Leadership The Power of Emotional Intellegence

Machine Translated by Google

አመራር፡
ኃይል የ
ስሜታዊ
ብልህነት
በተጨማሪም በዳንኤል ጎልማን ከድምጽ በላይ
አንጎል እና ስሜታዊ ብልህነት፡ አዲስ ግንዛቤዎች
የተሻሉ ወላጆች፣ የተሻሉ ባለትዳሮች፣ ከዳንኤል ሲግል ጋር የተሻሉ ሰዎች
ስሜታችንን ማወቅ፣ አለማችንን ከፖል ኤክማን ጋር ማሻሻል
አንጎልን ማሰልጠን፡ ስሜታዊ እውቀትን ማዳበር

ሪቻርድ ዴቪድሰን
ጥሩ ስራ፡ ችሎታዎችን እና እሴቶችን ከሃዋርድ ጋርድነር ጋር ማመጣጠን
የውስጥ ኮምፓስ ለሥነምግባር እና ልቀት ከኑኃሚን ቮልፍ ጋር
ከሸክላ Shirky ጋር በማህበራዊ የማሰብ ችሎታ ያለው ስሌት
ከጆርጅ ሉካስ ጋር እንደገና ማሰብ
ከፒተር ሴንጌ ጋር አስፈላጊውን አብዮት መምራት
የስነ-ምህዳር ግንዛቤ፡ ስለ ኢኮሎጂካል ኢንተለጀንስ ውይይቶች
በ ፍ ላ ጎ ት:
የሚያስተጋባ አመራር፡ በስሜታዊነት ሌሎችን ማነሳሳት።

ኢንተለጀንስ በሪቻርድ ቦይትሲስ
Morethansound.net ላይ ይገኛል።
አመራር፡
ኃይል የ
ስሜታዊ
ብልህነት
የተመረጡ ጽሑፎች
ዳንኤል ጎልማን
የቅጂ መብት © 2011 በዳንኤል ጎልማን - ሁሉም መብቶች የተጠበቁ ናቸው።
ከድምጽ በላይ LLC የታተመ
Northampton MA
ተለክ
ድምጽ
www.morethansound.net
ምስሎች በ Tracy Lee
መሪነት፡ የስሜታዊ ብልህነት ኃይል
የተመረጡ ጽሑፎች / ዳንኤል ጎልማን

1 ኛ እትም
ISBN 978-1-934441-17-6
ዝርዝር ሁኔታ
!"#$%$&'()(*+*,-$&.,/(-.$
!
!0#$12፣2-*፣-$3*45$6/2(4
"#
!7#$3524$128/+$2$9/2::/(;
$%
$!<#$9/2:/(+5*)$=524$>/4+$?/+'@4+
&'
!A#$=5/$>(ቢ')$ሲዲ
#"
!ኢ#$F(*G2@$9/2:/(+5*)
#(
!H#$=5/$&BI*2@$J(2*፣
)$
!K#$=5/$&L//4$&)B4$MB($%I5*/N/G/,4
)%
!!
!%))/፣፡*ኦ#$9/2፡/(+5*)$PBG)/4/፣I*/+
"'$
የሚገርም ሲነርጂ
!$ (/ጂ/ጂኪው/($ 52N*፣-$ 45/$ 45B'-54R$ S'+4$ Q/MB(/$)

$ L2+$ )'Q@*+5/: R$ 4524$ *M$ B፣/$ :2.$ C$ BN/(5/2(:$ 2$)
*,4/@@*-/,I/T$2፣::$QB45$'፣::/(+4BB:$L524$*4$G/2,4R$C$LB'@:$52N/$ +
'II//:/:$*,$+)(/2:*,-$45/$IB,I/)4$GB(/$L*:/@.$*,4B$45/$I'@ 4'(/ዩ$
2+$ 45/$I2(4BB፣$+4(*)+$V*@Q/(4$2፣$W*))።$ 45/$F*፣5/2:R$2፣:$ *፣$?BX$
ረ/(52)+$45/$Q*--/+4$+'()(*+/$MB($G/$52+$Q//፣$45/$*G)2I4$
:/N/@B)G/,4U$%፣:$L*45$45*+$QBBG*፣-$*,4/(/+4$45/(/$-(/L$2$G*) *Y *,:'+4(.
$BM$IB+'@42,4+$2፣$IB2I5/+R$+BG/$+/@@*፣-$45/*($+/() N*I/+$ Q.$G28*፣-
$I@2*G+$4524$M2($B'4+4(*))/:$45/$:242U$=B$+/4$45/$ +4ቢ($
10
'፣:/(+42፣:2Q@/$Q2I8@2+5$4B$45/$ZC$IB፣I/)4$[$2፣:$45/$/O2--/(24/:$
I@2*G+$Q/*፣-$G2:/$MB($*4$[$2GB፣-$+BG/$2I2:/ጂ*I$)+.I5B@B-*+4+ ዩ$
/G/(-/+$M(BG$+B'፣:$(/+/2(I5U)
\/:/(2@$-BN/(,G/,4$4B$%G/(*I2,$ZO)(/++U$
$
35/፣$ C$ L(B4/$ R$ G.$ G2*፣$ MBI'+$
I52)4/($B፣$5BL$45*+$45/፣Y፣/L$IB፣I/)4$*፣MB(G/:$B'($'፣):/(+42፣:* ,-$
BM$@/2:/(+5*)R$]12,2-*,-$3*45$6/2(4UT$=5/$*,4/(/+4$*,$45/$Q) '+*፣/++$
IBGG'፣*4.$ L2+$ +B$ -(/24$ 4524$G.$፣/O4$ 4LB$ QBB8+$ L/(/$ B፣$ 45/$
#$ 2፣$ B፣$ @/2:/(+5*)$ *4+/@M$!

#ዩ$
L*45B'4U$
$
=5/(/$2(/$,BL$ 45(//$G2*,$GB:/@+$ BM$ZCR$L*45$:BX/+$ BM$
+52)/:$Q.$45/$B(*-*,2@$LB(8$B,$CD$2$I/,4'(.$2-BU$=5/$GB:/@$ ) ''4$
ሜባ(45$Q.$?/'N/,$J2(Y^,$-(/L$M(BG$5*+$(/+/2(I5$B፣$L/@@YQ/*) ,-U$%,:$
G.$BL፣$GB፡/@$ MBI'+/+$24$45/$Q/52N*B(2@$@/N/@R$B፣$)/(MB(G2፣I/$)
:/I2:/+$BM$(/+/2(I5$B፣$GB:/@*,-$45/$IBG)/4/፣I*/+$4524$+/4$+42($
)/(ሜባ(ጂ/(+$2)2(4$M(BG$2N/(2-/U$)))
$
%+$ C$ )(B)B+/:$ *፣$ አር$

የሚገርም ሲነርጂ 11
2$ -(B')$ BM$ N/(.$ +G2(4$ )/B)@/$ L*@@$ @/2፡$ GB+4$ 2Q@.U$ CM$ .B '$ +I2፣$
G'I5$+4(B,-/($)(/:*I4B(+$BM$/OI/@@/,I/$*,$@BL/(Y(',-$SBQ+U) #$
$
%4$ 45/$ N/(.$ 5*-5/+4$ @/N/@+R$ IBG)/4/,I/$ GB:/@+$ MB($
$
ሲ፣$ $ C$ 2@+B$ )(B)B+/:$
ZC$[$4524$*+R$+/@MY2L2(/,/++R$+/@MYG2,2-/G/,4R$+BI*2@$2L2(/,/++R$)
BM$45/$I52)4/(ዩ.ኤስ
24$ 45/$ 62(N2(:$ J'+*,/++$?/N*/LR$ L5B$ 2+8/:$ G/$ 4B$ L(*4/$ GB(/$)
R$52+$52:$+'()(*+*,-$*ጂ)2I4$2+$L/@@U$C4$_'*I8@.$Q/I2G/$
B፣/$BM$45/$GB+4Y(/_'/+4/:$(/)(*,4+$*,$45/$?/N*/L`+$5*+4B(.R) $2፣$
52+$Q//,$*,I@'::$*,$+/N/(2@$@/2:/(+5*)$2,45B@B-*/+$ 45/ $?/N*/L$
V2N*:$ 1IP@/@@2፣:R$ G.$ G/,4B($ 24$ 62(N2(:R$ +4':*/:$ 45/$)
I2@@/:$1IJ/(R$L5*I5$2))@*/:$ 45/$IBG)/4/፣I/$GB:/@*፣-$G/45B:$
BM$B45/($MB(G/($1IP@/@@2፣:$+4':/,4+$a*G$J'(('+R$12(.$\B,42*) ፣/R$
12
*,4/@@*-/,I/$ IBG)/4/,I*/+$ G'+5(BBG/:R$ 45/.$ +52(/:$ L*45$ G/ $

:242$45/.$52፡$IB@@/I4/፡$B፣$Q'+*፣/++$)/(MB(G2፣I/$2፣:$@/2:/(+5*) )$
$[$
(/)(*,4/:$5/(/$*፣$P52)4/($<U)
$
ሐ፣$ 2፣$ /IB፣BG.$ :(*N/፣$Q.$ 8፣BL@/:-/$ LB(8R$ N2@'/$ -/4+$)
]-(B')$CDRT$2$IB,I/)4$:/N*+/:$ Q.$?BQ/(4$&4/(,Q/(-$2፣:$3/፣:: $
/2I5$ 4/2G$G/GQ/(`+$ ጥ/+4$ 42@/,4+$ IB,4(*Q'4/:$24$ M'@@$ MB(I/U$) ጄ'4$
52(GB,.U$C$ B(*-*,2@@.$/O)@B(/:$ 45/$ :.,2G*I+$ BM$ 45/$ -(B')$ ሲዲ$ *፣$
35*@/$$*፣$@2(-/$)2(4$(/)B(4/:$B፣$45/$
BM$Q(2*,$(/+/2(I5$Q/-2፣$4B$@BB8$24$5BL$Q(2*+$Q/52N/$L5*@/$L/$
P52)4/($KU$
$
%+$ C$ (/) B(4/:$ *,$

አር$ 45/$ +424/+$ BM$:*+/,-2-/G/,4$!/)*:/G*I $ *፣$
+BG/$ LB(8)@2I/+#R$ 2፣:$ BM$ M(2XX@/$ M(BG$ 4BB$ G'I5$ +4(/++$!2@+B$)
/)*:/ጂ*I#$ QB45$:*+2Q@/$ 45/$ Q(2*,`+$ )(/M(B,42@$ XB፣/+R$ 45/$ + * 4/$ ቢኤም$
-/4$2፣፡$+42።$*፣$45/$Q(2*፣$XB፣/$L5/(/$45/.$I2፣$LB(8$24$45/*($Q/+4U) $
%+$.B'`@@$(/2፡$*፣$P52)4/($ER$C$:/42*@/:$45*+$42+8$*፣$45/$QBB8$
አር$ I2፣$ M2I*@*424/$ +'I5$ @/2፡/(+5*)$

:/N/@B)G/,4$24$2,.$)B*,4$*,$2$I2(//($[$B($@*M/U)
14
የብቃት ማዕቀፍ
. .
.
ስሜታዊ ርህራሄ
ራስን ማወቅ
እራስ ማህበራዊ
ግንዛቤ ግንዛቤ ድርጅታዊ
ግንዛቤ
. ስሜታዊ
. የሚያነሳሳ
.
ራስን መግዛት
እራስ-
. አመራር
ተጽዕኖ
.
መላመድ
አስተዳደር
ግንኙነት
አስተዳደር . ግጭት
.
ስኬት
አዎንታዊ Outlook
. የቡድን ስራ እና
አስተዳደር
ትብብር
16
በልብ ማስተዳደር
ከስሜታዊ ኢንተለጀንስ የተወሰደ
"/@Q'(,$ 1IJ(BBG$ L2+$ 2$:BG*,//(*,-$QB++R$ L*45$ 2$
B($M2I4B(.U$J'4$1IJ(BBG$L2+$2፣$2*(@*,/$)*@B4U ^፣/
$
$ :2.$ *,$ "bHK$ 1IJ(BBG`+ $ )@2፣/$ L2+$ 2))(B2I5*፣-$
%+$1IJ(BBG$BQ+/++/:$2QB'4$45/$@2፣::*,-$-/2(R$45/$)@2፣/`+$ M'/@$-
2'-/+$+4/2:*@.$2))(B2I5/፡$45/$/ጂ)4.$@/N/@U$J'4$5*+$IB)*@B4+$ L/(/$+B$M/
2(M'@$BM$1IJ(BBG`+$L(245$4524$45/.$+2*:$,B45*፣-R$/N/፣$ 2 +$:*+2+4/
($@BBG/:U$=5/$)@2,/$I(2+5/:R$8*@@*,-$4/,$)/B) @/ዩ
*,$ 45/$ +2ሚ/4.$ 4(2*,*,-$ BM$ 2*(@*,/

$ )*@B4+U0 I(2+5/+R$ )*@B4 + $G28/$G*+428/+$ 4524$ IB'@:$ 52N/$ Q//,$ )(/N/,4/:R$
2፣፡$+)/28*፣-$B፣/`+$G*፣፡$[$('፡*ጂ/፣4+$BM$+BI*2@$*፣4/@@* -/, እኔ/$[$2(/$

,BL$/G)52+*X/:$*,$4(2*,*,-$)*@B4+R$2@B፣-$L*45$4/I5፣*I2@$)(BL) /++ ዩ
በልብ ማስተዳደር 17
Q.$45B+/$B'4+*:/$45/$*GG/:*24/$+I/,/U$J'4$45/$IB+4+$I2፣$Q/$(/ 2:$
:/2:@*,/+R$G*+428/+$2፣:$G*+52)+R$2፣:$2፣$/OB:'+$BM$/G)@B.// +$4B$
*+$(2ጂ)2፣4R$IBG)2፣*/+$I2፣$I(2+5$2፣:$Q'(,U
LB(8$:/G2፣::$]45/*($5/2:+$Q'4$፣B4$45/*($5/2(4+UT$12፣.$+2*:$45/ .$ M/2(/:
$4524$M//@*,-$/ጂ)245.$B($IBG)2++*B፣$MB($45B+/$45/.$LB(8/: $
^፣/$M/@4$45/$*፡/2$BM$+/+*፣-$45/$M//@*፣-+$BM$45B+/$L5B$LB(8/:$ ሜባ($
5*G$L2+$2Q+'(:$[$*4$LB'@:R$5/$+2*:R$]Q/$*G)B++*Q@/$4B$:/2@$ L*45$
45/.$LB'@:$Q/$',2Q@/$4B$G28/$45/$]52(:T$:/I*+*B+$4524$Q'+*,/++ $ (/_'*(/+
$[$2@45B'-5$45/$@*8/@*5BB:$*+$4524$45/.$LB'@:$:/@*N/($45B+ /$:/I*+*B+
$GB(/$5'G2፣/@.U7
2፣፡$*፣$45/$G2(8/4)@2I/U
(/L2(:: U$J'4$4524$(*-*:$5*/(2(I5.$+42(4/:$Q(/28*,-$:BL,$*,$45) /$
52+$ Q//,c$ 45/$ N*(4'B+B$ *,$ *,4/()/(+B,2@$ +8*@@+$ *+$ 45/ $ IB() B(24/$
M'4'(/UT
18
&BG/$BM$45/$(/2+ቢ+$2(/$)24/,4@.$BQN*B'+$[$*G2-*፣/$45/$ IB+/
_'/ ,I/+$ ሜባ($2$LB(8*፣-$-(ቢ')$L5/፣$ +BG/B፣/$*+$'፣2Q@/$ 4B$
@/2(፣R$B($G28/$:/I*+*B+$I@/2(@.U$%+$B፣/$G2,2-/G/፣4$IB
+'@42,4$ )'4$*4R$]&4(/++$G28/+$)/B)@/$+4')*:UT
መ//@*፣-+$BM$45B+/$L/$:/2@$L*45R$Q/*፣-$2Q@/$4B$52፣:@/$:*+2-(/ /ጂ/.4+$
BM$ )/(+'2:*,-$ )/B)@/$ 4B$ LB(8$ 4BL2(:$ 2$ IBGGB,$ -B2@U$ %,:R$ *,$ 4/ (G+
$BM$G2፣2-*፣-$B'($BL፣$I2(//(R$45/(/$G2.$Q/$፣B45*፣-$GB(/$
LB(8U
#$%&'(#&)*#$%&+(!#!,-%
45/$IBG)2,.`+$N*I/$)(/+*:/,4$MB($)(B:'I4$:/N/@B)G/,4U$=5 /$ጂ/፣$
45/(/$L*45$5*GR$)(ቢ'፡$4ቢ$)(/+/፣4$45/$M('*4$BM$45/*($52(:$@2QB(ዩ)
\B($ 45/$፣/O4$ 4LB$ L//8+$ 45/$ /,-*,//($ L2+$ BQ+/++/:$ Q.$ 45/$ N*I/
$ )(/+*:/,4`+$ (/G2(8+U$ V*+)*(*4/:$ 2፣:$ :/)(/++/:R$ 5/$ L2+$ IB,N*,I/:$5/$LB'@:$,/
N/($-/4$2,B45/($2++*-,G/,4$BM$*G)B( 42,I/$ 24$ 45/$ IBG)2,.R$ 2,:$ L2+$ 45*,8*,-
$ BM$ @/2N*,-R$ /N/,$ 45B'-5 $ 5/$ /,SB./:$5*+$LB(8$45/(/U$\*,2@@.$45/$/,-*,//
($L/,4$4B$+ //$45/$N*I/Y
2++'G/$.B'$L/(/$,B4$S'+4$4(.*,-$4B$/GQ2((2++$G/$[$:*:$. B'$52N/$ +BG/$B45/($-

B2@$*,$G*,::T =5/$N*I/$)(/
$
+*:/,4$L2+$2+4B ,*+5/:$[$5/$52:$,B$*:/2$4524$ 5*+$ (/G2(8R$L5*I5$

5/$G/2,4$2+$2$ 45( BL2L2.$ @*፣/R$ 52፡$ ጥ//፣$ +ቢ$
LB(45@/++$24$2@@U$6/$+*G)@.$52:$,B4$(/2@*X/:R$5/$+2*:R$5BL$)BB( @.$
%,:R$Q/@24/:@.R$5/$2)B@B-*X/:U<
+/+/$*,$ +.+4/ጂ+$ 45/ቢ(.R$ M//:Q2I8$G/2,4$ 45/$/OI52፣-/$ BM$:242$ 2QB

'4$5BL$B፣/$)2(4$BM$2$+.+4/G$*+$LB(8*፣-R$L*45$45/$'፣::/(+42፣: *፣-$
/N/(.B፣/$*+$)2(4$BM$45/$+.+4/GR$2፣:$+B$M//:Q2I8$*+$45/$@*M/Q @BB:$BM$
2(/$*፣$45/$:2(8c$45/.$52N/$፣B$*:/2$5BL$45/.$+42፣:$L*45$45/*($QB++R $
L*45$45/*($)//(+R$B($*፣$4/(ጂ+$BM$L524$*+$/ኦ)/I4/:$BM$45/GR$2፣:$2፣ .$
20
)/B)@/$2(/$L*45$45/*($LB(8R$L*45$45B+/$45/.$LB(8$L*45R$2፣:$L*45$
45B+/$4 B$L5BG$45/.$2(/$(/+)B+*Q@/U
#$%&.)(/#&.'0& #)&)#!1'#%&/)"%)2%
45/(/$2(/$2፡$5BG*፣/G$I52(-/+$L*45$:B@@B)+$BM$:*+-'+4R$+2(I2+GR $
2,:$ IB,4/G)4c$ QB45$ -*N/$ (*+/$ 4B$:/M/+*N/,/++$ 2፣::$:B:-*, -$
)2++*N/$ (/+*+42፣I/$ 4524$ IBG/+$ M(BG$ M//@*፣-$ '፣M2*(@.$ 4(/24/፡ ዩ$
*፣$ 45/$ LB(8)@2I/R$ +2.+$ B፣/$ Q'+*፣/++$ IB+'@42,4R$ *+$ 2$ Q@2 8/4R$
(/I/*N*፣-$*4$M//@*፣-$5/@)@/++$2፣:$2፣-(.U$
LB(8U
24$/G)@B.//+$2፣:R$*፣$45/$5/24$BM$45/$GBG/፣4R$G2፡/$2$)/(+B,2@$
ሀ
(/+)B+*Q*@*4.U$ ^($ 45/.$ +4B፣/L2@@/:$ [$ 4524$ *+R$ 4(*/:$ 4B$ 2NB) *:

$ 2@@$ IB፣42I4$L*45$45/$G2,2-/($L5B$Q@/L$')$24$45/GU$=5/$G2,2-/(+$
L/(/$B,@.$M'(45/($2,,B./:$2,:$)(BNB8/:$Q.$45/+/$(/+)B+/+R
/_'*N2@/,4$BM$2$:*NB(I/U
እና
ሜባ($2$፣/L$+52G)BBU$%፣B45/($NB@'፣4//($!2$IB፣M/:/(24/#$+')))B+/:@ .$ S':-/:$45/$)
(B)B+/:$2:+c$NB@',4//(+$2I4'2@@.$(/I/*N/:$B ፣/$BM$4LB$
J'4$ 45/$ B45/($*,I@':/:$ 45(/24+$2፣:$ Q@2G/:$ 45/$ )/(+B፣`+$*,, 24/$
:B$2,.45*,-$ (*-54T$2፣:$]12.Q/$*4`+$S'+4$@2I8$BM$ 42@/,4U$C`:$ 4 (.$ 4B$ -/4$

+BG/B፣/$ /@+/$ 4B$:B$ *4U``$ d,:/(+42፣:2Q@.R$ 45B+/$ L5B$ ኤል/(/$
LB'@:$(/M'+/$4B$IB@@2QB(24/$B($IBB)/(24/$B፣$M'4'(/$)(BS/I4+$L*) 45 ዶላር
L2,4$4B$2NB*:$IB,42I4$2@4B-/45/($[$*,$B45/($LB(:+R$45/.$M/@4$@*8/$)
:/GB(2@*X/:$4524$45/.$,B$@B,-/($4(*/:$2+$52(:$24$45/*($LB(8$2፣:R$))/ (52)+
$GB+4$:2G2-*,-R$+2*:$45/.$,B$@B,-/($M/@4$I2)2Q@/$BM$:B *፣-$
)(2*+/R$@/2N*፣-$45/*($/ጂ)@B.//+$M//@*፣-$4524$45/.$B፣@.$5/2($2) QB'4$ 5BL$

45/.`(/$:B*,-$ L5/,$ 45/.$G28/$ 2$G*+428/U$ =5*+$ )(B)/፣ +*4.$
M//:Q2I8$24$2@@$MB($@B,-$)/(*B:+U$]1B+4$)(BQ@/G+$*፣$2፣$/G)@B. //`+$
aU?U$92(+B፣R$2$d፣*N/(+*4.$BM$C@@*፣B*+$24$d(Q2፣2$)+.I5B@B-*+4R
$,B4/+R$ ]35/፣$45/$QB++$M2*@+$4B$@/4$5*+$M//@*፣-+$Q/$8፣BL፣$)(BG) 4@.R$*4$@/2፡+$
22
@*+4$BM$-(*/N2፣I/+$45/.$52:$8/)4$4B$45/G+/@N/+R$B($G28*፣-$45(/24+U) $
+BG/B፣/U``
#$%&'(#*-3&+(!#!,-%
GB+4$5/@)M'@$G/++2-/+$2$G2,2-/($I2፣$+/፣:U$\B($/O2G)@/R$L524$
24$45*+$+42-/$*+$4524$.B'($)@2፣$L*@@$428/$4BB$@B፣-$2፣:$+B$/+I2@24/
$ IB+4+U$C`:$@*8/$.B'$4B$45*,8$GB(/$2QB'4$.B'($)(B)B+2@R$/ +)/እኔ*2@@.$
:B*፣$+BU
I2,$:B$(245/($452,$(/2:*,-$2$G2(8$BM$I52(2I4/($*,4B$2$SBQ$)) BB(@.$)
BM$IB'(+/R$*+$)(/I*+/@.$45/$+2ጂ/$2+$MB($G2(*/:$IB')@/+$2*(* ,-$45/*($ -(*/

N2,I/+U)
(/G/GQ/(R$*+$4524$+/4Q2I8+$B($M2*@'(/+$2(/$:'/$4B$I*(I'G+42፣I/+$)
62((.$9/N*+B፣R$2$)+.I5B2,2@.+4$4'(፣/:$IB()B(24/
:/GB(2@*X/+$)/B)@/$S'+4$4B$5/2($4524$45/.$2(/$:B*,-$]+BG/45*,- ቲ$
:B፣/$)BB(@.R$2፣:$5BL$*4$IB'@:$Q/$I52፣-/:U$VB፣`4$Q/24$2(B'፣:$45 /$ Q'+5$ B($

Q/$ BQ@*_'/$ B($/N2+*N/c$*4$L*@@$G'::.$ 45/$ (/2) @$G/++2-/U$
L524`+$L(B፣-$L*45$*4$B($5BL$*4$G28/+$.B'$M//@R$2፣:$L524$IB'@:$Q /$
* 4 ዩኤች
4ቢ$428/$I2(/$BM$45/+/$)(BQ@/G+U
4BYM2I/$ 2፣:$ *,$ )(*N24/U$ F/B)@/$ L5B$ 2(/$ '፣IBGMB(42Q@/$ -*N*፣-$ 2$
45/G+/@N/+$Q.$:B*,-$*4$24$2$:*+42,I/R$+'I5$2+$*,$2$G/GBU$J'4$45 *+$
4B$45/$*G)2I4$BM$L524$.B'$+2.$2፣$5BL$.B'$+2።$*4$B፣$45/$)/(+B፣
24
G/++2-/$2፣:$IBB@$:BL፣$2$Q*4U$\*,2@@.R$5/$2:N*+/+$)/B)@/$ 4B$ +//$

25
መሪ የሚያደርገው ምንድን ነው?
ከሃርቫርድ ቢዝነስ ሪቪው የተወሰደ
%N/(.$ Q'+*፣/++)/(+B፣$ 8፣BL+$ 2$ +4B(.$ 2QB'4$ 2$ 5*-5@.$
2$ +4B(.$ 2QB'4$ +BG/B,/$ L*45$ +B@*:$ [$ Q'4$,B4$ /O4(2B(:*,2(.$) $
B45/(+$ +5B'4$ 45/*($ G2፣*M/+4B+$ M(BG$ 45/$ GB'፣42*፣4B)+U$%፣:$
L5/(/2+$G2፣.$ 4'(,2(B'፣:+$ (/__'*(/$2$GB(/$ MB(I/M'@$2'45B(*4) ዩ$C$
C4`+$፣B4$4524$CD$2፣፡$4/I5፣*I2@$+8*@@+$2(/$*((/@/N2,4U$=5/.$:B$)
(/+/2(I5R$2@B፣-$L*45$B45/($(/I/,4$+4':*/+R$+4(B,-@.$+'-- /+4+$4524$
*4R$2$)/(+B፣$I2፣$52N/$45/$Q/+4$4(2*,*,-$*፣$45/$LB(@:R$2፣$*፣I*+ *N/R$
LB፣`4$G28/$2$-(/24$@/2፡/(U$1.$IB@@/2-'/+$2፣:$C$52N/$MBI'+/:$B፣ $
26
)/(MB(G2፣I/R$/+)/I*2@@.$*፣$@/2:/(+U$%፣:$L/$52N/$BQ+/(N/: $5BL$
5BL$ I2፣$ .B'$ (/IB-፣*X/$ *4$ *፣$ .B'(+/@M፤$ C፣$ 45/$ MB@@BL*፣-$ )2 -/+ R$
2,:$+BI*2@$+8*@@$[$*,$4'(,ዩ
$
1B+4$ @2(-/$ IBG)2፣*/+$ 4B:2.$ 52N/$ /G)@B./:$ 4(2*,/:$ )+.I5B@B- *+4+$

4B$:/N/@B)$ L524$ 2(/$ 8,BL,$ 2+$ ]IBG)/4/,I.$
አር$ C$ 2,2@.X/:$ IBG)/4/,I.$ GB:/@+

$ M(BG$ "KK$ IBG)2,*/+R$ GB+4$ BM$ L5* I5$ L/(/$ @2(-/$ 2፣:$ -@BQ2@R$2+$L/
@@$2+$-BN/(,G/,4$2-/,I*/+U $C፣$I2((.*፣-$B'4$45*+$LB(8R$
+BG/$ BM$ 45/$ IBG)/4/,I.$ GB:/@+R$ )+.I5B@B-*+4+$ 2+8/:$ +/,*B($
=5B+/$*,:*N*:'2@+$L/(/$45/,$/O4/+*N/@.$*,4/(N*/L/:$2፣:$4) /+4/፡አር$
(2,-/:$*,$@/,-45$M(BG$H$4B$"A$*4/G+$2፣:$*,I@':/:$+'I5$*, (/:*/,4+$
መሪ የሚያደርገው ምንድን ነው? 27
=B$ ጥ/$ +'(/R$ *,4/@@/I4$ L2+$ 2$ :(*N/($ BM$ B'4+42፣:*,-$ )/(MB( G2፣I/U$
2+$ *G)B(42,4$ 2+$ 45/$ B45/(+$ MB($ SBQ+$ 24$ 2@@$ @/N/@+U$1B(/BN/(R$) ጂ.$
*ጂ)ቢ(42,4$ (B@/$ 24$ 45/$ 5*-5/+4$ @/N/@+$ BM$ 45/$ IBG)2፣.R$ L5/(/ $
ሲ፣$B45/($LB(:+R$45/$5*-5/($45/$(2.8$BM$2$))/(+B፣$IB+*::/(/:$)
35/፣$ C$ IBG)2(/፡$ +42($)/(MB(G/(+$ L*45$ 2N/(2-/$ B፣/+$ *፣$ +/፣* ቢ($
2@+B$Q/$@*,8/፡$4ቢ$+4(ቢ፣-$)/(ሜባ(G2፣I/U)
/O2G)@/U$C፣$2$"bbE$+4'::$BM$2$-@BQ2@$MBB:$2፣:$Q/N/(2-/$IBG)2፣.R$
IBG)2፣.`+$ dU&U$:*N*+*B+$2+$ *፣$ *4+$:*N*+*B+$ *፣$ %+*2$ 2፣ :$ Z'(B)/U$ C፣$

+5B(4R$ 45/$ ,'GQ/(+$ 4/@@$ '+$ 2$ )/(+'2+*N/$ + 4ቢ(.$ 2QB'4$ 45/$ @*፣8$
4524$)/B)@/$I2፣R$*M$45/.$428/$45/$(*-54$2))(B2I5R$:/N/@B)$45/*($
28
/%3*4'።'(%2%//
[$L5*I5$G28/+$+/+/$L5/፣$B፣/$IB+*:/(+$4524$45/$V/@)5*I$B(2I@/$) -2N/$45/$2፡
N*I/$4B$]8፣BL$45.+/@MT$45B'+2፣:+$BM$./2(+$2-BU$&/@MY
+4(/,-45+R$L/28፣/++/+R$፣//:+R$2፣$:(*N/+U$F/B)@/$L*45$ +4(ቢ፣-$+/@MY
?245/(R$45/.$2(/$5B፣/+4$L*45$45/ጂ+/@N/+$2፣:$L*45$B45/(+U$F/B)@/$ L5B$
52N/$2$ 5*-5$:/-(//$ BM$ +/@MY2L2(/,/++$ (/IB-,*X/$ 5BL$ 45/*($
:B፣/$L/@@$*፣$2:N2፣I/U$%፣B45/($)/(+B፣$L*45$5*-5$+/@MY2L2(/፣/+) +$
L*@@$Q/$2Q@/$4B$LB(8$L*45$2$:/G2፣:*,-$I@*/,4U$&5/$L*@@$'፣፡ /(+42፣$
45/$I@*/,4`+$*G)2I4$B፣$5/($GBB፡+$2፣:$45/$://)/($(/2+B+$*5 /($
LB(8$4524$፣//:+$4B$Q/$:B፣/RT$+5/$G*-54$/O)@2*፣U$%፣:$+5/$L* @$-B$
&/@MY2L2(/፣/++$/O4/፣:+$4B$2$)/(+B፣`+$'፣:/(+42፣:*,-$BM$5*+$ B( $5/
($N2@'/+$2፣:$-B2@+U$&BG/B፣/$L5B$*+$5*-5@.$+/@MY2L2(/$8፣BL+$ L5/(/ $5/$*+
$5/2::$2፣:$L5.c$+BR$MB($/O2G)@/R$5/$L*@@$Q/$2Q@/$4B$
@2I8+$+/@MY2L2(/,/++$*+$2)4$4B$G28/$:/I*+*B+$4524$Q(*,-$B,$*,,/( $
4'(GB*@$Q.$4(/2:*,-$B,$Q'(*/:$N2@'/+U$]=5/$GB፣/.$@BB8/፡ $-BB:$+B$ C$+*-,/:
$B፣RT$+BG/B፣/$G*-54$+2.$4LB$./2(+$*,4B$2$ SBQR$]Q'4$45/$LB(8$
BM$+/@MY2L2(/$)/B)@/$G/+5$L*45$45/*($N2@'/+c$IB+/_'/,4@.R$45/ .$
6BL$I2፣$B፣/$(/IB-፣*X/$+/@MY2L2(/፣/++፣$\*(+4$2፣:$MB(/GB+4R$)
F/B)@/$L*45$5*-5$+/@MY2L2(/፣/++$2(/$2Q@/$4B$+)/28$2II'(24/@.$2፣፡ $
IB፣M/++*B፣2@@.$[$
)/(+B,2@Y+5B))/($+/(N*I/$4524$5/($IBG)2፣.R$2$G2SB($:/)2(4G/,4Y)
]Q/I2'+/$C$(/2@@.$L2,4/:$4B$(',$45/$)(BS/I4R$Q'4$C$L2+,`4$+/ @/I4/:U$ J/2($ L*45$G/

$ L5*@/$C$:/2@$ L*45$ 4524UT$ =5/$G2,2-/($ :* :$ *,://:$
45/*($42@/+$L*45$2$+G*@/U$^፣/$BM$45/$52@@G2(8+$BM$+/@MY2L2(/፣/++$*) +$
(/N*/L+U$ &/@MY2L2(/$ )/B)@/$ 8፣BL$ 2፣:$ 2(/$ IBGMB(42Q@/$ 42@8*፣-$
+/@MY2L2(/,/++$*,4/()(/4$45/$G/+2-/$4524$45/.$፣//:$4B$*G)(BN/$ 2 +$ 2$ 45(/24$
B($ 2$ +*-,$ BM$ M2*@'(/U$ &/@MY2L2(/$ )/B)@/$ I2፣$ 2@+B $ ጥ/$
/O2G)@/R$BN/(+4(/4I5*፣-$B፣$2++*-,G/,4+U$=5/.$8፣BLR$ 4BBR$L5/፣$ 4B$2 +8$MB($5/

@) U$%፣:$45/$(*+8+$45/.$428/$B፣$45/$SBQ$2(/$I2@I'@24/:U$ =5 /.
$LB፣`4$2+8$MB($2$I52@@/፣-/$4524$45/.$8፣BL$45/.$I2፣`4$52፣:@/$ 2@B፣/U$
=5/.`@@$)@2.$4B$45/*($+4(/,-45+U)
+5/$::*:$ ,B4$ +*4$ 45/(/$ _'*/4@.R$ @*+4/,*,-$ *,$ 2L/+4('I8$) B($ M/2(M'@$ +*@/፣I/
U$&5/$8፣/L$+5/$52:$2$5/2:$MB($I@/2($@B-) *I$2፣$45/$+8*@@$4B$
2L2(/,/++$+4B)):$5/($M(BG$L2፣::/(*,-$*,4ቢ$4/((*4B(.$)
30
L5/(/$+5/$8፣/L$+5/$L2+$L/28U$V/+)*4/$45/$N2@'/$BM$52N*፣-$+/@የእኔ 2L2
(/$)/ቢ)@/$*፣$45/$LB(8)@2I/R$G.$(/+/2(I5$*፣:*I24/+$4524$+/፣*B( $
I2፣:B($2QB'4$M//@*፣-+$MB($]L*G)*፣/++T$2፣:$M2*@$4B$-*N/$:' /$(/+)/I4$
4B$/G)@B.//+$L5B$B)/,@.$2I8,BL@/:-/$45/*($+5B(4IBG*,- +U$&'I5$ )/B)@/
$2(/$4BB$(/2፡*@.$:*+ጂ*++/:$2+$]፣B4$4B'-5$/፣ B'-5T$4B$@/2፡$ B45/(+ዩ$
-/,/(2@@.$ 2:G*(/$ 2፣:$ (/+)/I4$ I2፣:B(U$ \'(45/(ጂቢ(/R$ @/2): /(+$ 2(/$ IB+42,4@.
$(/_'*(/:$4B$G28/$S':-G/,4$I2@@+$4524$(/_') (/$2$I2,::$
L/$@2'፣I5$2$፣/L$)(B፡'I4$L*45*፣$+*O$GB፣45+፣$F/B)@/$L5B$2++/+ +$ 45/G+/
@N/+$5B፣/+4@.$[$4524$*+R$+/@MY2L2(/$)/B)@/$[$2(/$L/@@$ +'*4/:$
/%3*4"2'5%"%2#
/G)@B.//+$ )(/+/,4$ 2$ QB4I5/:$ 2,2@.+*+$ 4B$ 45/$ IBG)2,.`+$ QB2(:$
5*G+/@M$ 4/G)4/፡$ 4B$ )B'፣$ B፣$ 45/$ 42Q@/$*፣$2፣-/($ B($8*I8$ BN/ $2$
I52*(U$ 6/$ IB'@:$ @/2)$ ')$ 2፣:$ +I(/2G$ 24$ 45/$ -(B')U$ ^($ 5/$ G * -54 ዶላር
2))(B2I5U$6/$LB'@:$)*I8$5*+$LB(:+$I2(/M'@@.R$2I8,BL@/:-*,-$45/$ 4/ 2G`+
$)BB($)/(ሜባ(G2፣I/$L*45B'4$('+5*፣-$4B$2፣.$52+4.$S':-G/,4U$ 6/$LB'@:$45/፣$
+4/)$Q2I8$4ቢ$IB+*:/($45/$(/2+ቢ+$MB($45/$M2*@'(/U) $
45/,$)(/+/,4$5*+$2,2@.+*+$BM$ 45/$)(BQ@/G$2፣:$2$L/@@YIB+*:/( /፡$
\*(+4$ BM$ 2@@R$ )/B)@/$ L5B$ 2(/$ *,$ IB,4(B@$ BM$ 45/*($ M//@*,- +$ 2፣$
*ጂ)'@+/+$[$4524$*+R$)/B)@/$L5B$2(/$(/2+B,2Q@/$[$2(/$2Q@/$4B$I) (/24/$)
2,$ /,N*(B,G/,4$ BM$ 4('+4$ 2,:$ M2*(,/++U$ C,$ +'I5$ 2,$ /,N*) (B፣G/፣4R$
ሜባ($5/($I2@G$2))(B2I5U$\/L/($Q2:$GBB:+$24$45/$4B)$G/2፣$M/L/($
*+$(*M/$L*45$2GQ*-'*4.$2፣$I52፣-/U$PBG)2፣*/+$G/(-/$2፣:$Q(/28) $ 2)2(4$
(/-'@2(@.U$=/I5,B@B-.$ 4(2+MB(G+$LB(8$24$2$:*XX.*,- $) 2I/U$
45/$ I52፣-/+U$ 35/፣$2$፣/L$ )(B-(2G$ *+$ 2፣፣B'፣I/:R$ 45/.$:B,`4 $ )2፣*Ic$ *+4/2፡

R$ 45/.$ 2(/$ 2Q@/$ 4B$ +'+)/፣$ S':-G/,4R$ +// 8$ B'4$
PB+*:/($45/$I2+/$BM$2$G2,2-/($24$2$@2(-/$G2፣'M2I4'(*,-$)
(/) B(4/:$:242$2፣:$5BL$+5/$45B'-54$2QB'4$45/$IBG)2፣.`+$+4(24/-.U$
45/$I52፣-/$LB'@:$Q/R$45/$G2,2-/($G'@@/:$BN/($45/$(/2+B+$MB($)
32
5/($IB@@/2-'/+$(/M'+/:$4B$:B$+B$[$2፣:$L2+$/N/,4'2@@.$)( BGB4/:$4B$ (',$+/

N/(2@$:*N*+*B+R$*,$)2(4$Q/I2'+/$+5/$'+ /፡$45/$፣/L$4/I5፣B@B-.$
@/2:/(+5*)$ /N/,$ M'(45/($ 2፣:$ G28/$ 45/$ I2+/$ 4524$ *4$ /,52,I/+$ *) ,4/-
(*4.R$ L5*I5$ *+$ ,B4$ B,@.$ 2$ )/(+B,2@$ N*(4'/$ Q'4$ 2@+ ቢ$ 2፣$
)(/+/,4+$*4+/@MR$2፣:$)/B)@/$L*45$@BL$*G)'@+/$IB፣4(B@$S' +4$+2.$./+U$
',:/(+42,:*,-$BM$45/$IBG)2,.`+$)(*I*,-U$=5*+$2))(B2I5$G/2,4$45 /$
2QB'4$45/$IBG)2፣.`+$IB+4+U$J'4$5/$I52@@/፣-/:$4524$*G)'@+/$[$5/$ +2ሊ
$4524$*4$G2፡/$GB(/$+/+/$*፣$45/$@B፣-$('፣$4ቢ$IB'፣4/(2I4$*4U$6*+$
L*45$2GQ*-'*4.$2፣:$I52፣-/c$2፣:$*,4/-(*4.$[$2፣$2Q*@*4.$4B$+2። $፣B$4B$
BM$2+$]I@2++*IT$@/2:/(+$45/*($B'4Q'(+4+$2(/$IB+*:/(/:$52@@G2) (8+$BM$
I52(*+G2$2፣:$)BL/(U$J'4$L5/፣$+'I5$)/B)@/$G28/$*4$4B$45/$4B)R$
:(*N/($BM$-BB:$@/2:/(+5*)ዩ
2,:$ /N/(.B,/$ /@+/`+U$ =5/$ 8/.$ LB(:$ 5/(/$ *+$ 2I5*/N/U$ F@ /,4.$ BM$
ሜባ($45/$+28/$BM$2I5*/N/G/,4U$CM$.B'$2(/$@BB8*፣-$MB($@/2:/(+R$5BL$)
@/2(,R$2,:$428/$-(/24$)(*:/$*,$2$SBQ$L/@@$:B,/U$=5/.$2@+B$: *+)@2.$
452፣$2፣B45/(c$45/.$2(/$/2-/($4B$/O)@B(/$፣/L$2)))(B2I5/+$4B$45/*($ LB($ LB()

8ዩ
M('+4(24/:$4524$5/$52:$4B$L2*4$4LB$L//8+$4B$-/4$+2@/+$(/+'@4+$M (BG$
+.+4/G$ 4524$LB'@፡$ ጥ//)$/2I5$BM$ 5*+$ +2@/+)/B)@/$24$ A$ )G$/N/( .$ :2.U$

%፣$ 2'4BG24/:$ G/++2-/$ 45/,$ )(BG)4/:$ 45/G$ 4B$ )'፣I5$ *,$ 45/*($,'GQ/($4B$
+5BL$5BL$G2፣.$I2@@+$2፣:$+2@/+$45/.$52:$G2:/$
M(BG$ L//8+$ 4B$ 5B'(+U$ =524$ +4B(.$ *@@'+4(24/+$ 4LB$ B45/($ IBGGB፣$
4(2*) 4+$BM$)/B)@/$L5B$2(/$:(*N/,$4B$2I5*/N/U$=5/.$2(/$MB(/N/($(2) *+*፣-$
45/$)/(MB(G2፣I/$Q2(R$2፣:$45/.$@*8/$4B$8//)$+IB(/U)
እና
]+4(/4I5/፡T$Q.$45/*($+')/(*B(+U$^M$IB'(+/R$2፣$/G)@B.//$L5B $IBGY
34
4/2ጂ`+R$2፣:$45/*($IBG)2፣.`+U$35/(/2+$)/B)@/$L*45$@BL$2I5*/N/Y
እና
%"6'#$0
4/2I5/($B($ M(*/፣:c$L/$ 52N/$2@@$ Q//፣$ +4('I8$ Q.$*4+$2Q+/,I/$) *፣$2፣$

'፣M//@*፣-$IB2I5$B($QB++U$J'4$L5/፣$*4$IBG/+$4B$Q'+*፣/++ R$L/$(2(/@.$
5/2($)/B)@/$)(2*+/:R$@/4$2@B፣/$(/L2(:/:R) $MB($45/*($/ጂ)245.U$=5/$ N/(.$
LB(:$ +//G+$ ',Q'+*,/++@*8/R$ B '4$ BM$ )@2I/$ 2G*:$ 45/$ 4B'-5$
4B$ )@/2+/$ /N/(.QB:.U$ =524$ LB'@:$ Q/$ 2$,*-54G2(/$ [$ *4$ LB'@:$
IB+*:/(*,-$/G)@B.//+`$ መ//@*፣-+$[$2@B፣-$L*45$ B45/($ M2I4B(+$) [$*,$ 45/$ )

(BI/++$ BM$ G28*,-$ *,4/@@*-/,4$:/I*+*B+U$ \B($ 2) ፣$ /O2G)@/$ BM$
:*N*+*B+U$^፣/$:*N*+*B፣$G2,2-/($ I2@@/:$ 5*+$ )/B)@/$ 4B- /45/($2፣:$ -2N/$

2$ -@BBG.$ +)//I5$ 4524$ /G)52+*X/፡$ 45/$፣'GQ/($ BM$ )/ ለ) @/$
5*+$BL፣$LB((.$2፣:$IB፣M'+*B፣R$2፣:$5/$)(BG*+/:$ 4B$8//)$)/B)@/ $
LB((*/:$2QB'4$5*+$BL፣$M24/$4B$IB+*:/($45/$M//@*፣-+$BM$5*+$2፣O*/ 4.Y
L/(/$M//@*፣-R$2፣:$5/$2I8፣BL@/:-/:$45/*($M/2(+$L*45$5*+$LB(:+ ዩ$C+$
:/GB(2@*X/:$)/ለ)@/R$/+)/I*2@@.$45/$GB+4$42@/,4/:R$:/)2(4) /::$J.$
2+$/N/(ዩ
(/42*,$42@/,4U$PB+*:/($45/$I52@@/,-/$BM$@/2:*,-$2$4/2GU$%+$2,.B, /$
IB+/+'+$ [$ L5*I5$ *+$ 52(:$ /,B'-5$ L*45$ 4LB$ )/B)@/$ 2፣:$ G'I5$
-/4$+/4U$%$ 4/2G`+$@/2፡/($G'+4$Q/$2Q@/$ 4B$+/+/$2፣:$',:/ (+42፣$ 45/$N*/

L)B*,4+$BM$/N/(.B፣/$2(B'፣:$45/$42Q@/U$=524`+$/ O2I4@.$L524$
L2+$2Q@/$4B$:B$L5/,$+5/$L2+$2))B*,4/:$4B$@/2:$2$4(B'Q@/:$4/2GU$ = 5/$ -
(ቢ')$ L2+$ *፣$ 4'(GB*@R$ BN/(@B2::$ Q.$ LB(8$ 2፣:$ G*++*፣-$ :/2:@*,/+U$ =/
+*B+$ L/(/$ 5*-5$ 2GB፣-$ 45/$ G/GQ/(+U$ =*,8/ (*,-$ L*45$)(BI/:'(/+$L2+
$,B4$/,B'-5$4B$Q(*,-$45/$-(B')$4B-/ 45/($2፣$
+/N/(2@$ +4/)+U$ C፣$2$ +/(*/+$ BM$ B፣/YB፣YB፣/$ +/++*B+R$ +5 /$ 4BB8$ 45/$
45/GR$ 5BL$ 45/.$ (24/፡$ 45/*($ IB@@/2-'/+R$ L5/45/($ 45/.$ M/@4$ 45/.$)
52:$Q//,$*-,B(/:U$%፣:$45/፣$+5/$:*(/I4/:$45/$4/2G$*፣$2$L2።$4524$
Q'+*፣/++R$2+$45/$4/2G$L2+$I2@@/:$B፣$MB($5/@)$Q.$2$L*:/($(2፣-/) $BM$
*,4/(,2@$I@*/,4+U
36
BM$ /G)245.$ MB($ Q'+*,/++$ @/2:/(+U$ P(B++YI'@4'(2@$ :*2@B-') /$

I2፣$ /2+*@.$ @/2፡$ 4B$ G*+I'/+$ 2፣$ G*+'፣::/(+42፣:*,-+U$ ZG )245.$ *+$ 2,$
@2,-'2-/c$ 45/.$I2፣$5/2($ 45/$G/+2-/$Q/፣/245$ 45/$LB(፡+$Q/*፣ -$

+)B8/,U$J/.B፣:$4524R$45/.$52N/$2$://)$'፣::/(+42፣:*,-$BM$QB45$45/$
PB+*:/($45/$I2+/$BM$2፣$%G/(*I2፣$IB+'@42፣4$L5B+/$4/2G$52፡$S'+4$
%G/(*I2+R$45/$4/2G$L2+$2II'+4BG/:$4B$Q/*፣-$QBGQ2(::$L*45$
2$@B፣-$+*@/፣I/U$^45/($G/GQ/(+$BM$45/$4/2GR$428*፣-$45/$+*@/፣I/
$2+ $:*+2))(BN2@R$L/(/$ (/2::$ 4B$)2I8$2፣$@/2N/U$=5/$@/2:$IB+' @42,4$
L*45$a2)2፣/+/$I'@4'(/R$5/$(/2፡$45/$I@*/,4`+$M2I/$2፣:$)B+4' (/$2፣$
,//:/:$ /G)245.$ 4B$:/N/@B)$ 2,:$ 8//)$ -BB:$ )/B)@/R$ Q'4$ 4B: 2.$ 45/$
+428/+$ 2(/$ 5*-5/(U$ 35/,$ -BB:$ )/B)@/$ @/2N/R$ 45/.$ 428/ $ 45/$
IBG)2,.`+$ 8,BL@/:-/$ L*45$ 45/GU$ =524`+$ L5/(/$ IB2I5*፣-$ 2፣:$ G/ ,4B(*,-
$IBG/$*,U$C4$52+$(/)/24/:@.$Q//፣$+5BL፣$4524$IB2I5*፣-$
G28/+$ IB2I5*፣-$ 2፣:$ G/,4B(*,-$ LB(8$ ጥ/+4$ *+$ 45/$፣24'(/$ BM$ 45/$)
2$(/M(2*,R$@/4$G/$(/)/24$4524$/ጂ)245.$:B/+፣`4$-/4$G'I5$(/+ )/I4$
*፣$Q'+*፣/++U$F/B)@/$LB፣::/($5BL$@/2:/(+$I2፣$G28/$52(:$: /I*+*B+$
@/2:/(+$L*45$/ጂ)245።$:B$GB(/$452፣$
4B$*G)(BN/$45/*($IBG)2፣*/+$*፣$+'Q4@/$Q'4$*G)B(42፣4$L2.+U
/)+!'3&/7!33
G2,2-/G/,4$ +8*@@+U$ =5/$ @2+4$ 4LBR$ /G)245.$ 2፣:$ +BI*2@$ +8*@@ አር$
)/B)@/$ L*45$ 5*-5$ @/N/@+$ BM$ +BI*2@$ +8*@@$ 2(/$ (2(/@.$ G/) 2,Y+)*(*4/:U$
&BI*2@@.$ +8*@@/:$ )/B)@/$ 4/፣$ 4B$ 52N/$ 2$ L*:/$ I*(I@/$ BM$
L*45$)/B)@/$BM$2@@$8*,:+$[$2$8,2I8$MB($Q'*@:*,-$(2))B(4U$=524$ :B/+,`4$
*፣$45/$M2I/$BM$+/4Q2I8+$B($M2*@'(/U$35/,$)/B)@/$2(/$')Q/24R$45/*($
=5/.$2(/$)B)'@2(R$2፣:$MB($-BB:$(/2+B,U$J/I2'+/$*4$*+$45/$ B'4IBG/$
(/IB-፣*X2Q@/$ B፣$ 45/$ SBQ$ *፣$ G2፣.$ L2.+$ 4524$ L*@@$ Q.$፣BL$ +B'፣:$ M2G*
@*2(U$&BI*2@@.$+8*@@/:$)/B)@/R$MB($*+42፣I/R$2(/$2:/)4$24$ G2,2-*,-$ 4/2G+$
[$4524`+$45/*($/ጂ)245.$24$LB(8U$9*8/L*+/R$45/.$2(/$/O) /(4$
2,:$/G)245.$IBGQ*,/:U$>*N/,$45B+/$+8*@@+R$-BB:$
38
L5/,$)'Q@*I@.$N*+*Q@/R$G28/+$+'I5$)/B)@/$/OI/@@/,4$IB@@2QB
(24B(+c$ 45/*($)2++*B፣$MB($45/$LB(8$+)(/2:+$4B$B45/(+R$2፣:$45/.$2) (/$:(*N/,$
L*45$IB@@/2-'/+$B($SB8*፣-$2(ቢ'፣$L*45$)/B)@/$L5B$2(/$፣B4$/N/ ,$ IB,,/I4/:$
4B$ 45/*($](/2@T$SBQ+U$&BI*2@@.$+8*@@/:$)/B)@/R $5BL/N/(R$:B,`4$
45*,8$*4$G28/+$+/+/$ 4B$2(Q*4(2(*@.$@*G*4) $ 45/$+IB)/$BM$ 45/*($
+4(24/-.$ :/)2(4G/,4$ BM$ 2$ -@BQ2@$ IBG)'4/($ G2፣'M2I4'(/(U$ J.$ "bb7R$5) /

$L2+$IB፣N*,I/:$ 4524$ 45/$IBG)2፣.`+$ M'4'(/$@2.$L*45$ 45/$ C,4/(፣ /4U$^N/
($45/$IB'(+/$BM$45/$፣/O4$./2(R$5/$MB'፣:$8*፣:(/:$+)*(*4 +$
)/(+'2:*,-$N2(*B'+$:*N*+*B+$4B$:B,24/$M'፣:+R$5/$(/I(') *4/:$GB(/$
C+$+BI*2@$+8*@@$IB+*::/(/:$2$8/.$@/2:/(+5*)$I2)2Q*@*4.$*,
$GB+4$ IBG)2፣*/+፤$=5/$2+L/($*+$./+R$/+)/I*2@@.$L5/፣$IBG)2 (/:$L*45$
-/4$LB(8$:B፣/$45(B'-5$B45/($)/B)@/R$2፣:$+BI*2@$+8*@@$G28/+$4524 $ )B+
+*Q@/U$%$@/2:/($L5B$I2,,B4$/O)(/++$5/($/ጂ)245.$G2.$2+$L/@ @$
C4$LB'@:$Q/$MBB@*+5$4B$2++/(4$4524$-BB:YB@:$M2+5*B፣/:$CD$2፣:$4/I5፣*
I2@$ 2Q*@*4.$2(/$,B4$*G)B(42,4$*,-(/:*/,4+$*,$+4(B,-$@/2) :/(+5*)U$J'4$45/$
L/(/$]፣*I/$4B$52N/T$*፣$Q'+*፣/++$@/2:/(+U$J'4$፣BL$L/$8፣BL $4524R$
ሜባ($ 45/$+28/$BM$)/(MB(G2,I/R$ 45/+/$2(/$*,-(/:*/,4+$ 4524$@/2):/ (+$
40
የሚያገኘው አመራር
ውጤቶች
ከሃርቫርድ ቢዝነስ ክለሳ የተወሰደ
&'
እኔ'@4'(/U
$
=5/,$ 2+8$ ]3524$ +5B'@:$ @/2:/(+$ :B;T$ CM$ 45/$ -(B')$ *+$
SBQ$*+$4B$-/4$(/+'@4+U
$
J'4$ 5BL;$ =5/$ G.+4/(.$ BM$ L524$ @/2:/(+$ I2፣$ 2፣:$ B'-54$)
4B$:B$*፣$B(:/($4B$+)2(8$45/$Q/+4$)/(MB(G2፣I/$M(BG$45/*($)/ቢ ) @/$
ውጤት የሚያመጣ አመራር 41
4B$52N/$2$:*(/I4$2፣:$'፣*_'/$*ጂ)2I4$B፣$45/$LB(8*፣-$24GB+)5/(/$
)/(MB(G2፣I/U$%፣:$)/(52)+$ GB+4$ *G)B(42,4R$ 45/$ (/+/2(I5$ *,:*) I24/+$ 4524$@/2፡/

(+$L*45$ 45/$ ጥ/+4$ (/+'@4+$ :B$ ,B4$ (/@.$ B,$ B, @.$ B፣/$@/2:/(+5*)$+4.@/
c$45/.$'+/$G2፣.$B($GB+4$BM$45/G$*፣ $2$-*N/፣$
CG2-*,/$ 45/$ +4.@/+R$ 45/, R$ 2+$ 45/$ 2((2.$ BM$ I@'Q+$ *,$ 2$ -B@M)
$ )(B`+$Q2-U$^N/($45/$IB'(+/$BM$2$-2G/R$45/$)(B$)*I8+$2፣:$I5BB+/+$
)'4+$*4$4B$LB(8U$=524`+$5BL$5*-5Y*G)2I4$@/2:/(+$B)/(24/R$4BBU)
$
3524$2(/$45/$+*ኦ$+4።@/+$BM$@/2:/(+5*)፤$Z2I5$+4.@/R$Q.$,2G/$
L5B$@/2፡+R$*+$@/:R$B($2+$*+$ 45/$I2+/$L*45$GB+4$BM$'+R$:B/+$ QB45U$
)/B)@/$ ሜባ($ 45/$ M'4'(/U$%፣:$IB/(I*N/$@/2):/(+$:/G2፣:$*GG/ :*24/$ IBG)@*2፣I/

UP@B+/$.B'($/./
$
+$2፣:$.B'$I2፣$ +'(/@.$*G2-*፣ /$2$IB@@/2-'/$
I@/2($-'*:2,I/$B፣$L5/፣$2$G2,2-/($+5B'@:$+L*4I5$Q/4L//፣$45/GU $
"%'/-(!25&3%'8%(/$!69/&!"6'+#
=5/$@24/$V2N*:$1IP@/@@2፣:R$2$,B4/:$62(N2(:$d,*N/(+*4.$)+.I5B@B -*+4$
42
)//(+$L5B$@2I8/:$+'I5$+4(/,-45+U$\B($*+42፣I/R$L5/፣$5/$2,2@። X/:$ 45/$)/(MB(G2፣I/

$BM$:*N*+*B፣$5/2:+$24$2$-@BQ2@$MBB:$2፣:$Q/N/ (2-/$
IBG)/4/,I/R$KH$)/(I/,4$)@2I/:$*,$45/$4B)$45*(:$MB($2,,'2@$+2@ 2(.$ QB፣'+/+$Q2+/:

$B፣$45/*($Q'+*፣/++$)/(MB(G2፣I/U$1B(/$4/@@*) ,-R$45/*($:*N*+*B+$B፣$2N/(2-/
$B'4)/(MB(G/:$./2(@.$(/N) /፣'/$42(-/4+$Q.$"A$
(2(/@.$(24/:$2+$B'4+42,:*,-$*,$45/*($2,,'2@$)/(MB(G2,I/$(// N*/L+R$
)/(I/,4U$=5/$(/+/2(I5$B,$@/2:/(+5*)$+4.@/+$+/4$B'4$4B $-2*፣$2$GB(/$
*፣4/@@*-/፣I/R$2፣:$I@*G24/$2፣፡$)/(MB(G2፣I/U$%$4/2G$BM$1IP@/@@2 ,:`+$ IB@@/

2-'/+$5/2::/:$Q.$12(.$\B,42*,/$2,:$?'45$a2IBQ+$M(BG$L524$
:(*N/$45/$+*ኦ$@/2:/(+5*)$+4.@/+U$6BL$:B/+$5/$(24/$*፣$4/(ጂ+) $BM$+/@MY
IB፣4(B@$2፣:$+BI*2@$+8*@@፤$VB/+$2$@/2:/($+5BL$5*-5$B ($@BL$@/N/@+$BM$
Q.$1IP@/@@2፣:$2፣:$5*+$IB@@/2-'/+R$*4$(/M/(+$4B$+*O$8/.$M2I4B( + 4524 ዶላር
[$ 4524$ *+R$ 5BL$ M(//$ /G)@B.//+$ M//@$ 4B$ *,,BN24/$ ',/,I'GQ/(/:$
45/$ @/N/@$ BM$ +42፣:2(:+$ 4524$ )/B)@/$ +/4c$ 45/$ +/+/$ BM$ 2II'(2I.$ 2QB'4$)/
(MB(G2፣I/$M//:Q2I8$2፣፡$2)4፣/++$BM$(/L2(:+c$45/$I@2(*4.$)
IBGG*4G/፣4$4B$2$IBGGB፣$)'()B+/U$%@@$+*O$@/2:/(+5*)$+4.@/+$
\'(45/(R$L5/፣$ 45/$ 4/2G$@BB8/፡$24$ 45/$*ጂ)2I4$BM$I@*G24/$
4524$ I@*G24/$ 2IIB'፣4+$ MB($ ,/2(@.$ 2$ 45*(:$ BM$ (/+'@4+U$ %፣:$ 4524`+$
+*G)@.$4BB$G'I5$BM$2፣$*G)2I4$4B$*-፣B(/U
#$%&'-#$)(!#'#!1%&/#03%
IBG)2፣.`+$)BB($)/(MB(G2፣I/$4(B'Q@/:$45/$+/፣*B($G2፣2-/(+R$Q') 4$ 45/.$L/(/
$24$2$@B++$ ሜባ($L524$ 4B$:BU$ZN/(.$1B፣:2.R$ 45/.$G/4$ 4B$
በ4$ L5።$ በ($ +2@/+$ L/(/$ :BL፣$ @2+4$ L//8U$ 3/$ 52:$ 45/$ L5B@/$)
4B$:B$4BGB((BLUT
$
=BG$+2L$2,$B))B(4',*4.$4B$I52,-/$)/B)@/`+$L2.$BM$45*,8*,-$
2,:$*,I(/2+/$(/4'(,$B,$2++/4+U$=BG$Q/@*/N/:$45B+/$IB,I/) 4+$ :: 4$::
G2፡/$2፣$*G)2++*ቢ፣/፡$)@/2$MB($5*+$IB@@/2-'/+$4B$45*፣8$M(BG$45/ $
44
=5/$ IBG)2፣.$L2+$፣B4$ *፣$45/$ (/+42'(2,4$ Q'+*፣/++R$ *4$L2+$ *፣$ 45 /$
:*: ውስጥ
3*45$5*+$N*Q(2,4$/,45'+*2+G$2፣:$I@/2($N*+*B፣$[$45/$52@@G2(8) +$
45/$IBG)2፣.U$C፣://:R$5*+$IB፣I/)4$Q/I2G/$ 45/$IB(/$BM$ 45/$፣/L$ G *++*ቢ፣$+424/

ጂ/፣4U$J'4$45*+$IB፣I/)4'2@$Q(/2845(B'-5$L2+$S'+4$45/ $ Q/-*,,*,-U$=BG$G2:/$+'(/
$4524$45/$G*++*ቢ፣$+424/ጂ/፣4$L2+$Q'*@4 $ *,4B$45/$IBG)2,.`+$+4(24/-
*I$)@2,,*,-$)(BI/++$2+$45/$:/+*-, 24/:$
+B$4524$@BI2@$(/+42'(2,4$G2,2-/(+$',:/(+4BB:$45/.$L/(/$45/$8/.$)
:*+4(*Q'4/$)*XX2U
$
P52፣-/+$I2G/$_'*I8@.U$3*45*፣$L//8+R$G2፣.$@BI2@ $G2,2-/(+$
F/B)@/$L5B$LB(8$MB($+'I5$@/2):/(+$'፣::/(+42፣:$4524$L524$45/.$:B$
+42፣:2(:+$ 4524$ (/NB@N/$ 2(B'፣:$ 4524$ N*+*B፣U$ 35/፣$ 5/$ -*N/+$
+*,-'@2($ I(*4/(*B፣$ *+$ L5/45/($ B($፣B4$ 4524$))/(MB(G2፣I/$ M'(45) /(+$

45/$N*+*B፣U$=5/$+42፣:2(:+$ MB($+'II/++$2(/$I@/2($ 4B$2@@R$2+) $2(/$45/$)
(/L2(:+U
-*N/$ )/B)@/$ 45/$ M(//:BG$ 4B$ *,,BN24/R$ /O)/(*ጂ/,4R$ 2፣:$ 428/$
@/2:/($I52(4+$2$፣/L$IB'(+/$2፣:$+/@@+$5*+$)/B)@/$B፣$2$M(/+ 5$@B፣-Y
4/(G$N*+*B፣U
L5/,$2$@/2:/($*+$LB(8*,-$L*45$2$ 4/2ጂ$BM$/O)/(4+$B($)//(+$) L5B$ 2(/$ GB(/

$ /O)/(*/,I/:$ 452,$ 5/$ *+c$ 45/.$ G2.$ +//$ 45/$ @/2: /($ 2+$
5/@)+$L*45$45/$@B፣-$:(*N/U
#$%&+)'+$!25&/#03%
%$ )(B:'I4$ '፣*4$ 24$ 2$ -@BQ2@$ IBG)'4/($ IBG)2፣.$ 52:$ +//፣$ +2@/+$
G'I5U$&B$92L(/,I/R$45/$)(/+*:/,4$BM$45/$G2፣'M2I4'(*,-$:*N*+*B፣R$
:/I*::$ 4B$I@B+/$ 45/$'፣*4$2፣:$ (/2++*-፣$*4+$)/B)@/$2፣:$) (B:'I4+U$ d)B፣$5/2(*,-
$ 45/$፣/L+R$ a2G/+R$ 45/$ 5/2:$ BM$ 45/$:BBG /:$ ',*4R$
:/I*::$4B$-B$BN/($5*+$QB++*+$5/2፡$2፣$)@/2፡$5*+$I2+/$4B$45/$PZ^U
3524$::*:$92L(/,I/$:B;$C+4/2:$BM$Q@BL*,-$')$24$ a2G/+R$5/$+24$
:BL፣$L*45$ 5*+$ (/Q/@@*B'+$ :*(/I4$ (/) B(4$2፣:$ 42@8/:$ BN/($ B4$S'+4$
45/$:/I*+*B፣$ 4B$ I@B+/$ 45/$:*N*+*B፣$ Q'4$ 2@+B$ a2G/+`+$ M'4' (/ U$ 6/$
/ኦ)@2*፣/:$4B$a2G/+$5BL$GBN*፣-$4B$2፣B45/($:*N*+*B፣$LB'@:$5/@)$
4/2I5$5*G$GB(/$2QB'4$45/$IBG)2፣.`+$Q'+*፣/++U$92L(/,I/$2I4/:$
46
6/$@*+4/፣/:$4B$a2G/+`+$IB፣I/(+$2፣$5B)/+R$2፣:$5/$+52(/:$5*+ $BL፣ዩ$
6/$+2*:$5/$Q/@*/N/:$a2G/+$52:$-(BL,$+42@/$*,$5*+$I'((/,4$SBQc) $*4$L2+R$
PZ^$[$45/$B፣/$5/$52:$*G)/4'B'+@.$:/G2፣::$L5/፣$5/$5/2(:$BM$
PZ^$ ',L2N/(*,-@.$ +'))B(4/:$ 45/$ I@B+*,-$ [$$ 92L(/,I/$ 4BB8$ 45/$)
6/$2፡N*+/፡$ a2G/+$፣B4$ 4B$ )@/2፡$ 5*+$ )/(+B,2@$ I2+/$ Q'4$ 4B$
BL,$ -@B(.R$ 5/`@@$ 45(BL$ .B'$ B'4$ M2+4/($ 452,$ .B'$ L2@8/:$ 45(B) - 5 ዶላር
2@L2.+$2))(/I*24/፡$4524U
$
92L(/, I/`+$ (/2+B፣$ MB($ IB2I5*፣-$ *+4/2:$ BM$ +IB@:*,-;$
/ኦ)@2*፣/:$4B$'+R$]2፣:$C$:B፣`4$L2፣4$45*+$4B$:/(2*@$5*+$I2(2*@$5*+$I2( //
(U$C$L2፣4$ 5*G$4B$+42።$L*45$45/$IBG)2፣.R$C$L2፣4$5*G$4B$LB(8$B) '4R$C$L2፣4$5*ጂ$
')$:B/+፣`4$G/2፣$5/`+$4/((*Q@/UT)
@B,-Y4/(G$:/N/@B)G/,4$-B2@+$2፣:$5/@)$45/ጂ$IB፣I/)4'2@*X/$2$ )@2,$
I52@@/,-*,-$2++*-,G/,4+R$/N/,$*M$4524$G/2+$45/$42+8+$LB፣`4$Q/ $
2IIBG)@*+5/:$_'*I8@.U$C፣$B45/($LB(:+R$45/+/$@/2:/(+$2(/$L*@@) *,-$4B$ )'4$')
$L*45$+5B(4Y4/(G$M2*@'(/$*M$*4$M'(45/(+$@B፣- Y4/(ጂ$@/2(፣*፣-ዩ$
$
^M$ 45/$ +*O$ +4.@/+R$ B'($ (/+/2(I5$ MB'፣:$ 4524$ 45/$ IB2I5*,-$)
B፣$Q'+*፣/++$)/(MB(G2፣I/$Q/I2'+/$IB2I5*፣-$MBI'+/+$)(*G2(*@.$B) ,$ )/(+B,2@$:/
N/@B)G/,4R$,B4$ B,$ *GG/:*24/$ LB(8ይ(/@24/:$ 42+8) +ዩ$
IB+42,4$:*2@B-'/R$ 2፣:$ 4524$:*2@B-'/$ 52+$ 2$ L2.$ BM$ )'+5*,-$ ')$
5*+$QB++$L24I5/+$5*G$2፣:$I2(/+$2QB'4$L524$5/$:B/+R$5/$M//@+$M(//$
M//:Q2I8U
$
&*G*@2(@.R$ 45/$ B,-B*,-$ :*2@B-'/$ BM$ IB2I5*,-$ -'2(2,4) //+$

4524$)/ለ)@/$8፣BL$L524$*+$/ኦ)/I4/፡$BM$45/ጂ$2፣፡$5BL$45/*($LB(8$)
I@2(*4.U$ %+$ MB($ IBGG*4G/,4R$ IB2I5*,-$ 5/@)+$ 45/(/R$ 4BBR$ Q/I2'+/$
4524$I52@@/,-/$L*45$45/*($5/2(4R$G*፣:R$2፣:$+B'@U)
L/@@$ L5/,$ /G)@B.//+$ 2(/$ 2@(/2፡.$ 2L2(/$ BM$ 45/*($ L/28፣/++/) +$ 2፣:
$LB'@:$@*8/$4ቢ$*ጂ)(BN/$45/*($)/(MB(G2፣I/U$&*G*@2(@.R) $45/$+4.@/$
I2፣$5/@)$ 45/G$2፡N2፣I/U$C፣$+5B(4R$*4$LB(8+$Q/+4$L*45$/G)@B./ /+$

L5B$L2,4$4B$Q/$IB2I5/:U
/G)@B.//+R$ MB($ L524/N/($ (/2+B፣R$ 2(/$ (/+*+42፣4$ 4B$ @/2(፣*፣ -$ B($
4B$ 5/@)$ 45/$ /G)@B.//$ 2@B፣-U$ =5/$ M2I4$ *+R$ G2፣.$ G2,2-/(+$ 2( /$
48
(245/($452፣$I(/24/+$M/2($B($2))245.U
45/$+4.@/$2፣:$2(/$4(.*,-$4B$G28/$*4$2$IB(/$IBG)/4/፣I/U$%4$+BG/ $
(/+'@4+RT$*4$:/@*N/(+$45/GU
#$%&'**!3!'#!1%&/#03%
2(B',:$ )/B)@/$ [$ *4+$ )(B)B,/,4+$ N2@'/$ *,:*N*:'2@+$ 2 :$ 45/*($
4ቢ$8//)$/ጂ)@B.//+$52)))$2፣:$4B$I(/24/$52(ጂቢ፣.$2GB፣-$45/GU$)
@/2:/(R$@*8/$2$)2(/,4$L5B$2:S'+4+$5B'+/5B@:$('@/+$MB($2$G24') (*,-$ 2:B@/

+I/,4R$:B/+,`4$ *G)B+/$ ',,/I/++2(.$ +4(*I4'(/ +$ B፣$ 5BL$ /G)@B.//+$-/4$45/
*($LB(8$:B,/U$=5/.$-*N/$)/B)@ /$45/$M(//:BG$4B$
M//:Q2I8$ 52+$ +)/I*2@$ )B4/,I.$*,$ 45/$LB(8)@2I/$ Q/I2'+/$*4$*+ $2@@$

BM$ Q/@B፣-*,-U$ =5/.$ 2(/R$ MB($ *+42፣I/R$ @*8/@.$ 4B$ 428/$ 45/* ($ :*(/I4$
(/) B(4+$ B'4$ MB($ 2$ G/2@$ B($ 2$ :(*,8R$ B,/YB,YB,/R) $ 4B$ +//$ 5BL$ 45/.`(/
$:B*,-U$ =5/.$ L*@@$ Q(*,-$ *,$ 2$ I28/$ 4B$ I /@/Q(24/$ 2$ -(ቢ')$
&/(*/+R$ =B((/$ 4/፣::$ 2Q@.$ 4B$ 45/$)+.I5/+$ BM$ 5*+$ )@2./(+ $2+$45/$
/N/፣$2+$5/$GB'(,/:U
4B$)@2.$*፣$45/$:/I*+*N/$-2G/$[$2፣:$5/$Q'(+4$*፣4B$4/2(+$45/$GBG) /.4$
+4('--@/R$I2@@*,-$5*G$2$]L2(*B(UT$=B((/$2@+B$'+/:$45/$+)B4 @*-54$BM$
MB@@BL*,-$./2($L2+$45(/24/,/:$Q.$IB,4(2I4$:*+)'4/+U$C፣$:B*,- $+BR$ 5/$

+/,4$2$I@/2($G/++2-/$4B$45/$4/2G$2፣:$4B$45/$I@'Q`+$BL፣ /($4524$ 5/$N2@'/:
$45/$)@2./(+$*GG/+/@.$[$4BB$G'I5$4B$@B+/$45/GU
+52(/፡$5*+$LB((*/+$L*45$5*+$)@2./(+U$6/$2@+B$+)B8/$I2፣::*:@. ኤል*45$
B($(/)2*($Q(B8/፣$4('+4U)
('45@/++$4/2G$@/2:/(U$=5/$MB(ጂ/($@/2):/($52:$428/,$I(/:*4$MB( $5*+$
50
(/፣/ሊ/፡$+/+/$BM$IBGG*4ጂ/፣4$2፣:$/፣/(-.U
2@B፣/U$C4+$/OI@'+*N/$MBI'+$B፣$)(2*+/$I2፣$2@@BL$)BB($)/(MB(G2፣ I/$
4B$ -B$ ',IB((/I4/:c$ /G)@B.//+$ G2.$ )/(I/*N/$ 4524$ G/:*BI(*) 4.$ *+$
('::/(@/+
$
+UC፣://:R$ *M$ BN/(@.$ (/@*/:$ B፣R$ 45*+$ +4.@/$ I2፣ $ 2I4'2@@.$ +4//($
+42፣:2(:+R$2፣::$@/4$)/B)@/$8፣BL$5BL$45/*($LB(8$*+$M'(45/(*,-$45) /$
-(B')`+$-B2@+U$%@4/(,24/$4524$L*45$45/$I2(*,-R$፣'(4'(*,-$2)))( B2I5$
#$%&8%)+('#!+&/#03%
&*+4/($12(.$(2፣$2$P245B@*I$+I5BB@$+.+4/G$*፣$2$@2(-/$G/4(B)B@* 42,$ 2(/

2U$ ^,/$ BM$ 45/$ +I5BB@+$ [$ 45/$ B,@.$ )(*N24/$ +I5BB@$ *,$ 2,$ *G )BN/
(*+5/:$,/*-5QB(5BB:$[$52:$Q//,$@B+*,-$GB፣/.$MB($./2(+R$)
&*+4/($12(.$/N/,4'2@@.$-B4$45/$B(:/($4B$+5'4$*4$:BL,R$+5/ $:*:,`4$
S'+4$@BI8$45/$:BB(+U
L2.+$4B$8//)$45/$+I5BB@$B)/፣$2፣:$B፣$5BL$4B$52፣:@/$45/$I@B+*፣-R$
+I5BB@$ )2(/፣4+$2፣:$ MB($ 45/$ IBGG'፣*4.$2፣:$ :'(*,-$2$ +'II/++*N/$

45/$ +I5BB@$ LB'@:$ 52N/$ 4B$ I@B+/U$ %$ )@2፣$ L2+$ G2:/$ 4B$ 4(2+M/($)
2,:$I@B+/:$ 45/$+I5BB@$ 45/$:2.$+5/$L2+$ 4B@:$ 4BU$J'4$Q.$2@@BL*,-$
12(.$(/I/*N/:$,B,/$BM$45/$Q2I8@2+5$4524$LB'@:$52N/$2IIBG)2፣*/:$ +'I5$2$ GBN/

U$ F/B)@/$GB'(,/:$ 45/$@B++$ BM$ 45/$ +I5BB@R$ Q'4$ 45/.$
PBG)2(/$ 4524$ L*45$ 45/$ /O)/(*/,I/+$ BM$ 2$ )(*/+4$ *,$ B'($)

(/+/2(I5$L5B$5/2::/:$2,B45/($P245B@*I$+I5BB@U$6/R$4BBR$L2+$4B@:$
45/$+I5BB@U
2፣$(/+)B+*Q*@*4.U$%፣:$Q.$@*+4/፣*፣-$4B$/G)@B.//+`$ IB፣I/(+R$45/$
*+$L5.$*4+$*G)2I4$B፣$I@*G24/$*+$፣B4$2+$5*-5$2+$+BG/$BM$45/$B45/($
:/I*+*B+R$5B)*፣-$4524$/፣B'-5$45(2+5*፣-$45*፣-+$B'4$L*@@$/N/ ,4'2@@.$ /B)@/$ /,:

$ ')$ M//@*,-$ IB,M'+/:$2,:$@/2:/(@/++U$&'I5$2,$2 ))(B2I5$I2፣$/N/፣$/+I2@24/$
52
35/,$:B/+$ 45/$ +4.@/$ LB(8$ Q/+4;$ =5*+$ 2))(B2I5$ *+$ *:/2@$
4B$ 428/$ 2፣:$፣//:+$ *:/2+$ 2፣:$ -'*:2፣I/$ M(BG$ 2Q@/$ /G)@B.// +ዩ$
2:N*I/U$%፣:$*4$2@GB+4$-B/+$L*45B'4$+2.*፣-$4524$Q'*@:*፣-$IB፣ +/+'+$
=28/$ 45/$ I2+/$ BM$ 2$ PZ^$ L5B+/$ IBG)'4/($ IBG)2፣.$ L2+$ +/N/(/@.
$45(/24/,/ :$Q.$I52,-/+$*,$45/$G2(8/4U$6/$2@L2.+$+B'-54$
Q/I2'+/$BM$2$፣/L$4/I5፣B@B-.R$45/$PZ^$M(BX/$*፣$5*+$4(2I8+U)
$
=5/$ QB2(:$ (/)@2I/:$ 5*G$ Q/MB(/$ 5/$ IB'@:$ 2))B*,4$ ./4$
#$%&6'+%/%##!25&/#03%
=5/$ @/2፡/($ +/4+$ /O4(/G/@.$ 5*-5$ )/(MB(G2፣I/$ +42፣:2(:+$ 2) ,:$
6/$_'*I8@.$)*,)B*,4+$)BB($)/(MB(ጂ/(+$2፣:$:/G2፣:+$GB(/$ M(/$ M() BG$ 45/GU$CM$

45/.$:B,`4$(*+/$ 4B$ 45/$BII2+*B፣R$5/$(/)@2I/+$ 45/G$L* 45$ )/ቢ)@/$L5B$I2,ዩ
ሜባ($/OI/@@/፣I/R$2፣:$45/*($GB(2@/$:(B)+U$>'*:/@*፣/+$MB($LB() 8*፣$
G2.$Q/$I@/2($*,$45/$@/2:/(`+$5/2:R$Q'4$+5/$:B/+$,B4$+424/ $45/ጂ$ I@/

2(@.c$+5/$/O)/I4+$)/B)@/$4B$8፣BL$L524$4B$:B$2፣:$/N/፣$45
*፣8+R$ ]CM$C$52N/$4B$4/@@$.B'R$.B'`(/$45/$L(B፣-$)/(+B፣$MB($45) /$SBQUT
I@/2($IB'(+/$+B$G'I5$2+$+/IB፣:Y-'/++*፣-$L524$45/$@/2:/($L2,4 +ዩ$
2፣$(/+)B+*Q*@*4.$/N2)B(24/c$LB(8$Q/IBG/+$+B$42+8$MBI'+/:$2 ,:$
,B$ M//:Q2I8$B፣$5BL$)/B)@/$2(/$:B*,-$B($S'G)+$*፣$ 4B$ 428/$BN/( $

L5/,$5/$ 45*,8+$ 45/.`(/$@2--*,-U$%፣:$*M$ 45/$@/2:/($ +5B'@ :$@/2N/R$
45/$ ('@/+U$\*,2@@.R$ IBGG*4G/,4$ :L*,:@/+$ ',:/($ 45/$ (/-*ጂ/ ቢኤም$2$
45/$B፣/$/N/(.B፣/$4'(፣/:$4B$L5/፣$45/.$፣//:/:$5/@)U$&BB፣$5/$L2+$ )
(BGB4/:$4B$5/2፡$BM$2$4/2G$:/N/@B)*,-$2$,/L$)(B:'I4U$=5/$B45/($)
:/2:@*,/$)(/++'(/R$)*4I5*,-$*,$L5/,$,//::U$6*+$4/2G$IBG)@ /4/፡$
5*+$ +'QB(:*,24/+$ L/(/$ 2+$ I2)2Q@/$ 2+$ 5/$ L2+R$ 5/$ Q/I2G/$ 2$
G*I(BG2,2-/(R$BQ+/++/:$L*45$:/42*@+$2፣:$428*፣-$BN/($MB($B45/(+$)
*ጂ)(BN/$ L*45$ -'*:2፣I/$ 2፣:$:/N/@B)G/,4R$ &2G$ MB'፣:$ 5*G+/@M$

54
+'--/+4/:R$4B$5*+$(/@*/MR$4524$5/$(/4'(,$4B$5*+$B@:$SBQ$2+$5/2:$ BM$2$
)(B:'I4$:/N/@B)G/,4$4/2GU
2$ :*+2+4/(U$ =5/$ 2))(B2I5$ LB(8+$ L/@@$ L5/፣$ 2@@$ /G)@B.//+$ 2(/$
#$%&+)%(+!1%&/#03%
L/(/$ M2@@*፣-R$ *4+$ +4BI8$ L2+$ @B+*፣-$ N2@'/$ )(/I*)*4B'+@.R$ 2፣፡ $ *4+$
+52(/5B@:/(+$L/(/$*፣$2፣$')(B2(U$=5/$QB2(:$Q(B'-54$*) $2$፣/L$PZ^$
+5B'@:$ 52N/$ ጥ//፣$ /ኦ/I'4/:$ ./2(+$ ጥ/ሜባ(/U$ =5/$ IBG)2፣.$ L2+$ +2N /:R$24$@/
2+4$*፣$45/$+5B(4Y4/(GU$\(BG$45/$+42(4R$45B'-5R$45/$PZ^$)
(B2(*,-$ 5*+$:*+)@/2+'(/$ 24$ 45/$ +@*-54/+4$G*++4/) U$ =5/$ IBG)2፣.`+$
4/,:/,I.$4B$Q@2G/$45/$Q/2(/($BM$Q2:$,/L+R$+4B))/:$Q(*,-*, -$5*ጂ$
C4`+$ /2+.$ 4B$ ',:/(+42,:$ L5.$ BM$ 2@@$ 45/$ @/2:/(+5*)$ +4.@/+ አር$
52(፡/+4$5*4U$=5/$@/2፡/(`+$/O4(/G/$4B)Y:BL፣$:/I*+*B፣$G28*፣- $8*@@+$፣/L$*:/
2+$B፣$45/$N*፣/U$F/B)@/$M//@$+B$:*+(/+)/ I4/፡$4524$45/.$45*,8R$]C$ LB,`4$ /
N/,$ Q(*,-$ G.$ *:/2+$ ')$ [$ 45/.`@ @$ B,@.$ ጥ/$ +5B4$:BL,UT$
Q2+42(:UT
2$@B++R$G/2+'(/:$*,$4/(ጂ+$BM$:*ጂ*,*+5/:$I@2(*4.$2፣:$IBGG*) 4G/,4R$ @/2N/+$ )/

B)@/$2@*/,24/:$ M(BG$ 45/*($ BL፣$SBQ+R$LB፣:/(*,-) R$ ]6BL$
>*N/፣$45/$*G)2I4$BM$45/$IB/(I*N/$+4.@/R$.B'$G*-54$2++'G/$ *4$ +5B'@:$,/

N/($Q/$2))@*/:U$=5/$(/+/2(I5R$5BL/N/(R$',IBN/(/:$2) $ M/L$BII2+*B+$L5/
፣$*4$LB(8/:$G2+4/(M'@@.U =28/$ 45/$ I2+/$ BM$ 2$::
$
*N*+*B፣$ )(/+*:/,4$ L5B$ L2+$ Q(B'-54$)
:/GB@*+5/:U$=B$5*GR$45/$(BBG$[$L*45$*4+$@B፣-$G2(Q@/$42Q@/$4524$ @BB8) /:
$@*8/$]45/$:/I8$BM$45/$&42(+5*)$Z,4/()(*+/T$[$+.GQB@*X/:$45 /$
:*N*+*B፣`+$I'@4'(/$I52፣-/:$_'*I8@.$*፣$*4+$L28/U =524$
$
+2*:R $ 45/$ IB/(I*N/$ +4.@/$ +5B'@:$ Q/$ '+/:$ B,@.$ L*45$
428/BN/($*+$@BBG*፣-U$C፣$45B+/$I2+/+R$45/$IB/(I*N/$+4.@/$I2፣$Q(/28 $ M2*@/:
$Q'+*፣/++$52Q*4+$2፣$+5BI8$)/B)@/$*፣4B$፣/L$L2።+$BM$LB( 8*,-U$ C4$*+$2@L2.+$2))
(B)(*24/$:'(*,-$2$-/,'*,/$/G/(-/,IR $@*8/$*፣$45/$
/G)@B.//+$L*45$L5BG$2@@$/@+/$52+$M2*@/:U
*4$B፣I/$45/$/G/(-/፣I.$)2++/+R$45/$@B፣-Y4/(G$*G)2I4$BM$5*+$
56
('*,B'+U
3%'8%(/&2%%8&"'20&/#03%/
12,.$ +4':*/+R$ *,I@':*,-$ 45*+$ B፣/R$ 52N/$ +5BL፣$ 4524$ 45/$GB(/$
2,:$ IB2I5*,-$ +4.@/+$ [$ 52N/$ 45/$ N/(.$ Q/+4$ I@*G24/$ 2፣:$ Q'+*,/ ++$
2GB፣-$ 45/$ @/2፡/(+5*)$ +4.@/+$ 2+$ ,//:/:U$ %@45B'-5$ 4524$ G2.$
N/4/(2+$L5B$IB'@:$/O)@2*,$/O2I4@.$5BL$2፣:$L5.$45/.$@/2:$2፣:$Q $ /,4(/)(/,/'(+
$L5B$I@2*G$4B$@/2:$Q.$-'4$2@B,/U
2:S'+4$ 45/*($ +4.@/$ 4B$-/4$ 45/$ Q/+4$(/+'@4+U$=5/+/$2(/$) @/2:/(+R$ MB($
2$42@/,4/:$Q'4$',:/()/(MB(G*,-$/G)@B.//$52+$Q//,$:/GB(2@ * X/:$
4524$@/2፡/($G*-54$I5BB+/$4B$(//,/(-*X/$45/$/ጂ)@B.//$Q.$2+8*,-$
aB2፣R$ 45/$-/፣/(2@$G2,2-/($ BM$2$G2SB($ :*N*+*B፣$24$2$-@BQ2@$ MBB:$

2፣: $Q/N/(2-/$IBG)2፣.U$aB2፣$L2+$2))B*፣4/:$4B$5/($SBQ$L5*@/$45/$
1ቢ(2@/$2ጂቢ፣-$45/$4ቢ)$G2፣2-/ጂ/፣4$4/2ጂ$L2+$G*+/(2Q@/c$G*+4('+4$)
2፣$(/+/፣4ጂ/፣4+$L/(/$(2ጂ)2፣4U
2(B'፣:U$aB2፣$::*:$+B$L*45$2$፣*GQ@/፣/++$*፣$+L*4I5*፣-$2GB፣-$
@/2:/(+5*)$ +4.@/+$ 4524$ *+$ (2(/U$ \(BG$ 45/$ +42(4R$ +5/$(/2@*) X/:$ +5/$
4B$/+42Q@*+5$ (2))B(4$2፣:$ 4('+4U$&5/$2@+B$8፣/L$ 4524$ +5/$'(-/፣4 @.$
42+8$L2+$4B$@*+4/፣$4B$8/.$)/B)@/U
J'4$ 5/($ MBI'+$ L2+$ ,B4$ +B$ G'I5$ B,$ @/2(,*,-$ 5BL$ /2I5$ )/(+B,$
&5/$2@+B$+4/))/:$*,4B$45/$IB2I5*,-$(B@/R$@BB8*,-$MB($L2.+$
+5/$IB) '@:$5/@)$45/$4/2ጂ$G/GQ/(+$2I5*/N/$L524$45/.$L2,4/:$*,$
5/(U$6/$45B'-54$5/$L2+$2$-BB:$4/2G$G/GQ/(R$Q'4$5/$L2+$)@2-'/:$ Q.$ )/
(+*+4/,4$ IBG)@2*,4+U$?/IB-,*X*,-$ 4524$ 5/$ L2+$ 2$ 42@/,4/:$
'፣፡/(ጂ*፣/፡$5*+$-B2@$BM$Q/*፣-$+//፣$2+$2$4/2ጂ$)@2./(U)
IBGG*4G/፣4$2፣$Q'.Y*፣$+5/$+B'-54U
58
\B($/O2G)@/R$45/$:*N*+*B፣$52:$Q//፣$:(B))*,-$)(*I/+$B፣$) B:'I4+$
^N/($ 45/$ MB@@BL*፣-$ GB፣45+R$ aB2፣`+$ G2*፣$ +42፣I/$ L2+$
*፣$2$L2።$4524$(/ጂ*፣፡/፡$/2I5$G/GQ/($BM$5BL$5*+$B($5/($(B@/$L2+$)
+4.@/$+5B'@:$+BG/B፣/$M2*@$4B$G//4$5*+$B($5/($(/+)B+*Q*@ *4.U$%+$+5/$ )'4$*4R$]C$52፡

$4B$Q/$Q('42@$2QB'4$45*+$MB@@BLY')$2፣ :$G28/$+'(/$45*+$
=5/$ (/+'@4+፤$ ZN/(.$ 2+)/I4$ BM$ I@*G24/$ *G)(BN/:U$ F/B)@/$
ጥ.$eA$G*@@*B,U
%:6'28!25&0)-(&(%6%(#)(0
\/L$@/2:/(+R$BM$IB'(+/R$52N/$2@@$+*O$+4.@/+$*፣$45/*($(/)/ (4ቢ(.R$2፣:$ /N/፣$ M/L/

($8፣BL$L5/፣$2፣$5BL$ 4B$'+/$ 45/GU$C፣$ M2I4R$2+$ 45 /+/$
GB+4$ IBGGB፣$ (/+)B+/+$ 52N/$ Q//፣R$ ]J'4$ C$ 52N/$ B፣@.$ 4LB$ BM$ 45B+/
fT$2፣ :R$]C$I2,`4$'+/$2@@$45B+/$+4.@/+U$C4$LB'@:,`4$Q/$,24'(2@UT
$
&'I5$ M//@*፣-+$ 2(/$ '፣:/(+42፣:2Q@/R$ 2፣:$ *,$ +BG/$ I2+/+R$
L*45$ G/GQ/(+$ L5B$ /G)@B.$ +4.@/+$ +5/$ @2I8+U$ =28/$ 45/$ I2+/$ BM$
2QB'4$45/ጂ$)/(+B,2@@.ዩ
4('+4/:$@*/'4/,2,4$L*45$2$8//,$',:/(+42,:*,-$BM$4/I5,B@B- .R$2፣:$ +5/$:/@/-24/:$*4+

$)/(MB(G2፣I/$+42፣:2(:+$4B$2$IB@@/2) -'/$L5B$L2+$
5/($4/2G$L5B$2@L2።+$N*+*4/፡$45/$)@2፣4+$L*45$5/(ዩ)
ጂቢ(/R$*+$MB($@/2:/(+$4B$/O)2፣$45/*($BL፣$+4.@/$(/)/(4B(*/) +U$=B$:B$
IBG)/4/፣እኔ*/+$'፣::/(@*/$45/$@/2:/(+5*)$+4.@/+$45/.$2(/$@2I8*, -U$=5/.$
4B$/G)@B.//+$*፣$2$L2።$4524$*+$5*-5@.$IB፣-('/፣4$L*45$4524$)/(+B፣` +$
(*-54$ 45*,-$B($G28*,-$ 45/$2)4$ +.GQB@*I$-/+4'(/$24$S'+4$ 45/$ (* -54 ዶላር
4B$ *G)(BN/$ .B'($ @/N/@$ BM$ /G)245.$ 2፣:R$ )/(52)+R$ .B'($ +8*@ @+$24$
)@2.$45/*($@/2:/(+5*)$+4.@/+$@*8/$-B@M$I@'Q+R$45/$(*-54) $B፣/$24$S'+4$45/$
60
የአመራር ዘይቤዎች
እንዴት ነው
መሪነት ተጽዕኖ በ ላይ መቼ
ይገነባል።
ስታይል የአየር ንብረት ተገቢ
አስተጋባ
ይንቀሳቀሳል ሲቀየር
በጣም
ባለራዕይ ሰዎች አዲስ ይፈልጋል
በጥንካሬ
(ወይም ወደ ራዕይ፣ ወይም መቼ ኤ
አዎንታዊ
ባለስልጣን) የተጋራ አቅጣጫ አጽዳ
ህልሞች ያስፈልጋል
አንድ ሰው ለመርዳት ሀ
የሚፈልገውን ሰው
ማሰልጠን ከቡድኑ ግቦች ከፍ ያለ አስተዋጽዖ ያድርጉ
ጋር ያገናኛል። አዎንታዊ ተጨማሪ
ውጤታማ
ለቡድኑ
ይፈጥራል ሽፍታዎችን ለመፈወስ

ሃርሞኒ በቡድን ውስጥ፣
ተባባሪ በ አዎንታዊ በማነሳሳት ወቅት
በመገናኘት ላይ ስኬታማ ጊዜያት፣
ሰዎች ለ ወይም ማጠናከር
አንዱ ለሌላው ግንኙነቶች
እሴቶች ውስጥ ለመግዛት

የሰዎች ግቤት/ ወይም መግባባት፣
ዲሞክራሲያዊ በተሳታፊነት ቃል አዎንታዊ ወይም ለማግኘት
ይገባሉ ዋጋ ያለው
ግቤት ከ
የቡድን አባላት
ብዙ ጊዜ ከፍተኛ ከፍ ለማድረግ
አዘጋጅ
አሉታዊ የጥራት ውጤቶች
ተፎካካሪ
PACESETTING ምክንያቱም ከኤ
እና አስደሳች
ደካማ ተነሳሽነት እና
ግቦች
ተፈፀመ ብቃት ያለው ቡድን
ፍርሃቶችን ያስታግሳል
በመስጠት ብዙ ጊዜ ከፍተኛ በችግር ጊዜ፣
COMMANDNG አጽዳ አሉታዊ ለመጀመር
(ወይም ማስገደድ) አቅጣጫ ምክንያቱም ዞሮ ዞሮ
በኤን ተልዕኮዎች
ድንገተኛ አደጋ
61
የቡድን IQ
ከስሜታዊ ብልህነት የተወሰደ
#B፡2.`+$/IB፣BG.$*+$@2(-/@.$:(*N/፣$Q.$8፣BL@/:-/$LB(8/(+R) ) $
[$L5/45/($2+$G2(8/4$2,2@.+4+R$L(*4/(+R$B($IBG))'4/($)(B-(2GG) /(+U$ F/4/($V('I8/

(R$L5B$IB*፣/:$45/$4/(ጂ$]8፣BL@/:-/$LB(8/(RT$) ) B*,4+$
2@L2.+$LB(8/፡$*፣$42፣፡/GR$፣B4/+$V('I8/(R$L*45$8፣BL@/:-/$LB(8R$) 4/2ጂ+$Q/IBG/
$45/$LB(8$'፣*4$(245/($452፣$45/$*፣:*N*:'2@$5*G+/@MUT$)
)/B)@/$52(GB፣*X/R$*+$*፣I(/2+*፣-@.$N2@'/:$2+$2$LB(8)@2I/$2++ /4$*፣$ 4B፡2.`+$/

IB፣BG.U
/O2G)@/$BM$45/$+/+/$*፣$L5*I5$LB(8$*+$+52(/:$[$2+$L/@@$2+$45(B') -5$
/@/I4(B,*I$,/4LB(8+R$ /YG2*@R$ 4/@/IB,M/(/,I/+R$ LB(8$ 4/2G+R$)
*,MB(G2@$,/4LB(8+R$2፣:$ 45/$@*8/U$=B$ 45/$:/-(//$ 4524$ 45/$/O)@* እኔ * 4 ዶላር
+.+4/GU
$
35/,/N/($)/B)@/$IBG/$4B-/45/($4B$IB@@2QB(24/R$L5/45/($
4BL2(፡$2$+52(/፡$)(B፡'I4R$45/(/$*+$2$N/(.$(/2@$+/+/$*፣$L5*I5$45/ .$ 52N/$2$-(B')
$CDR$45/$+'G$4B42@$BM$45/$42@/፣4+$2፣:$+8*@@+$BM$
62
2@@$45B+/$*፣NB@N/:U$%፣:$5BL$L/@@$45/.$2IIBG)@*+5$45/*($42+8$L*@@$ ጥ /$:/
4/(G*,/:$Q.$5BL$5*-5$4524$CD$*+U$=5/$+*,-@/$GB+4$*G)B(42 ,4$ /@/G/,4$*,$-(B')$*,4/
@@*-/,I/R$*4$4'(+$B'4R$*+$፣ B4$45/$2N/(2-/$CD$*፣$
=5/$8/.$4B$2$5*-5$-(ቢ')$CD$*+$+BI*2@$52(ጂቢ፣.U$C4$*+$45*+$2Q*@*4 .$4B$
52(ጂቢ፣*X/$4524R$2@@$B45/($45*፣-+$Q/*፣-$/_'2@R$L*@@$G28/$B፣/ $-(ቢ')$
L*45$G/GQ/(+$L5B+/$42@/፣4$2፣$+8*@@$2(/$/_'2@$*፣$B45/($(/-2(: +$ [$:B$)BB(@.U
=5/$ *:/2$
$
4524$ 45/(/$ *+$ 2$ -(ቢ')$ *,4/@@*-/፣ እኔ/$ 24$ 2@@$ IBG/+$
2$MB(ጂ/($-(2:'24/$+4':/,4$BM$5*+R$L5B$L/(/$+//8*፣-$4B$'፣: /(+42፣$
ኬ
L5/,$ )/B)@/$ IBG/$ 4B-/45/($ 4B$ LB(8$ 2+$ 2$ -(B')R$ /2I5$ Q(*,-+$)
*4+$*,4/(,2@$LB(8*,-+$:B,`4$2@@BL$)/B)@/$4B$+52(/$45/*($42@ /፣4+ዩ
$
=5*+$G2O*G$Q/I2G/$/N*:/,4$L5/፣$&4/(,Q/(-$2፣:$3*@@*2G+$
(/ እኔ('*4/:$ )/B)@/$ 4B$ 428/$ )2(4$ *,$ -(ቢ')+$ 4524$ L/(/$ -*N/,$ 45/$
^,/$+'()(*+/$L2+$4524$)/ቢ)@/$L5B$L/(/$4BB$/2-/($4B$428/$ )2(4$L/() /$2$:(2-

$B፣$45/$-(ቢ')R$@BL/(*,-$*4+$BN/(2@@$)/(MB(G2፣I/c$) 45/+/$/2-/($Q/2N/(+$L/(/$
4BB$IB፣4(B@@*፣-$B($:BG*፣//(*,-U) $&'I5$ )/B)@/$+//G/፡$4B$@2I8$2$Q2+*I$/@/G/,4$BM$
+BI*2@$*,4/@ @*-/፣I/R$45/$2Q*@*4.$ 4B$ (/IB-,*X/$L524$*+$2)4$2፣:$L524$*,2))(ለ)
(*24/$*፣$-*N/Y
=5/$ +*,-@/$ GB+4$ *G)B(42,4$ M2I4B($ *,$ G2O*G*X*,-$ 45/$ /OI/@@@/,I /$

BM$ 2$ -(B')`+$ )(B:'I4$ L2+$ 45/$ :/-(//$ 4B$ L5*I5$ 45/$ G/GQ/(+$L) /(/$2Q@/$4B$I(/
24/$2$+424/$BM$*,4/(,2@$52(ጂቢ፣.R$L5*I5$ @/4+$45/G$428) /$2፡N2,42-/
$BM$45/$M'@@$42@/,4$BM$45/*($G/GQ/(+U$=5/$ BN/(2@@$)/ (MB(G2፣I/
$BM$52(GB፣*B'+$-(B')+$L2+$5/@)/:$Q.$52N*፣-$
የቡድን IQ 63
35*@/$ 45/$GB(2@$ BM$ 45*+$ 42@/$ *+$ _'*4/$ I@/2($ MB(R$ +2.R$LB(8) $
2,:$)@2I/G/,4U$a'+4$5BL$L/@@$)/B)@/$I2፣$]LB(8ቲ$2$፣/4LB(8$[$*) ,$
*,$B,Y45/YSBQ$+'II/++U
$
PB+*:/(R$ MB($/O2G)@/R$2$I@2++*I$+4'::$ BM$+42($)/(ሜባ(ጂ/(+$
45/$B@:$%=g=$Q2I8$L5/፣$*4$L2+$2$4/@/) 5ቢ፣/$GB፣B)B@.U$&'I5$@2Q+$
2I2:/ጂ*I$CD$4/+4+U$J'4$L*45*፣$45*+$)BB@$BM$42@/፣4R$+BG/$/G/(-/$2 +$
+42(+R$L5*@/$B45/(+$2(/$B፣@.$2N/(2-/$*፣$45/*($B'4)'4U$3524$G28/ +$
2፡$5BI$4/2ጂ+ዩ
$
=5/$ ]+42(+T$ L/(/$ +4':*/:$ *,$ B,/$:*N*+*B፣$ 24$ 45/$ @2Q+R$ $2

'፣*4$4524$I(/24/+$2፣:$:/+*-+$45/$/@/I4(B፣*I$+L*4I5/+$4524$IB፣4(B@ $
)*/I/$BM$/@/I4(B,*I$/,-*,//(*,-Ub $J/I2'+/$45/$LB(8$*+$Q/) B,:$45/$ I2)2I*4.$BM$2,.$B,/

$)/(+B,$4B$42I8@/R$*4$*+$:B,/$*,$4 /2ጂ+$4524$I2፣$
64
2+$+42(+ዩ
$
35/፣$ 45/.$ IBG)2(/:$ 45/$ +42(+$ L*45$ /N/(.B፣/$ /@+/R$ 45/$
2፣$ +BI*2@$ G/2+'(/+R$ M(BG$ +42፣:2(:$ 4/+4+$ MB($ CD$ 4B$))/(+B) ,2@*4.$
:/N/@B)+R$2I2:/G*I$42@/,4$L2+$,B4$2$-BB:$)(/:*I4B($BM$B,Y45/YSBQ$)
/G/(-/:$*,$45/$*,4/(,2@$2፣:$*,4/()/(+B,2@$+4(24/-*/+$) +42(+T$'+/:$ 4B$-/4$ 45/*($LB(8$ :B,/

U$^,/$ BM$ 45/$GB+4$*G)B( 42,4$ 4'(,/:$ B'4$ 4B$ Q/$2$ (2))B(4$L*45$2$,/4LB(8$ BM$
8/.$ )/B) @/U$=5*,-+$ -B$GB(/$
*,$2$I(',I5$2+$)2(4$BM$2,$*+42,4$2:$5BI$4/2G$4B$+B@N/$2$)(BQ@/ጂ $
ለ($52፣:@/$2$I(*+*+U
$
]%$ G*::@/$ )/(MB(G/($ 24$ J/@@$ 92Q+$ 42@8/:$ 2QB'4$ Q/*,-$
] 6/$)2*+428*,-@.$I2@@/:$N2(*B'+$4/I5,*I2@$-'('+$2፣:$45/,$L2* 4/፡ R$
G/++2-/+$',2+L/(/:U$&42($)/(MB(G/(+R$5BL/N/(R$(2(/@.$M2I) /$+'I5$
ጥ/ሜባ(/$ 45/.$ 2I4'2@@.$ ,//:$ 45/GU$ 35/,$ 45/.$ I2@$ +BG/B፣/$ MB($ 2: N*I/R$+42(+
$2@GB+4$2@L2.+$-/4$2$M2+4/($2+L/(UT)
BQ+/(N/+U$ ] J'4$ L5/፣$ '፣/O)/I4/:$ )(BQ@/G+$ 2(*+/R$ 45/$ *፣MB(G2@ $
45*,-+$:B,/UT
የቡድን IQ 65
=5/$2,2@.+*+$BM$*,MB(G2@$,/4LB(8+$+5BL+$4524$S'+4$Q/I2'+/$)/B)@/ $ LB(8$
4B-/45/($:2.$ 4B$:2.$ 45/.$ L*@@$,B4$,/I/++2(*@.$ 4('+) 4$/2I5$
SBQ+R$ B($ (/+/,4G/,4$ 2QB'4$ 5BL$ 2$ G2,2-/($ B($))//($ Q/52N/+#R$
Q2+/:$ B፣$ L5*I5$ )/B)@/$ 2(/$ 4'(,/:$ 4B$ MB($ 2:N*I/c$ 2፣:$ 4('+ 4$
፣/4LB(8+U
Q/4L//፣$Q/*፣-$2፣$/O)/(4$2፣:$Q/*፣-$+//፣$2+$+BG/B፣/$)/B)@ /$I2፣$
@BL$B፣$ 4('+4$ 4524$*4$L*@@$'፣፡/(ጂ*፣/$ 45/*($2Q*@*4።$ 4B$G2,2- /R$2፣$
@/2:/(+$*,$Q'*@:*,-$IB+/+'+c$Q/*,-$2Q@/$4B$+//$45*,-+ $M(BG$45/$
=5/(/$ 2(/$ +4(B,-$ +*-+$ 4524$ L524$ *+$ 4('/$ 24$ +'I5$ @2Q+$)
2'-'(+$MB($45/$M'4'(/$BM$2@@$IB()B(24/$@*M/R$L5/(/$45/$Q2+*I$+ 8*@@+$BM$
66
LB(8$ 4B-/45/($ *+$ 2$ G2SB($ L2.$ 4B$ @/N/(2-/$ *,4/@@/I4'2@$ I2)*42@ አር$
*,4/@@*-/,I/U
67
ቀዳሚ አመራር
ከዋናው አመራር የተወሰደ
&
5(/24$ @/2:/(+$ GBN/$ '+U$ =5/.$ *-,*4/$ B'($ )2++*B፣$ 2፣:$ *፣ +)*(/$
45/$Q/+4$*፣$'+U$35/፣$L/$ 4(.$ 4B$/O)@2*፣$L5.$ 45/.$2(/ $ +ቢ$
:/)/፣:+$B፣$5BL$45/.$:B$*4U$ZN/፣$*M$45/.$-/4$/N/(.45*፣-$/@+/ $S'+4$
+5B'@:ዩ
$
PB+*:/(R$MB($/O2G)@/R$2$)*NB42@$GBG/፣4$*፣$2$፣/L+$:*N*+*B፣$
45/.$52:$-*N/,$45/*($Q/+4R$G2,2-/ጂ/,4$52:$:/I*::/:$45/$:*N*+*B ፣$ LB'@:$52N/
$4B$I@B+/U
M(BG$2$LB፣:/(M'@$4(*)$4B$P2፣፣/+U$=5/$፣/L+$*4+/@M$L2+$Q2:$/,B -5R$
Q/I2G/$/፣(2-/:$[$፣B4$S'+4$24$45/$G2፣2-/ጂ/፣4$:/I*+*B፣R$Q'4$2 @+B$
24$ 45/$ ጥ/2(/($ BM$ 45/$፣/L+$ 5*G+/@MU$=5/$24GB+)5/(/$ Q/I2G/$ +B$
52N/$4B$I2@@$+/I'(*4.$4B$'+5/($5*G$+2ሚ/@.$M(BG$45/$(BBGU)
68
I('I*2@$*G)B(42፣I/$BM$SB'(፣2@*+G$4B$45/$N*Q(2፣I.$BM$2$+BI*/ 4.R$2፣$
6/$(/G*,::$45/G$4524$,B$B,/$-B/+$*,4B$SB'(,2@*+G$4B$-/4$(* I5$[$
B፣$L*45$45/*($I2(//(+U
GBG/,4+$)B*,4$4B$2$5*::/,R$Q'4$I('I*2@R$:*G/+*B,$*,$@/ 2:/(+5*)$
35*@/$GB+4$)/B)@/$(/IB-,*X/$4524$2$@/2:/(`+$GB:$[$2፣:$
2፣፡$*ጂ)(BN/$45/$L2።$45/.$52፣፡@/$45/*($BL፣$2፣:$B45/($)/B)@/`+$
LB(8)@2I/$ +/4+$ 45/$ Q/+4$ @/2:/(+$ 2)2(4$ M(BG$ 45/$ (/+4$ [$,) B4$ S'+4$
42@/,4R$ Q'4$ 2@+B$ *,$ 45/$ 2@@Y*G)B(42,4$ *,42,-*Q@/+R$ +'I5$ 2+$ 5*-5/($
#$%&6(!"'3&8!"%2/!)2
69
B($ +52G2፣/++/+$ [$ /2(,/:$ 45/*($)@2I/$ *፣$ @2(-/$ (2)4$
5*+4B(.$ 2,:$ *,$ I'@4'(/+$ /N/(.L5/(/R$ 45/$ @/2):/($ *,$ 2,. $ 5'G2፣$ -(ቢ')$52+$Q//
፣$45/$B፣/$4B$L5BG$B45/(+$@BB8$MB($2++'(2፣I/$2፣ :$ I@2(*4.$L5/፣$M2I*፣-$'፣I/
(42*,4.$B($45(/24R$B($L5/፣$45/(/`+$2) $SBQ$4B$
42+8$[$45B'-5$Q.$,BL$@2(-/@.$*,N*+*Q@/$[$(/G2*+$MB(/ጂቢ+4) $2GB፣-$
D'*4/$+*G)@.R$*፣$2፣.$5'G2፣$-(ቢ')$45/$@/2፡/($52+$G2O*G2@$
)'+5/:$4BL2(:$45/$(2,-/$BM$/,45'+*2+GR$)/(MB(G2፣I/$I2፣$+B2(c$*) M$ )/B)@/$2(/
$:(*N/,$4BL2(:$(2,IB($2፣:$2,O*/4.R$45/.$L*@@$Q/) $45(BL፣$
=5/$ 8/.R$ BM$ IB'(+/R$ 4B$ G28*,-$ )(*G2@$ @/2:/(+5*)$ LB(8$ 4B$ /
N) /(.B,/`+$ 2:N2,42-/$ @*/+$ *,$ 45/$ @/2:/(+5*)$ IBG)/4/,I*/+$
አመራር የሚመሩትን ሰዎች ስሜት ወደ ትክክለኛው አቅጣጫ ይመራል።
6BL$:B/+$2@@$BM$45*+$LB(8፤$&4':*/+$BM$45/$Q(2*,$(/N/2@$45/$)
70
,/'(B@B-*I2@$ G/I52፣*+G+$ BM$ )(*G2@$ @/2፡/(+5*)$ 2፣:$ G28/$ I@/2 ($
#$%&)6%2&3))6
=5/$(/2+B፣$2$@/2:/(`+$G2,,/($[$,B4$S'+4$L524$5/$:B/+R$Q'4 $5BL$5/$
45/$I*(I'@24B(.$+.+4/G$BM$B45/(+$2(B'፣:$'+$:B/+$፣B4$*G)2I4$B '($ BL፣$ +.

+4/GU$ %፣$ B)/፣Y@BB)$ +.+4/G$ :/)/፣:+$ @2(-/@.$ B፣ $/O4/(,2@$ +B'(I/+
$4B$G2,2-/$*4+/@MU
ሜባ($/O2G)@/R$2$GB45/($4B$+BB45/$5/($I(.*፣-$*፣M2፣4R$B($2$@BB8B'4$
*፣$2$ )(* G24/$Q2፣:$4B$+*-,2@$2፣$*+42,4$2@2(G$L5/፣$5/$)/(I/*N/+$2$
45(/24U
""
L5/(/2+$45(//$B($GB(/$*,I*:/,4+$BM$*,4/+/$+4(/++$L*45*) $2$/2($
:/245$ (24/$ *,$ +BI*2@@.$ *+B@24/:$ G*::@/Y2-/:$ G/,R$ 45/.$ 52N/$ ፣ ቢ$
"0
"7
=524`+$5BL$IB')@/+$L5B$2(/$*,$@BN/$2(/$2Q@/$4B$4(*--/($*,$
B፣/$2፣B45/(`+$Q(2*+$+'(-/+$BM$BO.4BI*፣R$L5*I5$I(/24/+$$2)
ዋና አመራር 71
=5/$ B)/,Y@BB)$:/+*-,$ BM$ 45/$ @*GQ*I$ +.+4/G$ G/2+$ 4524$

B45/($ )/B)@/$ I2፣$ I52፣-/$ B'($ N/(.$ )5.+*B@B-.$ [$ 2፣:$ +B$ B'($
ZN/፣$45B'-5$45/$B)/፣Y@BB)$*+$+B$G'I5$2$)2(4$BM$B'($@*N/+R$)
)5.+*B@B-.$[$+'I5$2+$5/2(4$ (24/$[$BM$ 4LB$)/B)@/$2+$ 45/.$52N/$2 $
+*G*@2($[$2$)5/፣BG/፣B፣$I2@@/:$G*((B(*,-U$=5*+$/፣4(2*፣ G/,4$BII'(+$
5'(4$ (/N/(Q/(24/R$Q'4$2@+B$-B/+$B፣$GB(/$+'Q4@.$:'(*,-$) )@/2+2,4$

"<
,/'4(2@$:*+I'++*B,U$?/+/2(I5/(+$52N/$+//፣$2-2*፣$2፣:$2-2* $5BL$
B፣/$2፣B45/(R$/N/፣$L5/፣$45/$IB፣42I4$*+$IBG)@/4/@.$፣B፣N/(Q2@U$\B( $ /
O2G)@/R$ L5/,$ 45(//$ +4(2,-/(+$ +*4$ M2I*,-$ /2I5$ B45/($ *,$ +*@/ ፣ እኔ/$
4(2+G*4+$5*+$B($5/($GBB:$4B$45/$B45/($4LB$[$L*45B'4$+))/28*፣-$2$
+*,-@/$LB(:U"A
M(BG$B፣/$2፣B45/(R$+52(*,-$/N/(.45*፣-$M(BG$S/2@B'+.$2፣:$/,N .$4B$ 2፣-

+4$B($/')5B(*2U$=5/$GB(/$IB5/+*N/$45/$-(B')R$45/$+4( ቢ፣-/($45/$
"እና
C,$ +/N/,4.$ LB(8$ 4/2G+$ 2I(B++$ :*N/(+/$ *,:'+4(*/+R$ MB($
+52(*,-$GBB:+$[$/*45/($-BB:$B($Q2:$[$L*45*፣$4LB$5B'(+U"H)
2፣$/N/፣$2IIB'፣42፣4+R$L5B$GB፣*4B(/:$45/*($GBB፡+$BN/($L//8+$B($
4(2I8/:$ 4B-/45/($[$ 2፣:$ 45/$ -(ቢ')'+$ +52(/:$GBB:+$ L/(/$ @2(-/) @.$

*,:/)/,:/,4$BM$45/$52++@/+$45/.$+52(/:U"K$&4':*/+$BM$)(BM/ ++*B,2@$
72
:BL+$BM$2$4/2G`+$+42፣::*,-R$*4+$)@2./(+$4/፣:$4B$+.,I5(B,*X/) $45/*($
GBB:+$BN/($2$)/(*B:$BM$:2.+$2፣:$L//8+U"b
+)2#'5!)2&'28&3%'8%(/$!6
45/$+4(B,-/+4$+/2+B,*,-U$35.;$J/I2'+/$BM$4524$/,:'(*,-$(/2@ *4.$BM$
I'/+$ M(BG$45/$4B)U$ZN/፣$L5/፣$45/$QB++$*+፣`4$5*-5@.$N*+*Q@/$[$
MB ($ /O2G)@/R$ 45/$PZ^$L5B$LB(8+$Q/5*፣:$I@B+/:$:BB(+$B፣$2፣$'))/( $
አይ@* G24/U
+/N/(2@$L2.+$45/$@/2:/($)@2.+$+'I5$2$)*NB42@$(B@/$*,$:/4/( G*,*,-$
0"$9/2:/(+$4.)*I2@@.$42@8/:$GB(/$452፣$2፣.B፣/$ /
@+/R$2፣ $L524$45/.$+2*:$L2+$@*+4/፣/:$4B$GB(/$I2(/M'@@.U$9/2:/(+$)
45/$@/2::/($52:$+2*:$452,$4B$2,.B,/$/@+/`+$IBGG/,4+U$J/I2'+/$45/$ @/2:/
(`+$L2.$BM$+//*,-$45*,-+$52+$+)/I*2@$L/*-54R$@/2:/(+$ ] G2,2-/$
00
+2.+U$C፣$45/+/$+4'፡*/+R$/N/፣$L5/፣$@/2፡/(+$L/(/$፣B4$42@8* ,-R$45/.$ L/(/

$L24I5/:$GB(/$I2(/M'@@.$452፣$2፣.B፣/$/@+/$*፣$45/$-(ቢ) ') U$35/፣$
45/*($/./+$B፣$45/$@/2::/($4B$+//$5*+$B($5/($(/+)B+/U$C፣:: //: R$-(B')$

=5/.$ I2፣$ M(2G/$ 45/$ -(B')`+$ G*++*B፣$ *፣$ L2.+$ 4524$ -*N/$ GB(/$
+/+/$BM$5BL$4B$-/4$45/$SBQ$:B,/U$%@@$45/+/$2I4+$5/@)$:/4/(G*,/$2) $
+BG/B፣/$/@+/$L5B$ 45/.$ 4('+4$2፣:$ (/+)/I4U$=5*+$:/$ M2I4B$@/2:/( $
\B($ *+42፣I/R$ 2$ L/@@Y8፣BL፣$ S2XX$ -(ቢ')$ 4524$ L2+$፣2G/:$ MB($ *4+$
LB'@:$)@2.$,/O4$B($5BL$45/$+B'፣$+.+4/G$+5B'@:$Q/$2:S'+4/:: R$2@@$
07
+5/`+$IB፣N/.*፣-$45/$2-B፣.$BM$2$Q/4(2.2@$B($2$SB.B'+$4(*'G)5R$45/ $
2':*/,I/$M//@+$45B+/$45*፣-+$4BBU
3'-5$#%(&'28& #$%&)6%2&3))6
12፣2-/ጂ/፣4$MB'፣፡$4524$2GB፣-$LB(8*፣-$-(B')+R$I5//(M'@፣/++$2፣:$ L2(G45$+)(/
2፡$GB+4$/2+*@.R$L5*@/$*((*42Q*@*4.$*+$@/++$IB,42 -*B'+$2፣:$ :/)(/++*B፣$
+)(/2:+$52(:@.$24$2@@U0<)
74
)/(ሜባ(G2፣I/U
2$ -(B')U$ >@//$ +)(/2፡+$ +B$ (/2፡*@.$ Q/I2'+/$ B'($ Q(2*,$) *, እኔ @':/+$
+ጂ*@/$*፣$(/4'(,U0A
+)/I'@24/R$ /NB@N/:$ 2+$ 2$,B,N/(Q2@$ L2.$ 4B$ I/G/,4$ 2@@*2,I /+R$ +*-,*M.*,-
$ 4524$ 2,$ *,:*N*:'2@$ *+$ (/@2O/:$ 2,:$ M(*/, :@.$ (245/($ 452፣$
L5*I5$I2፣$Q/$ M/*-፣/:$[$@2'-54/($*,NB@N/+$5*-5@.$IBG)@/O$,/ (2@$ 0E$ &B$
(2:2(R$2$MB(I/:$@2'-5$52+$2$5B@@BL$(*,-U)
$
ሲ፣$2$፣/'(B@B-*I2@$+/+/R$@2'-5*፣-$(/)(/+/፣4+$45/$+5B(4/ +4$:*+42,I/$ Q/
4L//,$ 4LB$ )/B)@/$ Q/I2'+/$ *4$ *+42,4@.$ *,4/ (@BI8+$
)B++*Q@/$Q/4L//,$)/B)@/$[$Q(2*፣$4B$Q(2*፣$[$L*45$B'($*፣4 /@@/I4$S'+4$
-B*፣-$2@B፣-$MB($45/$(*:/R$*፣$L524$G*-54$Q/$I2@@/፡$2$]@*GQ*I$@ BI8UT0H
4524$)/B)@/`+$5/2(4+$2+$L/@@$2+$45/*($G*፣:+$2(/$/፣-2-/:U$1B( /ቢኤን/(አር$
4B$2$)'፣I5@*፣/U0ኬ
ቢ፣$45/$+2ጂ/$L2N/@/፣-45R$L/$-/4$2@B፣-U$C4$+*-,2@+$4('+4R$IBGMB(4R$)
@2'-5*,-$+*-,2@+$4524$2@@$*+$L/@@$MB($45/$GBG/,4U
:B$L*45$5BL$/O)(/++*N/@.$45/*($M2I/+R$NB*I/+R$2፣:$-/+4'(/+$ IB፣N/.$
:B/+$፣B4$:/)/፣:$B፣$45/24(*I+R$BM$IB'(+/c$+*፣I/$)/B)@/$)2 .$I@B+/$
52N/$ -(/24$ *ጂ)2I4U$ ZN/፣$ +BR$ 45/$ GB(/$ B)/፣$ @/2፡/(+$ 2(/$ [$ 5BL$ L/
@@$45/.$/O)(/++$45/*($BL፣$/,45'+*2+GR$MB($/O2G)@/$[$45/$GB(/$ (/ 2:*@.$B45/
(+$L*@@$M//@$4524$+2ጂ/$IB፣42-*B'+$)2++*B፣U
)/B)@/$,24'(2@@.$-(2N*424/$4B$45/GU$CM$.B'$45*,8$2QB'4$45/$@/2:/( +$
)(BQ2Q@.$ 52N/$ 45*+$ 2Q*@*4.$ 4B$ /O':/$ ')Q/24$ M//@*፣-+U$ C4`+$ B፣ /$
ሜባ($45/$)@/2+'(/$BM$LB(8*,-$*፣$45/*($)(/+/፣I/U$PB፣N/(+/@.R) $@/2:/(+$
GB(/$/2+*@.$(/42*፣$45/*($)/B)@/R$IBG)2(/:$L*45$45B+/$QB++/+$L5B$
0ለ
9/4`+$፣BL$ 428/$ 45/$*G)2I4$BM$)(*G2@$@/2፡/(+5*)$B፣/$+4/)$
$)&))8/&!"6'+#&(%/-3#/
76
LB(8$:B,/U$%$@/2:/(`+$G*@:$2,ኦ*/4.$I2,$2I4$2+$2$+*-,2@$4524$+ ቢጂ/45*፣-$
7"
35*@/$ G*@:$ 2,O*/4.$ !+'I5$ 2+$ BN/($ 2$ @BBG*,-$:/2:@*,/#$
LB(8U
$
JB45$-BB፡$2፣$Q2፡$GBB፡+$4/፣:$4B$)/()/4'24/$45/ጂ+/@N/+R$
(/I2@@$ 45/$ -BB:$ 45*,-+$ 2QB'4$ *4R$ 2,:$ L5/,$ 45/.$ M//@$ Q2:R$ 45/. $
MBI'+$B፣$45/$:BL+*:/U70$J/.B፣:$45*+$)/(I/)4'2@$+8/LR$45/$+4/ L$ BM$+4(/++
$5B(GB፣/+$+/I(/4/:$L5/፣$2$)/(+B፣$*+$')+/4$428/+ $5B'(+$ 4B$ Q/IBG/$ (/2Q+B(Q/:
$ *,$ 45/$ QB::$ 2,:$ M2:/$ 2L2.U$ =524`+$) L5.$
4524$:*+4(/++R$L*45$2$G*,:$)(/BII')*/:$2፣:$2$QB::.$',2Q@/$4B$I2@ ጂ$
+@//)$ ሜባ($5B'(+$@2+4$፣*-54U$%+$2$(/+'@4R$L/$,24'(2@@.$)(/ መ/($Q/*፣-$
G28/$'+$M//@$-BB:U
ቀዳሚ አመራር 77
%")#!)2'3&$!;'+7!25
2QB'4$ 5BL$ Q/+4$ 4B$ 2@@BI24/$ ./2(@.$ QB፣'+/+$ L2+$ G/2+'(2Q@.$
77
)*4I5/:$/ጂ)@B.//+$*,4B$Q2:$GBB:+R$45/$GB+4$M(/_'/,4$L2+$42@8*,- $
IBG)2፣.$)B@*I*/+R$B($)/(+B,2@$)(BQ@/G+U7<
)/B)@/U$^፣/$BM$45/$B@:/+4$@2L+$*,$)+.I5B@B-.$5B@:+$4524$Q/.B፣:: $ 2$GB:/
(24/$@/N/@R$*,I(/2+/+$*,$2,O*/4.$2፣:$LB((.$/(B:/) $G/,42@$
45/$GB+4$Q2+*I$+8*@@$፣//::$MB($/G)245.$2፣:R$2+$2$(/+'@4R$*G) 2*(*,-$ 45/*($

+BI*2@$+8*@@+U7A
7E$=5/$)/(I/,42-/$
ሜባ($*+42፣I/R$BM$5BL$@*8/@.$/G)@B.//+$2(/$4B$_'*4U7H$C፣$45*+$+ /+/R$ @/
2:/(+$ L5B$ +)(/2:$ Q2:$ GBB:+$ 2(/$ +*G)@.$ Q2:$ MB($ Q'+ *,/++$ [$ 2,:$ 45B+/$
L5B$ )2++$ 2@B,-$ -BB:$GBB:+$ 5/@)$ :(*N/$ 2$ Q '+*፣/++`+$
+'II/++ዩ
78
5))8&)))8/<&5))8&.) (7
35/፣$ )/B)@/$ M//@$ -BB:R$ 45/.$ LB(8$ 24$ 45/*($ Q/+4U$ \//@*,-$
7ኬ$ መ) ጥ/24$
2,:$:/I*+*B,YG28*,-$+8*@@+R$2,:$)(/:*+)B+/+$)/B)@/$4B$Q/ $5/@)M'@U7b
C+'(2፣I/$2-/፣4+$L*45$2$-@2++Y*+Y52@MYM'@@$B'4@BB8R$MB($*+42፣ እኔ/R$2(/$
$1B(/BN/(R$(/+/2(I5$B፣$
GB(/$ M'፣ U<"
@/2:: +
$
$4B$
2,:$/,/(-.$ M(BG$ 45/*($+52(/:$ 42+8+R$2$-(B')'+$)/(MB(G2,I/) $L*@@$
PB+*:/($ 45/$ (/+'@4+$ BM$ 2$ +4'::$ BM$ +*O4.Y4LB$ PZ^+$

2፣:$ 45/*($ 4B)$G2,2-/G/,4$ 4/2G+U<0$=5/$ PZ^+$ (/)(/+/,4/:$ +BG/$ BM$
2,:$-BN/(,G/,4$2-/,I*/+U$=5/$PZ^+$2፣:$45/*($G2,2-/G/,4$4/2ጂ $
2,:$4'G'@4$45/$4B)$4/2ጂ$/ኦ)/(*/,I/:R$4524$*+R$)/(+B,2@*4.$I@ 2+5/+ R$
4B$:*+2-(//ጂ/,4$2QB'4$*:/2+#U
4/2ጂ$4524$::*:$,B4$-/4$2@B፣-R$45/$)BB(/($4524$IBG)2፣.`+$G2(8/4$(/4'() ,ዩ
=5/$ -(ቢ')$ ሲዲአር$ 45/፣$ [$ 45/$ +'G$ 4B42@$ BM$ /N/(.$ )/(+B፣`+$ Q/
+4$ 42@/,4+$ IB,4(*Q'4/:$24$ M'@@$ MB(I/$[$ :/)/,:+$ B፣$ 45/$ -(B') `+$
@/2:/(+$ 8፣BL$ 5BL$ 4B$ Q2@2፣I/$ 45/$ -(B')`+$ MBI'+$ B፣$ 45/$ 42+8$ 24$
/N/(.B፣/`+$+)*(*4+U
,-'2#!*0!25&#$%&=*%%3>&)*&'&+)"6'20
PBGGB፣$L*+:BGR$BM$IB'(+/R$5B@:+$4524$/G)@B.//+$L5B$M//@$')Q/24$ L*@
@$ @*8/@.$ -B$ 45/$ /O4(2$G*@/$ 4B$ )@/2+/$ I'+4BG/(+$ 2፣:$ 45/(/ ሜባ(/$
45/$+/(N*I/$I@*G24/R$45/(/`+$2$0$)/(I/፣4$*፣I(/2+/$*፣$(/N/) ,'/ U<7

$
J/፣S2G*፣$ &I5፣/*:/(R$ 2$ )(BM/++B($ 24$ 45/$ d፣*N/(+*4.$ BM$)
ጂቢ(2@/$2GB፣-$M(B,4@*፣/$I'+4BG/($+/(N*I/$(/)+$24$2$-*N/፣$)B *፣4$*፣$
:(*N/+$:/I@*,*,-$(/N/,'/+U<<
$
^M$2@@$ 45/$2+)/I4+$BM$Q'+*፣/++R$ +')/(*B($I'+4BG/($I2(/$[$)
Q.$GBB፡$IB፣42-*B፣R$2፣:$45/(/ሜባ(/$Q.$45/$B)/፣Y@BB)$2+)/I4$BM$
80
45/$ Q(2*,U$ P'+4BG/($ +/(N*I/$SBQ+$2(/$ ,B4B(*B'+@.$ +4(/++M'@R) ኤል*45$
M(B፣4$@*፣/+$Q'4$2@+B$M(BG$LB(8/(+$4B$I'+4BG/(+U$\(BG$2$Q'+) *፣/++$
N*/L)B*,4R$BM$IB'(+/R$Q2:$GBB:+$*,$)/B)@/$L5B$+/(N/$I'+4BG/( +$
/N/፣$ 2፣-(.R$ I'+4BG/(+$ [$ _'*4/$ 2)2(4$ M(BG$ L5/45/($ B($,B4$) 2$
452፣$B፣$IBG)2(2Q@/$'፣*4+U<A
/,SB.2Q@/R$45/.$+42(4$4B$45*,8$BM$45/$+4B(/$2+$2$]፣*I/$)@2I/T$4B$+ 5B)U$
=524$G/2+$፣B4$B፣@.$GB(/$(/)/24$N*+*4+R$Q'4$2@+B$-BB፡ $LB(:YBMY
45/$Q/+4$+2@/+$(/+'@4+U<E
ሐ፣$2@@$BM$45B+/$(/42*@$B'4@/4+R$*4$L2+$45/$+4B(/$G2,2-/($L5B$I(/) 24/:$
4B$45/$Q'+*፣/++U$
@*,8$BM$+BG/$8*፣:$Q/4ሊ//፣$2$Q'+*፣/++$'፣*4`+$5'G2፣$I@*G24/$2፣ :$
(2,-/$BM$*,:'+4(*/+$4524$@*,8$@/2:/(+5*)$4B$I@*G24/$2፣:$4B$Q '+*፣/++$
BM$2$IBG)2,.ዩ
$
\B($ *+42፣I/R$ 24$ 2$ -@BQ2@$ MBB:$ 2፣:$ Q/N/(2-/$ IBG)2፣.R$
G2SB($:*N*+*B+U$%፣:$*፣$2$+4':.$BM$፣*,/4/፣$*+'(2፣I/$IBG )2፣*/+R$
45/$ I@*G24/$ I(/24/፡$ Q.$ 45/$ PZ^+$ 2GB፣-$ 45/*($ :*(/I4$ (/)B(4+$)
HA$)/(I/,4$BM$I2+/+R$I@*G24/$2@B፣/$2II'(24/@.$+B(4/:$IBG)2፣*/+ $
<H
P@*G24/$ *,$ *4+/@M$:B/+$፣B4$:/4/(ጂ*፣/$ )/(MB(G2፣I/U$ =5/$)
_'2(4/($2(/$,B4B(*B'+@.$IBG)@/OU$J'4$B'($2,2@.+/+$+'--/+4 4524 R$
BN/(2@@R$45/$I@*G24/$[$5BL$)/B)@/$M//@$2QB'4$LB(8*፣-$24$2$IBG)2፣. $
CM$ I@*G24/$ :(*N/+$ Q'+*,/++$ (/+'@4+R$ L524$ :(*N/+$ I@*G24/;$
4524$:*(/I4@.$:/4/(G*,/$)/B)@/`+$2Q*@*4.$4B$LB(8$L/@@U<K)
5BL$45/$)/B)@/$45/.$@/2፡$L*@@$ M//@$2፣$45/(/ሜባ(/$)/(MB(GU$6BL$)
5BL$L/@@$2$Q'+*፣/+$L*@@$:ይህ
82
ማህበራዊ አንጎል
.
ከአንጎል እና ስሜታዊ ብልህነት የተወሰደ፡-
አዲስ ግንዛቤዎች
@/N/@R$ 4524$ L/`(/$ (/+)B+*Q@/$ MB($ 5BL$ L/$ +52)/$ 45/$ M//@*,- +$ ቢኤም$
)/ለ)@/ዩ
ጥ/4ሊ//፣$)/ለ)@/R$2፣:$L5B$(/I/*N/+$45/G;$^፣/$2+L/(R$MB($-(B) ')+$
/ኦ)(/++*N/$ )/(+B፣$ *፣$ 45/$ -(B')U$ J'4$ *፣$ -(B')+$ L5/(/$ 45/(/$2(/$
)'4$GB+4$*G)B(42፣I/$B፣$[$L524$45/$GB+4$)BL/(M'@$)/(+B፣$*፣$4524$ -(B')$+2.+
$B($:B/+U$=5/(/$2(/$G2,.$+4':*/+$4524$+5BLR$MB($/O2G) ) @/R$
4524$ +)(/2፡+$ *፣$ 45/$ +2ጂ/$ L2.R$ 2፣:$ 45/$ -(B')`+$ )/(MB(G2፣I/$)
ማህበራዊ አንጎል 83
Q(2*,R$ 45(B'-5$ I*(I'*4(.$ @*8/$ 45/$ G*((B($,/'(B,$ +.+4) /GU$ ረ/(+B፣Y
L5/,$ 45/.$ M/@4$ 45/$ :BI4B($/G)245*X/:$ L*45$ 45/G$[$ L5/፣$ 45/.$ M/@
4$ 5/2(:$ 2,:$',:/(+4BB:R$ *,$ (2))B(4$ L*45$ 45$ :BI4B(R$ N/(+') +$
@*8/$2$:2,I/U$=5/(/$L2+$2@+B$2$)5.+*B@B-*I2@$/,4(2*,G/,4R) $L*45$45/$
=5/$ +/IB፣:$ *+$ ጥ/*፣-$ *፣$ +.፣I5$፣B፣[N/(Q2@@.U$ CM$ 4LB$ )/B)@/ $ 2(/$
I5B(/B-(2)5/:R$@*8/$2$:2,I/U$&'I5$+.,I5(B,.$*+$B(I5/+4(24) /:$Q.$ 2,B45/($+/

4$BM$,/'(B+R$I2@@/:$B+I*@@24B(+R$L5*I5$(/ -'@24/$5BL$B'($
4B-/45/(ዩ
84
35/፣$.B'($)5.+*B@B-.$*+$*፣$+.፣I5(B፣.$L*45$+BG/B፣/$/@+/ $.B'$M//@$
Q/I2'+/$:'(*,-$45B+/$GBG/፣4+$BM$I5/ጂ*+4(.$L/$M//@$-BB፡$2QB'4$ ጥ/
*፣-$ L*45$ 45/$ B45/($ )/(+B፣U$ %፣:$ 4524$ )/(+B፣$ *+$ M//@*፣-$ - BB:$
2QB'4$Q/*፣-$L*45$'+U
85
ጣፋጭ ቦታ
ለስኬት
ከማህበራዊ ኢንተለጀንስ የተወሰደ
+B$.B'$I2፣$:(B)$.B'($+'*4$24$45/$I@/2፣/(+U
$
&'::/,@.$2,$2GQ'@2,I/$+I(/2ጂ+$')$Q/5*፣::$.B'R$2፣:$.B'$
:*+4(2I4/:U$35/፣$.B'$-/4$ 4B$LB(8R$.B'$Q/(24/$.B'(+/@M$Q/I2') +/$ .B'$MB(-B4$4B$-
B$4B$45/$I@/2፣/(+U =5*+$+I/,2(*B$IBG/+$,B4
$
$M(BG$+BG/$Q'+*፣/++$)(*ጂ/($Q'4$)
I2@@/:$]=5/$J*B@B-.$BM$J/*፣-$\(2XX@/:UT<b
')+/4$[$M(2XX@/:$M(BG$45/$52++@/+$BM$:2*@.$@*M/U
M(2XX@/: R$ L/$ I2,,B4$ IB,I/,4(24/$ B($ 45*,8$ I@/2(@.U$ =524$,/'() 2@$
\(BG$45/$N2,42-/$)B*,4$BM$45/$Q(2*,R$:B*,-$L/@@$*,$+I5BB@$ 2,:
$24$LB(8$*፣NB@N/+$B፣/$2፣$45/$+2ጂ/$+424/R$45/$Q(2*፣`+$+L//4$ +) B4$MB($)/(MB(G2,I/
U$=5/$Q*B@B-.$BM$2,O*/4.$I2+4+$'+$B'4$BM $4524$ XB፣/$MB($/OI/@@/፣I/U
] J2፣*+5$M/2(T$L2+$2$+@B-2፣$BM$45/$@24/$_'2@*4.YIB፣4(B@$)
86
LB(8/(+$ L/(/$ (/@'I42,4$ 4B$ +)/28$ ')R$ 4B$ +52(/$ ,/L$ *:/2+R$ B ($ 4B$ IBB(:*,24/$L/
@@R$@/4$2@B፣/$4B$*G)(BN/$45/$_'2@*4.$BM$45/* ($B'4)'4U$ =5/$+2ጂ/$
+@B-2፣$2))@*/+$4B$45/$I@2++(BBG$[$M/2($ M(2XX@/+$45/$G*፣:R$
:/M2'@4$)@2፣$MB($/G/(-/,IU$35/፣$L/$2(/$'፣:/($+4(/++R$45/$6F) ) %$
Q*B@B-*I2@$G2፣/'N/(+R$45/$2G.-:2@2$IBGG2፣://(+$45/$)(/M(B,42@$)
2+$ 45/$2G.-:2@2$:(2L+$ B,$ 8,//YS/(8$ (/+)B+/+$ 4B$ +2N/$ '+U$ =5/$
IB(4/O$B($45*፣8*፣-$I/፣4/(R$GBN/+$4BB$+@BL@.U %+
$
$B'($Q(2*፣$52፣ :+$:/I*+*B,YG28*,-$BN/($4B$45/$2G.-:2@2$ I*(I'*4(.R$L/$@B+/

$ B'($2Q*@*4.$4B$45*,8$24$B'($Q/+4U$=5/$GB(/$*,4/+/$
ሀ"
]=5/$LB(+4$)/(*B:$C$/N/($L/,4$45(B'-5$24$LB(8RT$2$M(*/,:$)
L/(/$Q/*፣-$ሰ፡*+2))/2(/:`$:2*@.R$MB@@BL/:$Q.$@.*,-$G/ GB+$4524$45/$
&G2@@$LB፣::/(U$=5/$-(/24/($45/$2፣O*/4.$L/$M//@R$45/$GB(/$)
=5/$,/'(2@$5*-5L2.$MB($:.+)5B(*2$('+$M(BG$45/$2G.-:2@2$)
4B$45/$(*-54$+*:/$BM$45/$)(/M(B,42@$IB(4/OU$%+$45*+$I*(I'*4(.$) $
ለስኬት የሚሆን ጣፋጭ ቦታ 87
%,:$2+$L/$Q/IBG/$)(/BII')*/:$QR$+2.R$LB((.$B($(/+/,4G/,4R$B) ($
*፣$45/$)(/M(B,42@$IB(4/O$:(B)$2፣:$L/$-/፣/(24/$M/L/($45B'-54) +UA0 ZO4(/ጂ/+

$BM$2፣ኦ*/4.$2፣$2፣-/($B፣$45/$B፣/$52፣:R$2፣:$+2:፣/++$ ቢ፣$
/./+$BM$45B+/$4(2))/:$24$45/$42Q@/$L*@@$Q/4(2.$45*+$*,,/($2Q+/,I/ U$ %፣:$L/
$2@$(/G/GQ/($:2.+$BM$/,,'*$2+$+4':/,4+R$2Q+/,4@ .$+42(*,-$ B'4$45/$L*,:BLU J'4$
SB.B'+$ GBG/,4+R$
$
+2.+$ d,*N/(+* 4.$ BM$ &B'45/(,$
L/@@R$2፣:$4B$M//@$L/@@YQ/*,-U
$
&'I5$ ')Q/24$ +424/+R$ 5/$,B4/+R$ 2@@BL$ 2$ ]-(/24/($ /2+/$ *,$
45/G$]G2O*G2@$52(ጂቢ፣*B'+$+424/+UT
$
35/,$ 45/$G*,:$ ('+$ L*45$ +'I5$ *,4/(,2@$ 52(ጂቢ፣.R$ /2+/R$)
+'I5$GBG/፣4+$L*45$2$_'*/4$45(*@@U$CG2-*፣-$+4'፡*/+$+5BL$4524$L5*@/$
5'Q$BM$45/$5*-5$(B2:U
A7
88
GB(/$I@/2(@.$L5/,$*,$-BB:$GBB:+U$?2:*B@B-*+4+$LB(8$L*45$-) (/24/($
አ<
'2&-6/!8%48).2&-
)/(MB(G2,I/$ -/,/(2@@.#$ 2፣:$ 45/$ +)/I4('G$ BM$ GBB:+$ I(/24/+$ L524)

$@BB8+$@*8/$2፣$')+*:/Y:BL፣$d$L*45$*4+$@/-+$+)(/2፡$B'4$2$Q) *4ዩ$
45/$)/28$BM$ 45/$*፣N/(4/፡$dU$%@B፣-$ 45/$:BL+*:/$BM$B፣/$@/-$ @*/+

$ QB(/:BGR$2@B፣-$45/$B45/($2፣O*/4.U$ =5/$GB(/$2)245.$B($2፣-+4$)
ገ/ጂቡ
2፣:$+B$45/$:BL+*:/$BM$45/$*,N/(4/:$d$Q/-*,+U
:*+2+4(B'+@.$ @B፣-$ B፣$ 4524$ )2)/($ B($ G/GBU$ \(BG$ 45/(/$ B'($ AA )
$ %+$ 42+8+$
45/$+52)/$BM$45/$')+*::/Y:BL፣$dU
የጭንቀት ሆርሞኖች እና አፈፃፀም
አፈጻጸም
ከፍተኛ
ዝቅተኛ መሰልቸት ውጥረት
ዝቅተኛ ከፍተኛ
የጭንቀት ሆርሞኖች
+.+4/G+$ B፣$ @/2(,*,-$ 2፣:$ )/(MB(G2፣I/U$ JB45$ Q'*@:$ 2+$ /,52,I /፡$
ግን
90
L5/(/$)/ቢ)@/$@/2(፣$2፣$)/(ሜባ(ጂ$24$ 45/*($Q/+4R$2$ +/IB፣:$፣/'( 2@$ +.+4/

G$8*I8+$*፣$4B$+/I(/4/$,B(/)*,/)5(*,/$24$45/$5*-5$@/ N/@+$MB'፣:$ L5/፣$L/$
M//@$B'4(*-54$ M/2(UAH$\(BG$ 45*+$)B*,4$ [$ 45/$+42(4$BM$ 4524$:BL,L2(:
$ +@B)/$ 4BL2(:$ )2፣*I$[$ 45/$GB(/$ +4(// ++$/+I2@24/+R$ 45/$
,/'(2@$G/I52፣*+G+$MB($@/2(,*,-$2፣:$G/GB(.U$35/፣$45/+/$+4(/++) $
Q'4$:/Q*@*424/$ 45/$ )(/M(B,42@$ 2(/2+R$ L5*I5$ @B+/$ 45/*($ 2Q*@*)

4.$ 4B$ IB,42*,$2G.-:2@2Y:(*N/,$*G)'@+/
$
+U %+$ 2,.$ +4':/,4$ 8 ,BL+$ L5B$ 52+$ +'::/,@.$ MB'፣:$ 5*G+/@M$

+4'::*,-$ 52(::/($ 2+$ 2$ 4) /+4$ 2))(B2I5/+R$ 2$GB:*I'G$ BM$ )(/++'(/$)
@*8/$ @BBG*,-$:/2:@*,/+R$ 2$ 4/2I5/($ L24I5*,-R$ B($ 2$ I52@@@/,-*,- $
[$ L5/(/$ I52@@//,-/+$ ጥ/-*,$ 4B$ BN/(G24I5$ 2Q*@*4.$ [$ *,I(/2+*,-$)
XB፣/$BM$)/(MB(G2፣I/$:*+2+4/(R$ +4':/,4+$L*45$G245$2፣O*/4.$52N/ $
*ጂ)2*(*,-$45/*($2Q*@*4.$4B$+B@N/$)(BQ@/G+$B($-(2+)$፣/L$IB ,I/)4+U
B($B፣$45/$SBQU$35*@/$L/$2(/$:*+4(/++/:R$L/$:B፣`4$45*፣8$I@/2( @.R$2፣:$
L/$4/፣:$4B$@B+/$*,4/(/+4$*,$)'(+'*,-$/N/፣$-B2@+ $4524$2(/$*ጂ)ቢ(42,4$
ጥ/*፣-$)(/+/፣4/:UAK
$
=5/$ :(2LQ2I8+$ 2)))@.$ 2+$ L/@@$ 4B$ @/2:/(+U$ \B'@$ M//@*,-+$

L/28 /,$ /G)245.$ 2,:$ IB,I/(,U$ \B($ /O2G)@/R$ G2,2-/(+$ *,$ Q2:$
B፣$45/$:BL+*:/R$2፣:$2(/$GB(/$:*+2))(BN*፣-$*፣$45/*($B)*፣*B፣ +ዩአብ
3/$:B$Q/+4$24$GB:/(24/$4B$I52@@/,-*,-$@/N/@+$BM$+4(/++c$L5* @/$45/$
G*,:$M(2XX@/+$'፣:/($/O4(/ጂ/$)(/++'(/U)
6)%(&'28&%")#!)2'3&*3)።
*,N2(*2Q@.$(/N*N/:$45/$-(ቢ')*+$M2*@*፣-$MBI'+$L*45$8//፣$*,4/ (/+4U$6/$
4B$/፣-2-/G/፣4U
L/@@$ I2@*Q(24/:$ 2$ G/++2-/$ BM$ :*+)@/2+'(/$ G*-54$ ጥ/$ *+$ L5 /45/($

*4$ ጂቢኤን/+$
)/(ሜባ(G2፣I/U
+4(/,-45$M(BG$45/$GB(/$+BI*2@@.$:BG*,2.4$)/(+B፣$4B$45/$@/++U
92
BM$+*G'@24/:$LB(8$4/2ጂ+$L/(/$45/ጂ+/@N/+$GBN/::$*,4B$2$-BB:$B($
45/.$ @/:$ L2+$ 2++/++/:U$ =/2G$ G/GQ/(+$ L*45$ ')Q/24$ @/2:/(+$
)BB(@.$I5B+/፣$+4(24/-*/+U
GB(/$LB(8$G2.$+//G$4B$-/4$:B፣/$[$Q'4$*4$L*@@$፣B4$፣/I/++ 2(*@.$Q/$
I@*G24/R$+2QB42-*፣-$45/$Q(2*,`+$2Q*@*4.$4B$LB(8$24$*4+$Q/+4U
$
ሲ፣$ 45*+$+/+/R$@/2:/(+5*)$QB*@+$:BL፣$ 4B$2$+/(*/+$BM$+BI*2 @$

/OI52፣-/+$ *፣$ L5*I5$ 45/$ @/2፡/($ I2፣$ :(*N/$ 45/$ B45/($)/(+B፣`+$)
45(/24/፣/፡U
@/++$)BL/(M'@$)/(+B,U
$
%,B45/($)BL/(M'@$(/2+B፣$MB($@/2):/(+$4B$Q/$G*፣:M'@$BM$L524$
እና"
P2@@B'+፣/++$ M(BG$ 2$ QB++$፣B4$ B፣@.$ 5/*-54/+$ 45/$(*+8$ BM$

*,4/@@*-/,4$ @/2:/($ 5/@)+$ )/B)@/$ IB፣42*፣$ 2፣:$ (/IBN/($ M) ቢጂ$45/*($
2፣፡$4B$2I4$B፣$*4U
?)//%/@& #$%&5))8<&?'8<&'28&#$%&-530
QB++/+$45/.`N/$8፣BL፣R$B፣/$45/.$@BN/:$4B$LB(8$MB(R$2፣:$B፣/$45/.$
IB'@ :,`4$L2*4$4B$/+I2)/U$C`N/$2+8/:$MB($+'I5$2$@*+4$M(BG$:BX/+ $BM$
ጥሩ አለቃ መጥፎ አለቃ
ታላቅ አድማጭ ባዶ ግድግዳ
ማበረታታት ጥርጣሬ
ኮሚዩኒኬተር ሚስጥራዊ
ደፋር ማስፈራራት
የቀልድ ስሜት ተናዳጅ
ርኅራኄን ያሳያል እራስን ያማከለ
ወሳኝ የማይወሰን
ኃላፊነት ይወስዳል ጥፋተኞች
ትሁት እብሪተኛ
የማጋራት ስልጣን አለመተማመን

94
=5/$Q/+4$QB++/+$2(/$)/B)@/$L5B$2(/$4('+4LB(45.R$/G)245*I$2፣:$ IB,, /I4/፡ R$

L5B$ G28/$ '+$ M//@$ I2@GR$ 2))(/I*24/:R$ 2፣:$ *+)*(/:U$
BM$)2(/,4$L5B$MB+4/(+$+/I'(*4.$B፣$45/$B፣/$52፣:R$2፣:$2፣O*/4።$ ቢ፣$
&L*4X/(@2፣:R$BQ+/(N/+$4524$52N*፣-$2$+/I'(/$Q2+/$24$LB(8$*+$I('I*2@ $
ሜባ($5*-5$)/(ሜባ(G2፣I/U
2+$ I52@@/፣-/+R$፣B4$ 45(/24+U$ =5B+/$ L5B$ 2(/$ 2፣O*B'+R$ *፣$ IB፣4(2)

+4R$ (/2:*@.$Q/IBG/$)(/BII')*/:$L*45$ 45/$+)/I4/($BM$ M2*@'(/R$) M/2(*,-$
4524$:B*,-$)BB(@.$L*@@$G/2፣$45/.$L*@@$Q/$(/S/I4/፡ $B($2Q2፣:B፣/:$
F/B)@/$L5B$ M//@$ 4524$ 45/*($ QB++$ )(BN*:/+$2$ +/I'(/$ Q2+/R$
*M$ @/2:/(+$ /+42Q@*+5$ +'I5$ 4('+4$ 2፣:$ +2M/4.R$ 45/፣$ L5/፣$ 45/ .$ -*N/$
4B'-5$M//:Q2I8R$45/$)/(+ቢ፣$(/I/*N*፣-$*4$፣B4$B፣@.$+42 .+$GB(/$B)/፣$
9*8/$ 2$ )2(/,4R$ 5BL/N/(R$ 2$ @/2:/($ +5B'@:$ ,B4$ )(B4/I4$ /G)@B .//

+$M(BG$/N/(.$4/+*B፣$B($+4(/++c$(/+*@*/፣I/$-(BL+$M) BG$2$
GB:*I'G$BM$:*+IBGMB(4$-/,/(24/:$Q.$,/I/++2(.$)(/++'(/+) $24$LB(8U$ J'4$+*፣I/
$4BB$G'I5$+4(/++$BN/(L5/@G+R$2፣$2+4'4/$@/2 :/($2I4+$2+$2$ +/I'(/$Q2+/$Q.
$@/++/,*,-$BN/(L5/@G*,-$)(/++'( /+$*M$)B++*Q@/$[$B($ 24$@/2+4$፣B4$G28*፣-
$45/G$LB(+/U)
M(BG$5/2:_'2(4/(+$[$2፣:$45/.$2(/$IB+*:/(2Q@/$[$5/$:B/+$,B4$) ) 2++$
45/.$:/N/@B)$428/$4LB$4B$45(//$./2(+$4B$IBG/$4B$G2(8/4UT)
$
^፣$45/$B45/($52፣:R$*M$G/GQ/(+$BM$2$LB(8$4/2G$2(/$(/+*@*/፣4R$)
5B$ I'@4'(/U$%፣$ *፣N/+4G/፣4$ Q2፣8/($ 4/@@+$ G/$ BM$ 2$ ]52(:$ :( *N*፣-R$
G/(-/:$5*+$IBG)2፣.$L*45$2፣B45/(አር$]45/$+2ጂ/$+4.@/$4524$LB(8/:$ MB($) 5*G$

ጥ/ሜባ(/$ :(BN/$ 2L2.$ 2@@$ 45/$ G2,2-/(+$ *,$ 45/$ 2I_'*(/:$ Q'+*) ,/++R$L5B$
+2L$5*G$2+$*,4B@/(2Q@/U$=5/$IBG)2፣.`+$+4BI8$)(*I/$)
5/2፡_'2(4/(+R$ M('+4(24/:$ /G)@B.//+$ 4'(፣$ *፣$ 2፣-/($ B፣ $ B45/(+ዩ$
ረ/(52)+$ @'I8*@.R$ L/$:B$፣B4$ 52N/$ 4B$:/)/፣:$ B፣@.$ B፣$ 45/$ QB++

U$ PB@@/2-'/+R$ 2$ LB(8$ 4/2GR$ M(*/፣:+$ 24$ LB(8R$ 2፣:$ /N/፣$ 45/$)
45/$+'G$4B42@$BM$45/$GB:+$4524$/G/(-/$2+$45/.$*,4/(2I4$45(B'-5$)
L/$:B$B'($LB(8R$*,4/(2I4R$2፣:$G28/$/2I5$B45/($M//@$2::+$4B$45/$)
35/45/($ *4`+$ 2$ +')/(N*+B($ B($ M/@@BL$ LB(8/($ L5B$ L/$ I2፣$)
G2፣.$LB(8*፣-$)/B)@/R$IBLB(8/(+$Q/IBG/$+BG/45*፣-$@*8/$2$
96
LB(8$45/.$2(/ዩ
L/$52N/$L5*@/$ 45/(/R$L5/45/($L*45$2$ +')/(N*+B(R$IB@@/2-'/+R) $B($
4B$)/(ሜባ(Gc$+G2@@$/OI52፣-/+[2$IBG)@*G/፣4$B፣$LB(8$L/@@$:B፣/R$
SBQUE0
$
ZN/፣$ 52N*፣-$S'+4$ B፣/$ )/(+B፣$L5B$ I2፣$Q/$ IB'፣4/:$ B፣$24$
M/@4$B፣$45/*($SBQ$L2+$2-(//ጂ/፣4$ሊ*45$45/$+424/ጂ/፣4R$]C$52N/$2$Q/+4 $
መ(*/፣:$24$LB(8UTE7
4524$I2፣$Q/$+B$IB፣42-*B'+$4524$/N/፣$)/B)@/$L5B$4/፣:$4B$Q/$5*-5@.$
]C$፣/N/($ 5*(/$2፣.B፣/$ MB($G.$@2Q$L*45B'4$ 45/G$LB(8*፣-$L*45$ '+$ )

(BN*+*B,2@@.$ MB($2$L5*@/U$=5/፣$C$2+8$45/$B45/($)/B)@/$* ,$45/$@2Q$
45/*($B)*,*B+R$2፣$C$:/M/($4B$45/GU$CM$45/$*,4/()/() +B,2@$I5/G*+4(.$
-ቢቢ፡$45/.$G2.$Q/$B45/(L*+/UT
#$%&/)+!'330&!2#%33!5%2#&3%'8%(
2$:2.@B፣-$LB(8+5B)$Q.$2$M2GB'+$/O)/(4$*፣$45/$IBG)2፣.`+$2(/2$BM) $ +)/
I*2@4.U$%$@2(-/(Y452፣Y/O)/I4/:$I(BL:$+5BL/:$')R$2፣:$24$45/ $
@2+4$G*፣'4/$ 45/$/N/፣4$L2+$ +L*4I5/:$ 4B$2$ @2(-/($ (BBGR$ B፣/$ 4524$ IB

'@:$ 5B@:$/N/(.B,/$ Q'4$L2+$ )BB(@.$/_'*))/:U$ %+$2$ (/+'@4R$ 45/$ )/ቢ)@/
$*፣$45/$Q2I8$52፡$4(B'Q@/$+//*፣-$B($5/2(*,-$45/$+)/28/ (ዩ$%4$
45/$5/2፡$BM$5'G2፣$(/+B'(I/+$+528*፣-$L*45$(2-/$2፣:$IBG)@2*፣*፣- $
4524$+5/$IB'@:$,/*45/($-@*ጂ)+/$45/$+I(//፣$B፣$L5*I5$45/$+)/28/( `+$
*G2-/$L2+$Q/*,-$)(BS/I4/:R$,B($G28/$B'4$5*+$LB(:+U)
$
]C$ 8፣/L$ 4524$ 2@@$ C$ IB'@:$ :B$ L2+$ @*+4/፣R$ /G)245*X/R$
45*,-+RT$45/$5/2፡$BM$5'G2፣$(/+ቢ'(I/+$4B@:$G/U$]%4$45/$Q(/28$+5 /$ +2L$G/
$-B$4B$45/$2'፡*BN*+'2@$)/B)@/$2፣:$24$@/2+4$4(.$4B$-/4 $45/$
]C$+2L$4524$LBG2፣$2-2*፣$24$45/$/፣$BM$45/$:2.U$&5/$4B@:$
+5/$L2+$(/@2O/:$2QB'4$*4U$&5/$(/2@@.$2))(/I*24/:$G.$5/2(*,-$5) /($ B'4$2፣:

$4(.*,-$4B$5/@)UT
2$@/2፡/(R$@*8/$4524$6?$5/2፡R$I2፣$24$@/2+4$@*+4/፣$L*45$/G)245.R $+5BL$
@/2:/($5/@)+$G/42QB@*X/$45/GR$+B$45/$)/(+B፣$I2፣$GBN/$B፣$(245/($)
=5/$@/2:/($,//:$,B4$,/I/++2(*@.$2-(//$L*45$45/$)/(+B,`+ $
N*/LR$45/፣$2)B@B-*X*፣-$*M$፣/I/+2(.$B($B45/(L*+/$+//8*፣- $2$(/ጂ/፡.R$
52(GM'@U$C፣$2$+'(N/.$BM$/G)@B.//+$24$+/N/፣$5'፣:(/:$IBG)2፣*/ +R$ 45/$

G2SB(*4.$ +2*:$ 4524$ 2$ I2(*,-$ QB++$ L2+$ GB(/$ *G)B(42,4$ 4B$ 45/G$ 452,$
5BL$ G'I5$ 45/.$ /2(,/:UE<
+'(N/.$ MB'፣:$ 4524$/G)@B./+`$@*8*፣-$ MB($ 45/*($ QB++$L2+$2$ )(*ጂ/ $
4524$SBQU$>*N/፣$45/$I5B*I/R$)/B)@/$:B፣`4$L2፣4$4B$LB(8$MB($2$)
98
4BO*I$QB++$24$፣/2(@.$2፣.$L2-/$[$/OI/)4$4B$-/4$/፣B'-5$]+I(/L$። B'T$ GB፣/.

$4B$_'*4$L*45$+/I'(*4.U &BI*2@@.
$
$ *,4/@@*-/,4$ @/ 2:/(+5*)$ +42(4+$ L*45$ Q/*፣-$ M'@@.$
45/$ M'@@$ )2፣B)@.$ BM$ +BI*2@$ *፣4/@@*-/፣I/$ I2፣$ I2G/$ *፣4B$ )@2 .R$ M(BG$
24YLB(8U$J'4$L524/N/($L/$:B$2+$L/$*,4/(2I4R$45/$+*፣-@/$G/2+'(/$)
BM$*4+$+'II/+$L*@@$Q/$L5/(/$*፣$45/$*፣N/(4/:$d$/2I5$)/(+B) ,$/,:+$
") ውስጥ
ጄ'+*፣/++/+$ 2(/$ B፣$ 45/$ M(B,4$ @*፣/+$ BM$ 2))@.*፣-$ +BI*2@$ *,4/@@*-/,I/
U$%+$)/B)@/$LB(8$@B፣-/($2፣:$@B፣-/($5B'(+R) $Q'+*፣/++/+$
GB+4$ BM$ '+$ I2፣$ Q/$ 4B++/:$ B'4$24$ 45/$L*@@$ BM$G2,2-/G/,4U$=524$
5ቢ)/$2፣$M/2($('፣$(2ጂ)2,4U
$
ZOI/@@/, I/$ *,$ )/B)@/$ G2,2-/G/,4$ I2,,B4$ *-,B(/$)

99
ስሜታዊነትን ማዳበር
ብልህነት
ከአንጎል እና ስሜታዊ ብልህነት የተወሰደ፡-
አዲስ ግንዛቤዎች
0B'$G2።$52N/$5/2(:$4524$L/`(/$QB(፣$L*45$2$5'-/$2GB'፣4$)
2፣$45/$B45/($G*-(24/+$4B$L5/(/N/($*4`+$፣//:/:$*፣$45/$Q(2*፣) $2፣$
እኔ/@@$*+$,//:$MB($,/L$@/2(,*,-U$^N/($45/$,/O4$MB'($GB,45) + R$4524$
,/L$፣/'(2@$I*(I'*4(.U
$
=5/$+424/$BM$45/$2(4$*,$G2))*,-$45*+$L*@@$Q/$IBG*፣-$B'4$BM$
4ቢ$45/$/ኦ)/(*/,I/+$L/$52N/U$CM$L/$2(/$@/2(,*,-$2$፣/L$-B@M$) +L*፣-R$
እኔ *(እኔ'*4(.$L*@@$-(BL$2IIB(:*,-@.U)
$
^፣$45/$B45/($52፣:R$L5/፣$L/$4(.$4B$BN/(IBG/$2$Q2፡$52Q*4R$)
L/`(/$')$2-2*+4$45/$45*I8፣/++$BM$45/$I*(I'*4(.$MB($+BG/45*,-$) L/`N/$
@/++ቢ+$MB($IB2I5*፣-R$B($MB($LB(8*፣-$B፣$B'($BL፣$4B$/፣52፣I/$2፣ $
100
)/(+B፣R$-/4$45/G$/,45'+/፡$2QB'4$2I5*/N*፣-$45/$-B2@$BM$I52፣-/U$ 6 /(/
$*4$5/@)+$4B$:(2L$B፣$45/*($:(/2ጂ+R$45/*($N*+*ቢ፣$MB($45/ጂ+/@) N/
+R$ L5/(/$45/.$L2፣4$4B$Q/$*፣$45/$M'4'(/U$=5/፣$LB(8$M(BG$L5/ (/$45/.$
2(/$,BL$ B,$ L524$ 45/.$G*-54$ *G)(BN/$ 4B$ 5/@)$ 45/G$ -/4$ L5 /(/$
45/.$L2,4$4B$-B$*,$@*M/U
IBG)/4/፣I*/+$ BM$ +42($ )/(MB(G/(+$ 2፣:$ @/2):/(+U$ ?*I52(:$ JB.24X*) +$ 2፣:

$CR$LB(8*፣-$L*45$ 45/$62።$>(B')R$52N/$:/+*-፣/:$2$@/2:/( +5*)$
45*+$M//:Q2I8$4B$:/4/(G*,/$L524$IBG)/4/,I*/+$.B'$LB'@:$GB+4$
L524$4B$:B$2፣:$L5/,U$\B($/O2G)@/R$+2.$+BG/B፣/$52+$]J@2I8Q/((.$)
4ቢ$4(.$4B$I52፣-/ዩ
4524$*+$2QB'4$4B$IBG/R$2፣$:B*,-$45/$(*-54$45*,-U$VB*፣-$45/$L(B፣-$
45) *,-$*+$2$52Q*4$4524$.B'$52N/$Q/IBG/$2፣$^@.G)*I$@/N/@$G2+4/($
ስሜታዊ የማሰብ ችሎታን ማዳበር 101
,/L$I*(I'*4(.$4524$IBG)/4/+$L*45$.B'($B@:$52Q*4$*፣$2$8*፣:$BM$፣ /'(2@$
V2(L*,*+GU$=B$G28/$45/$፣/L$52Q*4$+4(B፣-$/፣B'-5R$.B'`N) /$-B4$4B$
2-2*, ዩ
:B$45/$(*-54$45*,-$*,$45/$(*-54$L2.$L*45B'4$2$+/IB፣$45B'-54U$=524$ G/ 2+
$45/$I*(I'*4(.$52+$Q/IBG/$+B$IB፣,/I4/:$2፣:$45*I8$4524$45*+$
*4$ +B$ 4524$ *4$ ጥ/IBG/+$ 45/$፣/L$:/M2'@4$ BM$ 45/$ Q(2*,$:/)/፣:+$ *,

$ )2(4$B፣$5BL$+4(B,-$45/$B@:$52Q*4$*+$4524$*4$L*@@$(/)@2I/U$ C4$'+'2@@.$
45/$B@:U
4BBU$C4`+$-B*፣-$4B$*፣I(/2+/$45/*($2Q*@*4.$4B$)/(MB(G$L5/፣$45/$( /2@$
GBG/,4$IBG/+U ?
$
*I52(:$ JB.24X*+$ 52+$ '+/:$ 45*+$ G/45B:$ L*45$ 5*+$ 1ጄ%$ +4':/,4+$
ሜባ($ ./2(+$24$ 45/$3/245/(5/2:$ &I5BB@$ BM$12,2-/G/,4$ 24$) P2+/$ 3/+4/(፣$?/+/(N/
$d፣*N/(+*4.U$ %፣:$ 5/`+$ MB@@BL/:$ 45/+ /$ +4':/,4+$*,4B$45/*($SBQ+$2+$G'I5$2+$
+/N/፣$./2(+$@24/($[$2፣: $MB'፣$
+4(ቢ፣-$Q.$45/*($IBYLB(8/(+U
102
አባሪ
3አብካዴፍህ&+ኢጅሃካልምጋኢ&
/%3*4'።'(%2%//
45/*($-'*:*,-$N*+*B,U
U$ 9/2:/(+$ L*45$ 5*-5$ +/@MY2L2(/,/++$)
+/+/$BM$5'GB($2QB'4$45/G+/@N/+U$=5/.$/O5*Q*4$2$-(2I/M'@፣/++$) *፣$
@/2:/(+5*)$+4(/,-45+U
BM$)(/+/፣I/R$2$+/@MY2++'(2፣I/$4524$@/4+$45/ጂ$+42፣:$B'4$*፣$2$-(ቢ') ) ዩ
/%3*4"2'5%"%2#
I52,,/@$ 45/G$ *,$ '+/M'@$ L2.+U$ %$ 52@@G2(8$ BM$ +/@MYIB,4(B@$ *+

$ 45) /$ @/2:/($L5B$+42.+$I2@G$2፣:$I@/2(Y5/2:/:$',:/($5*-5$+4(/+ +$B($
አባሪ 103
U$ 9/2:/(+$ L5B$ 2(/$ 4(2+)2(/,4$ @*N/$ 45/*($ N2@'/+U$)
B)/,@.$2:G*4$G*+428/+$B($M2'@4+R$2፣:$IB,M(B,4$',/45*I2@$Q/ 52N*B($
*፣$B45/(+$(245/($452፣$4'(፣$2$Q@*፣:$/./U)
:/G2፣:+$L*45B'4$@B+*፣-$45/*($MBI'+$B($/፣/(-.R$2፣:$2(/$IBGMB(42Q@/$)
U$9/2:/(+$L*45$+4(/,-45$*,$2I5*/N/G/,4$52N/$5*-5$ )/(+B,2@$
+42፣:2(:+$4524$:(*N/$45/G$4B$IB+42,4@.$+//8$)/(MB(G2,I/$ *G)(BN) /
G/,4+YQB45$MB($45/G+/@N/+$2፣$45B+/$45/.$@/2:U$=5/.$2(/$)
&'I5$2$@/2::/($:B/+$,B4$5/+*424/$4B$I'4$45(B'-5$(/:$42)/R$B($/ N/፣$
45/$M'4'(/U
+//*፣-$ 2፣$ B))B(4'፣*4.$ (245/($ 452፣$ 2$ 45(/24$ *፣$ 2$ +/4Q2I8U$ &'I5$)
45/*($]-@2++$52@MYM'@@T$B'4@BB8$@/2፡+$45/ጂ$4ቢ$/ኦ)/I4$4524$I52፣-/+$
104
/)+!'3&'.'(%2%//
@/2:/($2Q@/$4B$-/4$2@B፣-$L/@@$L*45$)/ለ)@/$BM$:*N/(+/$Q2I8- (ቢ'፣:+$
ቢ($M(BG$B45/($I'@4'(/+U
U$%$@/2:/($L*45$2$8//፣$+BI*2@$2L2(/,/++$)
N2@'/+$2፣:$'+)B8/,$('@/+$4524$B)/(24/$2ጊባ፣-$)/ቢ)@/$45/(/U)
U$ 9/2:/(+$ 5*-5$ *፣$45/$ +/(N*I/$ IBG)/4/፣I/$ MB+4/($ 2፣$
45/ጂ+/@N/+$2N2*@2Q@/$2+$፣//::
(%3'#!)2/$!6&"2'5%"%2#
U$ 9/2:/(+$ L5B$ *+)*(/$ QB45$ I(/24/$ (/+B,2፣I/$ 2፣:$

GBN/$ )/B)@/$ L*45$ 2$ IBG)/@@*፣-$ N*+*B፣$ B($ +52(/:$G*++*B፣U$ &'I5$
2$+/+/$BM$IBGGB፣$)'()B+/$Q/.B፣$45/$:2.Y4BY:2.$42+8+R$G28*,-$
5BL$4B$Q'*@:$Q'.Y*፣$M(BG$8/.$)/B)@/$2፣:$2$፣/4LB(8$BM$+'))B(4 $
አባሪ 105
/,-2-*,-$L5/,$45/.$2::(/++$2$-(B')U
',:/(+42,:*,-$ 45/*($ -B2@+R$ +4(/,-45+R$ 2፣:$ L/28፣/++/+U$ & I5$
G/,4B(+$B($IB2I5/+U)
U$9/2:/(+$L5B$I2፣$I242@.X/$I52፣-/$2(/$2Q@/$4B$(/IB-
፣*X/$45/$፣//:$) ሜባ($45/$I52፣-/R$I52@@/፣-/$45/$+424'+$_'BR$2፣:$ I52G)*B፣$
45/$፣/L$B(:/ (U$=5/.$I2፣$Q/$+4(B፣-$2:NBI24/+$ MB($ 45/$)
4ቢ$I52፣-/ዩ
+*:/+R$2,:$45/,$(/:*(/I4$45/$/,/(-.$4BL2(:$2$+52(:$2$+52(/:$*:/2@U)
U$ 9/2:/(+$ L5B$ 2(/$ 2Q@/$

4/2G$ )@2./(+$ -/,/(24/$2፣$24GB+)5/(/$ BM $ M(*/,:@.$ IB@@/-*2@*4.$ 2፣:$2(/$)
106
ENDNOTES
አክሲዮን መውሰድ
1 JD Mayer, P. Salovey እና DR Caruso, "የስሜት ብልህነት ሞዴሎች" በ RJ Sternberg, እትም,
የስለላ መጽሃፍ, ካምብሪጅ, ኢንጂነር: ካምብሪጅ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ፕሬስ, 2000.
2 የአስፈሪው አብራሪ ብልሽት፡ ካርል ላቪን፣ “ስሜታዊነት ደህንነትን በሚነካበት ጊዜ፡ በኮክፒት ውስጥ ያሉ
ግንኙነቶች ማለት ብዙ ማይል ወደ ላይ ማለት ነው፣” ዘ ኒው ዮርክ ታይምስ (ሰኔ 26፣ 1994)።
3 የ250 ስራ አስፈፃሚዎች ዳሰሳ፡ ማይክል ማኮቢ፣ “የኮርፖሬት አሽከርካሪ ልቡን ማግኘት አለበት”፣ ፎርቹን
(ታህሳስ 1976)።
4 የአሽሙር ምክትል ፕሬዝዳንቱን ታሪክ በዩሲኤልኤ የቢዝነስ ምረቃ ትምህርት ቤት የስነ ልቦና ባለሙያ
በሆነው ሄንድሪ ዌይንገር ነገረኝ። የእሱ መጽሐፍ The Critical Edge: ድርጅቱን እንዴት መተቸት እና ዝቅ
ማድረግ እና እንዲከፍል ማድረግ (ቦስተን: ትንሹ, ብራውን, 1989) ነው.
5 ሥራ አስኪያጆች የፈነዱበትን ጊዜ አስመልክቶ የተደረገው ጥናት የሬንሴላር ፖሊቴክኒክ ተቋም የሥነ ልቦና
ባለሙያ በሆነው ሮበርት ባሮን ነበር፣ ለኒው ዮርክ ታይምስ ቃለ መጠይቅ ያደረግኩት (ሴፕቴምበር 11፣ 1990)።
በልብ ማስተዳደር
6
የተተገበረ ሳይኮሎጂ 75, 3 (1990).
7 Addendum to the Levinson Letter, Levinson Institute, Waltham, MA (1992).
8 የቡድን ኢንተለጀንስ ጽንሰ-ሀሳብ በዌንዲ ዊልያምስ እና በሮበርት ስተርንበርግ ውስጥ ተቀምጧል፣ “የቡድን
ኢንተለጀንስ፡ ለምንድነው አንዳንድ ቡድኖች ከሌሎች የሚበልጡ”
ኢንተለጀንስ (1988)
9 በቤል ላብስ የከዋክብት ጥናት በሮበርት ኬሊ እና ጃኔት ካፕላን፣ "ቤል ላብስ እንዴት ኮከብ ተዋናዮችን
እንደሚፈጥር"፣ የሃርቫርድ ቢዝነስ ሪቪው (ሐምሌ-ኦገስት 1993) ሪፖርት ተደርጓል።
10 የኢ-መደበኛ ኔትወርኮች ጠቃሚነት በዴቪድ ክራክሃርት እና ጄፍሪ አር.ሃንሰን፣ “መደበኛ ያልሆኑ ኔትወርኮች፡
ከቻርቱ በስተጀርባ ያለው ኩባንያ” ተጠቅሰዋል።
የሃርቫርድ ቢዝነስ ክለሳ (ሐምሌ-ነሐሴ 1993)፣ ገጽ. 104
107
11 አጽናኙ ውጤት፡ ሊዛ በርክማን እና ሌሎች፣ “የስሜታዊ ድጋፍ እና ከማይዮካርዲያ ሕመም በኋላ መዳን”፣
የውስጥ ሕክምና አናልስ (1992)።
12 ውጥረት እና ሞት፡- አኒካ ሮዝንግረን እና ሌሎች፣ “በ1933 በተወለዱ ወንዶች ላይ አስጨናቂ የህይወት
ክስተቶች፣ ማህበራዊ ድጋፍ እና ሞት፣” ብሪቲሽ ሜዲካል ጆርናል 207፣ ቁ. 17 (1983): 1102-1106.
የቡድን IQ
13 ሊምቢክ ደንብ፡ ቶማስ ሉዊስ፣ ፋሪ አሚኒ እና ሪቻርድ ላንኖን፣ የፍቅር አጠቃላይ ቲዎሪ (ኒው ዮርክ፡ ራንደም
ሃውስ፣ 2000)።
14 ስሜታዊ ማንጸባረቅ፡- ሮበርት ሌቨንሰን፣ በርክሌይ የካሊፎርኒያ ዩኒቨርሲቲ፣ የግል ግንኙነት።
15 ገላጭነት ስሜትን ያስተላልፋል፡- ሃዋርድ ፍሪድማን እና ሮናልድ ሪጂዮ፣ “የግለሰቦች ልዩነት በስሜታዊነት
ማስተላለፍ ላይ ያለ የግለሰቦች ልዩነት ውጤት”፣ ጆርናል ኦቭ ንግግራዊ ያልሆነ ባህሪ 6 (1981)፡ 32-58።
16 ቡድኖች ስሜት አላቸው፡ Janice R. Kelly እና Sigal Barsade፣ “ስሜቶች እና ስሜቶች በትናንሽ
ቡድኖች እና የስራ ቡድኖች” የስራ ወረቀት፣ የዬል የማኔጅመንት ትምህርት ቤት፣ ኒው ሄቨን፣ ኮነቲከት፣ 2001።
ዋና አመራር
17 የስራ ቡድኖች ስሜትን ይጋራሉ፡ C. Bartel እና R.Savedra, "The Collective Construction of
Work Group Mods" አስተዳደራዊ ሳይንስ ሩብ 45 (2000): 187-231.
18 ነርሶች እና የሂሳብ ባለሙያዎች ስሜትን ይከታተላሉ፡- ፒተር ቶተርዴል እና ሌሎች፣ “በሥራ ቡድኖች ውስጥ
የስሜት ትስስር ማስረጃ”፣ ጆርናል ኦፍ ስብዕና እና ማህበራዊ ሳይኮሎጂ 74 (1998): 1504-1515.
19 የስፖርት ቡድኖች፡ ፒተር ቶተርዴል፣ “ስሜትን መያዝ እና ሩጫዎችን መምታት፡ ስሜት
የተተገበረ ሳይኮሎጂ 85, ቁ. 6 (2000): 848-859.
20 ኣመራርሓ ውጽኢቱ፡ ዋላስ ባችማን እዩ፡ “Nice Guys First First: A SYMLOG Analysis of US
Naval Commands”፣ በ SYMLOG Practitioner: Applications of Small Group Research፣
Ed. ሪቻርድ ብሪያን ፖልሊ፣ ኤ. ፖል ሃሬ እና ፊሊፕ ጄ. ስቶን (ኒው ዮርክ፡ ፕራገር፣ 1988)።
21 በስራ ቡድኖች ውስጥ የመሪው ስሜታዊ ተፅእኖ: አንቶኒ ቲ. ፔስኮሶሊዶ, "የስሜታዊ ጥንካሬ
በቡድን" (Ph.D. diss., ድርጅታዊ ባህሪ መምሪያ, ኬዝ ዌስተርን ሪዘርቭ ዩኒቨርሲቲ, 2000).
108
22 መሪዎች እንደ የትርጉም አስተዳዳሪዎች፡ ሃዋርድ ጋርድነር፣ መሪ አእምሮ፡ አናቶሚ ኦፍ አመራር (ኒው ዮርክ፡
መሰረታዊ መጽሃፍት፣ 1995)።
23 መደበኛ ያልሆኑ መሪዎች፡ VU Druskat እና AT Pascosolido፣ “ራስን የማስተዳደር ስራ ቡድኖችን

ከውስጥ መምራት፡ መደበኛ ያልሆነ የመሪ ባህሪ እና የቡድን ውጤቶች። ለህትመት ቀርቧል፣ 2001.
24 ስሜቶች፣ ተላላፊ እና የስራ አፈጻጸም፡ ሲጋል ባርሳዴ እና ዶናልድ ኢ.

ጊብሰን፣ “የቡድን ስሜት፡ ከላይ እና ከታች የመጣ እይታ” በቡድኖች እና ቡድኖች አስተዳደር ላይ በተደረገ
ጥናት፣ እትም። D. Gruenfeld እና ሌሎች. (ግሪንዊች፣ ሲቲ፡ ጃአይ ፕሬስ፣ 1998)
25 በጣም ተላላፊ ፈገግ ይላል፡- ሮበርት ሌቨንሰን እና አና ሩፍ፣ “ስሜታዊ እውቀት እና መግባባት”
በEmpathic Accuracy፣ እት. ዊሊያም ኢክ (ኒው ዮርክ፡ ጊልፎርድ ፕሬስ፣ 1997)።
26 ሳቅ ያለፈቃድ ነው፡ Meredith Small፣ "ከምርጥ መድሀኒት በላይ"
27
ምርመራ (ኒው ዮርክ፡ ቫይኪንግ ፕሬስ፣ 2000)፣ 133.
28 የሳቅ ክፍሎች፡ Ibid.
29 በመሪው ውስጥ ጥሩ ስሜት ማለት ዝቅተኛ የፈቃደኝነት ለውጥ ማለት ነው፡ ለምሳሌ ጄኒፈር ኤም. ጆርጅ
እና ኬኔት ቤቴንሃውዘንን፣ "ፕሮሶሻል ባህሪን፣ የሽያጭ አፈጻጸምን እና ለውጥን መረዳት፡ የቡድን ደረጃ ትንተና
በአገልግሎት አውድ"፣ ጆርናል ኦቭ አፕሊይድ ሳይኮሎጂ 75 ይመልከቱ። , አይ. 6 (1990): 698-706.
30 ጠንከር ያለ ስሜት እና ከፍተኛ ስጋት ያላቸው ውሳኔዎች፡ RC Sinclair፣ “ስሜት፣ ምድብ ስፋት እና
የአፈጻጸም ግምገማ”፣ ድርጅታዊ ባህሪ እና የሰው ውሳኔ ሂደቶች 42 (1988)፡ 22-46።
31 ቁጣ እና አመራር፡ ጄኒፈር ኤም.ጆርጅ፣ “ስሜታዊነት እና አመራር፡ የስሜታዊ ብልህነት ሚና”፣ የሰዎች

ግንኙነት 53፣ ቁ. 8 (2000)፡ 1027-
1055.
32 ስሜቶች እራሳቸውን ያቆያሉ፡- ሰፊ ሥነ-ጽሑፍ ስሜትን የሚያበረታታ ውጤት ያሳያል። ለምሳሌ፣ ጎርደን
ኤች ቦወር፣ “የማህበራዊ ፍርድ ስሜት ስሜት”፣ በስሜት እና ማህበራዊ ፍርዶች፣ እት. ጆሴፍ ፎርጋስ
(ኦክስፎርድ፡ ፐርጋሞን ፕሬስ፣ 1991)፣ 31-53
33 የዬል የስሜት እና የአፈፃፀም ጥናት፡- ሲጋል ባርሳዴ፣ “The Ripple

ውጤት፡ በቡድን ውስጥ ስሜታዊ ንክኪ፣”የሚሰራ ወረቀት 98፣የል ትምህርት ቤት
109
አስተዳደር፣ ኒው ሄቨን፣ ኮነቲከት፣ 2000
34 አለቆች እና መጥፎ ስሜቶች፡- ጆን ባሽ እና ሲንቲያ ዲ. ፊሸር፣ “ውጤታማ
በሥራ ቦታ ልምድ ያለው፣” በስሜቶች ውስጥ በሥራ ቦታ፡ ምርምር፣ ቲዎሪ እና ልምምድ፣ እት. ኤን.
አሽካናሲ፣ ደብሊው ዘረቤ፣ እና ሲ ሃርቴል (ዌስትፖርት፣ ሲቲ፡ ኮረም መጽሐፍት፣ 2000)፣ 36-48
35 ጭንቀት ርህራሄ እና ማህበራዊ ክህሎትን ይጎዳል፡- ጄፍሪ ቢ. ሄንሪከስ እና ሪቻርድ ጄ. ዴቪድሰን፣

“የአንጎል ኤሌክትሪክ አሲሜትሪዎች በግንዛቤ ተግባር አፈፃፀም ወቅት
1039-1050.
36
ኖብል፣ “ተፅእኖ እና አፈጻጸም፡ በሰው ውስጥ የሚደረግ ትንታኔ” (በቶሮንቶ፣ ቶሮንቶ፣ የአስተዳደር አካዳሚ
አመታዊ ስብሰባ ላይ የቀረበ)።
37 የስራ እርካታ በስራ ላይ እያለ ጥሩ ስሜት ከመሰማት ጋር አንድ አይነት አይደለም፡ ሲንቲያ ዲ.
ፊሸር፣ “በስራ ላይ ያሉ ስሜቶች እና ስሜቶች፡የስራ እርካታ ክፍሎች ይጎድላሉ?
” ጆርናል ኦፍ ድርጅታዊ ባህሪ 21 (2000): 185-202. በተጨማሪም ሃዋርድ ዌይስ፣ ጄፍሪ ኒኮላስ እና
ካትሪን ዳውስ፣ “ውጤታማ የልምድ ውጤቶች እና የስራ እምነት በጋራ ውጤት ላይ የተደረገ ምርመራ እና
በጊዜ ሂደት ውጤታማ የልምድ ልምዶች”፣ ድርጅታዊ ባህሪ እና የሰው ውሳኔ ሂደቶች 78፣ ቁ. 1 (1999)፡
1-24።
38
የእውቀት እና ስሜት መመሪያ መጽሃፍ፣ እትም። ቲም ዳግልሊሽ እና) ሚክ ጄ. ፓወር (ቺቼስተር፣ እንግሊዝ፡
ዊሊ፣ 1999)
39 ጥሩ ስሜት እና አፈጻጸም፡ ሲዲ ፊሸር እና ሲ ኤስ ኖብልን ይመልከቱ፣ “ስሜት እና በስራ እርካታ እና

በስራ አፈጻጸም መካከል ያለው ምናባዊ ትስስር” (በድርጅታዊ ህይወት ላይ በስሜት ሁለተኛ ኮንፈረንስ
ላይ የቀረበው ወረቀት፣ ቶሮንቶ፣ ኦገስት 2000)።
40 የኢንሹራንስ ሽያጮች፡ ማርቲን ኢ ሰሊግማን እና ፒተር ሹልማን፣ “ቦታውን የሚሠሩት ሰዎች”፣

የፐርሶኔል ሳይኮሎጂ 40 (1987)፡ 437-453።
41 W. Clouse and KL Spurgeon, "Comparate Analysis of Humor," ሳይኮሎጂ: የሰው

ባህሪ ጆርናል 32 (1995): 1-24.
42 ዋና ሥራ አስፈፃሚዎች እና ከፍተኛ የአመራር ቡድናቸው፡- ሲጋል ጂ ባርሳዴ፣ አንድሪው ጄ.

ዋርድ፣ ወዘተ. "ወደ ልብዎ ይዘት፡ በከፍተኛ የአስተዳደር ቡድኖች ውስጥ ውጤታማ የብዝሃነት ዘዴ"
አስተዳደራዊ ሳይንስ ሩብ 45 (2000): 802-836.
110
43 የአገልግሎት የአየር ንብረት መሻሻል ገቢን ይጨምራል፡ Lyle Spencer፣ በድርጅቶች ላይ በስሜት
ኢንተለጀንስ ላይ ምርምር ኮንሰርቲየም (ካምብሪጅ፣ ማሳቹሴትስ፣ 19 ኤፕሪል 2001) በተደረገው ስብሰባ ላይ
የቀረበው ወረቀት።
44 ደካማ የደንበኞች አገልግሎት ተወካይ ሞራል እና የገቢ ማሽቆልቆል፡ ሽናይደር እና ቦወን፣ የአገልግሎት
ጨዋታውን ማሸነፍ።
45
የአገልግሎቱን ጨዋታ ማሸነፍ (ቦስተን፡ ሃርቫርድ ቢዝነስ ትምህርት ቤት ፕሬስ፣ 1995)።
46 ስሜት፣ የደንበኞች አገልግሎት እና ሽያጮች፡ ጆርጅ እና ቤተንሃውሰን፣ “ፕሮሶሻል ባህሪን መረዳት።
47 የአየር ንብረትን ከንግድ ስራ አፈጻጸም ጋር የሚያገናኘው ትንታኔ፡- ዴቪድ ማክሌላንድ፣ “ብቃቶችን ከባህሪ-
ክስተት ቃለ-መጠይቆች መለየት”፣ ሳይኮሎጂካል ሳይንስ 9 (1998)፡ 331-339; ዳንኤል ዊሊያምስ፣
“የ21ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን አመራር፡ የሕይወት ኢንሹራንስ አመራር ጥናት” (ቦስተን፡ LOMA/Hay Group፣
1995)።
48 የበለጠ ቴክኒካል፣ ስልቶቹ ከ53 እስከ 72 በመቶ የሚሆነውን በድርጅታዊ የአየር ጠባይ ልዩነት የሚይዙ
ሆነው ተገኝተዋል። እስጢፋኖስ P. Kelner Jr.፣ Christine A. Rivers፣ እና Kathleen H, O'Connell፣
“Managerial Style as a Behavioral Predictor of Organizational Climate” (Boston:
McBer & Company, 1996) ይመልከቱ።
49 ኤሚ አርንስተን፣ “የተሰበረ ባዮሎጂ”፣ ሳይንስ 280 (1998)፣ ገጽ.

1711-13 እ.ኤ.አ.
50 በውጥረት ጥንካሬ እና እክል ላይ፣ JT Noteboom እና ሌሎችን ይመልከቱ፣ ''የአስነሳሽነት ምላሽን

ማግበር እና የአፈፃፀም መጓደል ከጭንቀት እና ከጭንቀት ግፊት ጋር፣ ጆርናል ኦቭ አፕላይድ ፊዚዮሎጂ 91
(2001)፣ ገጽ 2039-10l።
51 ምንም እንኳን ይህ ችግር ለአንጎል ጊዜያዊ የአካል ጉዳተኛ አስፈፃሚ ማእከላት ቢቆይም አእምሮ አሁንም
በጥሩ ሁኔታ ሊሰራ የሚችል ውርርድ ያደርጋል። ጥናቶችን አስቡበት
የቅርጫት ኳስ ቡድኖች. በከባድ ጫና ውስጥ ብዙ ልምድ ያካበቱ መሪዎች በተሻለ ሁኔታ ሰርተዋል።
በረጅም ተመሳሳይ ሁኔታዎች ታሪክ ውስጥ የተፈጠሩ ሀሳቦችን ማመን። የድሮ ጊዜ ሰሪዎች በደመ ነፍስ
እንዲህ ባለ ከፍተኛ ኃይለኛ ጊዜ ምን ማድረግ እንዳለባቸው ቢያውቁም፣ ለጀማሪ በጣም ጥሩው ንድፈ ሐሳብ
ሊሳካ ይችላል። ፍሬድ ፊድለርን ይመልከቱ፣ “የእውቀት (ኮግኒቲቭ) ሀብቶች በአመራር ውስጥ የሚገርመው
ሚና”፣ በሮናልድ ኢ.ሪጂዮ እና ሌሎች፣ እትም። በርካታ ኢንተለጀንስ እና አመራር (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum,
2002)።
52
በራስ የመነጨ ስሜት በሚሰማበት ጊዜ ንዑስ ኮርቲካል እና ኮርቲካል የአንጎል እንቅስቃሴ
111
ስሜቶች፣” ኔቸር ኒውሮሳይንስ 3 (2002)፣ ገጽ 1049-56።
53 አዎንታዊ ስሜቶች, ለምሳሌ, ሰዎችን የበለጠ እውነታዊ ሊያደርጋቸው ይችላል; ጥሩ ስሜት የሚሰማቸው
ሰዎች ማሳካት የሚፈልጉት አስፈላጊ ግብ ሲኖራቸው፣ አሉታዊ እና ቅር የሚያሰኝ ቢሆንም እንኳ ጠቃሚ ሊሆኑ
የሚችሉ መረጃዎችን ይፈልጋሉ። ለምሳሌ፣ LG Aspinwall፣ “ራስን በመቆጣጠር ረገድ የአዎንታዊ ተፅእኖ
ሚና እንደገና ማሰብ”፣ ተነሳሽነት እና ስሜት 22 (1998)፣ ገጽ 1-32 ይመልከቱ። በሌላ በኩል፣ ከፍ ያለ
ስሜት ለእያንዳንዱ ተግባር የተሻለ አይደለም፡ በጣም ጎበዝ መሆን ለዝርዝር ስራ ውሉን እንደማጣራት ደካማ
ነው። በእርግጥም, አሉታዊ ስሜቶች አንዳንድ ጊዜ ከመጠን በላይ ሮዝማ ከመሆን ይልቅ አመለካከታችንን
የበለጠ እውነታዊ ያደርጉታል. በትክክለኛው ጊዜ, በቁም ነገር መታየት ዋጋ አለው. ለተጨማሪ ግምገማ፣ ኒል
ኤም. አሽካናሲ፣ “ስሜት በድርጅቶች ውስጥ፡ ባለ ብዙ ደረጃ እይታ፣ በኒል አሽካናሲ እና ሌሎች” እትሞች፣
ስሜቶች በስራ ቦታ፡ ምርምር፣ ቲዎሪ እና ልምምድ (ዌስትፖርት፣ ኮን.፡ ኮረም) ይመልከቱ። መጽሐፍት, 2000).
54 በራዲዮሎጂስቶች ምርመራዎች ላይ CA Estrada እና ሌሎችን ይመልከቱ፣ “አዎንታዊ ተጽእኖ የመረጃ

ውህደትን ያመቻቻል እና በሐኪሞች መካከል ማመዛዘንን ይቀንሳል፣ ድርጅታዊ ባህሪ እና የሰዎች ውሳኔ ሂደቶች
72 (1997)፣ ገጽ.1l7-35።
55
የሂሳብ ችግርን በሚፈቱበት ጊዜ በሚሰሩበት ጊዜ የማስታወስ ችሎታቸው አነስተኛ ነው።
ጭንቀታቸው ለሂሳብ የሚያስፈልጋቸውን የትኩረት ቦታ ይይዛል, የሂሳብ ችግሮችን ለመፍታት ወይም አዲስ
ጽንሰ-ሀሳቦችን የመረዳት ችሎታቸውን ይጎዳል. ማርክ አሽክሮፍት እና ኤሊዛቤት ኪርክን፣ “በመስራት ትውስታ፣
በሒሳብ ጭንቀት እና በአፈጻጸም መካከል ያለውን ግንኙነት፣ ጆርናል ኦቭ የሙከራ ሳይኮሎጂ 130፣ ቁ. 2
(2001), ገጽ.224-27.
56 በኮርቲሶል እና በተገለበጠው ዩ፣ ሄዘር ሲ አበርክሮምቢ እና ሌሎች፣ “የኮርቲሶል ልዩነት በሰው ልጆች

ማህደረ ትውስታ ላይ ተጽዕኖ ያሳድራል ለስሜታዊ የተሸከመ እና ገለልተኛ መረጃ፣” Behavioral
Neuroscience 117 (2003)፣ ገጽ 505-16 ይመልከቱ።
57 በስሜት እና በአፈፃፀም መካከል ያለውን ግንኙነት በመግለጽ
እኛ በከባድ ስሜት ውስጥ ነን ፣ የምናየውን የበለጠ እንጠላለን። በአንጻሩ ግን እኛ የበላይ ስንሆን የበለጠ
ይቅር ባዮች ወይም አመስጋኞች ነን። ኔል ኤም. አሽካናሲ፣ “ስሜት በድርጅቶች ውስጥ፡ ባለ ብዙ ደረጃ እይታ”፣
በኒል አሽካናሲ እና ሌሎች እትሞች፣ ስሜቶች በስራ ቦታ፡ ምርምር፣ ቲዎሪ እና ልምምድ (ዌስትፖርት፣
እንደ ስህተቶች ፍለጋ ውስጥ በዝርዝር መከታተል ወይም መስራት ያሉ የአፈጻጸም ዓይነቶች
በኒው ሃምፕሻየር ዩኒቨርሲቲ በጆን ማየር ሥራ ውስጥ በዝርዝር።

112
ስሜት እንዴት በአፈጻጸም ላይ ተጽዕኖ እንደሚያሳድር ለግምገማ፣ ዴቪድ ካሩሶ እና ሌሎች፣ The
Emotionally Intelligent Manager (ሳን ፍራንሲስኮ፡ ጆሲ ባስ፣ 2004) ይመልከቱ።
የተለያዩ የአእምሮ ችሎታዎችን ሊያዳብር ይችላል። በትንሹ የስሜት ክልል ውስጥ, ስሜቶች
ስሜቶች አንዳንድ ጊዜ ይረዳሉ እና አዎንታዊ ስሜቶች አንዳንድ ጊዜ ይጎዳሉ። ለምሳሌ፣ ጭንቀት (ኤ
እንደ ፊት ለይቶ ማወቂያን በመሳሰሉ በቀኝ ቅድመ-ፊት ኮርቴክስ የሚከናወኑ ተግባራት።
እንደ የቃል አፈፃፀም. ጄረሚ አር ግሬይ እና ሌሎችን፣ “የስሜታዊ እና የእውቀት ውህደት በጎተራ ቀዳሚ
ኮርቴክስ”፣ የብሔራዊ የሳይንስ አካዳሚ ሂደቶች 199 (2002)፣ ገጽ 4115-20 ይመልከቱ።
58 በጆርጅ እና ቤቴንሃውሰን "ፕሮሶሻል ባህሪን መረዳት" በሚለው ተመሳሳይ ክርክር ቀርቧል። እና በኒል N1.
አሽካናሲ እና ባሪ ቴሴ፣ “ትራንስፎርሜሽናል አመራር እንደ ስሜት አስተዳደር፡ የፅንሰ-ሀሳብ ግምገማ” በኔል
ኤም. አሽካናሲ፣ ቻርሚን ኢጄ ሃርቴል እና ዊልፍሬድ ጄ መጽሐፍት, 2000), 221-235.
ለስኬት ጣፋጭ ቦታ
59 ኤሚ አርንስተን፣ “የተሰበረ ባዮሎጂ” ሳይንስ 280 (1998)፣ ገጽ.
1711-13 እ.ኤ.አ.
60 ቶማስ ሲ እና ሌሎች፣ “ተላላፊው መሪ፡ የመሪው ስሜት በቡድን አባላት ስሜት፣ በቡድን ውጤታማ ቃና
እና በቡድን ሂደቶች ላይ የሚያሳድረው ተጽእኖ።
ጆርናል ኦቭ አፕሊይድ ሳይኮሎጂ 90 (2005), ገጽ 295-305.
61 ኤምቲ ዳስቦሮው፣ “በሰራተኛው ውስጥ የግንዛቤ አሰላለፍ ለአመራር ባህሪያት ስሜታዊ ግብረመልሶች”፣
አመራር ሩብ ዓመት፣ 17 (2006)፣ ገጽ 163-178።
62 ኔል አሽካናሲ እና ሌሎች፣ “ስሜትን በሚቀይር የስራ ቦታ ማስተዳደር፣” በአሽካናሲ እና ሌሎች፣ በስራ ቦታ

ስሜቶች።
63 ጄምስ ሃርተር፣ ጋሉፕ ድርጅት፣ ያልታተመ ዘገባ፣ ታህሳስ 2004
64 ምርጫው በኤሚ ዚፕልድ “የአስተሳሰብ ጥበብ” ኒው ዮርክ ታይምስ፣ ግንቦት 31፣ 2000፣ ገጽ. C5.
113
ፈቃዶች
>B@/G2፣U$ d+/:$ Q.$ )/(G*+*B፣$ BM$ J2፣42G$ JBB8+R$ 2$ :*N*+*B፣$

BM$? 2፣:BG$6B'+/R$C፣IU
%:2)4/:$M(BG$
>B@/G2፣U$ d+/:$ Q.$ )/(ጂ*++*ቢ፣$ BM$ J2፣42G$ JBB8+R$ 2$ :*N*+*B፣$
BM$ ?2፣:BG$6B'+/R$C፣IU
%:2)4/:$M(BG$
)/(ጂ*++*ቢ፣$BM$62(N2(:$J'+*፣/++$&I5BB@$F(/++)
%፡2)4/፡$ \(BG$
>B@/G2፣U$ d+/:$ Q.$ )/(G*+*B፣$ BM$ J2፣42G$ JBB8+R$ 2$ :*N*+*B፣$

BM$? 2፣፡BG$6B'+/R$C፣IU
%:2)4/:$M(BG$
)/(ጂ*++*ቢ፣$BM$62(N2(:$J'+*፣/++$&I5BB@$F(/++)

Leadership The Power of Emotional Intellegence

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Leadership The Power of Emotional Intellegence

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Machine Translated by Google

Machine Translated by Google

በተጨማሪም በዳንኤል ጎልማን ከድምጽ በላይ

አንጎል እና ስሜታዊ ብልህነት፡ አዲስ ግንዛቤዎች

የተሻሉ ወላጆች፣ የተሻሉ ባለትዳሮች፣ ከዳንኤል ሲግል ጋር የተሻሉ ሰዎች

ስሜታችንን ማወቅ፣ አለማችንን ከፖል ኤክማን ጋር ማሻሻል

አንጎልን ማሰልጠን፡ ስሜታዊ እውቀትን ማዳበር

ጥሩ ስራ፡ ችሎታዎችን እና እሴቶችን ከሃዋርድ ጋርድነር ጋር ማመጣጠን

የውስጥ ኮምፓስ ለሥነምግባር እና ልቀት ከኑኃሚን ቮልፍ ጋር

ከሸክላ Shirky ጋር በማህበራዊ የማሰብ ችሎታ ያለው ስሌት

ከጆርጅ ሉካስ ጋር እንደገና ማሰብ

ከፒተር ሴንጌ ጋር አስፈላጊውን አብዮት መምራት

የስነ-ምህዳር ግንዛቤ፡ ስለ ኢኮሎጂካል ኢንተለጀንስ ውይይቶች

የሚያስተጋባ አመራር፡ በስሜታዊነት ሌሎችን ማነሳሳት።

የቅጂ መብት © 2011 በዳንኤል ጎልማን - ሁሉም መብቶች የተጠበቁ ናቸው።

ከድምጽ በላይ LLC የታተመ

ምስሎች በ Tracy Lee

መሪነት፡ የስሜታዊ ብልህነት ኃይል

የተመረጡ ጽሑፎች / ዳንኤል ጎልማን

!$ (/ጂ/ጂኪው/($ 52N*፣-$ 45/$ 45B'-54R$ S'+4$ Q/MB(/$)

2+$ 45/$I2(4BB፣$+4(*)+$V*@Q/(4$2፣$W*))።$ 45/$F*፣5/2:R$2፣:$ *፣$?BX$

35/፣$ C$ L(B4/$ R$ G.$ G2*፣$ MBI'+$

#$ 2፣$ B፣$ @/2:/(+5*)$ *4+/@M$!

=5/(/$2(/$,BL$ 45(//$G2*,$GB:/@+$ BM$ZCR$L*45$:BX/+$ BM$

%+$ C$ )(B)B+/:$ *፣$ አር$

%4$ 45/$ N/(.$ 5*-5/+4$ @/N/@+R$ IBG)/4/,I/$ GB:/@+$ MB($

52+$Q//,$*,I@'::$*,$+/N/(2@$@/2:/(+5*)$2,45B@B-*/+$ 45/ $?/N*/L$

V2N*:$ 1IP@/@@2፣:R$ G.$ G/,4B($ 24$ 62(N2(:R$ +4':*/:$ 45/$)

*,4/@@*-/,I/$ IBG)/4/,I*/+$ G'+5(BBG/:R$ 45/.$ +52(/:$ L*45$ G/ $

ሐ፣$ 2፣$ /IB፣BG.$ :(*N/፣$Q.$ 8፣BL@/:-/$ LB(8R$ N2@'/$ -/4+$)

/2I5$ 4/2G$G/GQ/(`+$ ጥ/+4$ 42@/,4+$ IB,4(*Q'4/:$24$ M'@@$ MB(I/U$) ጄ'4$

52(GB,.U$C$ B(*-*,2@@.$/O)@B(/:$ 45/$ :.,2G*I+$ BM$ 45/$ -(B')$ ሲዲ$ *፣$

%+$ C$ (/) B(4/:$ *,$

አር$ I2፣$ M2I*@*424/$ +'I5$ @/2፡/(+5*)$

ከስሜታዊ ኢንተለጀንስ የተወሰደ

"/@Q'(,$ 1IJ(BBG$ L2+$ 2$:BG*,//(*,-$QB++R$ L*45$ 2$

$ :2.$ *,$ "bHK$ 1IJ(BBG`+ $ )@2፣/$ L2+$ 2))(B2I5*፣-$

*,$ 45/$ +2ሚ/4.$ 4(2*,*,-$ BM$ 2*(@*,/

2፣፡$+)/28*፣-$B፣/`+$G*፣፡$[$('፡*ጂ/፣4+$BM$+BI*2@$*፣4/@@* -/, እኔ/$[$2(/$

2++'G/$.B'$L/(/$,B4$S'+4$4(.*,-$4B$/GQ2((2++$G/$[$:*:$. B'$52N/$ +BG/$B45/($-

+*:/,4$L2+$2+4B ,*+5/:$[$5/$52:$,B$*:/2$4524$ 5*+$ (/G2(8R$L5*I5$

+/+/$*,$ +.+4/ጂ+$ 45/ቢ(.R$ M//:Q2I8$G/2,4$ 45/$/OI52፣-/$ BM$:242$ 2QB

)2++*N/$ (/+*+42፣I/$ 4524$ IBG/+$ M(BG$ M//@*፣-$ '፣M2*(@.$ 4(/24/፡ ዩ$

(/+)B+*Q*@*4.U$ ^($ 45/.$ +4B፣/L2@@/:$ [$ 4524$ *+R$ 4(*/:$ 4B$ 2NB) *:

J'4$ 45/$ B45/($*,I@':/:$ 45(/24+$2፣:$ Q@2G/:$ 45/$ )/(+B፣`+$*,, 24/$

:B$2,.45*,-$ (*-54T$2፣:$]12.Q/$*4`+$S'+4$@2I8$BM$ 42@/,4U$C`:$ 4 (.$ 4B$ -/4$

)(2*+/R$@/2N*፣-$45/*($/ጂ)@B.//+$M//@*፣-$4524$45/.$B፣@.$5/2($2) QB'4$ 5BL$

BM$IB'(+/R$*+$)(/I*+/@.$45/$+2ጂ/$2+$MB($G2(*/:$IB')@/+$2*(* ,-$45/*($ -(*/

:B፣/$)BB(@.R$2፣:$5BL$*4$IB'@:$Q/$I52፣-/:U$VB፣`4$Q/24$2(B'፣:$45 /$ Q'+5$ B($

4BYM2I/$ 2፣:$ *,$ )(*N24/U$ F/B)@/$ L5B$ 2(/$ '፣IBGMB(42Q@/$ -*N*፣-$ 2$

G/++2-/$2፣:$IBB@$:BL፣$2$Q*4U$\*,2@@.R$5/$2:N*+/+$)/B)@/$ 4B$ +//$

መሪ የሚያደርገው ምንድን ነው?

ከሃርቫርድ ቢዝነስ ሪቪው የተወሰደ

%N/(.$ Q'+*፣/++)/(+B፣$ 8፣BL+$ 2$ +4B(.$ 2QB'4$ 2$ 5*-5@.$

2$ +4B(.$ 2QB'4$ +BG/B,/$ L*45$ +B@*:$ [$ Q'4$,B4$ /O4(2B(:*,2(.$) $

B45/(+$ +5B'4$ 45/*($ G2፣*M/+4B+$ M(BG$ 45/$ GB'፣42*፣4B)+U$%፣:$

L5/(/2+$G2፣.$ 4'(,2(B'፣:+$ (/__'*(/$2$GB(/$ MB(I/M'@$2'45B(*4) ዩ$C$

1B+4$ @2(-/$ IBG)2፣*/+$ 4B:2.$ 52N/$ /G)@B./:$ 4(2*,/:$ )+.I5B@B- *+4+$

አር$ C$ 2,2@.X/:$ IBG)/4/,I.$ GB:/@+

+BG/$ BM$ 45/$ IBG)/4/,I.$ GB:/@+R$ )+.I5B@B-*+4+$ 2+8/:$ +/,*B($

መሪ የሚያደርገው ምንድን ነው? 27

35/፣$ C$ IBG)2(/፡$ +42($)/(MB(G/(+$ L*45$ 2N/(2-/$ B፣/+$ *፣$ +/፣* ቢ($

IBG)2፣.`+$ dU&U$:*N*+*B+$2+$ *፣$ *4+$:*N*+*B+$ *፣$ %+*2$ 2፣ :$ Z'(B)/U$ C፣$

2+$ 45/$I2(4BB፣$+4()+$V@Q/(4$2፣$W))።$ 45/$F፣5/2:R$2፣:$ *፣$?BX$

#$ 2፣$ B፣$ @/2:/(+5)$ 4+/@M$!

=5/(/$2(/$,BL$ 45(//$G2,$GB:/@+$ BM$ZCR$L45$:BX/+$ BM$

52+$Q//,$,I@'::$,$+/N/(2@$@/2:/(+5)$2,45B@B-/+$ 45/ $?/N*/L$

V2N:$ 1IP@/@@2፣:R$ G.$ G/,4B($ 24$ 62(N2(:R$ +4':/:$ 45/$)

,4/@@-/,I/$ IBG)/4/,I/+$ G'+5(BBG/:R$ 45/.$ +52(/:$ L45$ G/ $

52(GB,.U$C$ B(-,2@@.$/O)@B(/:$ 45/$ :.,2GI+$ BM$ 45/$ -(B')$ ሲዲ$ ፣$

አር$ I2፣$ M2I@424/$ +'I5$ @/2፡/(+5*)$

"/@Q'(,$ 1IJ(BBG$ L2+$ 2$:BG,//(,-$QB++R$ L*45$ 2$

$ :2.$ ,$ "bHK$ 1IJ(BBG`+ $ )@2፣/$ L2+$ 2))(B2I5፣-$

,$ 45/$ +2ሚ/4.$ 4(2,*,-$ BM$ 2(@,/

2፣፡$+)/28፣-$B፣/`+$G፣፡$[$('፡ጂ/፣4+$BM$+BI2@$፣4/@@ -/, እኔ/$[$2(/$

2++'G/$.B'$L/(/$,B4$S'+4$4(.,-$4B$/GQ2((2++$G/$[$::$. B'$52N/$ +BG/$B45/($-

+:/,4$L2+$2+4B ,+5/:$[$5/$52:$,B$:/2$4524$ 5+$ (/G2(8R$L5*I5$

)2++N/$ (/++42፣I/$ 4524$ IBG/+$ M(BG$ M//@፣-$ '፣M2(@.$ 4(/24/፡ ዩ$

(/+)B+Q@4.U$ ^($ 45/.$ +4B፣/L2@@/:$ [$ 4524$ +R$ 4(/:$ 4B$ 2NB) :

J'4$ 45/$ B45/($,I@':/:$ 45(/24+$2፣:$ Q@2G/:$ 45/$ )/(+B፣`+$,, 24/$

:B$2,.45,-$ (-54T$2፣:$]12.Q/$*4`+$S'+4$@2I8$BM$ 42@/,4U$C`:$ 4 (.$ 4B$ -/4$

)(2+/R$@/2N፣-$45/($/ጂ)@B.//+$M//@፣-$4524$45/.$B፣@.$5/2($2) QB'4$ 5BL$

BM$IB'(+/R$+$)(/I+/@.$45/$+2ጂ/$2+$MB($G2(/:$IB')@/+$2(* ,-$45/($ -(/

4BYM2I/$ 2፣:$ ,$ )(N24/U$ F/B)@/$ L5B$ 2(/$ '፣IBGMB(42Q@/$ -N፣-$ 2$

G/++2-/$2፣:$IBB@$:BL፣$2$Q4U$\,2@@.R$5/$2:N*+/+$)/B)@/$ 4B$ +//$

%N/(.$ Q'+፣/++)/(+B፣$ 8፣BL+$ 2$ +4B(.$ 2QB'4$ 2$ 5-5@.$

2$ +4B(.$ 2QB'4$ +BG/B,/$ L45$ +B@:$ [$ Q'4$,B4$ /O4(2B(:*,2(.$) $

B45/(+$ +5B'4$ 45/($ G2፣M/+4B+$ M(BG$ 45/$ GB'፣42*፣4B)+U$%፣:$

L5/(/2+$G2፣.$ 4'(,2(B'፣:+$ (/__'(/$2$GB(/$ MB(I/M'@$2'45B(4) ዩ$C$

1B+4$ @2(-/$ IBG)2፣/+$ 4B:2.$ 52N/$ /G)@B./:$ 4(2,/:$ )+.I5B@B- *+4+$

+BG/$ BM$ 45/$ IBG)/4/,I.$ GB:/@+R$ )+.I5B@B-+4+$ 2+8/:$ +/,B($

35/፣$ C$ IBG)2(/፡$ +42($)/(MB(G/(+$ L45$ 2N/(2-/$ B፣/+$ ፣$ +/፣* ቢ($

IBG)2፣.`+$ dU&U$:N+B+$2+$ ፣$ 4+$:N+B+$ ፣$ %+2$ 2፣ :$ Z'(B)/U$ C፣$

(/N/L+U$ &/@MY2L2(/$ )/B)@/$ 8፣BL$ 2፣:$ 2(/$ IBGMB(42Q@/$ 42@8፣-$

/O2G)@/R$BN/(+4(/4I5፣-$B፣$2++-,G/,4+U$=5/.$8፣BLR$ 4BBR$L5/፣$ 4B$2 +8$MB($5/

45/,$)(/+/,4$5+$2,2@.++$BM$ 45/$)(BQ@/G$2፣:$2$L/@@YIB+*:/( /፡$

45/$ I52፣-/+U$ 35/፣$2$፣/L$ )(B-(2G$ +$ 2፣፣B'፣I/:R$ 45/.$:B,`4 $ )2፣Ic$ *+4/2፡

4/2I5/($B($ M(/፣:c$L/$ 52N/$2@@$ Q//፣$ +4('I8$ Q.$4+$2Q+/,I/$) *፣$2፣$

4B$ )@/2+/$ /N/(.QB:.U$ =524$ LB'@:$ Q/$ 2$,-54G2(/$ [$ 4$ LB'@:$

IB+:/(,-$/G)@B.//+`$ መ//@፣-+$[$2@B፣-$L45$ B45/($ M2I4B(+$) [$*,$ 45/$ )

:N+B+U$^፣/$:N+B፣$G2,2-/($ I2@@/:$ 5*+$ )/B)@/$ 4B- /45/($2፣:$ -2N/$

+/N/(2@$ +4/)+U$ C፣$2$ +/(/+$ BM$ B፣/YB፣YB፣/$ +/++B+R$ +5 /$ 4BB8$ 45/$

BM$ /G)245.$ MB($ Q'+,/++$ @/2:/(+U$ P(B++YI'@4'(2@$ :2@B-') /$

&BI2@@.$ +8@@/:$ )/B)@/$ 4/፣$ 4B$ 52N/$ 2$ L:/$ I(I@/$ BM$

)/(MB(G2፣I/U$%፣:$)/(52)+$ GB+4$ G)B(42,4R$ 45/$ (/+/2(I5$ ,:*) I24/+$ 4524$@/2፡/

L5B$@/2፡+R$+$@/:R$B($2+$+$ 45/$I2+/$L*45$GB+4$BM$'+R$:B/+$ QB45U$

)/B)@/$ ሜባ($ 45/$ M'4'(/U$%፣:$IB/(IN/$@/2):/(+$:/G2፣:$GG/ :24/$ IBG)@2፣I/

+$2፣:$.B'$I2፣$ +'(/@.$G2-፣ /$2$IB@@/2-'/$

IBG)/4/,I/R$KH$)/(I/,4$)@2I/:$,$45/$4B)$45(:$MB($2,,'2@$+2@ 2(.$ QB፣'+/+$Q2+/:

፣4/@@-/፣I/R$2፣:$I@*G24/$2፣፡$)/(MB(G2፣I/U$%$4/2G$BM$1IP@/@@2 ,:`+$ IB@@/

Q.$1IP@/@@2፣:$2፣:$5+$IB@@/2-'/+R$4$(/M/(+$4B$+*O$8/.$M2I4B( + 4524 ዶላር

[$ 4524$ +R$ 5BL$ M(//$ /G)@B.//+$ M//@$ 4B$ ,,BN24/$ ',/,I'GQ/(/:$

\'(45/(R$L5/፣$ 45/$ 4/2G$@BB8/፡$24$ 45/$ጂ)2I4$BM$I@G24/$

2,:$,I(/2+/$(/4'(,$B,$2++/4+U$=BG$Q/@/N/:$45B+/$IB,I/) 4+$ :: 4$::

=5/$ IBG)2፣.$L2+$፣B4$ ፣$45/$ (/+42'(2,4$ Q'+፣/++R$ 4$L2+$ ፣$ 45 /$

45/$IBG)2፣.U$C፣://:R$5+$IB፣I/)4$Q/I2G/$ 45/$IB(/$BM$ 45/$፣/L$ G ++*ቢ፣$+424/

+42፣:2(:+$ 4524$ (/NB@N/$ 2(B'፣:$ 4524$ N+B፣U$ 35/፣$ 5/$ -*N/+$

+,-'@2($ I(4/(B፣$ +$ L5/45/($ B($፣B4$ 4524$))/(MB(G2፣I/$ M'(45) /(+$

-N/$ )/B)@/$ 45/$ M(//:BG$ 4B$ ,,BN24/R$ /O)/(*ጂ/,4R$ 2፣:$ 428/$

L5/,$2$@/2:/($+$LB(8,-$L*45$2$ 4/2ጂ$BM$/O)/(4+$B($)//(+$) L5B$ 2(/$ GB(/

PZ^$ ',L2N/(,-@.$ +'))B(4/:$ 45/$ I@B+,-$ [$$ 92L(/,I/$ 4BB8$ 45/$)

6/$2፡N+/፡$ a2G/+$፣B4$ 4B$ )@/2፡$ 5+$ )/(+B,2@$ I2+/$ Q'4$ 4B$

92L(/, I/`+$ (/2+B፣$ MB($ IB2I5፣-$ +4/2:$ BM$ +IB@:*,-;$

IB+42,4$:2@B-'/R$ 2፣:$ 4524$:2@B-'/$ 52+$ 2$ L2.$ BM$ )'+5*,-$ ')$

&G@2(@.R$ 45/$ B,-B,-$ :2@B-'/$ BM$ IB2I5*,-$ -'2(2,4) //+$

I@2(4.U$ %+$ MB($ IBGG4G/,4R$ IB2I5*,-$ 5/@)+$ 45/(/R$ 4BBR$ Q/I2'+/$

I2፣$5/@)$ 45/G$2፡N2፣I/U$C፣$+5B(4R$4$LB(8+$Q/+4$L45$/G)@B./ /+$

/G)@B.//+R$ MB($ L524/N/($ (/2+B፣R$ 2(/$ (/++42፣4$ 4B$ @/2(፣፣ -$ B($

2(B',:$ )/B)@/$ [$ 4+$ )(B)B,/,4+$ N2@'/$ ,:N:'2@+$ 2 :$ 45/*($

@/2:/(R$@8/$2$)2(/,4$L5B$2:S'+4+$5B'+/5B@:$('@/+$MB($2$G24') (,-$ 2:B@/

M//:Q2I8$ 52+$ +)/I2@$ )B4/,I.$,$ 45/$LB(8)@2I/$ Q/I2'+/$4$+ $2@@$

MB@@BL,-$./2($L2+$45(/24/,/:$Q.$IB,4(2I4$:+)'4/+U$C፣$:B*,- $+BR$ 5/$

&+4/($12(.$(2፣$2$P245B@I$+I5BB@$+.+4/G$፣$2$@2(-/$G/4(B)B@ 42,$ 2(/

+I5BB@$ )2(/፣4+$2፣:$ MB($ 45/$ IBGG'፣4.$2፣:$ :'(,-$2$ +'II/++*N/$

12(.$(/I/N/:$,B,/$BM$45/$Q2I8@2+5$4524$LB'@:$52N/$2IIBG)2፣/:$ +'I5$2$ GBN/

PBG)2(/$ 4524$ L45$ 45/$ /O)/(/,I/+$ BM$ 2$ )(/+4$ ,$ B'($)

:/I+B+R$5B)፣-$4524$/፣B'-5$45(2+5፣-$45፣-+$B'4$L@@$/N/ ,4'2@@.$ /B)@/$ /,:

35/,$:B/+$ 45/$ +4.@/$ LB(8$ Q/+4;$ =5+$ 2))(B2I5$ +$ *:/2@$

=5/$ QB2(:$ (/)@2I/:$ 5G$ Q/MB(/$ 5/$ IB'@:$ 2))B,4$ ./4$