History of Computer =ENIAC- developed in University of Pennsylvania in
electrical engineering (it was a successor)
-13th century first computer invented in China called
“ABACUS”
Computer comes from the root word “compute”- meaning
calculateor to solve
- the definition of computer, it is any device can
be used performing in calculation
Soroban- (Japan version of first computer) it is almost
the same in abacus but the different is that this could
solve only small number compared than abacus.
Basic Arithmetic Computation -can do abacus and
soroban
1625 - Wilhem Schickard = he invented the first human
calculator
1640- Bliss Pascal = he has an own version but turns out
inefficient, but he was the one who introduce human
calculator but it only adds and subtract numbers.
1700s Charles Babbage - the father of “modern
computer” - because of his idea of the “difference
engine and analytical engine,”he became the father of
that modern computer
1840 Adalovelace- “first computer programmer in the
world” she wrote the first programming language in the
world called as “Assembly”
First Generation also called (Vacuum Tube Era)
- this generation used by tube
ABC- Atanasoff Berry Computer
= well-known in this era, this computer use electronic
arithmetic logic unit. According to Univ. of Pennsylvania.
=foundation of CPU but in today’s generation, (EALU)
Electronic Arithmetic Logic Unit, component nalang sya
ngaun.
Arithmetic model- is the central of CPU or Central
Processing Unit
1946- (ENIAC) Electrical Numerical Integrator and
Calculator
= ENIAC use almost 18k vacuum tubes and it also uses
Decimal Number System.
= its weight ranged from 30 pounds or 27k kilo
 ENIAC- electronic numerical Integrator and
computer
Second generation also known as the “Transistor and
Micro Processor Era” of computer limited
programming language
IBM - Interntional Business Machine is a Microsoft
Company
1950- (EDVAC) Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer, was introduce by Pennsylvania (earliest
electronic computer)
= EDVAC uses Binary Number System
Primary system- process and save, store and install
information
1951- (UNIVAC) Universal Automatic Computer
= First computer for commercial used
1971- microprocessor era and transistor
Transistor- small circle or pin feet, two or
four
Microprocessor- shapes square, rectangle, flat looks like
green, black (small chips)
Third Generation or also known as Modern Computing
Era- still micro and processor IBM and Microsoft
= in this generation there’s a lot of programming
languange compare to the previous era
Microsoft Company introduced a Micro Operating
System called “Microsoft Disk Operating System”
CMD (command prompt) is an example of operating
system
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE EXAMPLE
Octal Number System - different spaces, font style
etc..
Hexa-Decimal Number System - different
graphics,color etc..
1980- MS doc black and white
IBM- international Business Machine
- they introduced “PC”

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET
INTERNET
- uses IP Adress ( a Standard Communication Protocol)
◦ A global computer network providing a variety of
information and communication facilities, consisting of
interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols.
SMS- SHORT MESSAGE SERVICES
INTERNET PROVIDER - IT RESPONSIBLE FOR
BANDWITH VINTON CERF - FATHER OF INTERNET
- HAS THE IDEA OF TCPIP (TRANSIMISSION
CONTROL INTER PROTOCOL)
◦ An electronic communications network that connects
computer networks and organizational computer facilities
around the world.
The word Internet comes from combination of the word
“Interconnection” and “Network”. Communication
channels and transmission media allow to share
resources (hardware, software, data and information.
Generally, nobody owns internet.
What is Communication?
◦ The process of conveying information from sender to a
receiver with the use of a medium in which the
communicated information is understood by both sender
and receiver. It is a process that allows people to
exchange information by several methods.
Communication through Internet
Modern life and business have become easier and
convenient, and thanks to the contribution of the
Internet technology. However, it was not created
overnight. It took a long time until networks could be
connected together.
◦And now internet had tremendous impact all over the
world, internet has excelled beyond the expectations.
We can communicate in a second with a person in the
other part of the world or anywhere.
Example: twitter, face book, Instagram
RAY TOMBLENSON - DEVELOPED EMAIL PROGRAM.
Advantages in communicating through the Internet
◦ It allows people to communicate with each other in a
faster, more efficient and often inexpensive ways.
◦ We use email and instant application to keep in
touch with our family members, friends and perhaps
even business associates.
◦ Sometimes we feel more comfortable conversing
with people when we can’t see or hear them.
◦ We can easily express our emotions using symbols
like emoticons.
◦ Cost effective compared to physical meeting.
◦ Easy connectivity from every place in the world.
◦ Best to use in different devices and gadgets.
◦ Increase productivity and efficiency.
◦ Ultimate support for environmental protection.
Dis-advantages in communicating through the Internet
◦ Writing an email can be difficult task for the
computer illiterate.
◦ The lack of physical cues in online forums my lead to
◦ Busy online discussion forums may cause
information overload
◦ Participants may accidentally go off-topic within a
particular discussion thread.
◦ The time lag between commenting and receiving
a response can seem an eternity.
◦ Online forums may feel inefficient for an individual.
◦ Online forums can fee isolated and isolating for
people who like to lean in groups.
◦ Online forums can feel directionless for people used
to being spoon-fed.
Basic Communication tools
Types of communication
1. Internal Communication is an exchange of ideas
and information within the organization.
2. External Communication is an exchange of information
that happens outside the organization.
Basic Communication tools - Commercial
▪ Mail Bob taylor - sakanya nagmula yung idea
▪ Email Larry Roberts - sya nagsuggest kay bob taylor ng four codes
▪ Telephones Wes Clark - sya nagsuggest kay larry robert na dapat
gumawa na sila ng device na pwedeng gamitin ng apat ng
-Landline Telephones
universities.
-Cellular Phones
Ray Tomblenson- developed email program
-Smart Phones
THE BIRTH OF THE INTERNET
-Internet Calling: (Google voice,
Leonard Kleinrock - sya ay professor sa UCLA to SRIA.
and others) Vinton Cerf - Develop TCP/IP or Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
▪ SMS/Text Messaging
Steve Crocker - developed ARPANET network protocol
▪ Cell and Data plans
John Postel - developed the Domain Name System (di mo
▪ Video and Web conferencing
na need itype ung URL pag nagssearch, like search
▪ Social Networking sites FACEBOOK, YOUTUBE, AND ETC.), FTP , Telnet, internet
protocol
▪ G-suites and Microsoft 365/Office
Mike Wingfield - Hardware interface UCLA computer and
▪ Online Collaboration/Productivity IMP
tools. Jean Armour Polly- coined "Surfing the Internet"

NOTES:
1836 ARPA - department of defense
✓ "Telegraph" paggawa ng letter, invented by Cooke and ARPANET - educational institutions
Wheatstone.
TELENET - commercial
✓ "Morse code" ay nakilala, bawat tuldok, slash, dash
may meaning in communication between humans. USENET - news groups
(1800s) (Binary 0/1) lahat ng nakikita nyo sa screen. ARPANET - Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
1858-1866 ASCII- American Standard Code of Information
✓"Transatlantic Cable"( cable wires) - para maconnect Interchange
yung one device to another or connect internet you need
to use cable wires. WWW- World Wide Web URL - Uniform Resource Locator

1876

✓"Telephone" invented by Alexander Graham Bell- Back

bone of the internet that we use today

✓Modems- para marinig yung audio. (Digital to Audio

conversions)

HISTORY TO INTERNET Internet starts with 3

organizations

- Government

- Education
What is a Webpage.?
- Webpage is a text file that contains text and
images. IITMI. tags are used to format and
display the content to the user via Web browser,
the Web browser interpret these HTML tags and
accordingly displays the content to the user.
What is WWW?
- World Wide Web is a Network of computers
where all content is formatted using IITMI It
was introduced and developed by IIM BERNERS
LEE, with the assistance from ROBERT CAILLAU
He designed the first pages of the Web and
used a browser to view them in 1993 the first
Web browser was developed at the National
Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA).
TCP/IP the standard protocol used for connecting
to the internet.
1970's-1980's Personal Computers
- E-mail and Usenet programs became a
popular communication platform across the
world.
Internet gained popularity as it consisted of
system that could used independently for data
and information exchange.
OPERATING SYSTEM
- An operating system (OS) is the Master Control
program for the computer. It manages the
computer's internal functions and directs the
control for other programs. Without an Os your
computer simply won't work.

What is HTMT stands for? CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

- HyperText Markup Language this is the language
used to create and link Web pages together. An
HTML document consist of only text. The main
text of the documents and special instructions
called TAGS Tags are the basic coding units in the
HTML system.
1960's
 Also referred to CPU. It is also often called the
processor or central processor.
 CPU is like the brain of the computer where all
computing and data interpretation takes
place.
 It is located in a single chip called the
microprocessor.

- When people had started thinking of using

OPERATING SYSTEM
computers as a source for research and
development in scientific and military PC- DOS/ MS-DOS WINDOWS NT LINUX
areas. WINDOWS S-X WINDOWS ME UNIX
WINDOWS 95 WINDOWS 2000 MAC OS
1966 - Was developed by BOB KAHN and VINTON CERF
WINDOWS 98 WINDOWS XP 0S/2 WARE
NCP was replaced by the new and widely used
- ARPAnet Advanced Research Projects Agency
Later on knowned as the internet came online. It
connected four American universities and was
used mainly for academic and scientific
research.

1972 NCP Network Control Protocol

- E-mail was adapted for ARPANET by RAY

TOMLINSON in 1972. The next major
breakthrough took place in the area of
networking protocol used for transfering
data.

1983 TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol
WORLD WIDE WEB

- Web browsers are used for viewing a Web

page. Each Web page within a web site can
viewed by typing in the web site address, or
known as the Uniform Resource Locator
(URL)

UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR

 - It contains a set of instructions that are read and  CPU brain of the computer
interpreted by the browser and then the page is
displayed to the user. Microsoft

- command base user interface

Protocol NT attempt (1980) - first attempt in command interface

base user.
- Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http) is the main
data transmitting protocol used by the Web. It Windows 1 (1985) - first attempt ng graphical user
determines how a document is to be formatted interface
and transferred to users. Windows 2 (1987) - microsoft word and excel being used
Domain by the public.

- Used to identify and view Web pages. A domain is Windows 3 (1990)

the main subdivision of an Internet address. The
last three letters (com) indicate the type of
organization that you are dealing with. And the
last two letter domain represents the country.
Windows 3.1 (1992)- simply an update from windows 3
Windows 95 (1995)- this is where the names of the OS
are followed by the 2 last digit of the year it was invented
or developed.

Windows 98 (1998)

Graphical interface
SIX TOP-LEVEL DOMAIN WIDELY USED
Windows 2000 (Feb 2000) - the twin version of the OS

Windows ME - Millenium Edition

NAME DESCRIPTION
(September 2000)
.com Commercial organization
Windows XP - Experience ( 2001) - One of the best
.edu Education institutions operating system.
.net Network operations Windows Vista (2007) issue about anti- spyware anti-
. gov Government viruses.
.mil Military organizations
.org Non-profit Organization Windows 7 (2009)

Windows 8 (2012) - time where the emerging of nokia to

Directory
- Is a unit that contains files and images and
arranges them according to hierarchy.
Documents
- This is the file that the browser opens to the
user. If you do not mention the file name then
the browser will default directory named to
"Index.htm" or "default.htm".
microsoft, it also has a live tiles or widget.
Windows 8.1 (2014) it is the start button. During this time
din Apple Company slowly rising.
Windows 10 (2015) - best version din since its been a lot
of year before it was changed into a new OS.
Windows 11 ( June 2021)
WWW(URL)

Protocol
 Motherboard (heart of the computer) It is the Ex. HTPP
most important of computer.
Domain Application Software
Ex. Subdivision of URL - This are the software used to complete a specific
task.
Directory
COMPUTER HARDWARE- Tangible part of the
Uniform
computer
Ex. WWW.facebook.com
Input devices - sends info to a computer system for
Last 3 letters indicates the time of organization. processing

.com Eg. Keyboard sends electrical signals to a computer

Profitable organization Output devices - reproduces or display the results of

that processing .
Metaverse
Eg. When those ssignals are interpreted by the
Country (2 Letters)
computer and been displayed it is output.

In 1993 the first web browser was developed at the

CPU- Central Processing unit
National Center for Super computer Application
(NCSA). Exhaust fan

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) Heatsink- it absorb heat from CPU

- This is the language used to create and link web
pages together. An HTML document consists of
only text. The Main text of the documents and
special instruction.
HTML Tags define or “mark-up” the content of
the webpage.
1960’s
1966 ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network)
1972 NCP (Network Control Protocol)
1983 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol)
-it was developed by Bob, Khan and Vinton Cerf
1970’s-1980’s Personal Computers
2 PARTS OF COMPUTER PROGRAM SYSTEM
COMPUTER SOFTWARE- Intangible parts of the
computer system.
System software
4 NODES NETWORK
1. UCLA 3.UNTA
2.SRIA 4. UNIV. CAL. STA. BARBARA
INTRO TO INTERNET AND WEB DESIGN
1. Web page - it is a text file that contains text and images
at ginagamitan ng html tags or coding. Via web browser.
2. WWW - World Wide Web , using this code binabasa
nya to as word format or layout. -Tim Berners-Lee - he
develop and invented www as web browser with the
assistance of Robert Caillau.
NOTES: February 26, 1991- 1991 nadeveloped na yung
WWW pero pinakilala ng NCSA ang WWW noong 1993.
February 26 2022- celebrate the 31 yrs of WWW.
HTML or HyperText Markup Language - this is the
language used to create and link web page together. -
Naglalaman lang ng text (nilalaman ng notepad) - TAGS
(basic coding unit in html system) - the main text that
contain html documents. Pano malaman kung tags?
Kapag nasa loob sya ng "()".

- This are the operating system that manages all HISTORY OF INTERNET
transactions between peripherals and application
1940'-1960's when computer developed. 1960's 1969
software
pinakilala si ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency)
(Peripherals means input and output devices.)
1966 ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network) (kapag may net, sa educational institution yun)
1972 NCP (Network Control Protocol) - Nakilala yung
email (Email- developed by Ray Tomlinson)
1983 TCP/IP or Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol - was developed by Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf.
NCP was replaced by the new and widely used TCP/IP.
1970's - 1980's - email and usenet program became a
popular communication platform across the world.
OPERATING SYSTEM
CPU - brain of the computer
Mother Board - most important component in computer
Operating System - Master control program of a
computer system. Ex. Windows 8, Windows (most used
Operating System)
NOTES: Without operating system you cannot use your
computer Pinakamatagal at nagpayaman kay Bill Gates-
WINDOWS XP (6yrs nagtagal bago nasundan)
ELEMENTS OF WEB PAGE
• WWW - world wide web -ginagamit para makita yung
nilalaman ng document Ano tinatype sa Web address?
• URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a set of instructions
that are read and interpreted by the browser and then
the page is displayed to the user.
ANG URL AY NAHAHATI SA APAT;
ELEMENTS OF WEB PAGE
TITLE- Displays the browser’s title bar. It is the name
assigned to the page if you add it to the browser’s list of
favorites.
HEADING- A larger font size text, usually bold or italic in
style, showing the difference sections of a page.
HORIZONTAL RULES- Inline images that display lines
across the page to separate different sections.
IMAGE- Graphics, icons, bullets, line photos, or
pictures that are not part of the HTML file.
IMAGEMAP- A type of inline image that defines hotspots.
This are areas that activate functions when selected
NORMAL TEXT- The text that makes up the main
content of the Web page. It has many formats. It can be
in paragraph form or bulleted list.
BACKGROUD- The wallpaper of the Web page. It can be a
solid color, pictures, graphics or a default standard with
white or gray background.
BODY- Contains the information of the browser windows
ANIMATED IMAGES- Inline images that include motion
and animations. These images are more attractive to the
user.
LINKS- Text, phrases, or graphics that help the user to
navigate more on the Web page. By clicking the links, the
browser goes to a location in a file or to request a file
from the server.

1. Protocol - HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) it is the

main data transmitting protocol used by the Web. Ex.
Incognito
2. Domain - Used to identify and view Web pages. It is the
main subdivision of an internet address. The last three
letters (com) indicates for commercial / business
purposes or profitable organizations. And the last two-
letter domain represents the country. Ex. ph(philippines),
in(india). -John Postel invented DNS or Domain Name
System.
3. Directory - It is a unit that contains files and images and
arranges them according to hierarchy (malaking file to
maliit na file).
HTML
HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
A language used to create a link web pages together. An
HTML document consists of only text the main text of the
document and special instructions called TAGS.
TAGS
 Sets of instructions that tell the browsers what
layout of text to use, what graphics to be
displayed, and where/what links are needed.

4. Documents - it is the file that the browser opens to the

user. Matatagpuan sa Pinakadulo ng URL, "Index.htm" or
"default.htm".
  Tags are also the basic coding in HTML, they are HEADING TAGS
keywords or phrases that are enclosed by angle
<Hn> </Hn>
brackets. (starting tag <N> and ending tag </N>)

 HTML is run by a web browser like Internet This indicates the beginning and the end of the heading
Explorer and Netscape Navigator. These are the section.
tools that can display and run HTML documents ➢ “H” represents the Heading and “n” represents the
and their links. size.
COMMAND
➢ <H1> is the largest, and <H6> is the
<HTML> smallest.
</HTML> FORMATTING TEXT TAGS
FUNCTIONS <P>
The beginning and the end of the HTML document Indicates the beginning of the paragraph and inserts a
COMMAND blank line before and above the paragraph. It does not
need a closing tag.
<HEAD>
<HR>
</HEAD>
Inserts a horizontal line.
FUNCTIONS
<BR>
Used for header information. It is the beginning and the
end of the section of the documents. Break a line text and marks the start of a new line. It does
not need a closing tag.
COMMAND
<UL TYPE=“disc/square/circle”> </UL>
<TITLE>
Unordered list or Unnumbered list. Format information
</TITLE> as bullet points.
FUNCTIONS <LI> </LI>
Indicates the beginning and the end of the title. The title Denotes an item on the list.
is not displayed in the body of the web page but on the
title bar of the browser. <OL TYPE=“1/A/a/I”> </OL>

COMMAND Ordered list creates an ordered or numbered list

<BODY> <B> TEXT </B>

</BODY> Contains text in Boldface images.

FUNCTIONS <I> TEXT </I> Contains text which you want to be Italic
in format.
Indicates the beginning and the end of the contents of
the body of the web page. <BIG> TEXT </BIG>

Contains text to be rendered in a font size bigger than the

default size.

<SMALL> TEXT </SMALL>

Contains text to be rendered in a font size smaller than

the default size.
<U> TEXT </U> Inserting Image and Background Image/Graphics
Contains text to be rendered with an Underline. <img src=“filename”
<S> TEXT </S> alt=“alternative name”

Contains text which you want to be marked. width=“size” height=“size”>

<CENTER> </CENTER> used to insert normal image in webpage.

Center all text and other page components it contains <style>

<SUB> TEXT TEXT </SUB> body {

Contains text to be rendered as a subscript to the text background-image: url(filename);

that proceeds it.
background-repeat: no-repeat;
<SUP> TEXT TEXT </SUP>
background-attachment: fixed;
Contains text to be rendered as a superscript to the text
background-size: width% height
that proceeds it.
%
<FONT SIZE=“size” COLOR=“color” FACE=“fontface”>
TEXT </FONT> }
Contains the text properties to be modified. </style>
<P ALIGN=“right/left/center/justify”> TEXT </P> used to insert background image or grahics in webpage.
Contains text which you want format the paragraph MARQUEE
<SUB> TEXT TEXT </SUB> Text or images that can get the attention of a web page
visitor can be produced by applying different attributes
Contains text to be rendered as a subscript to the text
on the marquee tag.
that proceeds it.
<MARQUEE DIRECTION=“direction”
<HR ALIGN=“left/center/right/justify” Color=“color”
BEHAVIOR=“behavior”> TEXT CONTENT </MARQUEE>
Size=“size”>
MARQUEE TAG
Place a horizontal line in the page with color and
thickness. DIRECTION
<BODY BGCOLOR=“COLOR”> ATTRIBUTE
To change the background color of your web page. “LEFT” , “RIGHT” , “UP” , “DOWN”
<audio controls> </audio> MARQUEE TAG
used to embed sound content in a document, such as BGCOLOR
music or other audio streams.
ATTRIBUTE
<source src=“filename” type=“audio or video/type”>
“COLOR” or “HEXADECIMAL VALUE”
Defines multiple media resources for media elements,
such as <video> and <audio> MARQUEE TAG

<video width=“size”height=“size” controls></video> HEIGHT

used to show a video on a web page. ATTRIBUTE

“Number”
 MARQUEE TAG LINKING TO HTML DOCUMENTS

BEHAVIOR Link to other HTML documents within the same website.

ATTRIBUTE Link to the other HTML documents to other web sites.
“Scroll”, “Slide” , “Alternate” <A HREF=“file location”> TEXT </A>
MARQUEE TAG <A HREF=“Web location”> TEXT </A>

WIDTH

ATTRIBUTE IMAGE LINK

“Number” The image link is used as the linking tool in connecting to
MARQUEE TAG another web page or web site.

LOOP <A HREF=url> TEXT <IMG SRC=“image

ATTRIBUTE file location”> </A>

“Number” or “Infinite”

MARQUEE IMAGE TAG

In creating an image as the marquee content, use the

image tag to define the location of the image or
graphics.

< MARQUEE> <IMG SRC=“Location of file”> </MARQUEE>

CREATING A HYPERLINK

A hyperlink or links are used to connect web pages of

different web sites or web servers anywhere in the world.
A Hotspot is an area of a text or an image that notifies the
visitor that there is a link on the text or image.

There are different types of links

Link to E-mail

Link to other HTML

document Linking to another

Web site Image link

LINK TO E-Mail

This link allows the visitor to contact the Web developer

for comments and additional information regarding the
Web page.

< A HREF=“mail to: albertsantiago@yahoo.com”> </A>

INSERTING WEBPAGE TABLE
ADDING FORMS TO YOUR WEBPAGE
Integrated Software Reviewer Final exam
Excel
Electronic Speed sheet
 Example of excel
Spreadsheet
 Software that uses rows and columns to store and
calculate numbers and is one of the best available
tools for interpreting numerical and data
representing it as tables, charts and graphs
 It is the computer equivalent of a paper ledger sheet
Classification of Microsoft
 Manual- paper, calculator, pencil
 Electronic- software record in excel
History of spreadsheet
1961- The concept of an electronic spreadsheet was
introduce “budgeting models and system simulation”. It was
outlined by Richard Mattessich
1962-1968 The concept of spreadsheet call BCL (Business
Computer Language) was ported to IBM to format and used
to assist teaching of finance to business students in
Washington State University
Daniel Brickin- The father of Electronic spreadsheet
1969-1983 The actual software was called LANPAR (Language
for Programming Arrays at Random)
Rene k. Pardo and Remy Landau- Improve the program and
modifying budgeting
1979- Visicalc (visible calculator) was the first spreadsheet
computer program for personal computer (Daniel Bricklin
and Bob Frankston)
1982- The introduction of Lotus 1-2-3 IBM PC dramatically
introduce and release a more improved app compared to
visiclac on the apple 11
(tawag sa lotus 1-2-3 called lotus notes)
1985- Sept.30,1985 Microsoft released in MAC in Mac os as
the first version being numbered 2.05 and called it Excel
1987- Nov.1987 excel also released and being used in
windows 3x
1990- made it possible for excel to take market share from
lotus, by the time lotus responded with usable windows
products.
1995- Microsoft has begun to assembles their office suite,
excel was the market reader, edging out lotus 1-2-3
2013- The IBM discontinued the lotus 1-2-3 altogether.
Typical Uses of Spreadsheet
 Household taxes
 Grading sheet
 Income taxes
 Inventories
 Mortgage payments
 Analyzing Data
Two types of Spreadsheet
Manual Spreadsheet
 creating a worksheet using a ledger or columnar •
paper using a pencil/pen calculator and eraser
Electronic Spreadsheet
 A computer-generated spread shoot that makes the
basic task much easier (Spreadsheet program- meron
sa Electronic Spreadsheet na wala sa manual
spreadsheet)
 A program That generates an users worksheet on-
screen and enables him/her to embed hidden
formulas that perform visible calculations.
Basic Elements of Electronic Spreadsheet
 Row
 Columns
 Cell
 Active cell
 Active cell indicator
Row
 A horizontal block of cells running across the breadth
of the spread sheet. Row are numbered sequentially
from the top.
Column
 is a vertical block of cells identified by a unique
alphabetical letter.
Cell
 the intersection between a row and a column. The
combination of the column letter and row number is
called cell reference or cell address
(Cell- pag-isa I only cell and Range 2or More Cell)
Range
 is a block selected cells
Active cell
 A selected cell ready for data entry
Active cell Indicator
 Indicates the location of the active Cell
Worksheet- made up of rows and columns where
labels, numbers and formulas are entered.
=16,384- columns with alphabetical headings
=1,048,576- rows represented by numbers
Workbook- Also called file, it contains multiple
worksheets and/or chart sheets.
.book= not yet been save (excel file)
Cell content- any data entered into the cell. This can be Application Window- represents the Excel program
numbers, letter, Formulas, date or time itself.
3 TYPES OF CELL CONTENT *Title bar
1) Label- is a type of cell content that DOES NOT *Menu bar
START W/ EQUAL SIGN and DOES NOT USE ANY *Standard toolbar
*Formatting Toolbar
OPERATION.
*Drawing toolbar
2) Formula- is a type of cell content that STARTS *Ask a Question text box
W/ EQUAL SIGN and USUALLY USED AN *Name box
OPERATION. (=, +,-,÷,*, x, ^) *Formula bar
3) Value- is a type of cell content that REFLECTS *Task Pane
THE RESULT OF A FORMULA. *Status bar

Mathematical & Logical Operation Symbols Workbook Window- composed of sheets that contain
- Arithmetic Operations things you created in Excel.
*Column heading
Operations- addition, subtraction, multiplication, *Row heading
division, exponentiation, precedence * Active cell
-manual- PEMDAS * Active cell indicator
* Sheet Tab
Symbols- +,-,*,/,^,(),
* Scroll Bar
-special operator
{}- brace, mas mataas sa parenthesis:
Introduction to Microsoft excel
[ ]- bracket, mas mataas sa brace
SPREADSHEET: Electronic sheet of paper organized by
Relational Operations- It evaluates whether the
columns & rows.
operation or Formula is true or False.
The ADVANTAGE OF ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET
Operations
-is it allows you to easily change data and have all
* Precedence (do this operation first)
"related calculations automatically update.
* Equal to
*Not equal
Sheet name referencing- outside ng worksheet ang
*Greater than
gagamiting data/cell reference.
*Less than
- One can also write formulas that refer to sheetname!
Cell-Reference
Symbols Input! B1 * input! B3 +A1
*() - When referencing a cell on the same spreadsheet as
*= the ACTIVE CELL the sheet name is not required.
*<> - Sheets may be named and displayed with different
*> colors, tabs, the order of the worksheets may be
*< modified as well
- Highlight your data, select a chart type and Edit and
Less than -True if mas maliit yung sa left- 2<4 its.
Greater than 4 > 2 TRUE
17 types of charts (Microsoft Excel)
If negative, False -4>2 The "POWER" of using spreadsheet Applications
AO>RO (electronic spreadsheet) Each entry can be related to other values by including
=4+3x3>2 cell referencing in formulas.
=13>2 true Formula values are automatically updated when a
referenced.
Microsoft Excel Formula ▸ A FORMULA is a sequence of values, cell
2 MAJOR PARTS OF MICROSOFT EXCEL reference and operators that produce d now value.
- Formulas always start with an equal sign, =
 - In addition, a Formula can also contain buit-in
Function like sum, average, if, Countif, etc.
Things you need to know when writing Formulas in
Excel
Data PRECISION (no. of decimal places in computer
system) vs. CELL DISPLAY ( if binabago). Ex: 0.02349
0.02
Types OF operators that can be used. /≤ -
Order of precedence of operators. =B2+B3*B1/B8^2
Formulas contain 2 types of components.
2 types of components.
1.) Operators- operations to be performed
o Arithmetic operations/operators.
o Relational operations /operators
2) Operands- Values to be operated on.
= b2+5 -Addition (operator)
| = IF (logical statement,“TRUE”,”FALSE”)
Operands
Precedence of Operators
PARENTHESIS: is a special operator that Forces
evaluation of the expression inside it first.
EXPONENTIATION: (2^3 -> 8 )
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS: Multiplication and Division
BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS IN EXCEL
= is a way of writing formula in Microsoft Excel using a
keyword to perform an operation.
There are 15 built in functions
1. SUM FUNCTION – use to add all the numbers that
you specify as an argument.
: - to
, - and
= sum(Range)
= sum(A1:D5)
2. PRODUCT FUNCTION – use to multiply the numbers
that you specify as an argument.
= Product(Range)
3. QUOTIENT FUNCTION – use to divide the set of
numbers to specify as an argument.
= Quotient(Range)
4. AVERAGE FUNCTION – use to add all the numbers
that you specify as an argument divided by the set of
numbers.
= Average(Range)
5. COUNTA OR COUNT A FUNCTION - used to count
the number of cells that are not empty within the set
of the range.
=Counta(Range)
6. IF FUNCTION – used to evaluate whether the
statement is true or false.
 It is an example of conditional formula.
2 kinds of if function
 Simple If Function – 2 statements only
(True/False)
 Nested If Function (Multiple or Complex
Functions)
= IF(A1<=3.00,”PASSED”,”FAILED”)
1.0 – 3.00 = <= 3.00
3.01 – 5.00 = >= 3.01
7. COUNTIF FUNCTION – used to count the number cells
that you specify as an argument If it met the criteria.
= CountIf (Range,”Criteria Range”)
= Countif(A1:D5,”<=3.00”)
8. SUMIF FUNCTION – used to add all the numbers that
you specify as an argument if it met the criteria.
= SumIf (Range,”Criteria Range”)
= SumIF(A1:D5,”>=3.00”)
9. MAX FUNCTION – used to identify the largest number
within the set of value.
= Max (Range)
10. MIN FUCNTION – used to identify the smallest number
within the set of value.
= Min (Range)
11. CONCATENATE FUNCTION – well used when generating
report and when connecting multiple text strings
together.
 Each text strings are separated by comma
 If the text is not written in worksheet you
must need to enclosed the text in (“ “)
 Space and special characters still counted
in text strings
= Concatenate (A2,”,”,” “,B2,” “,”=”,G2)
Surname, First Name = Average
 12. NESTED IF FUNCTION – It is used when there are 3 to 64
logical test.
= IF (logical test 1,”TRUE”,IF (logical test 2,”TRUE”,IF (logical
test 3,”TRUE”,”FALSE”,”ERROR”)))
= IF (I3 <=3.00,”PASSED”,IF (I3 <=3.50, “INCOMPLETE”,IF
(I3>=3.56,”FAILED,
 >= 98 – 100 <= 1.00 – 3.00 - PASSED
 >= 85 – 97 <=3.01 – 3.50 - INCOMPLETE
 >= 75 – 84 >= 3.56 – 5.00 - FAILED
 <= 0 – 74
CONDITIONAL FORMATTING – give task in excel with a
condition
HOMETAB -> CONDITIONAL FORMATTING -> NEW RULE ->
FORMAT ONLY CELL CONTAIN -> EQUAL TO->CLICK FORMAT
THEN AFTER FILL THE TWO BOX UNDER
13. VLOOKUP FUNCTION – (VERTICAL LOOK UP FUNCTION)
 Used to identify specific date or approximately data
in your worksheet
 Also, it is used when it has more rows but less in
column
= Vlookup (Lookup Value, Table array, Column index, range
lookup)
o Column Index – Number
o Range lookup – True or False
o TRUE – Approximately Match
o False – Exactly Match
IN CREATING TABLE ARRAY:
--- THE FIRST COLUMN OF TABLE ARRAY MUST CONTAIN
YOUR LOOK UP VALUE
EX. NO., STUDENT NO., STUDENT NAME
= Vlookup (20180350,BSOAD2B,FALSE)
14. Data Entry- a quick and easy way to enter data into an
excel data base.
- The data entry form is one of Excels built in data
tools. To use it all you need to do is provide the
column headings to be used in your database, click
on the form button, and Excel will do the rest.
Formula of data entry
=(right-click the home tab and customize ribbon) quick
access toolbar , (choose command from) command not
in the ribbon, form (click add), add
=select all, insert tab, table, (check the box), ok
Form Data tools
1.) Find Previous and
2) Find Next Button
-These allow you to scroll forward and back through the
database one record at a time.
•PREV (backward)
• NEXT (Forward)
3.) Delete Button -This is used to delete records from the
database
4.) Restore Button- This can be used to undo changes to a
record that is being edited. Occasionally, we make the
wrong changes to a record or even edit the wrong
record a together. If so, the restore button can be used
to undo those changes.
NOTE: The restore button only works as long as a record is
present in the form. As soon as you access another record or
close the Form the restore button becomes inactive.
Criteria Button- Allows you to search the database for
records using one or more Field names, such as name, age,
or program
Integrated Software
Fundamentals Computers
Computer
 A device used for performing calculation
automatically.
 Used to create office documents or for making
presentation at home.
 Used for checking emails, playing games, or browsing
internet for local news updates and etc.
History of computer
 13th century (3000 BC) = Abacus was the “First
Computer” invented in China. The Abacus helped in
carrying out mathematical manipulation of numbers
 Soroban – (Japanese version of Abacus which
worked almost in the same manner of abacus with a
limited capacity) = solve small numbers calculate=
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
1625- Wilhelm Schickard
 Invention of the first calculator in Human History,
unfortunately his drawing for the calculator
remained on the paper and could not be built.

1640- Blaise Pascal
 Built the first arithmetic calculator but soon, even
this calculator turned out to be inefficient as it can
only add and subtraction known as “Pascaline”.
1670- Leibniz Wheel or Stepped Reckoner
 Can performed could add, subtract, multiply, and
divide turned out to be move inefficient in
calculation.
1752-1834- Joseph Marie Jacquard
 Invented the “weaving loom” controlled by
information coded on punched card.
1792- 1871- Charles Babbage
 “Father of Modern Computer”
 He invented different Engine and Analytical Engine
- Allan/alan Turning = grandfather of Computer
Science
1840- Ada lovelace
 “First programming language” she wrote the first
computer programmed.
First Generation – “Vacuum Tubes”
- Use generation of vacuum tubes
1937-1942= The Atanasoff Berry Computer or ABC
 Was the first automatic electronic digital computer.
ABC would be considered the first electronic ALU
(Arithmetic Logic Unit) which integrated into every
modern processor is design.
 Two people invented of ABC
 Professor – John Atanasoff
 Students – Clifford Berry
1946- ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer)
 Which was the size of large room 18,000 vacuum
tubes.
 First decimal programmer invention = ones, tens,
hundred
 Place decimal number
1950- EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variation Automatic
Computer)
 Was one of the earliest electronic computers. Unlike
the processor of ENIAC.
 It was binary rather than decimal and was designed
to be a stored program computer.
 Binary number system – First, second, fourth or 8 bit,
16 bit and so on.
1951- UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
 First commercial computer to use was introduced to
the public
Second Generation- “Transistor and Microprocessor”
1937- 1970- The Transistor and Microprocessor
 The invention of transistor changed the
computing drastically and making computer
chips advanced and microprocessor was
developed bring evolution in technology
 1970’s computer became faster, cheaper and
more accessible for the average person.
Third Generation- “Integrated Circuit Era”
- (Modern Computing Era)
 Different of third generation have many
languages.
 1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS)
MS-DOS was born with the invention of the
computers became smaller.
 Bills Gates and Allen= Made by Microsoft
 user Interface = environment between
computer user and computer interface.
- Command based
IBM = International Business Machine
 Introduced the personal Computer (PC) for
home and office use.
 MS Dos 1985- Graphical use
 Desktop Computer
 Digital Computer
Two types of Digital Computer
Computer Hardware and Computer Software
 Computer Hardware (tangible)
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Printer
 Speaker
 Disk
o Two types of Computer Hardware
  Input Device- Device takes in put from
the user and translates it into a from that
the computer understands
Ex. Keyboard, webcam, scanner, mouse,
microphone, photocopy
 Output Device- Display the processed
data after computation once the input
data has been translated and processed
by CPU.
Ex. CPU, Speaker, printer, xerox
 Computer Software (Intangible)
 Operating system – Master of controlled
program in computer system
 Application
o Two types of Computer Software
 System Software – operating system,
software like Windows and Linux. It is
necessary to the computer to function.
Ex. Android, IOS, Windows, Macintosh
 Application Software- Helps to complete
task like typing documents or making
calculations.
Ex. Microsoft, calculators, games and so
on.
Central Processing Unit – (CPU)
 Brain of Computer system where all computing
and data interpretation takes place
o Two main components of the CPU
 Arithmetic Logic Unit- All calculation
relations this is part of the computer that
performs all arithmetic computations
such as – addition and multiplication all
comparison operation.
 Control Unit- Decides which operation
has to be performed.
Motherboard
 most important component of any PC the
motherboard manage all the data transactions
between the CPU and the Peripherals.
Internal Memory – Primary memory = type of memory
accessible. Ex. ROM, RAM
External Memory- Secondary memory = Ex. USB,
Compact Disk, Memory card, DVD
Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Volatile – Nagbabago
 Refers to the main memory of the computer this
where the CPU temporarily stores any files or
documents when they are actively use.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
 Non-volatile- Hindi nagbabago
 Holds the instructions for starting up the
computer. This information is stored into the
motherboard during the computer’s production
and cannot be changed.
Classification of Computer
4 Classification according to function
1. Analog computer (spell analogue in British
English)
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid computer (Analog + Digital)
4. Work station computer
4 According of size
5. Super computer
6. Mainframe Computer
7. Mini Computer
8. Micro Computer or Personal Computer
Classification according to function
Analog Computer
 Form of computer that uses continuous physical
phenomenal such electrical, mechanical or
hydraulic quantities.
Ex. Planimeter, nomogram, operational
amplifies.
Digital Computer
 Use number
 Computer performed calculations and logical
operations with quantities represented as digit
usually use in the binary system: any of class of
devices capable of solving problems by
 processing information in discrete form. It
operates on data, including magnitude, letters
and symbols, that are expressed binary code.
Using only the two digits 0 and 1
Ex. IBM, PC, Apple Macintosh as well as smart
phones
Hybrid Computer- (Analog + Digital)
 A combination of computers those are capable of
inputting and outputting in both digital and analog
signals – hybrid computer system setup offers a cost-
effective method of performing sample simulations
Ex. Freedom space flights
Workstation Computer
 It started when developed of network. A
terminal or desktop computer in a network. In
this context, workstation is just a generic term
(client machine) user machine in contrast to
“server” or “mainframe”
 Main performance computer system, large
storage capacity, advanced graphics, powerful
microprocessor (central processing unit)
 Workstation = Networking connects others
device
Types of Computers Based on its Size
Super Computer
 Creative specialized fastest and most powerful
type of Computer and Very expensive are
employed for specialized applications that
immense accounts of mechanical calculations.
Ex. Weather forecasting requires for super
computer, other uses of super computers
including graphic fluid dynamic calculations,
nuclear energy research.
Mainframe computer
 Multiple function
 Very large and expensive computer, using
hundred, without networking.
Mini-Computer
 A mid-sized computer
 In size and power, mini-computer lie between
workstation and Mainframe.
 Minicomputer’s a multiprocessing system
capable of supporting from 4 about 200 users
simultaneously.
Micro Computer or Personal Computer
 A small relatively in expense, Microcomputer
became popular in the 1970’s and 1980’s with
the advent of increasingly powerful
microprocessor
o Example of Micro Computer
 Central Processing Unit
 Memory
 Input/Output
o 3 Types of Micro Computer has Classification
 Desktop- fit in the desk, official fit in the
desk. A personal or micro-mini computer
sufficient.
 Laptop- Portable computer complete
with an integrated screen and keyboard
it smaller size than a desktop computer
and larger than notebook computer.
 Palm top computer / Digital Diary/
Notebook- A hand sized computer,
Palmtop have no keyboard but the
screen servers both as an input and out
device.
Integrated software.
 Number system and representation of data
Computing
 Express how we write the human is example of
Number system
Number System
 Number or Numerical system is a writing system for
expressing numbers that is a mathematical notation
for representing numbers of a given set, using digits
or other symbols in a consistent manner.
 In computer the main numerical system is based on
the positional system in base2 (Binary Numerical
system)
Positional System
 Octal Number system - Group by 3=23
 Hexadecimal - Group by 4 = 24
 Decimal system
 Binary System
Units in Memory  These symbols represent different value
 A computer processor is made up of multiple depending on the position they occupy in the
decisive circuit. Each one of which may be either off Number
or on these two state In terms of memory are  The valve of each digit is determined by
represented by a 0 or 1.
 8 bit = 1 byte 1. The digit itself

2. The position of the digit is in the number

Types of Units Memory
 Byte 3. The base of the number system
 Kilo Byte
 Mega Byte
 Giga Byte Ex. Decimal 10 = 0-9
 Tera Byte Octal Number system 8 = 0-7
 Peta Byte
Hexadecimal number system 16 = 10 –
 Exa Byte
A , 11- B, 12-C, 13- D, 14 -E, 15-F
 Zetta Byte Binary system 0-1
 Yotta Byte  (base=system) total number of digits in the number

Two Types of Number System Decimal Number System

 A Non-Positional Number system- uses of a  Numbers are represented with base10 the way
limited number of symbols in which each symbol denoting the number with base10 is also termed as
has a value decimal notation.
 Fix value  It is also called the base10
 ten times
 Occupies
o Characteristics.
 Use limited
 A positional Number system
Ex. III > Fix  Has to symbols or digits (0-9). Hence its base
 Positional Number System – A system for = 10
presentation of numbers by an ordered set of  The maximum value of a single digit is a (one
less than the value of the base)
Numerical Symbols (called digits) in which the
value of a numerical symbols depends on its MVS – B-1
position
10-1 = 9
Ex. 1,2,3,4,5 > Non fix, Place value  We use this number system in our day to day

Ex. 2,5,8,610=
Non Positional Number System (2x103) + (5x102) + (8x101) + (6x100)
 Characteristics  Compute in using PENDAS
 Use symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for 3,
IIII for 4, IIIII for 5, etc. 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6
 each symbol represents the same value
= 2,58610
regardless of its position in the number
Octal Number system
 The symbols are simply added to find out the
 characteristics
value of a particular number
 A positional Number System
 Difficulty - It is difficult to perform number
 Has total 8 symbols or digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
system arithmetic
 Hence its base =8
Positional Number system  The maximum value of a single digits is 7
 Characteristics (one less than the value of the base).
 Use only a few symbols called digits
 Ex. 8-1  characters
 A positional Number system
=7
 Has only 2 symbols or digit (o anal) Hence
 Each position of digit represents a specific
its base = 2
power of the base (8)
 The maximum value of a single digits is 1
 Since there are only 8 digits, 3 bits (23=8) are
(one less than the value of the base)
sufficient to represent any octal number in
 Each position of a digit represents a
binary.
specific power of the base (2)
Example of convert:  This number system is used in computers

20578 = (2x83) + (0x82) + (5x81) + (7x80) Example converter

1024 + 0 + 40 +7 101012 = (1x24) + (0x23) + (1x22) + (0x21) +
(1x20)
= 1,07110
 The answer should be always base 10 = 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
because, find the decimal.
= 2110
Hexadecimal Number system
Other converter :
 characteristics
 A positional Number system Has total 16 1 0 1 0 110
symbols or digits (0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A,
B, C, D, E,F) 16 8 4 2 1 > lahat ng may 1 I add.
 The symbols (A, B, C, D, E and F). represents Ex.
the decimal value 10, 11, 12, 13, 4, 15
respectively. 16
 The maximum value of a single digit is 15 + 4
(one less than the digit value of the base)
 each position of a digit represents a specific 1
power of the base (16) = 2110
 Since there are only 46 digits 4 bits (24=16)
are sufficient to represent any hexadecimal
number in binary Example:
256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Example of Convert: 22 1 0 I I 0
1. 1AF16 = (1x162) + (10x161) + (15x160) 112 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

= 256 + 160 + 15
Evolution of Microsoft windows
= 43110 Microsoft Company (1950 - MS-DOS)
2. 2C3D16= (2x163) + (12x162) + (3x161) +  operating user Interface- between Environment user
(13x160) and computer system.
o 4 Classification of User Interface
= 8,192 + 3,072 + 48 + 13  Compound Based – when release windows
= 11,32510  Menu Based- Example of Nokia, ATM
Binary Number system machine,
 A number expressed in the base 2 numerical system  Graphical
which uses only two symbols  Touch screen graphical – use of finger or
 typically "o" (zero) and "1” (one) stylus
 The base 2 numerical system is a positional notation
with a radix of 2 each -digits is referred to as a bit, or
binary digit Windows 1- Graphical
  Release was November 1985 and was Microsoft first  Addition color and overlapping
attempt at a graphical user interface in 16-bit.
 Development was spear needed by Microsoft
founder Bill Gates and ran on top of M-DOS which
Windows 95 - 1995
 windows 95 arrived in August 1995 and with it
relied on Command line input.
brought the first ever start button and start menu.
 It was notable because it relied nearily on use of a
 It also introduce the concept at plug and play conned
mouse before the mouse was common computer
a peripheral and the operating system finds the
input device.
appropriate arrives for it and makes it work. That
 No overlapping, device, widespread (maximum
was the idea it didn’t always work in practice.
screen)
 Windows 95 also introduced a 32 bit environment.
Windows 2 The task bar and focused on multitasking MS-DOS
 December 1987, the big innovation for windows 2 still played an important role for Windows 95
was that windows could overlap each other, and it  Have taskbar and Menu
also introduced the ability to minimize or maximize
windows Instead of "iconizing" or "zooming
windows 98 - 1998
 Released June 1998, windows 98 built on windows
 The control panel, where various system setting and
95 and brought with it IE4, outlook express.
configuration operations were collected together in
Windows Address books, Microsoft chat and Net
one place, was introduced in Windows 2 and survive
show player, which replaced by Windows Media
to this day.
player, 6.2 windows 98 second editor in 1999.
 Microsoft word and excel also made their first
 Introduced the back and forward navigation button
appearances running on windows 2
and the address bar windows Explorer among other
 Have overlapping
things.
Windows 3  USB support was much improved in windows 98 and
 The first windows that requires a hard drive led is widespread adoption Including USB hubs and
launched in 1990 USB mice
 Windows 3 was first version to see more  USB hubs (Male port) and USB mice (Female port)
widespread.  Universal serial BUS – USB
 Windows 3 introduced the ability to run M-DOS
programmed in Windows, which brought
Windows ME (2000)
 Released in 2000 - it was the consumer aimed
multitasking to legacy programmers and supported
operating system twined with window 2000 aimed at
256 colors bringing a more modern, colorful look the
the enterprise market, it Introduced come important
interface.
concepts to consumers, including more automated
 More important at least five sum total of human
system recovery tools
time wasted. It introduced the card – moving time
 Recycle bin system recovery tools IE5.5 windows
sink and mouse use training.
media player and windows Movie maker all mcdo
Windows 3.1 Previous update Version their appearance for the first time Auto complete
 Windows and 1 and 2 both had point release update, also appeared in windows Explorer, but operating
but windows 3.1 released in 1992 is notable because system was notorious for being blog
it introduced true type points making windows a  blaay falling to install properly and burning
variable publishing platform for the first time.
 Minesweeper also made it's first appearance,
Windows 2000
 The enterprises twin of ME, Windows 2000 was
Windows 3.1 required IMB or ROM and allowed
released in February 2000 and was based on
supported MS-DOS programs to be controlled with a
Microsoft business-oriented system Windows Nt and
mouse
later basis for windows xp.
 Windows 3.1 was also the first windows to be
 Microsoft & automatic updating played an important
contributed on a CD-ROM, although once installed
role in windows 2000 and became first windows to
on a hard drive it only took up to 10 to 15 mb (a cd
support, hibernation.
card typically Store up to 700 mb)
Windows XP -Means experience want to experience
the people
 Arguably one of the best windows various Windows
Xp was released in October 2001 and brought
Microsoft's enterprise line and consumer line of
operating system under one fool.
 it was based on windows Nt like Windows 2000, but
brought the consumer - friendly elements from
windows ME, start menu and task bar got a visual
Overhaul, bringing the familiar green start button
blue task bar and Vista wallpaper, along with various
shadow and other visual Effect.
Windows Vista
 Windows xp stayed the course for close to Six years
before being replaced by windows Vista in January
2007
 Pc gamers saw a boost from Vista's Inclusion of
Microsoft Direct a 10 technology.
 windows Media player II and it 7 debuted along with
windows Decedent an anti-spyware programmed
Vista also included speech. recognition, Windows
DVD marker and Photo Gallery as well as being
windows to be distributed on DVD, version of
windows vista without windows Media player was
created in response to anti- trust investigation.
Windows 7
 Considered by many as what windows Vista should
have been. Windows 7 was first- released in October
2009.
 It was intended to fix all the problems and criticism
faced by vista, with slight tweaks to its appearance
and concentration non-user-friendly feature and less
dialogue box overload"
 it was faster, more stable and easier to use
becoming the operating system most user and
business would a parade to from windows xp for
going vista family.
Windows 8
 Released in October 2012, Windows 8 was Microsoft
most radical overhaul of the Windows Interface.
 the new tilted interface saw program icons and live
titles which displayed at glance normally with
widgets replace the resembled windows 7.
 windows 8 was fast than previous versions of
condocus and included support for the new must
faster USB 3.0 devices
 programs could still be installed from third parties
like other relations of windows but they could only
access the mediational desktop interface of
windows.
Windows 8.1
 Introduced in October 2013, windows 8.1 marked a
shift towards yearly software updates from
Microsoft and included at the first step in Microsoft
U-turn around its new visual interface.
 windows 8.1 re-introduce the start button, which
brought up the start screen from the desktop new of
windows 8.1
 Which was move suitable for those using desktop
computer with a mouse and keyboard than the
touch forced start screen.
Windows 10
 On 30 September 2014, windows 10 has I only been
release as a test version for keen users to try. The
“technical preview” is very much still a work in
awareness.
 Some interesting feature include the ability to
switch between a Keyboard and mouse mode and a
tablet made for those computers wire the surface
pro 3 with a detachable keyboard
 windows 10 despite being the ninth version of
windows is designed to unity all windows platforms
across multiple device, including windows, phone,
tablets with universal app their downloaded the
windows tune and run on all windows device.
Windows 11
 June 24, 2021 windows 11 is the successor to
windows 10 released in 2014
 Windows 11 name was accidentally released in an
official Microsoft support Juho 2021
 introduces new features compared to Its processors
some of there Include a redesign interface, new
productivity and social feature and up.
Microsoft
Introduction
 Is the word processing component of the Microsoft
office suite.
 It is used primarily to enter, edit format, save,
retrieve and print document.

History of Microsoft
 First ever version of Ms-word 1.0 was launched in
October 1983 and developed by former xerox
programmers, Charles Simonyi and Richard Brodie,
the two were hired by Microsoft founder Bills Gates
and Paul Allen, in 1881. At this time, word was
called Multi-tool word. It was designed for use on
computers that ran the UNX operating system
 Version 2.0 was released in 1985, with added
features including spell check and word count.
 Version 6.0 in 1993, Microsoft released word 6.0
which worked on Macintosh, windows and plus,
word 6.0 was the last version created to run on DOS
and the last version to be identified by version
number subsequent version were named after their
year of released.
 Since often, Microsoft released a new version of
word at least every two years. The most recent
release was at the end of 2018, with word 2019,
part of office 365.
Screen Component
 Titled area outlined in red is called the titled bar
 This file has not yet been saved so its name is
Document
 Files created in Microsoft word are offer referred to
us documents and name the file extension .doc
or .dox
 MS-file – “Document”
 Powerpoint – “presentation”
 Excel – “workbook”
File Format
Proprietary- required only 1 application new
Ex. Doc
Non-proprietary- allowed to view and edit
Ex. Docx = extensible, Markup
language
 The area outlined in red contains the minimize /
restore and close buttons for the program windows.
 These buttons are on almost every window that
opens in a windows-based platform
 They are on Mac Windows as well, but they are
circle instead of square.
Minimize
 Which you can click the minimize button the
program becomes a button on the windows taskbar
created at the button of the screen
Task bar
 you can restore the documents to its original shape
and size by either maximize or restore. Button the
program assumes the same shape and size it. It was
before you minimized it or the program window will
fill the screen.
Close
 Button program will ask you if you want to save the
changes if you have made any change. Once you
have responded to this question the program will
close.
Quick access tool bar
 The are outlines in red is called the quick access tool
bar. It contains the most common used commands
in Microsoft word.
1. Save
2. Undo
3. Repeat and redo
Save
 Existing file (ctrl + s)
Save as
 Changing file name, location, file type (F12)
Microsoft office 2007 & 2010
 Use what referred to as the “ribbon” interface. The
area outlined in red comprises the ribbon.
 The ribbons we are going to go over today are the
default ribbons.
o S= 8.5 x 11
o L = 8.5 x 13/14
o A4 = 8.27 x 11.69
Home tab
 Groups contains the commands most commonly
associated with the formatting and editing of text
clipboard.
Font face= front like, Arial, calib, times roman.
Font case = upper and lower case
Normal = double space
Insert tab
 Groups contains the commands most commonly
associated with adding something to the document,
 pages, tables, illustrations, links, head and footer,
symbols.
Page layout
 Groups contains the commands most commonly
associated with set has that would affect the entire.
Reference
 Writing a research paper essay, terms paper or
similar format documents.
Mailing tab
 Documents and files created for mass mailing
Review Tab
 Which are shared or being prepared for publication.
View Tab
 The variety of ways you can “look at “document or
documents.
Menu bar
 The words File, Home, Insert, etc. outlined in red
are referred to a menu bar.
 The FILE TAB MENU contains the commands most
commonly associated with the formatting and
editing of text.
PowerPoint Presentation
PowerPoint
 a graphical presentation program used to organize
and present Information. PowerPoint presentations
consist of a number of individual pages or "slides."
Slides may contain text, graphics, sound, movies, and
other objects that can be freely arranged.
Presentations can be printed, displayed live on a
computer, or navigated through at the command of
the presenter. For larger audiences, the presentation
is often projected onto a large screen. Handouts,
speaker notes, or outlines can also be produced from
the slides.
History of PowerPoint
 Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program,
created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin at a
software company named Forethought, Inc. It was
released on April 20, 1987, initially for Macintosh
computers only.
 Microsoft acquired PowerPoint for about $14 million
three months after it appeared. This was Microsoft's
first significant acquisition, and Microsoft set up a
new business unit for PowerPoint in Silicon Valley
where Forethought had been located.
 PowerPoint became a component of the Microsoft
Office suite, first offered in 1989 for Macintosh and
in 1990 for Windows, which bundled several
Microsoft apps.
CREATING PRESENTATION
 The New selection gives you several options:
o Blank presentation - creates a new
presentation using default settings for text and
color. Theses slides will not include content or
design elements.
o Templates and Themes - are used to create a
new presentation based on pre-designed slide
styles. These options also do not include
content.
o New from existing will use the formatting of a
previously created presentation.
PowerPoint Slides
 When you choose to create a blank presentation,
PowerPoint will open a presentation with a Title
Slide. Once the title Slide is open. you'll see a slide
with two placeholder text boxes for a fille and a
subtitle. Click inside the placeholder box and type to
add the title. If you want a subtitle, click and type
inside the smaller placeholder. If you don't want a
subtitle, you can just ignore its placeholder box.
Slide Layouts
 A unique layout can be chosen by clicking on the
bottom half of the New Slide button in the home tab.
When the layout gallery opens, click on the style you
want and a new slide with that layout will appear in
your presentation. Each layout caption describes the
layout type. Content can be text, tables, charts,
graphics, pictures, clip art, or video. If you decide
later that the layout you chose doesn't work well for
a particular slide, select the slide by clicking on it in
the Thumbnail pane. Next, click on the Layout button
in the Slides group of the home tab. Click on a new
layout and it will change the layout of the slide.
Applying Themes
 Once a new presentation has been created, a design
or color scheme can be added. You will want to
maintain good contrast between the background
color and the text color. Consider using a light-
colored background and dark text (or vice versa), but
avoid busy backgrounds and primary colors. Use sans
 serif fonts like Arial, Calibri, and Helvetica for titles
and size them between 44 60 points. Sub-headings
should be between 32-40 points, and body text
between 18-32 points. Try not to use more than two
fonts.
 PowerPoint has many pre-set designs and themes
that include complimentary colors and fonts. To add
a theme to a presentation, go to the Design tab in
the ribbon. There are several themes immediately
available. To use one of the built-in themes, just click
on its thumbnail
 On the right side of the Theme thumbnails, there's a
scroll bar and an Arrow Down button, which will
offer more designs, as seen below. If you're online,
you can get more themes from Microsoft Office
Online. (Your office program must be a genuine
Office product to get online templates).
 If you don't want to use a theme, you can add
Background Styles. From this selection, you can add
some preset background styles that change
according to the colors you've chosen.
Format Background
 Using the Format Background feature, you can
choose fill colors, gradients, transparencies, textures,
or pictures for your background.
 When you have the desired background fill effect,
select Close to apply it to the selected slide or
choose Apply to All to add the background to all of
the slides in the presentation.
 Designs can be added to all of the slides or to
selected slides. To select multiple slides, click on a
slide in the Thumbnail pane of the navigation bar
and then hold down the control key and click on any
other slides you want to apply the design to.
Formatting Text
 Paragraph
 List
 2 types of List
o Order list and bullet list
 Formatting Bulleted Lists
o In PowerPoint, you can easily modify
a slide's default bulleted list. Click
inside the text box, and the Format
tab will automatically be highlighted.
Click on the drop down triangle next
to the Bullets button in the
Paragraph group.
From the Bullets and Numbering menu you can make
various changes to your list:
 The bullet size relative to the text
 The color of the bullet
 The shape of the bullet using either a picture or
a character
You may also want to adjust line spacing
between paragraphs or lists. You can do this through
the Paragraph group of tools by clicking the Line
Spacing button and selecting Line Spacing Options.
• Indents and Spacing controls will open in a Separate
dialog box.
Adding Content
 Text is the default content of the slide below. The
format for the default text is a bulleted list. To add
text, click and begin typing. To add other content,
click on the icon within the content group on the
new slide. Each icon will open the appropriate dialog
box or task pane in the Drawing Tool.
 Clicking on an icon will open the associated dialog
box. Note that these icons, as well as several other
Insertion options, are also displayed in the Insert tab
on the Ribbon.
Tables and Charts
 Tables - Set the number of columns and rows as
needed in the Insert Table dialog box and click OK.
Methods for editing and the design and layout of
your table are located on the Table Tools contextual
tab.
 Charts Select the type of chart you want and click
OK. Once inserted into the slide, you can click on the
chart to activate the Chart tools contextual tab.
where you'll find tools for editing chart data and
changing layouts and styles.
SmartArt Graphics
 SmartArt graphics are shapes that are designed to
represent the relationship between things or
people. You might use SmartArt for an
organizational chart or a timeline. SmartArt styles
and layouts can be formatted in the SmartArt Tools
contextual tab.
Pictures
 Rather than using too much text on your slides,
consider using pictures along with text as more
 interesting way to communicate your Ideas. You can
put lots of text into the Notes Section and refer to
that as you're speaking.
 When browsing for images, keep in mind that
pictures imported from web sites can be low
resolution, and are typically used for on-screen
presentations and web pages. If you're going to
print handouts, be sure to use images that are at
least 180 dpi (dots per inch).
Viewing Presentation
There are four different ways to view your presentation in
PowerPoint. The views can be accessed using the buttons in
the status bar, or by using the View Tab on the Ribbon
1. Normal View displays a single slide as it appears in
the presentation, as well as thumbnails and an
outline tab, where you can organize the structure.
Speaker notes can be added in the bottom section of
this window. This view is used to create and edit
slides.
2. Slide Sorter View shows thumbnails of your slides.
From this view you can reorder slides by dragging
and dropping them, or you can set the timing for the
slide show. You can also hide slides in this view,
Hiding a slide will keep it in the file, but it will not
show when you view the presentation.
3. Notes Page View allows the speaker to create notes
to use during a presentation, Each page corresponds
to one slide. These can be printed to assist the
presenter during the presentation. Use this view
when you're composing speaking topics.
4. Reading View/Slide Show View displays the slides as
an audience will see them. Use the arrows and icons
on the lower right side of the Status Bar to advance
slides or switch views.
Slide Show Tab
 The Slide Show Tab allows you to review the slide
show from beginning to end or from the current
(active) slide. You can also control how the show will
be presented and rehearse timings in the Set Up
Slide Show drop down box.
Saving Presentation
 You can also use the Save button on the Quick Access
Toolbar in the top left corner You can save a file by
clicking the File tab, choosing Save, typing a
descriptive name into the File Name window, and
then clicking the Save button.
 If others will need to open your file with previous
versions of PowerPoint, use the Save As option and
select PowerPoint 97-2003 Presentation from the
Save as type menu.
Save and Send to Others
 If you need to send your presentation to someone
else, the best way to is to use the Save & Send
option. You can send an attachment of your file using
Send Using E-mail, but if you have large media files,
such as videos, you'll need to compress those first to
make a smaller file. On the Home Select the Info tab
and click the Compress Media button and choose
Presentation Quality Note: Only available if you have
inserted media.
Printing Your Presentation
 PowerPoint offers several print options to help you
prepare your presentation. You can print slides,
handouts and/or notes to support your presentation.
 Types of Print Layouts
o Print All Slides prints out the entire
presentation, one slide per page,
usually landscape. If you have color
graphics on your sides and a large
number of pages to print you may
want to print in Grayscale or Pure
Black and White.
o Notes Pages will print one slide per
page and have room for your
presentation notes (if you type them
in).
o You can print a text outline of your
slides with the Outline option.
Handouts can be printed with one,
two, three, four, six or nine slides
per page. When printing handouts
with multiple slides per page, you
also have the option to print the
pages horizontally or vertically.
Operations Management and Total Quality
Management
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
The administration of business practices to create the
highest level of efficiency possible within an
organization. It is concerned with converting materials
and labor into goods and services as efficiently as
possible to maximize the profit of an organization.
Operations management teams attempt to balance
costs with revenue to achieve the highest net operating
profit possible.
Understanding Operations Management
Operations management involves utilizing resources
from staff, materials, equipment, and technology.
• Operations managers acquire, develop, and deliver
goods to clients based on client needs and the abilities
of the company.
• Operations management handles various strategic
issues, including determining the size of manufacturing
plants and project management methods and
implementing the structure of information technology
networks.
• Other operational issues include the management of
inventory levels, including work-in-process levels and
raw materials acquisition, quality control, materials
handling, and maintenance policies.
Operations and Supply Chain Management
• An operations management professional understands
local and global trends, customer demand, and the
available resources for production.
• Operations management approaches the acquisition
of materials and the use of labor in a timely, cost-
effective manner to deliver customer expectations.
• Inventory levels are monitored to ensure excessive
quantities are on hand.
• Operations management is responsible for finding
vendors that supply the appropriate goods at
reasonable prices and have the ability to deliver the
product when needed.
Supply Chain Management
The management of the flow of goods and services and
includes all processes that transform raw materials into
final products. It involves the active streamlining of a
business's supply-side activities to maximize customer
value and gain a competitive advantage in the
marketplace.
The Purpose of Operations Management
Concerned with controlling the production process and
business operations in the most efficient manner
possible. OM professionals attempt to balance
operating costs with revenue to maximize net operating
profit.
Example:
Operations management is prevalent in the healthcare
sector. The current healthcare system overuses
expensive, technological, and emergency-based
treatment. High costs from care often remain
uncompensated due to uninsured patients. A
prevalence of services in expensive settings creates a
burden on
taxpayers, health insurance holders, and healthcare
institutions themselves.
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
A structured approach to overall organizational
management. The focus of the process is to improve the
quality of an organization's outputs, including goods and
services, through the continual improvement of internal
practices. The standards set as part of the TQM approach can
reflect both internal priorities and any industry
standards currently in place.
History of TQM
Early 1900s when Walter A. Shewhart introduced
modern quality control. Shewhart introduced a
landmark piece of industrial work titled Economic
Control of Quality of Manufactured Product in 1931.
• Decades later, further developments on Shewhart's
work introduced new standards in quality management.
Joseph M. Juran published a 1954 book called What Is
Total Quality Control? The Japanese Way.
• Another prominent figure in TQM history is Dr. W.
Edwards Deming, he is the most influential quru of
quality management in the United States and Japan, he
is best known for the “Deming Cycle”, his
“Fourteen Points”, and “the Seven Deadly Diseases”
Primary Principles of Total Quality
Management
TQM is considered a customer-focused process that
focuses on consistently improving business operations
management. It strives to ensure all associated
employees work toward the common goals of
improving product or service quality, as well as
improving the procedures that are in place for
production. There are a number of guiding principles
that define TQM.
• Customer on Focus
• Commitment by employee
• Improve Continuously
• Adherence Processes
• Strategic and Systematic Approach
• Data Utilization
• Integrate System
• Communication
Advantages and Dis-advantages of TQM
ADVANTAGES
• Delivers stronger, higher quality products to
customers
• Results in lower company-wide costs
• Minimizes waste throughout the entire production
and sale process
• Enables a company to become more adaptable
DISADVANTAGES
• May require substantial financial investment to
convert to TQM practices
• Often requires conversion to TQM practices over a
long period of time
• May be met with resistance to change
• Requires company-wide buy-in to be successful
Industries Using Total Quality Management
TQM is used in many industries, including, but not limited to,
manufacturing, banking and finance, and medicine. These
techniques can be applied to all departments within an
individual organization as well. This helps ensure all
employees are working toward the goals set forth for the
company, improving function in each area. Involved
departments can include administration, marketing,
production, and employee training.
Example of TQM Practice: Toyota's implementation of
the Kanban system. A kanban is a physical signal that
creates a chain reaction, resulting in a specific action.
Toyota used this idea to implement its just-in-time (JIT)
inventory process
Principles of TQM
Various iterations of TQM have been developed, each
with its own set of principles. Still, certain core
elements persist. These includes;
• Good Leadership
• Emphasis on quality
• Customer priority
• Error-correction and improvement as an on-going
process, and
• Job training.
TQM Diagram
The Total Quality Management (TQM) diagrams
visualize business and industrial processes. TQM
diagram helps to show clearly step-by-step process and
to compare the ideal and real process stages visually. A
TQM diagram is a visual depiction of the business and
process layout. The diagram usually shows different
processes or steps, allowing for management to see a
process, analyze weaknesses or risks in the flow, and
strategically adjust how things are done.
UNDERSTANDING QUALITY
Quality refers to how good something is compared to
other similar things. In other words, its degree of
excellence. When used to describe people, it refers to a
distinctive characteristic or attribute that they possess.
we can also use the term for things. If I think that
Mary’s best attribute is her honesty, I can say “Mary’s actions and processes needed to demonstrate that
best quality is her honesty.” quality requirements are fulfilled.

QUALITY QUALITY ASSURANCE

In business, especially manufacturing, it is a measure of

excellence. In this context, it can also refer to a state of
being defect-free. The ISO 8402-1986 standard defines
quality as: “The totality of features and characteristics
of a product or service that bears its ability to satisfy
stated or implied needs.”

QUALITY IN BUSINESS

• Quality Control TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

• Quality Assurance
•Total Quality Management
• Quality Improvement
QUALITY CONTROL
A process through which a business seeks to ensure
that product quality is maintained or improved. Quality
control requires the company to create an environment
where management and employees strive for
perfection. This is done by training personnel, creating
benchmarks for product quality, and testing products to
check for statistically significant variations.
QUALITY CONTROL
The continual process of detecting and reducing or
eliminating errors in manufacturing, streamlining supply
chain management, improving the customer
experience, and ensuring that employees are up to
speed with training. Total quality management aims to
hold all parties involved in the production process
accountable for the overall quality of the final product
or service.
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
• Lean Production
• Quality Chain
• Statistical process control
• Mobilized workforce
• Market oriented production

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Advantages:
• Motivate workers
• Reduce long term cost
• Improve recognition of quality
• Create closer working relationships among all
stakeholders.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Disadvantages:
Quality control and quality assurance are terms often • Costly
used to define the same thing, but there are distinct • Might request staff training
differences. Quality control focuses on quality • Long time to change business culture
requirements, such as ensuring a part meets • Difficult to maintain over long time
specifications. Quality assurance refers to the sum of all
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
Quality improvement (QI) is a systematic, formal
approach to the analysis of practice performance and
efforts to improve performance. A variety of
approaches—or QI models— exist to help you collect
and analyze data and test change. While it’s important
to choose a reputable QI model to guide your efforts,
it’s more important that you fully commit to using the
QI process and good QI practices.
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
Different methods;
• Ishikawa (Fishbone diagram)
• Kaizen • National and International Standards
• Benchmarking
ISHIKAWA OR FISHBONE DIAGRAM
Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams,
herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams, or
Fishikawa) are causal diagrams created by Kaoru
Ishikawa that show the potential causes of a specific
event. Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are
product design and quality defect prevention to identify
potential factors causing an overall effect. Each cause or
reason for imperfection is a source of variation. Causes
are usually grouped into major categories to identify
and classify these sources of variation.
KAIZEN
A compound of two Japanese words that together
translate as "good change" or "improvement."
However, Kaizen has come to mean "continuous
improvement" through its association with lean
methodology and principles. Kaizen has its origins in
post-World War II Japanese quality circles. These circles
or groups of workers focused on preventing defects at
Toyota. They were developed partly in response to
American management and productivity consultants
who visited the country, especially W. Edwards Deming,
who argued that quality control should be put more
directly in the hands of line workers.
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
A technical standard developed by one or more
international standards organizations. International
standards are available for consideration and use
worldwide. The most prominent such organization is
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Other prominent international standards organizations
include the International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) and the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC). Together, these three organizations have formed
the World Standards Cooperation alliance.
BENCHMARKING
Benchmarking is the competitive edge that allows
organizations to adapt, grow, and thrive through change.
Benchmarking is the process of measuring key business
metrics and practices and comparing them— within business
areas or against a competitor, industry peers, or other
companies around the world—to understand how and where
the organization needs to change in order to improve
performance. There are four main types of benchmarking:
internal, external, performance, and practice.
QUALITY AND GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS
QUALITY
• Quality means “fitness for use”. It can be achieved
through product/service features and freedom from
deficiencies.
• PRODUCT FEATURES for manufacturing industries
encompass, performance, reliability, durability, ease of
use, serviceability, aesthetics, customers choice options,
brand/company image.
• SERVICE FEATURES for service industries encompasses
accuracy, timeliness, completeness, friendliness,
courtesy, knowledge, reputation customer needs etc.
GLOBAL COMPETITION
Becomes a form of international competition in which
the position of an enterprise in one country affects its
competitive position in other countries. As a result,
companies are competing among themselves for
international leadership. As a result of such a struggle,
the economy is globalizing.
Global Competitiveness is a highly comprehensive index,
which captures the microeconomic and macroeconomic
foundations of national competitiveness.
Competitiveness as the set of institutions, policies, and
factors that determine the level of productivity of a
country.
GLOBAL COMPETITION
According to The World Economic, "the ability of a
country to achieve sustained high rates of growth in
gross domestic product (GDP) per capita" is an
important measure. Therefore, only nations with high
levels of productivity will become domestically and
globally competitive and have the capability to utilize
existing market opportunities to endure and expand
employment and real income growth in the long term.
Global competitiveness is an ability of nation to provide
quality products and services at competitive prices
thereby providing adequate returns. Competitiveness is
the comparative concept of the ability and performance
of a firm, sub-sector or a country.
IMPORTANCE OF GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS
•To increase Productivity.
•To encourage FDI’s (Foreign Direct Investment)
•To increase the living standards.
•To maintain the balance of trade between import and
export of an country.
•To gain macroeconomic stability.
•For the economic development of the country.
NECESSITIES FOR GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS
Involve addressing the following issues:
• Macroeconomic policies;
• Government practices and regulations;
• The cost of doing business;
• Education and skills upgrading;
• R&D and innovation;
• Sustainable environmental management;
• Conformity with international standards; and
• Total factor productivity
GLOBAL COMPETITION
Governments must be more business responsive by
reengineering systems and measures to be more
approachable and reducing bureaucratic red tape that
hampers business efficiency.
Creating a more integrated, synchronized, and stronger
network between government agencies, the private
sector, and academia will enhance business. Efforts
should also focus on increasing the accountability and
integrity of public service.
Globally competitive companies use broad knowledge
base, a global human network, and Internet technology
to flourish against international competition (regionally,
nationally, or internationally) without the use of
significant capital investment, travel or even an
international presence.
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
Technological innovation is visualized as the prime
driver to create and maintain competitive advantage.
Interest in technology development and business
innovation increased as concern mounted over the
economic power of the nation and over competition
from abroad. Theoretical models emphasizes that there
are two basic modes of advancing technology. One is
innovation (developing one's own new technologies)
and the other is adoption (introducing technologies that
have been devised elsewhere). Adoption of technology
from oversees enhances living standards substantially,
and even to achieve long term growth based on the
continuing technological innovations achieved abroad.
But technology adoption has its limitations as well.
Technological progression in global business can lead to
economic growth because they contribute to the
manufacture of new goods, new services, creating new
jobs, and new capital.
TRENDS IN GLOBAL COMPETITION
•Market expansion
•Resource acquisition
•The emergence of China and India
MARKET EXPANSION
The limited size of domestic markets often motivates
managers to seek customers and markets beyond their
national frontiers. The economies of large-scale
manufacturing demand big markets. Domestic markets,
particularly in smaller countries like Denmark and the
Netherlands, simply can’t generate enough demand.
Nestlé was one of the first businesses to “go global”
because its home country, Switzerland, is so small.
Nestlé was shipping milk to 16 different countries as
early as 1875. Today, hundreds of thousands of
businesses are recognizing the potentially rich rewards
to be found in international markets.
RESOURCE ACQUISITION
More and more companies are going to the global
marketplace to acquire the resources they need to
operate efficiently. These resources may be cheaper
skilled labor, scarce raw materials, technology, or
capital.
Nike, for example, has manufacturing facilities in many
Asian countries in order to use cheaper labor. Other
companies might look to the developing world for not
only labor, but cheaper materials, for their products
although environmentalists maintain that those
materials might be cheaper because they are less
sustainably produced.
THE EMERGENCE OF CHINA AND INDIA
Two of the world’s economic powerhouses—are
impacting businesses around the globe, in very different
ways.
China’s exports have boomed thanks in large part to
foreign investment. Big manufacturers have been lured
to China by, in part, low labor costs. The resulting
increased production has pushed down prices, globally.
Now manufacturers of all sizes, making everything from
windshield wipers to washing machines to clothing, are
scrambling to either reduce costs at home, or to
outsource more of what they make to cheaper locales
such as China and India.
THE EMERGENCE OF CHINA AND INDIA
Indians are playing invaluable roles in the global
innovation chain. Hewlett-Packard, Cisco Systems, and
other tech giants now rely on their Indian teams to
devise software platforms and multimedia features for
next-generation devices. Google principal scientist
Krishna Bharat set up the Google Bangalore lab
complete with colorful furniture, exercise balls, and
musical instruments—like Google’s Mountain View,
California, headquarters—to work on core search-
engine technology. Indian engineering houses use 3-D
computer simulations to tweak designs of everything
from car engines and forklifts to aircraft wings for such
clients as General Motors Corp. and Boeing Co.
Recently, experts have speculated that within five years
India could overtake Germany as the world’s fourth-
biggest economy. By 2050, China should overtake the
United States as number one. By then, China and India
could account for half of global output.
QUALITY MANAGEMENT, ETHICS AND
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Quality management
The act of overseeing all activities and tasks that must
be accomplished to maintain a desired level of
excellence. This includes the determination of a quality
policy, creating and implementing quality planning and
assurance, and quality control and quality
improvement.
Business ethics
Studies appropriate business policies and practices
regarding potentially controversial subjects, including
corporate governance, insider trading, bribery,
discrimination, corporate social responsibility, fiduciary
responsibilities, and much more.
Business ethics ensure that a certain basic level of trust
exists between consumers and various forms of market
participants with businesses.
12 Principles of business ethics
It's essential to understand the underlying principles
that drive desired ethical behavior and how a lack of
these moral principles contributes to the downfall of
many otherwise intelligent, talented people and the
businesses they represent.
1. Leadership - The conscious effort to adopt,
integrate, and emulate the other 11 principles to
guide decisions and behavior in all aspects of
professional and personal life.
2. Accountability - Holding yourself and others
responsible for their actions. Commitment to
 following ethical practices and ensuring others
follow ethics guidelines.
3. Integrity - Incorporates other principles—
honesty, trustworthiness, and reliability.
Someone with integrity consistently does the
right thing and strives to hold themselves to a
higher standard.
4. Respect for others - To foster ethical behavior
and environments in the workplace, respecting
others is a critical component. Everyone
deserves dignity, privacy, equality, opportunity,
compassion, and empathy.
5. Honesty - Truth in all matters is key to fostering
an ethical climate. Partial truths, omissions, and
under or overstating don't help a business
improve its performance.
6. Respect for laws - Ethical leadership should
include enforcing all local, state, and federal
laws. If there is a legal grey area, leaders should
err on the side of legality rather than exploiting
a gap.
7. Responsibility - Promote ownership within an
organization, allow employees to be responsible
for their work, and be accountable for yours.
8. Transparency - Stakeholders are people with an
interest in a business, such as shareholders,
employees, the community a firm operates in,
and the family members of the employees
9. Compassion - Employees, the community
surrounding a business, business partners, and
customers should all be treated with concern for
their well-being.
10. Fairness - Everyone should have the same
opportunities and be treated the same. If a
practice or behavior would make you feel
uncomfortable or place personal or corporate
benefit in front of equality, common courtesy,
and respect, it is likely not fair.
11. Loyalty - Leadership should demonstrate
confidentially and commitment to their
employees and the company. Inspiring loyalty in
employees and management ensures that they
are committed to best practices.
12. Environmental concern - In a world where
resources are limited, ecosystems have been
damaged by past practices, and the climate is
changing, it is of utmost importance to be aware
of and concerned about the environmental
impacts a business has.
Importance of business ethics
When all employees make ethical decisions, the
company establishes a reputation for ethical behavior.
Its reputation grows, and it begins to experience the
benefits a moral establishment reaps:
• Brand recognition and growth
• Increased ability to negotiate
• Increased trust in products and services
• Customer retention and growth
• Attracts talent
• Attracts investors
Types of business ethics
There are several theories regarding business ethics,
and many different types can be found, but what makes
a business stand out are;
• Corporate social responsibility practices
• Transparency and trustworthiness
• Fairness and;
• Technological practices
Corporate social responsibility
The concept of meeting the needs of stakeholders while
accounting for the impact meeting those needs has on
employees, the environment, society, and the
community in which the business operates. Of course,
finances and profits are important, but they should be
secondary to the welfare of society, customers, and
employees—because studies have concluded that
corporate governance and ethical practices increase
financial performance
Transparency and trustworthiness
It's essential for companies to ensure they are reporting
their financial performance in a way that is transparent.
This not only applies to required financial reports but all
reports in general. For example, many corporations
publish annual reports to their shareholders.
Most of these reports outline not only the submitted
reports to regulators, but how and why decisions were
made, if goals were met, and factors that influenced
performance.
Fairness
Refers to the value of treating people with a standard of
performance that is consistent and equal based on your
commitments. It means giving customers a fair value for
their money.
A workplace should be inclusive, diverse, and fair for all
employees regardless of race, religion, beliefs, age, or
identity. A fair work environment is where everyone can
grow, be promoted, and become successful in their own
way.
Technological practices and ethics
The growing use of technology of all forms in business
operations inherently comes with a need for a business
to ensure the technology and information it gathers is
being used ethically.
Additionally, it should ensure that the technology is
secured to the utmost of its ability, especially as many
businesses store customer information and collect data
that those with nefarious intentions can use.
CORPORATE SOCICAL RESPONSIBILITY
A self-regulating business model that helps a company
be socially accountable to itself, its stakeholders, and
the public. By practicing corporate social responsibility,
also called corporate citizenship, companies can be
conscious of the kind of impact they are having on all
aspects of society, including economic, social, and
environmental.
A broad concept that can take many forms depending
on the company and industry. Through CSR programs,
philanthropy, and volunteer efforts, businesses can
benefit society while boosting their brands.
TYPES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
There are four main types of corporate social
responsibility. A company may choose to engage in any
of these separately, and lack of involvement in one area
does not necessarily exclude a company from being
socially responsible.
1. Environmental Responsibility
2. Ethical Responsibility
3. Philanthropic Responsibility
4. Financial Responsibility
Environmental responsibility
The pillar of corporate social responsibility rooted in
preserving mother nature. Through optimal operations
and support of related causes, a company can ensure it
leaves natural resources better than before its
operations. Companies often pursue environmental
stewardship through:
• Reducing Pollution
• Recycling Goods and Materials
• Offsetting negative impacts by replenishing
natural resources
• Distributing goods consciously
• Creating product lines that enhance values.
Ethical responsibility
Ethical responsibility is the pillar of corporate social
responsibility rooted in acting in a fair, ethical manner.
Companies often set their own standards, though
external forces or demands by clients may shape ethical
goals. Instances of ethical responsibility include:
• Fair treatment across all types of customers
• Positive treatment of all employees
• Expansion of vendor
• Honest disclosure of operating concerns to
investors in a timely and respectful manner.
Philanthropic responsibility
Philanthropic responsibility is the pillar of corporate
social responsibility that challenges how a company acts
and how it contributes to society. In its simplest form,
philanthropic responsibility refers to how a company
spends its resources to make the world a better place.
This includes:
• Company donates profit to charities or causes it
believes it.
• Company only enters into transactions with
suppliers or vendors that align with the
company philanthropically.
• Company supports employee philanthropic
endeavors through time off or matching
contributions.
• Company sponsors fundraising events or has a
presence in the community for related events
Financial responsibility
Company make plans to be more environmentally,
ethically, and philanthropically focused; however, the
company must back these plans through financial
investments of programs, donations, or product
research. This includes spending on:
• Research and development for new products
that encourage sustainability.
• Recruiting different types of talent to ensure a
diverse workforce.
• Initiatives that train employees
• Processes that might be more expensive but
yield greater CSR results.
• Ensuring transparent and timely financial
reporting.
EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT
EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT
A management philosophy that emphasizes the
importance of giving employees the autonomy,
resources and support they need to act independently
and be held accountable for the decisions they make.
When someone is empowered, they have the ability to
accomplish something ー and they know it, giving them
the confidence needed to succeed.
EMPOWERING EMPLOYEES
Companies that are interested in empowering
employees should act on the following:
• Give employees a voice by regularly soliciting and
acting on their feedback.
• Provide opportunities for employees to grow through
more autonomy, additional responsibilities, or even an
entirely new role.
• Recognize employees frequently to increase their
engagement and confidence in their own abilities.
• And, of course, provide employees with the tools,
training, and authority they need to excel.
BENEFITS OF EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT
Employee empowerment can instill greater trust in
leadership, encourage employee motivation, lead to
greater creativity, and improve employee retention
Motivated employees Empowering employees through
greater autonomy has been directly linked to increased
employee motivation. Experts agree that employees
who have more control over how, when, and where
they do their job will work harder and find their work
more engaging.
BENEFITS OF EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT
Greater trust in leadership
A meta analysis published in Harvard Business Review
states that leaders who empower their employees are
more likely to be trusted by their subordinates
compared to leaders who do not empower their
employees. This is not to say that empowering
employees involves pushing work onto underlings that
managers don’t feel like doing themselves.
Leaders who empower their employees act as coaches,
pushing their employees to do their best work and
supporting them along the way. Empowered employees
felt that their leaders would not take advantage of their
hard work ー instead, they would recognize and
celebrate their wins.
Improved creativity
In the same Harvard meta analysis, leaders who were
perceived as empowering had direct reports who were
more likely to be rated by their colleagues as being
highly creative. Unsurprisingly, subordinates who
allowed their employees to think for themselves and
collaborate across teams generated more novel ideas.
Not only that, direct reports who felt empowered were
more likely to volunteer for extra assignments and
support their organizations outside of their day-to-day
job function.
Employee Accountability
When you empower an employee to make decisions
and to get things done with reasonable judgment, you
are telling him that you trust him, and that you feel he
is intelligent and can handle things. There are benefits
of staff empowerment. An employee becomes more
accountable, knowing that the boss has confidence in
his ability to perform.

Faster Problem Resolution
Nothing is more frustrating when dealing with business
issues than to constantly have to refer to another
person on the chain of command.
Higher Quality Customer Service
Think about how many times that car salesperson has
to go to the manager to get approval for the next line
item negotiated. This is timeconsuming and customers
don't like it. People like dealing with the person who
can get the job done for them.
Job Satisfaction Goes Through the Roof
Empowered employees often have higher job
satisfaction because they know that the boss values and
trusts them, according to the Saylor Foundation.
Imagine an employee who helped an unhappy customer
get the resolution that the customer had desired, and
then even sold them a second product by thinking
outside of the normal company protocol.
Improved Processes and Procedures
Empowered employees are allowed to question things
and look at every aspect of the job from their
perspective. If there isn't employee empowerment, she
simply punches in, forces the round peg in the square
hole all day until it's time to punch out. She never
questions the process.
4 STEPS FOR EMPOWERING EMPLOYEES
1. Show employees that their feedback matters
Many companies distribute annual engagement
surveys, but very few actually take the time to
read employee comments, let alone act on
them. Survey fatigue is a direct result of
leadership not taking immediate action on
feedback. Encouraging employees to frequently
provide honest feedback and actively changing
your organization to fit their needs empowers
employees by giving them a real voice in how
the organization functions.
2. Recognize to empower
Recognition goes a long way. Employees who
are recognized for exceptional work feel more
empowered to do their best, and recognition
has been directly linked to higher
empowerment. To empower employees through
recognition, give them words of support,
encouragement, and praise. Acknowledge their
accomplishments so they know you’re invested
in their success and trust them.
3. Provide opportunities for professional growth
— and the necessary support
Professional growth and employee
empowerment are highly interconnected. 87
percent of millennials say that development is
important in a job, and as millennials make up
over a third of the workforce, it’s in your best
interest to meet their needs. But the need to
focus on professional development is not limited
by generation, as 40 percent of employees who
receive poor training will leave their job within 5
years.
4. Make empowerment part of your
organization’s culture and vision
Revamping your company culture to focus on
empowering employees is no easy feat; it takes
time and dedicated effort. Listening to and
recognizing employees is a great start, but you
need to practice them daily to spark company-
wide change. According to Dr. Natalie
Baumgartner, Chief Workforce Scientist at
Achievers, “employees who feel ‘heard’ by
leaders are 4.6 times more likely to feel
empowered to do their best work,” and leaders
must “find ways to recognize everyday
behaviors that align with company culture and
goals.”
OTHER WAY OF EMPOWERING
EMPLOYEES
• Management of Buy-in - Top management
needs to be committed to supporting an
employee-empowered culture. This includes
coming up with an organizational definition of
employee empowerment, which includes
welldefined boundaries and management
training on how to coach empowered
employees.
• Job Design - The methods of employee
empowerment may vary from organization to
organization, based on culture and work
environment. However, regardless of the
organization, employee empowerment is based
on two common concepts: job enlargement and
job enrichment.
• Building trust - Offloading some of the power
traditionally held by management to the
employees results in managers taking on new
roles, knowledge, and responsibilities.
• Providing Employees with the right tools -
Giving employees the tools and equipment they
need, not to just do their job, but perform
beyond it, is a good way to create employee
empowerment.
• Changing the organizational structure - Most
importantly, employee empowerment warrants
for restructuring the organization to reduce
levels of the hierarchy for a more customer-
oriented organization.
• Access to information - Access to information
on which decisions can be made can fulfil the
purpose of employee empowerment from the
organization's end. Making pertinent and critical
information available to employees is an
essential part of empowerment.
• Intent to take on greater responsibility -
Employees desiring to take up additional
responsibilities signifies that an organization is
on the path towards employee empowerment. If
the employees don’t have an appetite for such
an initiative, autonomy should be brought in and
considered at the highest level.
• Ongoing recognition - Recognizing employees
can be an extraordinary tool to empower
employees. Making these recognitions known to
the whole organization naturally makes
employees feel empowered in front of their
peers and colleagues.

• Smaller teams - Big teams usually just wind up

wasting everybody’s time. Small teams feel
empowered, they make decisions faster, people
get to know each other, and are able to lend a
hand when one of the teammates needs help.

• Cross training - employee empowerment

requires retraining employees in the skills
necessary to carry out the additional
responsibilities. Many organizations are staffed
with employees who are cross trained to handle
many positions.

• Gather input from employees - One of the

effective ways of implementing employee
empowerment is to ask employees for
information about what matters to them at
work. There could be many factors that will
make your employees feel empowered, by
collecting information from them, you will
discover ways to empower your employees that
you may have never considered.