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2019 Pattern
2019 Pattern
(2019- Pattern)
Engineering Chemistry
FACULTY- Dr.S.P.SAPTALE
1. Engineering Materials
1. What is the structural requirement for a polymer to show conductive
property? Give structure, doping and applications of polyacetylene?
(7M)
Answer-
Structural requirement-
If alternate double bonds are present in the polymer chain then the
polymer conducts electricity on its own. Such a system is called as
conjugated system. (It should be noted that out of these two bonds, one
is a strong bond and the other is a weak µ bond.)
In these systems (polymers) there is overlapping of conjugated bonds
over the entire polymer chain. This leads to formation of conduction
bond (CB) and valence bond (VB). If the excitation of µ electrons present
in the VB is done by either supplying heat or exposing to light, then the
polymer conducts electricity.
Structure –
(a)P-type Doping or Oxidative Doping:
A suitable oxidizing agent (e.g. halogen molecules) is added to
conjugated polymer chains. The oxidizing agent extracts a pair of
electrons from chain and makes it a positively charged cation.
Delocalization of positive charge (hole) takes place over the whole
polymer chain and it becomes conducting. e.g. polyacetylene + I2.
Applications
In rechargeable light weight batteries
In telecommunication system.
In electronic devices such as transistors, diodes
Properties:
It is crystalline thermoplastic.
It shows very good mechanical properties like high impact strength,
even at
low temperature.
It has low moisture absorption.
High heat resistance (140 C).
High thermal and oxidation stability in molten state.
It is transparent and self extinguishing.
Applications:
All types of housing or casing for electrical appliances, home appliances,
Computer peripherals.
Automobile head and tail light casing and lenses.
Telephone and cell phone casings.
Unbreakable crockery and glazing glass substitutes.
As a bulletproof material, helmets, covers of vehicle lights Also used for
making CD and DVD.
Applications-1mark
Definition
Applications-
In photovoltaic cells
Electroluminescent night lamps
Applications-2marks
Properties-
Applications-
Classification of composites-
Based on reinforcement forms, composites can be classified as
b) Carbon fibers-These fibers are strong and stiff even at high temp.
Biodegradable polymer-
Structure of PHBV
Applications-
Classification of nanomaterials –
Quantum dots are used in LED, solar cells, lasers.These are either
crystalline or amorphous exist indidually or in a matrix.
Fig.
Silicon IC industry depends upon thin films for their operations.
Monolayer is used in fuel cell.
These are in the form of layers and can be used as single layer or
multilayred.
Fig.
These are the materials having all the three dimensions not measured
within the nanoscale i.e.no dimension are larger than 100 nm.These are
also known as bulk nanomaterials.
Fig.
Carbon nanotubes-
Applications-
iv)Preparation of mask
ix) Coatings
9. Explain the structure of graphene with the help of a diagram .Give its
applications.
Structural information-
The two sheets like graphene molecules are at the distance of 3.4A0 in
graphite and there is a weak Vander Walls force between them.
Graphene has high chemical reactivity due to presence of double bond.
Applications-
10. What are quantum dots? Give its properties and applications.
Quantum dots-
Properties-
iii) They are able to ‘tune’ the wavelength of the emitted light to a
specific colour.
Applications-
Weigh the pellet of solid fuel or liquid capsule and keep it in crucible.
Keeps the crucible in the ring of electrode keep the resistance wire
touching to the fuel?
Add about 10 ml distilled water at the bottom of bomb pot and fix the lid
tightly to bomb pot by screwing.
Place the calorimeter in the water jacket over the plastic studs keep the
thermometer and stirrer in the water calorimeter.
Put the plastic cover on the top and make electrical connections from
battery to electrodes.
Operate the stirrer for 5 min. and note the initial temp. of water.
Pass the current for 5-10 seconds to heat the wire so that the fuel
catches fire. If the fuel contains S and N elements, they get converted to
SO3 and N2O5 . These gases get dissolves in the distilled water in bomb
to form H2SO4 and HNO3 (along with liberation of little heat.)
Note the maximum temp.reached. After that note the rate of fall of
temp.per min.and the time taken for reaching to initial temp. are noted.
Open the bomb pot and wash the contents as its bottom into beaker to
find out the amount of H2SO4 and HNO3 formed.
Observations and Calculations
Fuel mass × CV = (mass of H2O× H2O eq. Bomb) x temp. rise x sp. Heat
of H2O
(W + w) (t2 – t1)
GCV = L = ----------------------------- cal/gm
X
After taking all corrections into account, the final formula for GCV is
(W + w) (t2 – t1 + tc)- (a + f +)
GCV = L = ------------------------------------- cal/gm
X
Insulating cover.
A) GAS BURNER:-
B) Combustion chamber:-
C) Thermometers:-
There are two thermometers to measure temp. Of inlet water and outlet
water.
D) Insulating cover:-
The assembly is covered with by an insulator to detach combustion
chamber from atmosphere. There are three holes for exhaust gas, water
inlet and condensed steam.
WORKING:-
Start burning the gas at suitable pressure and adjust the rate of water
flow such that the temp. Of outgoing water remains constant.
Burn the gas for 5-10 min. To have the steady temp. in and around the
combustion chamber.
Volume of gas burnt at given temp. and pressure in certain time period.
CACULATIONS:-
Volume of fuel (gas) burnt at STP.
Let this STP vol.be = Vm3
Mass of cooling water in kg. = W
Mass of water condensate in kg = m
GCV of fuel = L
Steady temperature of incoming water = t1 OC
Steady temperature of outgoing water = t2 0C
Rise in temperature = (t2 - t1 )0 C
Heat released by combustion of fuel = Heat absorbed by water
V x L = W (t2 - t1)
If this water had left as steam in product gases would have taken away
heat=
M/v x 587 kcal/m3
Therefore
i) Moisture:
Weight of moisture
% moisture = -------------------------- X 100
Weight of coal taken
Moisture in coal evaporates during the burning of coal and it takes some
of the liberated heat in the form of latent heat of evaporation.
The dried sample of coal left in the Crucible in step (i) is then covered
with a lid and placed in a muffle furnace, maintained at 9500C. The
crucible is taken out after 7 minutes of heating. It is cooled first in air
then in desiccators and finally weighed.
Weight of V.M.
% Volatile matter = -------------------------- X 100
Weight of coal taken
A high volatile matter containing coal burns with a long flame, high
smoke and has low calorific value.
Lesser the volatile matter better is the rank of coal.
iii) Ash:
The residual coal left in the crucible in step (ii) is then heated without lid
in a muffle furnace at 700-7500C, for 30 min. until a constant weight of
residue is obtained.
The calorific value of the coal is decreased. The removal and disposal of
ash poses problems. The ash deposited in the fire bars interferes with
circulation of air. If the ash fuses to form a clinker on the fire bars, it
hinders air circulation and also promotes corrosion of the fire bars.
iv)Fixed carbon:
Higher the percentage of fixed carbon, greater is its calorific value and
better is the quality of coal.
Process with explanation- The crude oil is piped through the pipe still
and heated to a temperature of 316oc.The hot vapours are passed
through a 30 meter high fractionating column i.e. bubble tower and get
cooler and cooler. Due to the gradual cooling the vapours condensed
over the plates i.e. at intermediate points. Heavy oil condensed at lower
plate has a higher boiling point than the oils on upper parts.
The fractions at with lowest temperature rise at the top pass through a
condenser and then gas separator. As a result gas and gasoline are
separately obtained.
Invertase
i) C12H22O11 C6H12O6 + C6H12 O6
H2O Glucose Fructose
Sucrose in (fermentation)
Molasses
Zymase
ii) C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Advantages of power alcohol
i) Ethyl alcohol has good antiknocking property and its octane number is
90, while the octane number of petrol is about 65. Therefore, addition of
ethyl alcohol increases the octane number of petrol.
ii) Ethyl alcohol contains 'O' atoms, which helps for complete combustion
of power alcohol and the polluting emissions of CO, hydrocarbon,
particulates are reduced largely
Disadvantages of power alcohol
i) Ethyl alcohol has calorific value 7000cal/gm much lower than calorific
value of petrol 11500cal/gm. Use of power alcohol reduces power output
up to 35%.
ii) Ethyl alcohol has high surface tension and its atomisation, especially
at lower temperature, is difficult causing starting trouble.
iii) Ethyl alcohol may undergo oxidation reaction to form acetic acid,
which corrodes engine parts.
7. Write chemical reactions for production of Biodiesel and give its
advantages.
ADVANTAGES:-
Ni
CH4 + H2O (steam) CO + 3 H2
8000C
ii) Shift reaction: In this step the products of steam reforming process
combine with steam at low temperature in presence FeO as catalyst.
This increases the hydrogen yield through conversion of CO (which is
toxic) to CO2.
FeO
It is the second most common method used for producing hydrogen gas.
It is Similar to that of steam reforming of hydrocarbons except the raw
material which is coal. In steam reforming step the steam reacts with
carbon in coal, thereby forming Carbon monoxide and hydrogen
(Steam)
(Steam)
CO + H2O CO2 + H2
“After scrubbing out CO2, NH3, and H2S from the natural gas, it is filled
under
Composition
CH4 = 88%
C2 to C4 = 10%
CO = 0.5 to 1 %
Properties
ii) C.N.G. burns very clearly and hence reduces maintenance cost as well
as wear and tear of engine.
Applications
10. Numericals on -
Bomb calorimeter
Boy’s calorimeter
Proximate analysis
Ultimate analysis
Instrumentation-
3. Sample holder- There is a special glass tube (cuvette) which does not
absorb light from UV-visible spectrum and the sample solution is kept in
it. Ex. Quartz glass cuvette.
Applications-
i) Qualitative analysis of organic compounds.
v) Structural information
Statement-
-dI/Io ∝ dc
-dI/Io ∝ dx
1. Qualitative Applications
2. Quantitative Applications
3. Analytical determination of metals and non-metals
(i)Bathochromic shift-
(iii) Chromophore-
(iv) Auxochrome-
Principle-
A) Stretching vibrations-
i) Symmetric stretching-
In this type of stretching, length of one bond increase and other one
decrease or we can say some bonds are getting shorter and others are
getting longer at same time.
B) Bending vibrations-
Rocking in which bond angle is maintained, but both bonds moves within
the same plane. The movement of atoms forward and backward.
In which both atoms move to one side of the plane .Movement of atoms
up the plane or below the plane with respect to central atom.
These involve the movement of one atom up and other atom down the
plane with respect to central atom.
8. Draw a block diagram of IR spectrophotometer. Explain the
components of IR spectrophotometer with their functions.
Block diagram-
i)Source-
ii) Monochromator-
iii) Detectors-
a)Thermocouple-
iv)Hydrogen bonding-
iv)Quantitative estimation-
The region 1500-909 cm-1 is called finger print region. This is the most
complex part of the IR spectrum and contains number of absorption
bands. This band appears due to stretching and bending vibrations.
6. Corrosion Science
1. Define oxidation corrosion. Explain the general mechanism of
oxidation corrosion with diagram.
Oxidation corrosion-
When metal comes in the contact with the dry atmospheric gases such
as oxygen and undergoes corrosion is known as oxidation corrosion.
Mechanism-
Wet corrosion-
Hydrogen evolution-
Fe → Fe ++ +2e-
If the corroding medium is acidic then H+ ions from the medium capture
electrons from cathode and there is libration of the H2 gas by following
equation.
Mechanism-
The surface of iron is, usually coated with at thin film of iron oxide.
However, if this iron oxide film develops some cracks, anodic areas are
created on the surface; while the well-metal parts act as cathodes. It
follows that the anodic areas are small surface parts; while nearly the
rest of the surface of the metal forms large cathodes. Such type of metal
comes in contact with alkaline or neutral electrolyte; the following
reactions will be takes place.
Reactions-
At Anode: Fe Fe2+ + 2e- ------- (Oxidation)
At cathode: ½ O2 + 2e- + H2O 2 OH-
Relatively large cathode area has high demand of electrons and it can be
met by smaller anode by undergoing rapid corrosion. Hence better
design by use of 2 metals is the one which anodic area is much larger
than cathodic area.
3. Impurity/Heterogeneity in chemical composition: Because of impurity
or difference in composition some of the areas of same piece becomes
anodic with respect to others and corrode by galvanic type of corrosion.
But if the film is porous, loosely adhered then corrosion takes place until
the complete destruction of metal.
(i) Temperature:
The rate of corrosion increases with increase in temperature of
environment, because both the attacking gas as well as metal activated
at higher temperature, the reaction as well as diffusion rate increase,
thereby corrosion rate is generally enhanced.
(ii) Humidity of air:
The metal gets more corroded in humid atmosphere because
atmospheric gases like CO2, SO2 etc.gets dissolved in water and
produced a medium which sets an electrochemical cell in metal. The
rate of corrosion increases with increase in humidity.
(iii) Presence of impurities in atmosphere: Atmosphere, in the vicinity of
industrial areas, contains corrosive gases like CO2, SOX (formation of
H2SO4). Presence of these gases, the acidity of the liquid, adjacent to the
metal surfaces, increases and its electrical conductivity also increases.
This consequently, results in an increase of corrosion.
(iv) Influence of pH:
Generally, acidic media (i.e., pH <7) are more corrosive than alkaline and
neutral media.
(v) Conductivity:
If the electrical conductivity of medium or soil is higher, then the rate of
corrosion will be faster
Eg. Rusting of iron part in underground structures.
6. What is pilling-Bedworth ratio? Give four types of oxide films formed
on surface of metal with suitable example. (5M)
Pilling-Bedworth ratio-
1. Porous film: if the oxide film is porous, then through the pores oxygen
molecules penetrate and corrosion continues until whole metal get
consumed. Ex. Oxide of iron, magnesium, sodium.
2Fe + O2 → 2FeO
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
2Cu + O2 → 2 CuO
3. Unstable oxide film: When the oxide film is unstable i.e.it decomposes
back into metal and oxygen the net corrosion is zero.
4Ag + O2 ↔ 2 Ag2O
Applications- Buried steel pipelines, ship hull, and hot water tank.
Reason- in zinc any porous or breaks occur in such coating, and then
galvanic cell is set up between base metal and coating metal, as coating
metal higher placed acts as anode and start corroding and the base
metal gets protected. As long as coating of tin is uniform on base metal,
the base metal protected. But if the coating ruptures base metal acts as
anode and gets corroded.
Diagram-
Ag→ Ag++ e-
11. How steel is galvanized? Explain the process with the help of
diagram. (4M)
Diagram-
i) Metal cladding-
base metal, which are passing through the rollers and bonded under the
action of pressure and heat.
Applications:
The process is suitable for coating small articles of uneven surfaces and
intricate shapes. (Screws, bolts, threaded parts etc.)