 - B
and t k 2 30 .....(ii)
& t = 48 sec
Heat Transfer 16.7
EXERCISE - 2
Req = R1 + R2 + R3
1. where
, ,
R1 = ] g , R2 = kA , R3 k
,
2k A b lA
2
OT 700 - 100
IH = R = R + R 100 - 0 = 100 - T1 = 100 - T2 = T2 - 0
eq 1 2
Req R1 R1 + R2 R3
0.24 0.02
where Req = R1 + R2 = 0.9 # 400 + 0.15 # 400
5. Req = 2Rg + Rair
OQ OQ OmL
IH = dt = Ot = Ot 2 ]3mmg ]3mmg
= k A + k A
Om = I H g air
Ot L where L = 540 cal/gm; ∆t = 3600 sec . 6mm
R = k .A
0 - ]- θg θKA dΩ
g
^ y/KAh
2. iH = = y = dt ∆T
iA Req R
dQ dm ρ.A dy i = ∆T = R
dt = L dt = L dt
B
R
eq
6mm
KAθ = dy Kg .A
ρAL dt
2 ]3mmg c 3mm m
y
=
Kg A + Kair A
4 3600
# ydy = # cK
ρL m dt
θ 1
2 0
Kg 31
= 2K + K =
air g 656
c
y m = kθ ] t g3600 2Kg .Kair
2 4
2 2 ρL 0
6. Assuming rate of heat transfer to be constant.
4 # 10 # θ # ]3600 - 0g s ^m1 + w h∆T = Q1
& 2 # 516 - 4? =
-3
1
0.9 # 80
where s = specific heat of water = 1 g/cc
1 12 # 0.9 # 80 =
&θ= 2#
4 # 3600 # 10
-3 30cC s ^m2 + 2 h∆T = Q2
` θ =- 30cC
w = water equivalent of calorimeter
Q1 ]50 + wgs 50 + w
3.
& Q2 = ]100 + wgs = 100 + w
Q1 t1 10 50 + w
but Q2 = t2 = 18 = 100 + w & 50 = 4w
Q1 100 - 0 50
t1 = iH1 = 2R = R
& w = 12.5 g
100 200 Q
iH = R/2 = R = t 2
2
Q1 = Q2 = 10 cal.
7.
50 # ]2g = 200 #
R R t2
1
t2 = 2 min .
It is a parallel combination of two rod
R1 = Thermal resistance of inner cylinder
4. ,
R1 =
K1 rR2
16.8 Physics
R2 = Thermal resistance of outer cylinder. –4°C
ICE X 3K
, ,
R2 =
K2 ^rR - rR h K2 ^rR - rR h
2 2 = 2 2 0°C
2 1
WATER (10–X) K
1 1 1
R = R + R +4°C
eq 1 2
2
1 = Keq 4πR = K1 πR
2
K2 3πR 2 K A (θ + 25) K A (25 - θ)
Req 14. (i) Qo = 1 t = 2 t
L L + L 1 2
–25°C Q +25°C
4Keq = K1 + 3K2
t1=2 t2=3
K1 + 3K2 KA (θ + 25) KA (25 - θ)
& 2 = 3
Keq = 4
K1 K2
∆T 4 ∆T 4 K2 K4
HII = 3R/4 = 3 R = 3 # 1.2 = 1.6W
& K1 = K3
: KA (4 - 0) 3KA (0 + 4) K1 K4
13. Q = 10 - x = x & x = 7.5 m
& K2 K3 = 1
Heat Transfer 16.9
dQ dT d T 2 4
20.
dt
= kA dx & d d1 n = d T2 n
1 1
dT dT dT d2 T 2
` kA dx = KB dx = KC dx
& d n =d 2n
A B C d1 T1
< b dx l (from graph)
dT dT dT
as dx < dx
A B C
25. H = σAT 4
& K A > KB > KC
3σAT0 ]∆T g
4
T1 - TB T -T T -T C = ms
21. R = 3B R/2 2 + 3B R/2 3
` H ? r2
T1 - TB = 3 ^2TB - T2 - T3 h
2
1
C ? r
& 3T1 - 3TB = 4TB - 2T2 - 2T3
26. t = 1400 W/m 2
& 3T1 + 2T2 + 2T3 = 7TB
Let power of sun = P
3T + 2T + 2T3 4
& TB = 1 7 2
P = σeAT Intensity at earth surface
P =
22.
I= 1400
4πd 2
∆θ/2 = ∆θ
R = 12 cm
1 ;1 - 1E 1 c1 - 1 m
4πK1 R1 R 4πK1 R1 R2 P = 450W = σeA ]500g4
2R R P' = σe ] A/4g 16 ]500g4
& R = R +1 R2
= 4σeA ]500g4 = 4 # 450W = 1800 W
1 2
ln ]2g = βt 7a θi - θ0 = 2 _θ f - θ0 iA
3
b dθ l = rρs0 ^θ - θ0 h
3σθ
&
30. dt
t = β ]ln 2g
1
dθ 1
&
` dt ? ρs
37. Intensity in first case
` Sphere D shows fastest rate of cooling.
P1 σAT14
ms 1 1
31. t = 3σ A d T 3 - T 3 n I1 =
4πR12
=
4πd12
2 1
9 # 10 # ]4g ; E
Intensity in second case
3
1 - 1
3 ]5.67g # 10 # ^4πr 2h ]300g ]1000g3
= -8 3
P2 σAT 24
I2 = =
35
= hrs 16 min. 4πR 22 4πd 22
4 4
σAT1 σAT 2 d2 T2 2
2 & d =cT m
32. From graph, x is loosing temperature at faster rate
Given I1 = I2 & 2 =
than y 4πd1 4πd 2 1 1
m0
` Ex > E y 38. m0 T = T'
2
As good emitters are good absorbers
& T ' = 2T
ax > a y
P' ? ^T ' h & P' = 16P
dθ A 2πr, ,
33. dt ? m ? 4 πr3 ρ ? r 2
& P' T ' = 32 PT
3
b dθ l r 2 39. According to Wien’s law
dt 1
= 22 = 4
b l
d θ r1
λ m ? 1/T & vm ? T
dt 2
]dθ/dt g1 k
As the temperature of body increases, frequency
b dθ l = = 4
dt 2 4 corresponding to maximum energy in radiation
34. Ratio of emissive power and absoptivity is constant. ^vm h increases. Also area under the curve
100 = E # Eν dν ? T4
1 0.2
& E = 20ω/m
2
40. e1 T14 = e2 T24
T1 4
d n = 16
35. Radiation emitted by non black body is less
& T2
than radiation emitted by blackbody at the same
temperature. T1
& T2 = 2
dθ =- ^θ - θ h
36. dt β 0
= 2 ^a λ1 T1 = λ 2 T2 h
λ2
dθ
λ1
& θ - θ0 =- β dt
` λ 2 - λ1 = 1 micron
θ f - θ0
& ln θ - θ =- βt
` λ1 = 1 micron & λ 2 = 2 micron.
i 0
EXERCISE - 3
6r R 2 = 5
= = 1.5 3 ET T2
Q 4rR 2
2
Here, pR2 is extra surface area of plane surface of
3 ET = 5W
2
Rtotal = # dR
x=0
L
1 3 4 2
= # 4 dx
]1 + αxg2
2
Q = v (T14 - T34) W/m 2 = v (T34 - T 44) W/m 2
0
K π d0
= v (T 44 - T 24) W/m 2
= 4 2 b 1 + αL + 1 l
-1
3Q = v (T - T ) = Q0 W/m4 4 2 πK d0
1 2
Q 1 4 b αL l
=
h=
Q0
=
3 π K d02 1 + αL
KA ^0 - ]- 10cgh dQ
= σAe _T - T0 i
= dm ] g
4 4
10.
6. 10cm dt L dt
as T0 = 0K ,
KA ]10g ] g ^a m = ρAxh
& 0.1 = ρA dx
dt L - dT
ms dt = σ Ae T 4
Where x is thickness of ice at time t .
ρ b 3 πr3 l S dt = σ ^4πr 2h e T 4
4 - dT
&
dx = KA ]100g = K ]100g - dT e 4
dt ρAL ρL
& dt = 3ρσ
Sr T
Net rate of heat loss = σAe _T - T0 i
4 4 100 t
7. dT
# =- 3ρσrse # dt
210 = σAe ^500 4 - 300 4h 200
T4 0
& 3 c ] g3 - ] g3 m = ρrs
In the case of black body, 1 1 1 3σe
700 = σA ^500 - 300 h
4 4 100 200
24 $ 106 = ρrs ] t g
21 7 1 3σe
70 = e
&
& e = ]0.3g
&
7ρrs -
t = 72σe 10 6
8.
` x =7
16.12 Physics
11. Thermal resistance from (radius “a” to radius “2a”) , 0.2 = 8 # 10 2
]1/4g^10 -3h
14. R1 = K 1A =
2A 1
= # dr
2 , 10 2
A
K 4πr R2 = K 2A = K
2 2
= 4π1K b - 1 1l
2a + a Rtotal = R1 + R2
1
R1 = 8πKa
= 10 2 c8 + 2 m
1
K
R2 ]2a to 3ag = 24πKa
1
Rate of heat transmission
100 - T = T - 0 ]360g]80g
R2 R1
= 3600
300 - 3T = T 100
Rtotal = 8
& T = 75c
1 8
(Temperature of Interface) 1 = 100
8+ K
i2 K2 A2 ,1 2
12. i1 = K1 A1 , 2 8
& 100 = 64 + K
2
= ]2g]2gb 12 l = 2
8
& 36 = K
i2 = ^i1 h2
2
&
K2 = 9 = 2 ]0.111g
2
= 8 cal/ sec .
&
` P =1
` K =2
13. At 50cC , temperature is constant
15. From Wein’s displacement law,
i.e. rate of emission = rate of absorption
` σAe ]273 + 50g4 = σAe ]293g4 + 60W
λ m T = constant
60W = 4σAe ]293g4 ]30g
]2000g λ m = ]3000g λ1
`
when heater is removed and temperature of the body
2λ
is 30cC
`
'
λ = 3m
rate of heat loss = σAe ^303 4 - 293 4h
& K =2
= 4σAe ]293g3 ]10g
using binomial approximation.
= 13 ]60W g
= 20W ; z = 5
EXERCISE - 4
36 = b T 8100 l kA + b T 8 4 l kA
1. - -
K = 0.5 cal/cC/cm
A = 12 cm 2
Heat Transfer 16.13
6. KA a- dx k = Q & ` T j A a- dx k = Q
2. dT α :
dT :
T2 : 2
# dT = Q # dx
& - T αA .....(i)
T1 0
T : x
# dT = Q # dx
& - T αA .....(ii)
Incoming heat current at C = Outgoing Heat current T1 0
from C : :
,n c T1 m = d αA n L and ,n a T1 k = d αA n x
T Q T Q
&
2T-T T -T 2
R c = C
2R T x/L
T = T1 c T2 m
3T =TC ^ 2 + 1 h
&
1
5R
3T 7. For the cube, net resistance = 6
Tc =d n
2 +1 (Where R = thermal resistance of each side)
100 - 0
dx dx H = 5R/6
3. dRH = KA = KA (1 + αx)
0
For side A
= KA1 α ,n (1 + α, 0)
0 H = 100 - θ A
3 R & θ A = 60cC
OR
Check dimensionally 8. Heat current flow rate is uniform everywhere.
= σA _T - T0 i =- σ4πr 2 _T0 - T i
4 4 4 4
4. Newton’s law of cooling implies that rate of 9.
cooling is proportional to temperature difference
if the temperature difference between body and d (mL) dv 2 dr
= dt = ρL dt = ρL4πr dt
surrounding is small.
- σ4πr 2 _T0 - T i = σL4πr 2 dr
4 4
& dt
Then,
& Radius decreases with time.
a- dθ k = tan φ 2 α ^θ 2 - θ0 h and
dt 2 10. For same power of radiation
= b 20 + 32 + 25 l 137
1 # -2
10
=- n b 52R l ^dT1 ' h
n b 2 lb 2 ld n =
5R - 1 d
2L
dt
∆T
iQ = 1
aT1' - T 2' k
d _T1 - T 2 i
-2
3 10
# ' ' t
- 2KA
= 900W
& # ^T1 - T2 h
= # 5LRn dt
^T1 - T2 h t=0
(Heat dissipated through walls)
T1' - T 2' - 2KA
` Power of electric heater = 900W
& ln T - T = 5LRn $ t
1 2
T1 - T 0 = ^T1 - T2 he 5LRn
-2KA
13.
&
' ' t
2L ^ 1
`
dQ
= KA T - T2 he - µt
dt
16. Let T is temperature of the water at time "t" .
Rate of heat lost by water
iQ = K ]2πr,g dr
dT dQ
_iQ i =
dt
KA ^T - T0 h
r2 500cC
iQ dr =
2πK, # r # dT
= b
r1 0
Rate of heat received by body
iQ r2
& 2πK, ln r1 = 500
=H
2πK, ]500g KA ^T - T0 h
ln ^r0 /r1 h
& iQ =
` net rate of heat loss = b -H
iQ ]∆t g = mL
KA ^T - T0 h
- dT
C dt = -H
mL ln ^r2 /r1 h
b
& ∆t = 1000πK, T t
# dT # dt
C KA ^T - T h =-
14. At junction “D”. 0 -H
T0
b 0
Total heat current entering should be equal to total
heat current leaving the junction “D”. bc :ln KA ^T - T h - D+ =-
& KA b 0 H t
T0
2 + 2 + 4 + 3 = 1 + 1 + iDE
& ln bb KA ^T - T0 hl - H l - ln ]- H g = e
-KAt
` iDE = 9 J/s. b
bc
H - b ^T - T0 h
15. at t = 0 KA
-KAt
H = e bc
KA ^T - T h = _
H 1 - e bc i
-KAt
b 0
& T = T0 + KA _1 - e bc i
bH -KAt
KA ^T1 ' - T2 ' h
iQ = 2L at time "t"
Heat Transfer 16.15
'
dT 2 2 4
= 2 b 32R ld
dQ - dT n IπR - σ4πR T
17. 1
dt = 4π
dt dt ρ 3 R3 $ S
dT '
= 2 b 52R ld 2 n 3 ] I - 4σ + 4g
dt
= 4RS ρ
= 5R c 2 m
'
dT
= 3R d
- dT1 n
KA d
T11 - T 2' n
20. Bad absorber is a bad emitter and good reflector.
, dt dt
Bad reflactor is a good emitter.
- _dT1 - dT2 i = 3R, _T1 - T 2 i _ ' i
' ' KA ' '
+ 5KA
'
R, T1 - T2 21.
- d _T1 - T2 i = _T1 - T2 i R, b 15
8 l
' ' ' ' - KA
Pemitte = σeAT 4
since T1 + T2
d _T1 - T2 i - KA
T1' - T2' ' ' t
# 8
= R, # 15
& dt Pabsorb = σeATs4
So P1 = P2 at t = 0
T1 - T2
T1' - T2' 0
Cooling rate b - dt l = mS 7T - T S A
dT σeA 4 4
T1' - T2' -8KAT
& T1 - T2 = e
15R,
since MH < MS, so cooling rate will be different
= KA b dr
- dT l since cooling rate is not same so both will not have
18. iQ
same temp at any instant t ^except t = 0 h
iQ = k ^4πr 2hb dr l
- dT 22. P1 = P2 TA λ A = TB λ B
σ A ATA4 = σ eB ATB4
e TA λ = TB ]λ + 1g
TA
b 0.81 l = 3 1
1 /4
TB = 0.01 λ = 2 µm
T 5802
TB = 3A = 3 = 1.34 K
λ B = λ + 1 = 1.5µm
R2 T2 23.
# dr = # T dT ^a k = a0 Tr h
R1
a0 4πr3 T 1
Let the diameter of the sun be D and its distance
iQ _T 2 - T12 i
c 2 m =- 2
- 1 R2 from the earth be R .
& 4πa0 T 2r R1 2
D
R = θ
PQ - 1
& 4πa d R 2 + R 2 n = c 1
1 T 2 - T22 m
the radiation emitted by the surface of the sun per
0 2 1 2
unit time is
4πa0 _T1 - T2 i_ R1 R2 i
2 2 2 2
4π b D l
2
4 2 4
& iQ =
_ R22 - R12 i 2 σT = πD σT
At distance R , this radiation falls on an area 4πR 2
19. Rate at which energy is incident on the sphere
in unit time. The radiation receive at the earth’s
= I ^πR 2h surface per unit time per unit area is, therefore
Rate at which thermal energy is emitted
πD 2 σT 4 = σT 4 b D l2
= σAT 4 s = 2 4 R
4πR
Net rate of absorption = IπR 2 - σAT 4
Thus s \ T 4 and s \ i2
dT
` ms dt = IπR 2 - σAT 4
16.16 Physics
C 31. Net rate of heat emission
24. Tλ = Constant vm =
= σA _T - T0 i
m max 4 4
T
vmax = Constant
` It depends on temperature of the black body,
T1 T2 T 2T surface area and temperature of surroundings.
v1 = v2 v2 = T2 .v1 = T .v1 = 2 v1
1
dQ KA ∆T
E = σe A T 4
32. dt = x
E2
As surface area of body sphere and cube is same.
E α T4
E1 = ]2g = 16
4
Energy lost by both sphere and hollow cube are
initially at the same rate.
4
25. For body A P = σAT
dQ dT dT
P = = m1 s dt = m2 s dt
100 = σ # 300 4 dt sphere cube
A
Vsphere > Vcube for same surface area.
For body B
= 0.2 # 100 = 20 W/m 2 dT dT
& dt < dt
sphere cube
a2 2
Ssphere = Scube & 4πR 6a & R
as T & T0 are same for both spheres
= 23π ]> 1g
dQ
? r2
Volume ratio dt
4 3 dQ 4 dQ
Vsphere πR
i.e. = 23
V = 3
3 = 2aR = 6
π (2 1)
dt A dt B
cube a
ms b dt l = σA _T - T0 i
` (Mass of water in sphere) > (Mass of water dT 4 4
in cube)
Energy host by radiation depends on the surface - dT σA _ 4 - 4 i
dt = ms T T0
area. Hence initial rate of energy loss by the two
area equal. But mass of water inside the sphere is - dT 1
greater, hence it will cool slowly. dt ? r
27. For same rate of heat transfer the body having higher
conductivity will have lower temperature difference.
dT
2 2/3 dt
dT
= dt _a rA = 2 2/3 rB i
A B
If cylinder with higher conductivity is connected
= σA _T - T0 i
with hot reservoir first then the function temperature dQ 4 4
34.
Tb, will be closer to hot reservoir temperature. dt
- ms dT _ 4 - 4i
29. In steady state,
& dt = σA T T0
* Temperature doesn’t change with time. dT = - σA _T 4 - T 4 i
& dt ms 0
* Different parts are at different temperature, which
m1 s1 = m2 s2
doesn’t change w.r.t. time.
* There will be no net absorption of heat.
i.e. heat capacities are equal for both bodies
30. u ? T4 ρ1 v1 s1 = ρ1 v2 s2
as TP = 2TQ 1
as v1 = v2 , s ? ρ
uP = 16 uQ
Heat Transfer 16.17
iQ = KA b dr l
- dT
& ∆T = 14cC
35.
T3 = ]- 3 + 14gcC = 11cC
iQ = K ]2πr,gb dr l
- dT
&
3Q 3Q
R0 T0 39.
iQ dr 3t layer1 3t layer2
& 2πKA, # r =- # dT
0.06 # A # 5 = K2 # A # 14
R1 T1
&
1.5 # 10 2 1.4 # 10 2
- -
iQ ln d R0 n = 2πKA, ^T1 - T0 h
R
&
& K2 = 0.02 W/mK
1
θ - θ s = ^θ0 - θ s he
2πKA, ^T1 - T0 h
-kt
40. We have
ln ^ R0 /R1 h
& iQ =
Where θ0 = Initial temperature of body = 40cC
θ = temperature of body after time t
2πK, ^T1 - T0 hdr
r T
# = ]2πk,g #
ln ^ R0 /R1 hr
- dT
Since body cools from 40 to 38 in 10 min, we have
38 - 30 = ]40 - 30ge
R1 T1
-k10
.....(1)
^T1 - T0 h
ln c R m = T1 - T
r
ln ^ 0 1 h
Let after 10 min, the body temp. be θ
R /R 1
θ - 30 ]38 - 30g e
-k10
.....(2)
^T1 - T0 h ln ^r/R1 h
]1 g
ln ^ R0 /R1 h
& T = T1 -
]2g gives
36. Net rate of absorption = IπR 2 - σAT 4 8 10
θ - 30 = 8 , θ - 30 = 6.4 & θ = 36.4cC
dT = IπR 2 - σA T 4
` ms dt
41. Temperature decreases exponentially.
2 2 4
dT = IπR 4πσ43πR T
-
dt 42. during heating process from 38 to 40 in 10 min . The
ρ 3 R $S body will lose heat in the surrounding which will be
exactly equal to the heat lost when it is cooled from
dT 3 ^ I - 4σ T 4h
= 40 to 38 in 10 min , which is equal to m s ∆θ = 4 J
dt 4RS ρ
T t
` Total heat required = 8 J
# dT 3 #
4 = 4RS ρ dt
I - 4σT ∆Q 1 # 4200 # 2
T0 0
44. t = 20 J/sec
at maximum attainable temperature
K ^TS - TLh & 20 = K ^40h & K = 400
dθ =+ 2 1
45.
b dT l = 0 dt
dt
40 t
` I = 4σT 4 dθ
# =+ K # dt
^20 - θh
T = b 4σ l
I 1 /4 60c 0
&
& ,n a 40 k =- 400 t & t = 277s
20 1
∆Q ∆Q
37. In steady state ∆t ∆t
layer1 layer4
& ∆T = 7cC
T3 = ]- 10 + 7gcC =- 3cC
∆Q ∆Q
38. ∆t ∆t
layer1 layer3
0.06 # A # 5 = 0.04 # A # ∆T
&
1.5 # 10 2 2.8 # 10 2
- -
16.18 Physics
46. (a) Initially more heat will enter through section A R R 2R
due to temperature difference and no heat will
So B E ≡B E≡
2R/ 3
(c) At steady state For (c)
dQ dT dT 1 c dQ m
Total heat current form A to F,
dt = kA dx or dx = kA dt
100 - 0 = 600
dT
I = 13 13R
dx is inversely proportional to area of cross- 6 R
Let temperature of B be TB then
section. Hence is maximum at B and minimum
at A 100 - TB 600
I= R = 13R & TB = 700
13 cC
(d) At steady state heat accumulation = 0
For (d)
dT
As heat current is inversely proportional to heat
So dt = 0 for any section.
resistance.
47. For (a)
So heat current in BD
C
= ` R + 2R j I = 3 I
R R 2R 2
, , R R R/ 2
R y = K A = 2K A = 2 A B
R
E F
Y X
R/ 2 R/ 2 TB - TD 2 2 a 600 k
D
& R/2 = 3 I = 3 13R
No heat current flows through rod CD
700 200 500
& TD = 13 - 13 = 13 cC
& Keq = 21 K = b1 + 21 l K
26 5
K 2K
(1) (2) ` a = 21
TQ
b1 l Single Option Correct
Tt = R TT
l
R : Thermal resistivity 2. TT a R a k ,
L 4
` R1 = K 1A = ] 1 g
1TT 1 2 l 16 K k
1 K 120 TT2 = k1 # l2 = k1 # 8
2.5 20 16 K
R2 =
]2K g]120g & 80 = k # 8 & k1 = 8K
1
Now, Req of this series combination
Req = R1 + R2
Leq 4 5
Keq ] Ag K ]120g 4K ]120g
So, = +
Heat Transfer 16.19
3.
2
]DTgPQ = I b 3R l = 75 # 3R = 45°C
5 R 5
R2
6. In the steady state, the energy flux is
R1 KDT ]103 - 102g
= 0.1 # 1 = 90Wm -2
Dx
1 dQ1 dQ2 dQ2
7. dt = dt + dt
Heat flow rate will be same through both the rods
i -i i-i
` 1R = R 2
1 2
R2 i1 - R2 i = R1 i - R1 i2
R2 i1 + R1 i2
i= R1 + R2
4.
50 - 40 b 50 + 40 - 20 l
300 = b 2
300 = b b 2 - 20 l
40 - T 40 + T
& T = 140 cC
& T = 11 # 10 2 . 330 K
As a function of x,
L L 3L
T ] xg = 10 + 130x 3. R1 = kA + 2kA = 2kA
& ∆T ] xg = T ] xg - 10 = 130x
1 1 + 1 = 3kA
R2 =
b L l b L l
L
Extension in a small element of length dx is kA 2kA
d, = α∆T ] xg dx = 130 α xdx
L
R2 = 3kA
& Net extension
1 ∆Q1 = ∆Q2
∆, = 130 a # xdx
∆T ∆T
0 R1 t1 = R2 t2
= 130 -5
2 # 1.2 # 10 # 1
&
R
t2 = R2 t1 = 2 sec .
1
16.20 Physics
4. Option (c) is correct
d = 100 m
Re = 3 mm
(a) P = vAeT 4
]5K g A
= 1160 nm GD = 4l = 5KA 5
4l = 4 G
Heat Transfer 16.21
5KA 3KA 2KA K
GBCD^eqh = 4l + 4l + l 700 = d
n ]msg DT
A
= b 54 + 34 + 2 l G = 4G 700 # 5 # 10 -2 50 25
` DT = = =
(c) ]∆T gA = 8G
i 10 # 4200-3 6 3
DT = 8.33
]∆T gBCD = 4G = 4G
i i
12. In steady state, heat current in both material is same
]∆T gE = 4G
i
K ]300 - 200g A K ]200 - 100g4A
]∆T gE < ]∆T gA < ]∆T gBCD 1 L = 2 L
(c) is correct K1
& K2 = 4
iB = 4 G ]∆T gBCD
3
(d)
13. Power radiated P = eσAT 4
iC = 2G ]∆T gBCD
At 487c C; P1 = eσA ]760g4
iD = 4 G ]∆T gBCD & iC = iB + iD
5 .....(i)
P P
(d) is correct.
Given, log 2 p1 = 1 & P0 = 21
0
P
Reading = log 2 d P2 n
KT
= 4
`
0
dT
eσA ]3040g4 # 2
- mS dt = KT 4
= log 2 d n
eσA ]760g4
100
dT
- mS # = Kt1
200
T4
= log 2 ^4 4 # 2h = 9
t1 = K ; E= 1 ;
K1 2003 E ^T1 h]500nmg = T2 ]1500nmg
1 1 1 7
3 - 14.
1 100 2003
t2 = K ; 3 - E= 1 ;
K1 2003 E
1 1 1 63 T1 = 3T2
1 50 2003
E A = σ $ 4π ]6cmg2 ^T1 h
4
t2
t1 = 9
dQ EB = σ $ 4π ]18cmg2 ^T1 h
4
= veA ^T 4 - T04 h
11.
dt
EA
b 1 l # ]3 g4 = 9
dQ DT 4 2
= ev ^T0 + DT h - T04 = >e1 + o - 1H
4 =
T0 EB 3
Adt
DT
= vT04 >e1 + 4 o - 1H DQ 300
e o =
e
T0 15. = mLV .....(1)
DT 10x - mx
dQ ,
]K g =
4vAeT 03
ms 100 cC
0 cC mx
from eq. (i) 400 cC
dQ
= evT03 $ 4DT
Adt
16.22 Physics
DQ 400
and e o = = mL f .....(2)
Dt mx
KA
300 mx Lv
dividing # =
10x - mx 400 Lf
3 m 540
4 ]10 - mg
& =
80
m = 9 ]19 - mg
10m = 90
& m =9
Kinetic theory of Gases 17.1
^ Avg K $ E htrans = 32 KT
4.
= 32 ]1.4g]Rg]260g + 32 ]0.7g 260R
^ Avg K $ E hrot = 2 KT
2
= 32 ]2.1g]8.314g]260g
^ Avg K $ E htrans
= 32
^ Avg K $ E hrot
= 6.8 kJ
PV = 3 ]nM g V rms2 ; M is molecular wt. of He
1
5 10.
5. Mean K $ E per one mole of diatomic gas = 2 RT
P = 3 b 6.023 l^2.04gm h]200g2 $ c 10 m
2
1 2
1^ 5 ]∆T g
6. -3
h^ 4h 8
2 30 # 10 10 = 2 R
60
= 1.13 kpa
& ∆T = R
MHelium = 6.023 # 10 23 # 3.40 # 10 27 = 2.04gm
-
7. n1 M1 + n2 M2 = nM
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
= 20 kg 40gm
ρ = = 2 # 103 kg/m3
2 # 10 2
5 -2 -
2 # 10 # 2 # 10
3. n = ]8.3g]293g
= 2gm/litre
17.2 Physics
5. Let temperature is doubled on Kelvin scale.
Vmean = u b 2 10
+ + 11 l = 7.664u
3
' 3R ]2T g
V = m
r . m. s . = 2 Vr.m.s.
` Vr.m.s. is higher than Vmean by u
If temperature is doubled on Celsius scale, 9. As mouth of the tube is open, pressure remains same
3R ]2C + 273g
and volume remains same.
'
V r . m. s . =
m 3n
n1 T1 = n2 T2 ; n2 = 4 1
2C + 273 < 2 ]c + 273g
T2 = 3 ]333g = 444k
4
` Increase in Vr.m.s. is more in first case.
= 171cC
6. PV = nRT
2g
as V and n are same, P ? T
10. ^105h V =
M1 R ]298g
EXERCISE - 1
1. As temperature increases, velocity of molecules 8KT
increases. Thereby number collisions per unit time 9. Vav = πm , as T = constant ` Vav = constant
increases. 10. Pvav = MVvav , as the average momentum of an ideal
2. During collision, molecules transfer momentum to gas is zero
the wall.
` option (d) is correct.
3. In the absence of intermolecular forces, degree
11. Real gas behaves as an ideal gas at low pressure and
of randomness of molecules increases. Thereby
high temperature
molecules transfer more momentum to the walls
during collision. Hence, pressure increases. Pm =
12.
ρ nRT slope of T1 > slope of T2
4. In the case of an ideal gas, intermolecular interactions
` T1 > T2
are considered to be absent. Therefore potential
energy is zero. Thereby, molecules have only kinetic 3RT
energy. 13. vr.m.s. = m
5. Total kinetic energy is conserved in collisions of v1 m2
v = m
molecules. 2 1
6. With decreased volume, number of collisions per 14. At a given temperature, vr.m.s. is inversely
unit time increases without change in velocity of proportional to square root of molecular weight.
molecules. Therefore pressure increases. ` r.m.s. velocity of hydrogen molecules is greater
7. With increased temperature, velocity of the than oxygen molecules.
molecules increases. Therefore number of collisions 3RT
per unit time increases, leading to increased rate of 15. vr.m.s. =m
momentum transfered per unit time per unit area.
In isothermal process, T is constant. Therefore,
1 vrms will remain unchanged.
8. For isothermal, PV = constant, P α V . As area
decreases, number of collision per unit area 16. vr.m.s. of gas molecules on the moon surface is greater
increases. than escape velocity from the moon’s surface.
Kinetic theory of Gases 17.3
17. At absolute zero temperature, molecules possess 26. One molecule has some single value of speed which
non-zero “low point energy” (which can be is equal to most probable speed and average speed
explained using quantum mechanics concepts) due of the gas
to vibration.
8RT
27. VAV = πM0
18. Internal energy related to translatory motion
8R # 2T =
For nitrogen VAV = 2
= 32 nRT πM0 /2
1 3 28. PV = nRT
2 nm v r2.m.s. = 2 nRT
` Temperature remains same for all ideal gas
` vr.m.s. is primarily proportional to square root of 2 2 2 2
temperature, independent of pressure. v1 + v2 + v3 + v4
29. Using Vrms = 4
2RT 3RT 8RT
19. vm.s. = m , vr.m.s. = m vavg = πM and substituting the corresponding velocity we get
Vrms is greatest in situation b.
` vr.m.s. > vavg > vms
3RT
1 30. Vrms = M
20. vr.m.s. ?
m
i.e. Vrms \ = T
` vH2 > vN2 > vO2
When temperature is increased form 120K to 480
21. At a given temperature, K (i.e. four times), the root mean square speed will
1 become 4 or 2 times i.e. 2v.
vavg ?
m 3
CH 31. The average translational KE = 2 kT which
4
CHe = 1 = 2 is directly proportional to T, while rms speed
& CH2 = 2CHe molecules is given by
TA TB 3 2 + 4 2 + 12 2
24. m A = 4 mB 32. vr.m.s. = v
3
169
T m
=v 3
TA = 4 mA
B B
= v 56 - 7.5 v
v TA mB
vA = TB $ m A 33. At absolute zero temperature, translatory kinetic
B
energy becomes zero;
= 4=2
34. H2 is adiatomic molecule and He is monoatomic
3RT = 3R # 273 molecule. At the same temperature, H2 molecule
25. 32 28 has more mean kinetic energy (translatory plus
273 # 32 = rotational); but both posses equal mean translational
T= 28 426.3 k
kinetic energy.
17.4 Physics
35. Average translational kinetic energy of an ideal gas
U = UO2 + U Ar cU = m
f
38.
3
molecule is 2 kT which depends on temperature 2 nRT
EXERCISE - 2
24. u = c mN
f
2 KT
` Number of molecules having most probable
Where u is internal energy of the gas and N is the
speed is higher than number of molecules travelling total number of molecules.
with r.m.s. speed. Most probable speed means that
2u
most number ofmolecules in a given sample are
` fKT refers to N
travelling at this speed. It is not maximum speed of
molecules in a given sample. T
25. Vavg ? m
17. At a given temperature.
` Compared to Helium molecule, Nitrozen
_Vmp iC > _Vmp iB > _Vmp iA
molecule hits the wall with smaller average speed.
& CV = M s 1
V = 4 m3
.5 RT
= ]124.5g = 124PV PV = n R T
`
m/M
4 1
& n R T = 8 # 10 # 4
]124.5g R ]675K g
= 5 -3
= 2 # 10 4
4.2 # 10 # 80 # 10
= 2.5 R 5
Total energy of the gas = 2 n R T
= 52R = 5 # 10 4 J
` f =5 35. K$E ?T
EXERCISE - 3
Numerical Type P0 P0 P0 V0
4. P = ; when V = V0, P = &T=
n1 RT n2 R (2T) n1 V 3 2 2R
1.
2V
=
V
& n2 =
4 1 +e
o
V0
\ Translational kinetic energy
3RT
2. vrms =
M 3 3R P0 V0 3P0 V0
= RT = =
2 2 2R 4
cRT
vsound = 5. Momentum change/collision = 2mvx
M
vrms 3 Also, v 2 = v x2 + v 2y + v z2
` v =
sound c v2
& v x2 =
(sin ce v x2 = v 2y = v z2)
1
Equation of the graph : d n = T2 3
v
V v
` x=
⇒ T2V = Constant (process equation) 3
3
⇒ PV3/2 = Constant ⇒ c =
2 m
3. n = 7v - v - 10
2
vx
dn
For most probable velocity, =0
dv v
( a n is maximum at this velocity.)
\ Momentum change/collision = 2m
3
7
Let there by n collisions with unit area of wall.
7 - 2v = 0 ⇒ v = = 3.5 m/s v
2 P
` = 2m #n
3
P 3
n
` =
2mv
17.8 Physics
6. Pressure, P = nRT/V T1 + T2
PL (2n/2V) RT T
` =
2
& =
PR (n/V) RT
After mixing, rms speed of helium
7. Finally pressure, temperature are equal in all 3 parts. 3RT 3R (T1 + T2) 400 + 32000
v1' = = =
Moles in A initially and finally will be same. M M 2 # 4 # 10 -3
'
PA (L/3) v
& 1 = 1500 2 m/s
P'Ax
= ....(i)
For oxygen,
RT RT'
Moles of B remain same. 3R (T1 + T2) 4000 + 32000
v 2' =
=
A B 2M 2 # 32 # 10 -3
P’ P’ P’
T’ T’ T’ v 2' = 750 m/s
10. Let x moles of the gas dissociate at 1000 K.
Number of moles of diatomic gas milecule = 1 - x
Number of moles of monatomic gas molecules = 2×x
x L - 2x x
2PA (L/3) P'A (L - 2x)
Energy of diatomic molecules
= ....(ii)
= Energy of monatomic molecule
RT RT'
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get 5 3
(
& 1 - x) RT = 2x # RT
1 x 2 2
= & x = L/4
⇒ x = 5/11
2 L - 2x
8. Let m gram be the mass of neon. Then the mass of
Now, new number of moles = (1 - x) + 2x
argon is (28-m) g.
= 1 + x = (16/11)
Total number of moles of the mixture, nRT
P=
m 28 - m 28 + m V
n= + = ....(i) 300R
20 40 40
Pressure initially at 300 K = Pi =
V
PV 1 105 # 0.02
#
Now, n = = = 0.8 ....(ii) (1 + x) R # 1000
RT 8.314 # 300
Pressure finally at 1000 K = Pf =
V
From (i) and (ii),
16 R
28 + m
= # 1000 d n
= 0.8 & 28 + m = 32 & m = 4 g 11 V
40
Pf 33
or mass of argon = (28 - 4) g = 24 g Pi = 160
3RT 11. 6avg ]K $ Egrot@O2 = ^avg ]K $ E grot hN2
9. Vr.m.s =
M
3RT1
= 2 b 12 KT l
For helium, 1000 =
4 # 10 -3
` Ratio is 1
⇒ 3RT1 = 4000 12. Number of moles are constant.
3RT2 3P0
For oxygen, 1000 = 4P0 ]3V g ]2V g P ]5V g
RT + 2 RT
-3
32 # 10 = RT
⇒ 3RT2 = 32,000
By internal energy conservation, U1 + U2 = U1' + U 2'
Temperature remains same.
f
` 5P = 15P0
Ua = nRT
2
& P = 3P0
3 5 5 24 3 5 5 24
& # RT1 + # RT2 = d # + + n RT
` n =6
2 4 2 32 2 4 2 32
Kinetic theory of Gases 17.9
nRT 14. As temperature constant
13. Pi = V
1.4 -2
(by considering gas inside the bell closely behaves
nN2 = 28 = 5 # 10
as ideal gas).
0.4
nHe = 4 = 10 # 10 2
-
PV = constant
Pi =
5 # 10 3
-
& ]4.2g]50ccg = ]0.7g V'
]4.2g]50ccg = ]0.7g V'
5 2
= 3.75 # 10 N/m
&
Pf nf
= n
& V' = 300 cc
Pi i
` x =3
n f = 0.7nN2 + 0.6nN atom + nHe
15. Considering temperature is constant.
= ]1.3g5 # 10 2 + 10 # 10 - -2
-2 Pi Vi = Pf Vf ; y is level of mercury in
= 16.5 # 10
16.5
glass tube
Pf = 15 # 3.75 # 105
& ^ P0 h] A 5cmg = ^ P0 - ρgy h] Ag^48 - y h
= 1.1 # 3.75 # 105
Length of air column = ^48 - yh
11K = #
8 11 0.375
& K =3
EXERCISE - 4
3RT = 8RT 3.
1. ML πMR ;
( T is same on both sides as they
are separated by diathermic wall)
3π = mL
8 MR
1.4 gm R ]1800g
2.P = 28 gm $
5 # 10 3
-
= 1-1 ]1800g R 2
10
dP A = dm xω
= ]18g]8.314g^103h
MP dv 2
dP A = RT x ω ; M is molecular weight
= 1.5 # 105 N/m 2
n' = 1.3 n ( ` 30% of molecules P ,
# dP = Mω 2 # x dx
are dissociated)
& P RT
P0 0
` P' = 1.3P
= ]1.5g]1.3g # 105
& ln ^ P/P0 h = RT 2
Mω 2 , 2
= 1.95 # 105 N/m 2
mω 2 , 2
& P = P0 e 2RT
17.10 Physics
4. Considering both the gases have same number of
degrees of freedom.
Ui = n1 CV T1 + n2 CV T2
1 - ]- ag
C = CV + = CV + 1 + a Pf
P = x
∆Q = aui, nCv ∆T = anCv Ti .
Pf = P b1 - Vυ l
n
& C ]a - 1gTi = a CV Ti
&
a
Considering υ << v
& C = a - 1 CV
R a P
CV + 1 + a = a - 1 CV Pf =
b1 + υ l
n
V
R 1
& a + 1 = a - 1 CV
9. Average translational K $ E of both kinds of
a-1
& CV = a + 1 R molecules should be same.
7. Pi = P0, , Vi = b πR 2 + πR l , Ti = T0
2 1 2 1 2
2 m v A = 2 2m vB
4
Pf = P' , Vf = ^πR 2h 2 Tf = 2T0
1 ^ 2h = 1 ]2mg 2
& 2 m 3ω 2 v
19. P = 3 ρ ]c g
1 2
P' + ρg ]52 - xg = P0
20. If mass is doubled and speed of all molecules is
halved, kinetic energy of all molecules becomes
P0 ]8 cmg = ^ P0 - ρg ]52 - xgi x cm
half. Thereby, temperature becomes half as volume
&
is constant, pressure also becomes half.
]76g]8 g = ]76g] xg 0 ]520xg x
m 1
V = ρ = 4 m3
21.
]76g]8 g = 24x + x 2
x 2 + 24x - ]76g8 = 0
PV = nRT
x = 15.4 cm 5
& U = 2 nRT, , for diatomic gas.
13. ^n1 hi + ^n2 hi = ^n1 h f + ^n2 h f
= 52 PV
2P0 V0 V0 V0
& RT0 = P d RT0 + 2RT0 n
= 52 PV
4P0
= 52 # 8 # 10 4 # 14
& 3 =P
( a both connected containers are
= 5 # 10 4 # 14
at the same pressure)
= 5 # 10 4 J
^4P0 /3 h^V0 h
^n2 h f = 2RT 22. PV = nRT
0
2P0 V0 P nR
= 3RT
& T = V
0
By considering 'n' is constant, slope of P vs T
14. ∆p = 2m V cos 45c
graph should be inversely proportional V .
= 2 mV
As V is reduced to half, slope of the curve should be
Momentum transfered greater than the earlier one.
per second = 10 23 2 mV
Ptransfered
pressure = Area
= c V mV
dN a
P1 A = P2 A + mg .....(1) 28. dV 0
& ]76g]45g c 2
2x
m = 10 cm
a
V0 # V2 dV
45 - x 2 0
9 ]76g x = 45 2 - x 2
= a V0
& 2
& x + 9 ]76g x - 45 = 0
2 2
V 3 2V
= 22 30 = 3 0
x - 3 cm V0
Vavg
P1 n1 T1 V = 32
24. P = n T , means that both container have same 0
2 2 2 V0
^n1 + n2 hR
2
4
= n RT n RT V
1 1 2 2
= 22 $ 4 0
P1 + P2 V0
P1 P2 ^n1 + n2 h
V2
= 20
n1 P2 T1 + n2 P1 T2
P n V0
= 2T1 d1 + n2 n
& Vr.m.s. =
2
1 1
V0
P PT # a
= 2T1 d1 + P2 T1 n N = V0 V $ dV
V0
2 to V0
1 1 2 V0
2
= 2aV dV02 - 0 n
PT +P T V
= 1 22T T 2 1
1 2 0 4
25. During collision between two molecules. Total 3V0 a
= 8
kinetic energy of the molecules is conserved, with
K $ E of one molecule may increase and other may
= 34 c 0 m
aV
decrease.
2
Kinetic theory of Gases 17.13
dV 32. According K.T.G.,
29. =r
P = t ^Vr.m.s. h
dt 1 2
*
3
Consider ‘P’ is the pressure at t. ` ^Vr.m.s. h is not directly proportional to
In next small “dt” interval, “dn” number of moles of pressure.
gas is ejected. 1 3
* mV 2 = KT
nt = nt + dt + dn 2 2
` Average kinetic energy is directly proportional
PV0 ] P + dP g V0 P dV
& = + to absolute temperature.
RT RT RT
* Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to
“t + dt”, Remaining gas immediately occupies total
volume of the container. average speed of molecules.
33. All given statements are basic assumptions of KTG
& dP V0 =- P dV 34. At 0K1
dP - dV
* Pressure is zero.
& =
P V0
* Volume is zero.
P t
dP -1
* Kinetic energy of the gas is zero.
& # P
=
V0
# r dt
P0 0 35. At a given temperature, molecules of both the
- rt gases have same average, translatory kinetic energy
& ln P/P0 =
V0 b 3 KT l .
2
- rt
P = P0 e
But average total kinetic energy of hydrogen
V0
molecules is higher than average total kinetic
In addition, energy of Helium at degree of freedom are more for
PV = nRT Hydrogen.
When number of moles becomes half, pressure also 1 dV
36. γ = V dT
becomes half.
at constant pressure,
P0 -rt
= P0 e V nRT
2 V = P
0
rt
& ln 2 = dV = nR
V0 dT P
]ln 2g V0 1 nR 1
& t =
` γ =V $ P =T
r
30. Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gas.
As 'T' is given to be same for all gases, γ is same.
* All molecules of a gas are identical.
Average translational K $ E per molecule
* molecules are like rigid balls.
= 32 KT
* collisions are elastic and duration of molecular
mean free path is inversely proportional to pressure.
colliion is negligible.
37. ]∆Pgper molecule = 2mV
It doesn’assume all gases are identical.
= 2 ^6 # 10 -27h # 103
31. According to KTG,
= 12 # 10 24 kg m/ sec . -
molecules move randomly and doesn’t exert any
forces except during collisions.
number of collisions per unit area per seocnd
= ^103h^10 26h
17.14 Physics
38. * Ideal gas doesn’t get liquified at absolute zero PA V = n A R T
temperature.
PB V = nB RT ; nB = 8n A
* Actual gas behaviour deviates from ideal gas
due to pressure of intermolecular interactions
` PB = 8PA
and finite size of molecules. 41. * Mean K $ E per mole for diatomic gas - 5/2 RT
1
* Mean translation K $ E per mole of an ideal gas-
39. P = 3 ρ v r2.m.s. 3
2 RT .
3KT
vr.m.s. = m
* Mean K $ E per molecule of polyatomic gas-
7
P = V N
Ntotal
RT 2 KT (Including vibration)
avg
42. A gas sample is enclosed in a container. As
= NKT; N is number of molecules temperature is contiuously increasing,
* Internal energy of the gas increases.
per unit volume.
* Average momentum of gas molecules is zero and
40. 6]K $ E gavg@A = 6]K $ E gavg@B remains constant.
* Number of molecules moving with most
As both the gases are diatomic in nature and are at probable speed decreases.
the same temperature.
Vavg
_^V h i _^V h i
1 2 1 2 8RT
* V 3π ; remains constant.
2 m A A r . m. s . = 2 m B B r . m. s .
=
r . m. s .
^VA hr.m.s.
= 14
^VB hr.m.s.
&
& ]vrmsg2 =
Numerical Type
2 #
200.
3
1. Given,
& ]vrmsg2 =
400
m/s
The initial temperature of the gas T1 = 27°C = 300 K, 3
pressure of the gas P1 = 1 atm, and rms speed
]Vrmsg1 = 200 m/s.
2. PV = nRT
P1 V1 = nR 250
The final temperature of the gas T2 = 127°C = 400 K,
P2 ^2V1 h = 4 R # 2000
pressure of the gas P2 = 2 atm, and rms speed 5n
]Vrmsg2 = x m/s.
3
Divide
3RT
rms speed of gas molecules is, vrms = M . P1 4 # 250
2P2 = 5 # 2000
v
& rms \ T
]vrmsg2
P1 1
T2 P2 = 5
&
]vrmsg1
= T1
]vrmsg2
P2
400 2 P1 = 5
&
]vrmsg1
= 300 = 3
& ]vrmsg2 =
2 ]v g
rms 1
3
Kinetic theory of Gases 17.15
Single Option Correct
3 p = 2 mv cos θ
3
Total change in momentum = F = 2 mvcos θ × n per
3. Average translational K.E./molecule = 2 kT
second
4. PV = nRT F
Pressure = A
100 # 103 # 2000 # 10 -6 2 mn v cos θ
n=
25 #
= A
3 300
n = 80 # 10
-3 2 # 3.32 # 10 -27 # 10 23 # 103 # cos 45°
=
2 # 10 -4
n1 + n2 = 0.08
Also, n1 # 2 + n2 # 32 = 0.76
= 2.34 # 103 N/m 2
_0.08 - n2 i 2 + n2 ]32g = 0.76
9. ni Ti = n f Tf as pressure and volume are constant
& n2 = 0.02
nf T 290 105 # 30
& n1 = 0.06
& n = Ti = 300 and ni = ] g N A
i f R 300
n 3
So, n1 = 1
29
2 n f = 30R # 10 4 # N A
5. Both translational kinetic energy & rotational kinetic
energy obey Maxwell’s distribution independent of n f - ni =- 2.5 # 10 25
each other. Mean free Path
10. Average time between collision = Vrms
The translational KE and the rotational KE are
1 CV
both dependent on the degrees of freedom. Since, t = ;t =
πd 2 N/V T
for diatomic molecule, the translational degree of 3RT
freedom are 3 and the rotational only 2, the average M
energy in translational and rotational are different. M
Therefore, option (d) is correct. e where C = 2 = constant o
πd N 3R
c1 R c2 R
n1 C p + n2 C p n1 c - 1 + n2 c - 1 V2
6. cmixture = n C + n C =
1 2 1 2
& T ?
1 v 2 v n1 R n2 R t2
c1 - 1 + c2 - 1
1 2
For adiabatic
on rearranging we get
TV γ
-1
=k
n1 + n2 n1 n2 5 3 2
c mix - 1 = c1 - 1 + c2 - 1 ; c mix - 1 = 1/3 + 2/3 V 2
2 V γ 1 = k
-
t
5 17 5
c mix - 1 = 9 + 3 = 12 & c mixure = 12 = 1 + 12 Vγ 1 =
-
k
& c mix = 1.42 t2 γ+1
t ?V 2
3RT γ+1
7. vrms = m
so, q = 2
]v rmsg 40 n1 T1 + n2 T2 + n3 T3
]v rmsgAr
He = 4 = 10 = 3.16 11. t = n1 + n2 + n3
8. mH = 3.32 # 10 -27 kg
1 2
12. 2 Mv = CV .∆T
n/s = 10 23
wall area = 2cm2 1 2 R
2 Mv = γ - 1 .∆T
M.v 2 ^ γ - 1 h
∆T = 2R
^ γ - 1 h Mv 2
= 2R
17.16 Physics
distance = 4 + 2 = 6 m
Thermodynamics 18.1
Thermodynamics
INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
the molecules of perfect gas are considered to be
1. W = # Pdv negligible.
` It depends on the thermodynamic process i.e. the
manner in which volume is changed. 6. Charge in internal energy
= 5 R/2 2 7R/2
= 18 J
+
9. PV = P1 2V
= 3R
P
1 ^Cv h1 + 1 ^Cv h2
` P1 = 2
4, ^Cv hmixture
= PA ]2V gγ
= 1+1 γ
PV
= 3 R/2 2 5 R/2
+
P
& PA = γ
2
= 2R P1 ]P/2g γ-1
PA = ^ P/2 r h = 2
_C p imixture
^Cv hmixture
` γ = 10. Condensation process occurs at constant temperature.
Therefore kinetic energy of the system remains
= 32R
R = 2
3
constant during condensation process but potential
5. The internal energy of a perfect gas is totally in energy decreases owing to decreased intermolecular
the form of kinetic energy, as interactions among interactions.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
Wext =+ 1572 J
mc
dp
= VP
-
1.
dv Isothermal
constant c as V = ρ m
P = m
-γ p 3.
c m
dp ργ
= V
dv adiabatic
P1 P
= 2γ
Wby gas = nRT ln ^v2 /v1 h
&
2. ρ1γ ρ2
P2 ρ2 γ
= 1 ]Rg]273g ln b 11 .2 l
& P1 = d n
22.4 ρ1
=- ]273g]Rg]ln 2g ρ2 P γ
1
& d n d 2n
=- 1572 J ρ1 = P1
18.2 Physics
4. ∆Q = Wby gas + ∆u V2 γ - 1
& d n =4
& Wby gas = 100J - n Cv ∆T V1
n CP ∆T = 100 J V2
& V1 = 16
Wby gas = n ^CP - Cv h∆T
Temperature reduced by 4 times.
= n R ∆T
8. PA v γ = p ]2V gγ
= 72 ]100g
& PA = p 2 γ
= 28.57 J
PB = P
5. Wby gas = # P dv
PC V = P ]2vg
If 'p' is constant
& PC = 2P
= P ^V2 - V1 h
PA : PB : PC = P2 γ : P : 2P
= Pc 0 -
α T 2 α T12 m
= 2 2 :1: 2
P P
= α _4T0 - T0 i
2 2
P1 V1 αV 2
9. T1 = nR = nR1 = 300 K
= 3αT02
2 2
P2 V2 αV2 4αV
6. WAOC > WABC T2 = nR = nR = nR1 = 1200 K
& ∆U AOC = ∆U ABC
T2 - T1 = 900 K
` ∆Q AOC > ∆Q ABC
7. In adiabatic process, 10. as P ? T, slope of the graph is equal to b nR
v
l
T Vγ
-1
= Constant V3 = V4, V1 = V2
T V3 < V2
T1 V1γ = 41 V2γ - 1
-1
&
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
V ? T 2 /3 & V = K T 2 /3 V = K b TP l
1/3
1. As 3.
nR
P = K T1/3 ^a ρv = nRT h
V = K b nR l
1/3
& V
Wgas = # P dv V 4/3 = K ]nRg1/3
T2
` V is constant
= # nR 1 /3 2 - 1 /3
K T $ K 3 T .dT
i.e. given process is isochoric.
T1
4. A " B is Isobaric process.
= 32 nR ^T2 - T1 h
` Temperature increases in this process.
= 32 ]8.314g]30g U
` B > UA
= ]8.3g 20 = 166.2 J 5. Wby gas = ∆Q - ∆u
T2
- dP
B =]
dV/V g = # nc dT - n CV ∆T
2.
T1
V n P n dP + P n .dv = 0
-1
T2
T - γ-1^ 0
= a # dT R ηT - T h
dP = - P
0 dT
& dv nv T1
R ]n - 1g
= a ln ^η h - γ -
B =-b -nvP $ v l = P/n
1 T0
Thermodynamics 18.3
T 10
4
6. η = 1 - T1 Q = 15
2
T
& Q = 5 # 10 4 J
7. η = 1 - T1
2
10. In a cyclic process,
300
= 1 - 1000
Qnet = Wnet + Unet
= 0.7
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 = W1 + W2
W =
Q 0.7
+ W3 + W4
& W = ]3000K Calg]0.7g
^a Unet = 0 h
= 2.1 # 106 Cal
& 5960 - 5585 - 2980 + 3645 = 2200 - 825
= 8.4 # 106 J
400
- 1100 + ω 4
9.
η = 1 - 500
& W4 = 765 J
= 1/5
EXERCISE - 1
8. As C p - Cv = R 15. P ?V
P = kV
for above equation, we can say that both C p and Cv
-1
increase by same amount.
PV = Constant
Q
C = cCV + 1 - γ m
R
9. S = m∆T
= c 2 + 1 - ]- 1g m
For changing state 5R R
t = const or ∆T = 0
= 3R
` s = 3 (Infinite)
18.4 Physics
16. ∆u = 3∆W γ 1
PV = C, P2 α .....(ii)
3nR ]∆T g
V 2γ
& ncv ∆T = 1-γ
From (i) and (ii)
Cv
C = Cv + 1 - γ d a - n
R R
P1 > P2
1 γ = 3
24. As W.D. by gas in isothermal is more as compare to
4C
= 3v adiabatic process
;dU = E
2dU + nfRdt
dQ = f dU
2
` ∆W2 < ∆W1
dU = 1
dQ a 2
f + 1k
25. Adiabatic process
∆Q = 0
dU = 5
dQ 7
For any process
∆Q = nCv ∆T
Hence, option (c) is correct
VdP ]- PdV g
6300 = nCv 150K 26. B = dV =- dV (for isothermal process)
At constant pressure, B=P
∆Q = nCP ∆T dP
27. Slope =- γ dV
8800 = n CP ]150g As slope of A > slope of B
When temperature is increased by 300 K,
` γ of A > γ of B
∆u = nCv ]300g = 12600 J
or A " Helium
19. ∆Q = ∆W ]T = constantg B " Hydrogen
if heat is released then W =- ve 28. Gas undergoes cyclic process which includes
20. In isothermal expansion isothermal, adiabatic & isobaric process in sequence.
T = constant ∆U = 0 W = ∆Q 29. As ∆U = nR∆T For closed path
Option (d) is correct.
∆T = 0 ` ∆U = 0
21. As Volume decreases
P
30. T α P or T = constant
` pressure of the gas in the cylinder increases
P nR
22. For adiabatic
As T = V = constant
T Vγ
-1
=C ^ γ > 1h .....(i)
or V = constant
For isothermal T = const .....(ii)
` W=0
From (i) and (ii)
31. ∆U = 0 ` T = constant
T2 < T1
23. For isothermal
or PV = constant or P - V curve is a rectangular
hyperbola.
1
PV = C. or P1 α V .....(i)
1
Clearly, option (b) is correct
For adiabatic
Thermodynamics 18.5
V nR 1
∆U3 =- ve
32. T = P P ? slope
` ∆U1 > ∆U2 > ∆U3
or Pα
1 ` P2 < P1
slope
As volume increases, ∆W =+ ve
39. A " B, Pressure is constant
33. W.D. = π # Pressure Radius # volume Radius (area
of ellipse)
` V vs. T Graph should be a straight line
passing through origin.
W = πa ka k = π ^ P2 - P1 h^V2 - V1 h
P2 –P1 V2 –V1
2 2 4
B " C isothermal i.e. T is constant.
34. AB " isothermal
` V vs T graph is straight line parallel to
PA VA = PB VB .....(i)
y-axis, on which V is plotted.
BC " Adiabatic
C"D Volume is constant
PB VBγ = PC VCγ .....(ii)
D "A Temperature is constant.
CD " Isothermal
40. ∆u can be zero when ∆T = 0 , or in cyclic process,
PC VC = PD VD .....(iii)
(or) in the process, where ∆U =- W .
DA " Adiabatic
(b) option might be representing isothermal process.
PD VDγ = PA VAγ .....(iv)
T1 - T2 W T
From (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) 41. η = c 1 m
T1 - Q & Q = T1 - T2 W
VB VA
VC = VD = (600600
- 300) # 800 = 1600J
T 273 273
35. P P P 42. K = T -2 T = 303 - 273 = 30 = 9
1 2
ρRT
So 26% efficiency is impossible.
ca P =
For 2nd graph: Mw m
1 46. Heat cannot flow itself from a lower temperature to
At constant P , ρ?T
a body of higher temperature. This corresponds to
For 3rd graph L : density ρ = constant second law of thermodynamics.
At constant pressure Q1 = 3 # 106 cal
V ? T or V α ]t + 273g
T2 = 27 + 273 = 300 K
37. Here V = aT + b where a, b > 0 W T1 - T2
` =
nRT nR b b Q T1
So P = aT + b = a + b/T but T 1 T so P2 > P1
2 1
2
38. ∆U1 =+ ve
& W = # 3 # 106 Cal
3
∆U2 = 0
= 2 # 106 Cal
18.6 Physics
EXERCISE - 2
1. p1 = 20 # 105 N/m 2 ;
-6
v1 = 1500 # 10 m
3 7. P - V indicator diagram for a given sample of
5 2 -6 3
monoatomic ideal gas is shown in figure. The
p2 = 30 # 10 N/m ; v2 = 3000 # 10 m average molar specific heat capacity of the system
p1 v1 p2 v2 for the process ABCD is : (R is a universal gas
T1 = nR and T2 = nR
constant).
dU = nCv dT = n. 32 R. ^T2 - T1 h (C p) p0 V0
Q AB =- R
(p v2 –p1 v1)
= n. 32 R. 2 nR
(C ) p V
QBC = v R 0 0
= 32 ^ p2 v2 - p1 v1 h = 9000 Joule
4p V
Q = ∆U + W & + Q = ∆U + P0 ^V2 - V1 h
QCD = C p R0 0
2.
Average molar specific heat capacity
& Q = ∆U + P0 a ρ - ρ k
1 1
2 1 Q AB + QBC + QCD ; 3C p + Cv E
= =
& ∆U = Q + P0 a ρ - ρ k
1 1 η (TD - TA) 4
1 2
3. ∆Q =- 30, ∆W =- 18 R
8. c = CV + 1 - N .....(1)
T2 V
-3
∆u = ∆Q - ∆W = constant
=- 30 - ]- 18g
PV = nRT
2 2 -3
U f - 60 =- 12 J
P V V = constant
2 -1
P V = constant
& U f = 48 J -1/2
PV = constant
4. ^∆Q hAB = ]∆ugAB + ]∆W gAB
N =- 1/2
& 150 J = 40 J + ]∆ugAB 5R 2R 19R
C= 2 + 3 = 6
& ]∆ugAB = 110 J
9. When water is heated from 0c C to 4c C , its volume
]∆ugnet is zero in a cyclic process.
decreases.
` ∆u AB + ∆uBC + ∆uCA = 0 P
` ∆ V is negative
110 + 50 + ∆UCA = 0
Hence C p - Cv < 0 & C p < Cv
& ∆uCA =- 160 J 10. ]P = constantg
5. For an ideal gas ∆Q nCP ∆T CP 5
∆W = nR∆T = R = 2
CP - CV = R
11. Process1 " 2 and Process3 " 4 are isochoric process.
if CP - CV = 1.09 R
W12 = 0
or p A > pB TA < TB
W34 = 0
W23 = n R ^T3 - T2 h
Then gas will be real. Thus pressure is high and
temperature is low for real gas.
6. CP = 3.5 R (At STP)
= 3R ]2400 - 800g = 4800 R
As temperature increases, vibrational degree W41 = nR ^T1 - T4 h
of freedom becomes 2 at higher temperature as
= 3R ]400 - 1200g =- 2400 R
molecular vibration becomes effective.
Wtotal = ]4800 - 2400g R = 2400 R
9
CP = 2 R = 4.5 R
= 20 kJ
Thermodynamics 18.7
12. Since elasticity of balloon is negligible ` pressure 16. ∆Q1 - ∆Q2 = n ^CP h1 ∆T - n ^CP h2 ∆T
inside baloon - pressure outside balloon Patm
= n 7^CP h1 - ^CP h2A ∆T
` W = Patm ∆V
Vin = 10 litre
= n b 72R - 52R l ∆T
` ∆Q1 - ∆Q2 = ∆u1 - ∆u2
& 10 # 10 b 290 l = 200 J
5 -2 58
∆Q2 > ∆Q1 & ∆u2 + ∆W2 > ∆u1 + ∆W1
13. A is free to move, therefore, heat will be supplied at
∆v2 > ∆v1
constant pressure
` dQ A = nCP dTA 17. As initial and final state are same
B is held fixed, therefore heat will be supplied at
` TI = TF As Vrms, Pav and K av
constant volume
Depends on temperature
` dQB = nCV dTB
` all are equal
But dQ A = dQB
18. B " A
` nCP dTA = nCV dTB
∆Q = 0
Cp
` dTB = d C n dTA = γ ^dTA h
0 =- 30 + ∆UBA
V
dTA = 30K = ]1.4g]30 K g
∆UBA = 30 J
` dTB = 42 K
` ∆U AB =- ∆UBA =- 30 J
ρ 19. XY Adiabatic compression
14. Ideal gas equation P = M .RT
For state A YZ
Isothermal Expansion
ρ ZX
Compression at constant pressure
P0 = M0 R T0
For state B 20. Given: P ? T3 .....(i)
ρ 3
In adiabatic process
3P0 = M R2T0 & ρ = 2 ρ0
T γ P1
-γ
= constant
15. WA " B + WB " C + WC " A = 12 $ 12 # 105
1
Tα
p(1 γ)/γ
5 3 -
1.5 # 10 + 0 + WC " A = 25 # 10 J
^ γ /γ - 1 h
WC " A =- 125 kJ T ? P .....(ii)
& UC " A = 1 # 105 J γ
` γ-1 = 3
= 100 kJ 3γ - 3 = γ
QC " A = WC " A + UC " A 2γ = 3
=- 125 kJ + 100 kJ CP 3
CP = γ = 2
=- 25 kJ
18.8 Physics
21. For adiabatic process n RT n RT n RT
= AV - 2A V = 2A V .....(1)
γ γ
P V 1 = PA V 2
In Chamber B "
V γ
PA = P c V1 m .....(1) 1.5∆P
2
^ PB hi - ^ PB h f =
For isothermal process nB RT nB RT nB RT
V - 2V = 2V .....(2)
P V1 = PB V2
From (1) and (2)
V
PB = P V1 .....(2) NA 1 2
2 NB = 1.5 = 3
From (1) and (2)
m A /M 2
PA < PB [For expansion V2 > V1 ]
or mB /M = 3
mA 2
and by PV = nRT TA < TB
or mB = 3
22. TV γ
-1
=C
or 3m A = 2mB
f f
∆U AB = 2 nR∆T & 2 ]∆PV g 27. PV γ = C; ,nP + γ,nV = ,nC
& ,nP =- γ,nV + ,nC & y = mx + c
∆U AB = 52 ]∆PV g - [2.10 - 2.38]
& m =- γ =- (1.30 - 1.10) =- 1.4
Q AB = 2.5 P0 V0
` The gas is diatomic
Process BC
nR (T1 - T2)
QBC = ∆ UBC + WBC 28. Wadiabatic = γ-1 = 6R
∆U AB = nCv ^TB - TA h
= 400 # 12 ln 14 =- 6654 J
= 1 # 32 R # ]600 - 300g =+ 450 R
25. Process is isothermal. Therefore, T = constant
b P ? 1 l volume is increasing therefore, pressure ∆UBC = nCv ^TC - TB h
V
will decrease.
= 1 # 32 R # ]450 - 600g
In chamber A "
=- 225 R
∆P = ^ PA hi - ^ PA h f ∆U ABCA = ∆UCA + ∆U AB + ∆UBC = 0
Thermodynamics 18.9
30. Work done in process 1 - 3 is greater than that in 38. U = a + bPV = a + bnRT
proces 1 - 2 . While change in internal energy is
same for both processes ` Q2 > Q1
& ∆U = bnR∆T = nCv ∆T
∆Q = 0 Therefore, ∆u = 0
T 2 V 1 = constant
-
i.e. no change in temperature
` P becomes half. T12 T22
V1 = V2
32. P PV n = constant
as V2 = 2V1 & T2 = 2 T1
∆Q = n bCv + 1 - x l ∆T
R
n1 40.
n2
V
= n b 32R + R l
2 ∆T
PV n = constant, n2 > n1
= 2nR∆T
As n increases, work done by gas decreases, for
same change in volume.
= 2RT0
` work done by gas is minimum when n is 41. As PV = nRT m = ρV = constant
maximum. 1
or ρα V and Pα ρ
33.
A " B T = constant, pressure increases or volume
decreases
B " C Volume is constant, V = constant
C"C P is decreases or volume increases
5T = constant?
2
So, final pressure is maximum for PV = constant.
D " A Volume is constant .
clearly option (b) is constant.
1 k
34. Pα & P= & PV 2 = k
V2 V2 42. L " M P = constant
& PV.V = k & nRTV = k & TV = k1
Here, option (b) is constant.
Since temperature increases therefore volume
decreases or work done by the gas is negative. 43. As volume increases
` Work done continuously increases
35. PT11 = Constant & PV = nRT
∆V ∆T ∆V 12 44. As W = P∆V ∆V = same is both process
V & ? T12 & V = 12 T & γ v = V∆T = T
36. ∆U = 2P0 ∆V & W = P0 ∆V
As PB > PA ` ∆W2 > W1
So Q = W + ∆U = 3P0 ∆V = 3P0 V0 45. Correct graph is shown in option (a)
37. V ? T & V ? ]PV g
4 4
Process 1-2 adiabatic process,
& 4 V3 = constant & PV3/4 = constant
P
Process 2-3 Isochoric process,
R R
Process 3-1 Isothermal process
` C = Cv + 1 - x = 3R + 1 - 3/4 = 3R + 4R = 7R
18.10 Physics
46. Work done by gas = Area under P-V diagram
` P ]vsg T graph is a straight line passing
π (4–3)(4–2) π (2–1)(3–2.5) through origin.
= 2 + 2 C " A, Temperature is constant.
2 .5 π 5 π Option (a) is correct
= 2 = 4 atm L `
W =- ` 4 j atm L
5π ∆P nR
53. ∆T = V
(Work done by gas is negative as cycle is As volume is constant, P ]vsg T is a straight line.
anticlockwise)
As V is different for both the vessels, slope is
different.
47. Here, t = V tan 45c + T0 & T = V + T0
54. Comparing process (1) and (2)
nRT
and P= V
Expansion in the process (1)
PV = is done at higher pressure.
` R V + T0 (Since, n = 1 )
` ]P - Rg V = RT0
` W1 > W3
C1 a ∆T k a ∆U + k
∆Q1 ∆W1
` Internal energy increases.
= == ∆ T ∆T 1 1 ^a W > W h
a 2k a ∆U + k
C2 ∆Q ∆W2 2 1
58. Efficiency of the cycle
∆T ∆ T ∆ T
work done
51. WOBC = WODA
= heat supplied
But WOBC is negative and WODA is positive. 2P0 V0
=Q +Q
Therefore, Wnet = 0 B"C A"B
QB " C = ^3P0 V0 h + n 2 ∆T
proportional to T . 3R
` P vs T graph is a straight line parallel to
= 3P0 V0 + 32 ^6P0 V0 - 3P0 V0 h
axis on which T is plotted.
= 15
2 P0 V0
B " C, volume is constant.
Thermodynamics 18.11
Q A " B = 0 + 2 ^3P0 V0 - P0 V0 h
3
& Q1 = 4.8 # 10 J 4
η1 = 1 - T2 , ^W1 h = η1 Q1
= 3P0 V0 T
62.
2P V 1
η = 21 0 0 T
2 P0 V0 η 2 = 1 - T3 , W2 = ^η 2 h Q2
2
4
= 21 η Q
as W1 = W2 & η1 = Q2
59. As the pv graph is anti-cyclic, area of ABCD is work 2 1
done by gas. T -T T T
& T1 - T2 $ T2 = T2
2 3 1 1
∆Qnet = ∆Wtotal + ∆vtotal = 0
& T1 - T2 = T2 - T3
` ∆Qnet = ∆Wtotal
=+ ve, from graph T1 + T3
& T2 = 2
` heat is absorbed.
i.e. II and III are correct.
= 11000
2 = 550 K
T
60. η = 1 - T2 63. From the derivation of efficiency of carnot cycle,
1
efficiency is independent of atomicity of the gas.
300
0.4 = 1 - T
T1 - T2
300 = h =
T 0.6 T1
&
300
T = 0.6 = 500 K W 684 - 342
=
Q 684
300
T' = 0.4 = 750 K W 1
& =
T' - T = 250 K 1000 2
Q2 T2
& W = 500 J
61. Q1 = T1
` area enclosed by PV diagram in both the cases is
Q1 400 500 J.
& 4 = 500
6 # 10
EXERCISE - 3
8. Since walls are adiabatic, heat lost to the surrounding 11. W = # pdV
V1
is zero. Movable saperator is highly conducting
V2
⇒ Temperature remains same in both the chambers
= # b av + b l dv
at all time V1
⇒ Separator doesn’t move or work done by gas = 0
= a ln ^V2 /V1 h + b ^V2 - V1 h
nC
` v dT = dQ
= 10 ln 2 + ]2.1g]1 g
3
⇒ dQ = (2 # n) d R n (2T0 - T0)
= 6.93 + 2.1 = 9
2
⇒ dQ = 15 kJ
Thermodynamics 18.13
PV = nR _T0 + α v i T
2
12. 17. η1 = 1 - 8
P = Rc m
T0 2
V +αv η2 = 1 - T
dp
at minimum value dv = 0
as η1 = η 2
- T0 T 2
R d + αn = 0 1- 8 = 1- 7
V2
T0 T = 2
8 T & T = 4k
V = α
` Pmin = R _ αT0 + T0 α i 18. ∆u = n Cv ∆T
= αR 2 T0 4 W =- nR ∆T
` N =4
∆Q = n C p ∆T
R
13. C = Cv + 1 - x ∆u Cv 5
∆Q = C p = 7
= 3R + -R1
= 2R
` N =7
` N =2 19. 1 " 2, isochoric process
-b
14. PV = Constant W12 = 0
R
2 " 3, Isobaric process
C = Cv + 1 + b
R - 5R W23 = nR ^T3 - T2 h
asC = 0,
1+b = 2
-2
= 3R ]1600g = 4800R
& 1 + b = 5
3 " 4, Isochoric process
` - 5b =7
` W34 = 0
700
15. Maximum Efficiency = 1 - 2100
4 " 1, Isoblaric compression,
=2
` W41 = 3R ]- 800g
3
^2 5 h
=- 2400 R
Fraction = 2 = 53
3
` Wnet = 0 + 9800R + 0 - 2400R
` N =3
T 1
= 2400 R
16. n1 = 1 - T1 = 6
2
= 2.4R kJ = 20 kJ
T1 5
T2 = 6 N =
` 5 4
T1 - 65
& T2 = 32 # 56
& 3T1 = ]15g]65g
& T1 = ]65g 5
T2 = ]65g6
` T1 = 5
18.14 Physics
20. P Wnet = W021 - W043
P2 3 4
= ^ P0 - P1 h^V2 - V1 h
1
P0 0
2
1 2
- ^ P0 - P2 h^V4 - V3 h
P1 1
V 2
V1 V2 3
10
= 103 -
As Dle 021 & Dle 043 similar triangles, 4
3
P0 - P1 P2 - P0
= ^103 h J
4
=
V2 - V1 V4 - V3
` N =4
V4 - V3 = ^V2 - V1 h
1
&
2
EXERCISE - 4
Keeping volume
` i 2 R = mg v
constant, pressure get i2 R
doubled
& V = mg
Tension in the string = P0 A 6. A " B, Adiabatic process
3P P nR ^T2 - T1 h
3. p = 2 0 - 2V0 V WAB =
1-γ
0
PV - 3RT0
T = nR
= 4
1 d 3P0 P0 2 3RT
n WBC = 2 0
= nR 2 V - 2V0 V
dT R ^- T0 h
at Tmax , dV = 0 WCD = 1 - 5/3
3P0 P0 3RT
nR < 2 - 2V0 ]2V gF
1
= 20
&
3 -V = WDA = R ^- T0 h
& 2 V0 0
5
3V Wnet = 4 RT0 = 1.25 RT0
& V = 20
T = c 0 $ 0 m nR
3P 3V 1
4 2
9P0 V0
= 8nR
Thermodynamics 18.15
V2 12. Both parts x and y of the chamber are thermally
7. Wby gas = # P dV insulated.
V1
5
V
for part 'x' , c =
= nRT ln d V2 n 5
3
5
1
V 3 -1 2V 3 - 1
= RT ln ]ng T $d n = T' d n
3 3
8. p ]5V g = p'V1 ' T
& T = 2/3
10p ]v g = p' V2 2
7
At equilibrium, pressure should be same in both the
For part y , c =
5
chambers. 7 7
2V 5 - 1 V 5 -1
V2 = 2V1 Td n = T" d n
3 3
V1 + V2 = 6V
T = T ]2 g3/5
"
&
V1 = 2V1 , V2 = 4V
Considering total chamber as thermodynamic
9. Pi = 1 # 105 N/m 2
system,
Vi = 2.4 # 10 3 m3
-
DWext = Du - DQ
= ]Dugsystem
Ti = 300 K
Pf Vf Tf 3R 5R "
= T ;
kx
Pf = Pi + A
= ]1 g ^T' - T h + 2 ^T - T h
Pi Vi i 2 2
2 # 10 # ]3.2g # 10 Tf 3R 1
e 2/3 - 1 o + 5RT ^2 2/5 - 1 h
5 -3
=
^1 # 10 h # ^2.4 # 10 h
& 5 -3 = 300 2 2
& Tf = 800 K
= RT
= ]8.314g T J
10. From the given graph,
13. Case-I
Uρ = constant,
ρ is constant, as T ]vsg V graph is straight line
as U = n Cv T , Tρ = constant passing through origin.
p = ρ RT/M
W1 = P V0
i.e. p is constant and volume decreases as density 2V0
increases.
W2 = # P dV
` (d) is correct. V0
2V0
11. ∆Q1 = Wby gas + ∆u T
= nR # V dV
= mg ]∆xg + p0 ]∆V g + nCv ∆T V0
2V0
= ]80gb 15 l + ^105h^60 # 10 -4hb 15 l
= nR V0 T0 # dV
2
V
+ n Cv ]70g
V0
nRT PV
= nR V0 T0 21V = 2 0 = 2 0
∆Q2 = Wby gas + ∆u 0
= 0 + n ^Cv h]- 70g
W1
` W2 = 2 : 1
∆Q1 - ∆Q2 = 16 + 120
= 136 J
18.16 Physics
14. Pi ]0.83g = ]1 g]8.3g]100g nfR 3 T
22. 3 Q = 3 U + 3 W & 25 = 2 +0
Pi = 103 N/m 2 1 # f # 25 # 2
25 = 2#3
Wby gas = # b Pi + kxA lA dx f = 3 (monoatomic)
0. 1
Where x is further compression 23. CP > CV
and CP - CV = 2
= 103 ^10 -2h^10 -1h + 10 2 b x l
2 0. 1
2 0
` option (a) and (b) is correct
= 1 + 0.5
P2
= 1.5 J 24. Equation of process & ρ = constant = C .....(1)
P nR
15. di = heat supplied to the gas. Equation of State ρ = M T
d~ = work done by system From 1 and 2
du = dQ - d~
PT = constant & (c) is false, (d) is true.
For isobaric process, du = dQ - d~ ρ P
As ρ -changes to 2 & P changes to
For adiabatic process, du =- d~ 2
From equation (1) & (a) is false
^a dQ = 0 h
Hence T changes to 2 T & (b) is true)
For Isothermal process, du = 0
If gas expands, ]dugisobaric > 0 25. For equilibrium of piston
` ]dug is least under adiabatic process.
PS = Kx0
16. W = PdV then W =- ve Kx
P = S0
As pressure and volume both decreases
For piston Wall = KE2 - KE1
` temperature of system decreases
1 1
Wgas - 2 kx 2 = 2 mv 2
17. 3 U = 3 Q - 3 W is same in both methods as it is a
state function. 1 1
Wgas = 2 kx 2 + 2 mv 2 = positive
18. In cyclic process 3 U1 + 3 U2 = 0 ∆Unet = 0
∆Q = 0
Q
3 -3 W = 0 Q
3 =3 U + W
19. Specific heat of a substance can be finite, infinite,
∆U =- W = negative
zero and negative.
As internal energy of gas decreases ` temperature
20. From information, the process may be adibatic or of gas decreases.
isothermal.
26. For any process 3 U = nCV 3 T
21. ∆U = 0
U = constant
For isothermal ∆T = 0
nCV T = constant
or U = constant
As Q2 and N2 are diatomic, so there temp are equal
∆Q = 0 (For adiabatic process)
` TA = TB
(b) As TA = TB, ∆U = 0
(c) workdone = area under the line AB with V
(a)
# ^2V0 - V0 h = 40 0
P0 + P0 /2 3P V
2
(d) As ∆U = 0 and W > 0 & ∆Q > 0
n1 CV + n2 CV
29. CV = 1
n1 + n2
2
CP
(c)
and CPeq = CV eq + R; γ= C
eq
Veq
∆P γP C
m2 = ∆V =- V =- γm1 = CP m1
v
41. Work done = Area of ABC with V-axis
= 2 ] M = molar massg
Change in internal energy of ice-water system, dU
will be positive or internal energy will increase.
2
35. For insulated chambers
& M = 0.05 = 40 g
n1 + n2 = n'1 + n2 ' CP 0.2 4 2
CV = γ = 0.15 = 3 = 1 + f
(final pressures become equal)
PV + 2P.2V = P 5P
& f = degrees of freedom
RT RT RT [3V] & P' = 3
For left chamber 43. A
T
P0
5P 3V
PV = P'V' = 3 V' & V' = 5 P (V,P)
For right chamber P0 B
5P 12V 2
4PV = P'V' = 3 V' & 5 V
V0 V 2V0(Let) V0 2V0
36. Fig. A: WA =+ ve Fig B: WB =+ ve
Let V0 = initial volume = 2V0 = final volume
Fig C: WC =+ ve Fig D: WD =- ve
` In process Fig (D), heat is released.
V = volume of any state
C = n 3 T + n 3 T = n 3 T = n 3 T + n a 3T k
3U W Q 3U P 3V
For Q = 0, C = 0 (adiabatic process)
Thermodynamics 18.19
44. PB V γ
= PA V γ
5
B A
& n1 = 3 n2
PB
PA = ]32g
7 /5
&
Substituting in (1)
PB
b 5 Rl
7
& PA = 2 CV
5 n CV = n C & 5 2
CV = 3 = b 3 l
2
TB PB VB 27 3 2 1 2 V
2R
2
2
TA = PA VA = 25 = 2
1
TB = 4 ]300g = 1200 K
Hence, Gas B is diatomic and gas A is monoatomic
( a For same heat given, temperature rises by same
value for both the gases.) B T V T V /8 1
a B i = V0 # T = V0 # 40T = 32
f 0 0 0
& n1 CV = n2 CV .....(1)
53. For adiabatic process dQ = 0
1 2
Also, ^3 PB hV = n2 R 3 T and ^3 PA h V = n1 R 3 T
dW =-
` dU + dW = 0 or dU 1
& n1 CV = n2 CV .....(1)
1 2
Also, ^3 PB hV = n2 R 3 T and ^3 PA h V = n1 R 3 T
n1 3 PA 2.5 5
& n2 = 3 PB = 1.5 = 3
18.20 Physics
54. In free expansion, temperature of the gas remains
(c) dQ = nCdT = nCV dT + PdV
constant, therefore
& n ^CV + 2R hdT = nCV dT + PdV
p0 v0 = p.3v0 where v0 = initial volume.
dV
p ` 2nRdT = PdV ` dT =+ ve
p = 30
Hence with increase in temperature volume
55. For adiabatic compression, initial conditions are increases and vice versa.
p0
3 and 3v0 . Final volume and pressure are v0 and
` dQ = dU + dW =+ ve
3 2/3 p0
(d) dQ = nC dT = nCV dT + PdV
3 ^ 0 h = 3 p0 ^ 0 h
p0
3v γ 2/3
v γ & 3γ
-1
= 3 2/3
or n ^Cv - 2R hdT = nCv dT + PdV
2 5
or γ-1 = 3 & γ= 3
or - 2nRdT = PdV a dV
dT =- ve
i.e. gas is monoatomic
` with increase in volume temperature
56. KEavg ? T
decreases.
Applying TV γ
-1
Also dQ = n ^Cv - 2R hdT
= K for adiabatic process-
γ-1 γ-1
TV 1 1 = T2 V 2
For expantion dT =- ve but CV < 2R for
T2 V γ -1 3v 5/3 - 1
c 1m =c 0m = 3 2/ 3 monoatomic gas. Therefore dQ =+ ve with
T1 = V2 v0
57. (a) If 2
P = 2V , from an ideal gas equation increase in temperature dV =- ve
P = ]nRT g v = ]constantg V , P α V
1 1 1
2V3 = nRT
Numerical Type
Tc = 1818.859
Tc = 1819K
1. Heat rejected = mL f + mSTT
Single Option Correct
= ]50 # 540g + 50 ]1 g]100 - 20g
WD
4. h = Q
= 31000 Cal H
T
= 31 # 103 Cal & WD = QH d1 - TL n
H
= 5 # 10 b1 - 1000 l
2. Given, 3400
The pressure of a gas depends on its volume as kV3 . = 3000 kcal
The initial temperature of the gas Ti = 100°C. 5. The process A to B is an isothermal process.
The final temperature of the gas Tf = 300°C.
Work done by gas in isothermal process is,
WAB = P1 V1 ln : V 1 D = P1 V1 ln ]2g
According to the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT. 2V
1
Substituting P = kV , we get kV = nRT 3 4
B to C is isochoric process, where the volume
Differentiating on both sides we can write
remains constant, hence the work done is zero.
4kV dV = nRdT
3
WBC = 0.
nRdT
Again substituting P = kV3, we get PdV = 4
Process C to A is an adiabatic process.
The work done in any process is given by
Work done by gas in adiabatic process is,
nRdT nR
W= # PdV = # 4 = 4 3 T.
P
P1 V1 - 41 # 2V1
WCA = 1-c
200
W
& = 4 # nR = 50 nR
P1 V1 :1 - 2 D
1
3. PVc = constant W
& CA = 1-c
TVc - 1 = constant
P1 V1
V1 W
2 ^1 - ch
2/5
& CA =
300 (V1) 1. 4 - 1
= TB e o
16
So, the net work done in the cyclic process is,
TB = 300 # 28/5
Wnet = WAB + WBC + WCA
Now for BC process
& Wnet = P1 V1 ln ]2g + 0 +
P1 V1
BC 2 ^1 - ch
P
& Wnet = RT <ln ]2g - ^c - 1h F !a P1 V1 = RT +
1
B C
2
A
6. P1 = 1atm, T1 = 273K
V1 V1 V1 V
16 8
P1 V1c = P2 V2c
VB VC
=
P2 = P1 :V1 D
TB TC V c
2
VC TB
= 1atm b 3 l
TC = v = 2 # 300 # 28/5
1 1. 4
B
18.22 Physics
P1 V1 - P2 V2 Pv r = constant or TV r - 1 = constant
now work done c-1 = 88.7J
& 300.Vb 3 - 1 l = ]2V gb 3 - 1 l .Tf
5 5
Closest ans is 90.5 J
300 300
7. DQ = DU + DW; DU = DQ – DW & Tf = = 1/3
2 2/3 4
(DU)ACB = (DU)ADB; 60 – 30 = DQ – 10 300
= 1.58 = 189.87 K
∴ DQ = 40 J f
(b) U = 2 n R 3 t
8. m = 15 g, T = 27°C = 300 K 3
U =- 2 # 2 # 8.3 # 10 =- 2.7 kJ
15
T′ = 4 n = 14 R
12. C = Cv = 1 - n
DQ = DU = n CV DT R
C - Cv = 1 - n
= 18 b 2 R l^ 4 - 1 h 300
15 5
R
1 - n = C - C
V
15 5
= 18 # 2 # 8.30 # 3 # 300
R
n = 1- C-C
v
= R = 10004 J ≈ 10 kJ
C p - Cv
= 1- C-C
9. For Carnot engine A, QA = b1 - T2 l
W T v
1 1
C - Cv - C p + Cv
For Carnot engine B, Q B = b1 - T3 l
W T
= C-C v
2 2
C - Cp
As per equation, WA = WB
= C-C
v
Q1 b1 - T2 l = Q2 b1 - T3 l
T T 13. Molar specifie heat
1 2
# dT # dT # dT
= ms T + ms T + ms
= T1 b T
T1 T4 l T
T
& 2
2 (Using (i) and (iii)) 100 100 150
2
⇒ T2 = (T12T4)1/3 = ln b 150
l b 200 l
100 + ln 150
Similarly, T3 = (T1T42)1/3 (Using (ii) and (iii))
= ln b 32 l + ln 3
4
11. (a) As the gas is adiabatic
Thermodynamics 18.23
∆s1 = ln 2 f
16. ∆U = 2 nR∆T
112.5 125
dQ dQ dQ
For cyclic process ∆U = 0
(ii) ∆s2 = # T = # T + # T + .....
100 112.5
For process CA
= ln b 112.5 l b 125 l
∆U = 1 # 2 R ]- 200g
100 + ln 112.5 + ..... 5
= ln b 89 l + ln b 10
l b 16 l
9 + ln 15
=- 500 R
p0 v0
17. η =
= ln b 16
l
8 = ln 2
f f
2 (p0 v0 ) + 2 (2p0 ) v0 + 2p0 v0
=
1
3 + 3 + 2 = 15.4%
2
increasing) Tf Pi Vi
Pf = T Vf
i
and WBC = negative (as volume is
decreasing)
From option (a),
P0
4 3
= 3P1 V1
(T0)
(T0/2)
` Option (b) is correct.
1 2
V0 2V0 Wby gas = P1 ∆V + 2 kx
= 2P1 V1 + 12 c 1 m^2V1 h
& Heat is positive P
3
Process IV is isothermal compression
= 73 P1 V1
& heat is negative
∆Q = Wby gas + ∆u
7. Wby gas = # P dV
= 73 P1 V1 + 32 nR ^3T1 h
x
# c P1 + kyA mA dy
0
= 73 P1 V1 + 92 P1 V1
2
= P1 Ax + kx
2 = 41
6 P1 V1
= ^ P1 ∆V h + 2k x 2
` (a), (b) & (c) are correct.
Thermodynamics 18.25
8. 13. The process must be adiabatic, which is used in
laplace correction over Newton’s law for sound
speed in air.
Heat rejected by gas in lower compartment
^nCV ∆T h = 2 # 32 R ]700 - T g
f
a U = 2 nRT, where f, n, R are constants.
R 2R 2R
CV = c - 1
6300
R
& T = 12 = 525 K
& 2R = c - 1
& c-1 = 2
1
So ∆W1 + ∆W2 = 2.R. ]525 - 400g
+ 2R ]525 - 700g
3
&c= 2
T
& TR = 2 c - 1 = 2
=+ 250R - 350R
0
10. Q = 3 U1 + 3 U2
=- 100R
3 1 = CV 3 T1 = 2R ]TL - T0g
U
3 2 = CV 3 T2 = 2R ]TR - T0g
P
U 16.
TL = 3 2 T0, TR = 2 T0 P1
Q = 2R 63 2 - 1@T0 + 2R ^ 2 - 1 h T0
Q = 4RT0 62 2 - 1@
P1/4
& RT = 4 62 2 - 1@
Q
0
P2
11. ∆u = ∆Q - P∆V
i.e. process must be isobaric V
V1 4V1 32V1
` (b) is correct P1
^4V1 h = P2 ^32v1 h
5 5
3 3
4
12. Isochoric process
18.26 Physics
P1 1 P1
5
Qib = 100 + 50 = 150 J
d n =
3
P2 =
4 8 128 Qibf = 300 + 150 = 450 J
P1 Qbf
P1 V1 - ^32V1 h
450–150
So, the required ratio Q = 150 = 2
P1 V1 - P2 V2 128 ib
Wadi = =
c-1 5
-1 19. (i) TU = TQ - TW
3 105 ^10 -3 - 10 -6h
<"^10 -3 # 2250h, -
F kJ
P1 V1 a 4 k
3 3
10
9
= (2.25 – 0.0999) kJ
= = PV
2 8 1 1
= (2.1501) kJ
3
18. P
So U f = 400 J
& WBC = 84 kJ
Uib = 100 J
Thermodynamics 18.27
Work done in process C " A is zero (isochoric)
So total work done in the process A " B " C
WABC = WAB + WBC + WCA = – 60 + 84 + 0
WABC = 24 kJ
So correct options are (b,c,d)