IS-LM ú.

%yh

wdodhï" úhoï m%fõYfhaos ^flakaishdkq kHdh& fukau IS-LM ú.%yfhkao wd¾Ólhl

iu;=,s; cd;sl wdodhï ;srKh jk wdldrh ksrEmKh lrhs' kuq;a wdodhï ;SrKh úu ms<sn`o
flakaishdkq kHdhg jvd IS-LM wdlD;sh mq¨,a fõ' tu wdlD;s foflys fjkialï my; wdlrhg
y`ÿkd.; yelsh'

flakaishdkq kHdh IS-LM wdlD;sh

01' uQ¾;$NdKav yd fiajd fj<`ofmd< 01' NdKav fj<`ofmd< iy uQ,H fj<`ofmd<

iu;=,s; úu muKla idlÉPd lrhs' hk wxY folu tljr iu;=,s; jk wdldrh
idlÉPd flf¾'
i. Y = E
Y=C+I+G+X-M IS = LM

ii. W = J NdKav fj<`ofmd< uQ,H fj<`ofmd<

S+T+M=I+G+X iu;=,s;h iu;=,s;h

02' wdfhdack iajdhla; w.hla f,i mj;s' 02' wdfhdackh fmd,s wkqmd;slfha Y%s;hla
f,i y`ÿkd .kshs'
Wod - I = 500, I = 200
I = I0 - gr

IS-LM wdlD;sfha wdfhdack w¾: oelaúu

I = I0 – gr
I0 = fmd,s wkqmd;slfhka iajdêk wdfhdack
g = wdfhdackh fmd<s wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõÈ;djh

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 r
by; Y%s;hg
wkqj wdfhdackh" fmd,s
wkqmd;slfha RK
Y%s;hls' tkï fmd,s
wkqmd;slh wvqjk úg
wdfhdack by< hk r1
1
nj;a" fmd,s wkqmd;slh
1
jeäjk úg wdfhdack r2
1
1 I = I0 - gr
wvqjk nj;ah'
1 Y
1 Y1 Y2
111 111

IS jl%h

IS jl%h u`.ska uQ¾; $ NdKav yd fiaajd fj<`ofmd< iu;=,s;fha isÿjk fjkialï

ms<sn`oj bÈßm;a lrhs' fuys IS f,i Ndú; lsßug fya;=j jkafka ir, wd¾Ólhl I = S njg
m;ajk úg wd¾Ólfhys Y = E njg m;aú uQ¾; fj<`ofmd< iu;=,s; jk neúks ^kuq;a ixls¾K
wd¾ÓlhkaysÈ wfkla úp,Hhkao ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h&'

r I AD Y

m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djhls

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 Y=E
E

E3 (r1)
C
E2 (r2)

E1 (r3)
B

Y
Y1 Y2 Y3
r

A
r3
B
r2
C
r1
IS
Y
Y1 Y2 Y3

m<uq rEm igykg wkqj uQ¾; fj<`ofmd< iu;=,s; wjia:d ;=kla ksrEms;h' E1 iudydr
úhoï jl%h Y = E f¾Ldj fþokh lsßfukaa A ,CIHfhaÈ iu;=,s;h ;srKh ú we;s w;r tysÈ
iu;=,s; cd;sl wdodhu Y1 jk w;r fmd<s wkqmd;slh r3 fõ' r3 yd Y1 w;r iïnkaO;djh
fojk rEm igyfkyss A ,CIfhka ksrEmKh flf¾'

fmd<s wkqmd;slh r2 olajd my< .shúg wdfhdack jeä AD o by< f.dia iudydr úhoï
jl%h E2 olajd by<g ú;eka fõ' túg iu;=,s;h B ,CIfhka ksrEmKh jk w;r tysÈ wdodhu
Y2 jk w;r fmd<s wkqmd;slh r2 fõ' r2 yd Y2 w;r iïnkaO;djh fojk rEm igyfkyss B
,CIfhka ksrEmKh flf¾'

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 fuf,i flakaishdkq l=rei igyfkys fjkiajk iu;=,s; ,CIHhka jk A, B, C mokï
lrf.k by; wdldrhg IS jl%h jHq;amkak lr.;; yelssh'

wNHdih 01

my; oelafjk f;dr;=re weiqre lrf.k IS iñlrKh f.dvk.kak'

C = 250 + 0.75Yd ^mdßfNdack Y%s;h&

I = 500 - 25r ^wdfhdack Y%s;h&

wNHdih 02

ixjD; wd¾Ólhl mj;sk my; oelafjk f;dr;=re weiqre lrf.k IS Y%s;h ,ndf.k" o< rEm
igykl olajkak'

C = 25 + 0.75Yd ^mdßfNdack Y%s;h&

I = 25 - 2r ^wdfhdack Y%s;h&
G = 50 ^rdcH úhoï&
T = 0.2Y ^nÿ Y%s;h&

wNHdih 03

tla;rd wd¾Ólhla iïnkaOfhka my; f;dr;=re Unfj; imhd we;' tu f;dr;=re weiqfrka IS
iñlrKh f.dvk`.kak'

C = 70 + 0.8Yd ^mdßfNdack Y%s;h&

I = 100 - 90r ^wdfhdack Y%s;h&
G = 78 ^rdcH úhoï&
T = 35 + 0.2Y ^nÿ Y%s;h&
Tr = 40 ^ixl%du úhoï&

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 IS jl%hfha nEjqu

my; oelafjk m%;sf,dau IS iñlrKh weiqfrka fuu jl%fha nEjqu iïnkaOfhka

ks.ukhlg t<ôfï yelshdjla mj;s'

r = (A/g) – (1-b+bt)Y/g
wka;(LKaavh nEjqu

by; IS iñlrKfha (1-b+bt)Y/g hk mofhka IS jl%fha nEjqu ksrEmKh fõ' by;

fldgig wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka IS jl%fha nEjqu my; idOl u; ;srKh jk njhs'

i. wdka;sl mdßfNdack keñhdj (b)

ii. wdfhdackh fmd<s wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõÈ;djh (g)
iii. wdka;sl nÿ keñhdj (t)

by; idOl w;=ßka m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhskag jvd jeo.;a jkafka wdka;sl wdfhdack
keñhdj fyj;a wdfhdackh fmd<s wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõÈ;djhhs'

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wdfhdackh fmd,s wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõÈ;djh ^g&

wdfhdackh fmd,s wkqmd;slhg olajk wdfhdackh fmd,s wkqmd;slhg olajk

ixfõÈ;djh jeäjk úg ixfõÈ;djh wvqjk úg

r
r

IS
IS
Y
Y

IS jl%h ;shqKq fyj;a wkuH iajrEmhls

IS jl%h me;,s fyj;a kuH iajrEmhls

IS jl%h ú;eka úu

fmd<s wkqmd;slh yer iudydr úhoï jl%hg n,mdk wfkla ´kEu idOlhl fjkiaúu
u`.ska IS jl%h ú;eka úh yelsh'

iajdêk wdfhdackh (I0)

iajdêk mdßfNdackh (a)
rdcH úhoï (G)
wmkhk (X)
ixl%du (Tr)

by; olajk ,o ´kEu w.hla by<hdu u`.ska iuia; úhoï jl%h by<g ú;ekafjk
w;r IS jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' tfiau by; idOlj, w.h wvqúu ksid IS jl%h jug ú;eka
fõ'

ie,lsh hq;=h'

 iajdêk nÿ by< .sh úg IS jl%h jug ú;ekafjk w;r iajdêk nÿ my< .sh úg IS
jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka fõ'

Wod- rdcH úhoï by< .shúg IS jl%fha isÿjk ú;ekaúu rEmigykl olajkak'

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 r

K * ∆G

r1
1
1 IS1 IS2
1 Y
Y1 Y2
111 111
wNHdih 04

tla;rd wd¾Ólhla iïnkaOfhka my; f;dr;=re Unfj; imhd we;' tu f;dr;=re wdY%f hka
wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;r
= e imhkak'

C = 100 + 0.8Yd ^mdßfNdack Y%s;h&

I = 300 - 30r ^wdfhdack Y%s;h&
T = 200 + 0.2Y ^nÿ Y%s;h&
G = 300 ^rdcH úhoï&
Tr = 50 ^ixl%du úhoï&
i. IS iñlrKh jHq;amkak lrkak'
ii. rcfha úhoï .=Klh .Kkh lrkak'
iii. rdcH úhoï remsh,a ñ,shk 50 lska jeä jQ úg kj IS iñlrKh jHq;amkak lrkak'
iv. fmd<s wkqmd;slh 16 uÜgfï ia:djrj mj;skafka kï by; wjia:d fol i`oydu cd;sl
wdohu .Kkh lr olajkak'
v. by; isÿúï ish,a, o< m%ia:dr igyl olajkak'

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 LM jl%h
LM jl%h u`.ska wd¾Ólfhys uQ,H fj<`ofmd< iu;=,s; jk wjia:djkays mj;sk fmd<s
wkqmd;sl yd cd;sl wdodhu w;r iïnkaO;djh ksrEmKh fõ' uqo,a fj<`ofmd< m%Odk n,fõ.
Follska iukaú; fõ'

 uqo,a b,a¨u ^L&

 uqo,a iemhqu ^M&
ta wkqj fj<`ofmd< iu;=,s;fhaÈ uqo,a b,a¨u" uqo,a iemhqug iudk úh hq;=hh' ^L=M&

uqo,a b,a¨u
uqo,a b,a¨u hkq uqo,a" uqo,a jYfhka tkï jHjydr uqo,a ^ldis yd fkdaÜgq& <`.
;nd.eksug ñksiqka olajk leue;a;hs' uqo,a b,a¨u ms<sn`oj uq,skau woyia bosßm;a lrk ,oafoa
fÊ' tï' flakaiah' th flakaishdkq uqo,a b,a¨ï kHdh fyj;a øjYs,;d kHdh kï fõ' flakaiag
wkqj ñksiqka uqo,a b,a¨ï lrkafka fya;= ;=kla ksidh'

i. .kq fokq fÉ;kdj hgf;aa uqo,g lrk b,a¨qu

ii. wdrCIK fÉ;kdj hgf;aa uqo,g lrk b,a¨qu
iii. iufmaCIK fÉ;kdj hgf;aa uqo,g lrk b,a¨qu

i. .kq fokq fÉ;kdj hgf;aa uqo,g lrk b,a¨qu

NdKav yd fiajd i`oyd f.úï lsßug wjYH uqo,a i`oyd lrkq ,nk b,aa¨u .kqfokq
fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g lrk b,a¨u jYfhka ye`Èkafõ' mqoa.,fhl=g udislj fyda i;sm;d
fõ;kh ,enqKo úhoï ffokslj lsßug isÿfõ' fuu ffoksl úhoï ñg we;=,;a fõ'fuu
fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g lrkq ,nk b,a¨fïoS úp,Hka rdYshla n,mdhs'

 uQ¾; wdodhï uÜgu Md = f(Y)

.kqfokq fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g b,a¨u wdodhfï Y%s;hla f,i oelafõ' wdodhu u;
fuh r`od mj;S' wdodhu jeäjk úg fuu fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g lrk b,a¨u jeä fõ'

 WoaOuk wkqmd;slh

fuysoS .kqfokq fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g lrk b,a¨u by< hhs' thg fya;=j
WoaOukh ksid NdKavj, ñ, by< hdu ;=<ska .kqfokq lsÍug jeä uqo,la ,`. ;nd .;hq;=
neúks'

 jegqma yd fõ;k f.ùï lrk ld, mrdih

lrk ,o mÍCIKhkays ,o m%;sM, wkqj i;sm;d wdodhï ,nk msßi" udislj

wdodhï ,nk msßig jvd .kqfokq fÉ;kdfjka uqo,a i`oyd jeä b,a¨ula lr;s'

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ii. wdrlaIK fÉ;kdj hgf;aa uqo,g lrk b,a¨u

wdrCIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g lrk b,a¨u hkq wkfmaCIs;j yg.; yels úhoï
ld¾hCIuj mshjd .eksug lsishï uqo,a fYaI m%udKhla <`.;nd .eksug lrkq ,nk b,a¨uhs'

Wod- frda.dndO" yÈis /lshd wysñúï" yÈis wk;=re

jHdmdr wdh;ko wkfmalaIs; b,a¨ï WÉPdjpk yd ksIamdok idOl ñ, fjkiaùï jeks

n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjk wjia:djkaysoS m%fhdackhg .ekSug hï uqo,a m%udKhla <`. ;nd .kS'

flakaiag wkqj .kqfokq yd wdrCIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g lrk b,a¨u wdodhfï Ok
Y%s;hls'

MdTP = KY

Y = wdodhu
K = .kqfokq yd wdrCIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,a b,a¨u wdodhug olajk ixfõÈ;djh

iii. iufmaCIK fÉ;kdj hgf;aa uqo,g lrk b,a,qu

bÈßfhaÈ we;sjk fmd,s jdis ,nd.eksfï wfmaCIdfjka uqo,g lrk b,a¨u iufmaCIK
fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g lrk b,a¨u fõ' fmd,S wkqmd;h iufmaCIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,a
b,a¨fï oS jeo.;a fõ'[ Md = f^i&]

fuysoS fmd,S wkqmd;slh fjkia ùu yd ms,sKm;aj, fj<ofmd< ñ, fjkia ùu w;r

we;af;a m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djhls'

wkd.;fhaoS fmd,S wkqmd;slh by< h;ehs wfmalaId lrkafka kï ms<sKm;aj,

fj<ofmd< wkqmd;slh my< jefÜ' tneúka Okh ms<sKm;aj,ska ;nd .ekSu wjodkï iys;h'
tuksid ;ud <`. we;s ms<sKm;a wf,úlr uqo,a <`. ;nd .kS' tkï iufmaCIK fÉ;kdj
hgf;a uqo,g lrk b,a¨u by< hduls'

wkd.;fhaoS" idudkH fj<ofmdf<a fmd,S wkqmd;h my< jefg;shs wfmalaId lrkafka

kï ms<sKm;aj, fj<ofmd< jákdlu by< hhs' tuksid uqo,a jehfldg ms<sKm;a ñ,oS
.ekSug fm<fUhs' tkï iufmaCIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g lrk b,a¨u my< hEuls'

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 iufmaCIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g lrk b,a¨u fmd,s wkqmd;slh iu`. m%;s f,dau
iïnkaO;djhla ksrEmKh flf¾'

MdTP = -hr

r = fmd<s wkqqmd;slh
h = iufmaCIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g lrk b,a¨u fmd,s wkqmd;slhg olajk
ixfõÈ;djh

by; f;dr;=re wkqj uq¨ uqo,a b,a¨ï Y%s;h my; whqßka f.dvk`.d .; yelsh'

Md = KY -hr
r

r1
1
1
r2
1
1 Md = KY - hr
1 Md
1 Md1 Md2
111 111

uqo,a iemhqu
uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu iïnkaOfhka idlÉPd lrk úg kdñl uqo,a iemhqu yd ñ, uÜgu
iqúfYaIs fõ' kdñl uqo,a iemhqu md,kh lrkq ,nkafka uynexl=j úisks' uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu
ie`ÿï,;a jk wdldrh iy jl%h my; whqßka oelaúh yelsh'

r
Ms

uQ¾; uqo,a = kdñl uqo,a iemhqu

iemhqu ñ, uÜgu
r
2
r1
11
1 Ms

1
s
M

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 LM jl%h jHq;amkak lr.kakd wdldrh

uQ,H fj<`ofmd< iu;=,s;fhaos uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu" uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqug iudkúula
isÿúh hq;=h'

Y úhou uqo,g we;s

r
b,a¨u

wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djhls

rEm igykg wkqj wdodhu e1 ,CIfhaos wdrïNl iu;=,s;h ;srKh ú we;' tysos fmd,s
wkqmd;slh r1 jk w;r wdodhu Y1 fõ' r1 yd Y1 w;r iïnkaO;djh fojk rEm igyfka A
,CIfhka ksrEms;h'

wdodhu Y2 olajd by< .sh úg uqo,a b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka ú e2 ,CIfhaos kj
iu;=,s;h ;srKh fõ' tysos fmd,s wkqmd;slh r2 olajd by<f.dia we;' r2 yd Y2 w;r
iïnkaO;djh fojk rEm igyfka B ,CIfhka ksrEms;h'

uqo,a b,a¨u" uqo,a iemhqug iudkjk wjia:djka mokï lrf.k r yd Y w;r

iïnkaO;djh olajñka LM jl%h by; wdldrfhka f.dvk`.d .; yelsh'

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wNHdih 05

my; oelafjk f;dr;=re weiqre lrf.k LM iñlrKh f.dvk.kak'

Md = 0.2Y – 20r ^uQ¾; uqo,a b,a¨u&

Ms = 200 ^uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu&

wNHdih 06

my; f;dr;=re Ndú; lrñka iñlrKh LM jHq;amkak lr o< m%ia;dr igykl olajkak'

Md = 0.3Y – 12r ^uqo,a b,a¨u&

Ms = 1500 ^kdñl uqo,a iemhqu&
P = 10 ^ñ, uÜgu&

LM jl%fha nEjqu

by; oelafjk fmd,s wkqmd;slfhka Wla; lrk ,o LM iñlrKh weiqfrka LM jl%fha

nEjqu iïnkaOfhka ks.ukhlg t<ôfï yelshdjla mj;s'

by; iñlrKfha k/h u`.ska nEjqu ksrEmKh fõ' ta wkqj my; idOlj, fjkiaú u u;
LM jl%fha nEjqfï iajrEmh ;srKh fõ'

 .kqfokq iy wdrCIK fÉ;kdfjka uqo,g lrk b,a¨u wdodhug ixfõÈ;djh ^k&

 iufmaCIK fÉ;kdfjka uqo,g lrk b,a¨u fmd,s wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõÈ;djh ^h&

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 fuysÈ úfYaIfhka wjOdkh fhduqlrkafka iufmaCIK fÉ;kdfjka uqo,g lrk b,a¨u
fmd,s wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõÈ;djh ms<sn`oj muKs'

fmd,s wkqmd;slh i`oyd iufmaCIK fÉ;kdfjka uqo,g lrk b,a¨fï

ixfõos;djh ^h&

h jeäùu h wvqùu

LM jl%h ú;eka úu

LM jl%h ú;eka úug m%Odk jYfhka n,mdk lreKq w;r uqo,a f;d.fhys isÿjk
fjkia úu jeo.;a fõ' tkï LM jl%h ks¾udKh lsßfïos ia:djrhehs ie,l+ uqo,a iemhqu
fjkia jQ úg LM jl%h ú;eka úula isÿfõ' fuysos kdñl uqo,a iemhqu fjkiajk w;r ñ,
ïggu ia:djr hehs Wml,amkh flf¾' kuq;a LM jl%fha ú;ekaúu i`oyd n,mdk lreKq
folls'

 uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu fjkkiaúu

 uQ¾; uqo,a b,a¨u fjkiaúu

tfia jqjo fuysos úfYaI wjOdkh fhduqlrkafka uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqfï fjkiaúu
ms<sn`oj muKs'

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Wod-

uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu

uqo,a .=Klh
uqo,a .=Klh hkq uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqfï fjkilg wkql+,j cd;sl wdodhfï we;sjk
fjkiaaúuhs' uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqfï fjkila ksid LM jl%h jug fyda ol=Kg ú;ekafõ' tu
ú;ekafjk m%udKh ;srKh jkafka uqo,a .=Klfha w.h u`.sks'

wNHdih 07

tla;rd wd¾Ólhla iïnkaOfhka my; f;dr;=re Unfj; imhd we;' tu f;dr;=re wdY%fhka
wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;r
= e imhkak'

Md = 0.25Y – 200r ^uQ¾; uqo,a b,a¨u&

Ms = 140 ^uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu&

i. LM iñlrKh jHq;amkak lrkak'

ii. uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu remsh,a ñ,shk 150 olajd jeä jQ úg kj LM iñlrKh jHq;amkak
lrkak'
iii. fmd<s wkqmd;slh 0'15 uÜgfï ia:djrj mj;skafka kï by; wjia:d fol i`oydu
cd;sl wdohu .Kkh lr olajkak'
iv. uqo,a .=Klh .Kkh lrkak'
v. by; isÿúï ish,a, o< m%ia:dr igyl olajkak'

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YouTube Channel - Sameera Education B.A. (Hon’s) Econ (Sp), M.A. in Economics Page 15
 IS - LM iu;=,;
s h

IS jl%h u`.ska uQ¾;

fj<`ofmd< iu;=,s;h;a" LM
jl%h u`.ska uQ,H fj<`ofmd<
iu;=,sh;a ksrEmKh flf¾' IS
yd LM jl% fþokh jk
,CIHfhaÈ uQ¾; yd uQ,H
fj<`ofmd< tlljr iu;=,s;
jkúg wd¾Ólfha iu;=,s; fmd,s
wkqmd;slh;a" cd;sl wdodhu;a
ksrEmKh fõ'

wNHdih 08

my; oelafjk wd¾Ól wdlD;sh ie,ls,a,g f.k wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
^jákdlu re'ñ,shk j,ska olajd we;&

C =100 + 0.8Yd ^mdßfNdack Y%s;h&

I = 100 - 80r ^wdfhdack Y%s;h&
G = 600 ^rdcH úhoï&
Tx = 0.25Y ^nÿ Y%s;h&
Tr = 100 ^ixl%du úhoï&
Md = 0.5Y – 100r ^uqo,a b,a¨u&
Ms = 3000 ^kdñl uqo,a iemhqu&
P=3 ^ñ, uÜgu&

i. IS,LM iólrKh ,nd.kak'

ii. IS, LM iñlrK weiqfrka iu;=,s; cd;sl wdodhu yd fmd,S wkqmd;h .Kkh lrkak'
iii. o< m%ia;dr igykla weiqfrka IS - LM iu;=,s;h olajkak'
iv. rcfha úhoï .=Klh" nÿ .=Klh" ixl%du .=Klh .Kkh lrkak'

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YouTube Channel - Sameera Education B.A. (Hon’s) Econ (Sp), M.A. in Economics Page 18
wNHdih 09

l,ams; wd¾Ólhl uQ¾; iy uQ,H fj<ofmd< úia;r Tng imhd we;' ^jákdlu re'ñ,shk
j,ska&

C =100 + 0.75Yd ^mdßfNdack Y%s;h&

I = 250 - 110i ^wdfhdack Y%s;h&
G = 150 ^rdcH úhoï&
Tx = 40 + 0.20Y ^nÿ Y%s;h&

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 Tr = 40 ^ixl%du úhoï&
Ms = 1000 ^kdñl uqo,a iemhqu&
P=5 ^ñ, uÜgu&
Mt = 0.25Y ^.kqfokqq fÉ;kdj i`oyd uqo,a b,a¨u&
Msp = -20i ^iufmaCIK fÉ;kdj i`oyd uqo,a b,a¨u&

iudydr úhoï iñlrKh f.dvk`.kak'

i. IS iólrKh jHq;amkak lrkak'
ii. LM iólrKh ,nd.kak'
iii. IS, LM iñlrK weiqfrka iu;=,s; cd;sl wdodhu yd fmd,S wkqmd;h .Kkh lrkak'
iv. rcfha úhoï .=Klh" nÿ .=Klh" ixl%du .=Klh" uqo,a .=Klh .Kkh lrkak'

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 IS-LM wdlD;sh iy uQ,H yd *sial,a m%;sm;a;s úYaf,aIKh

rdcHl wd¾Ól lghq;= ms<sn`oj úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï§ wjOdkh fhduql< hq;= m%;sm;a;s
folls' tkï"

i. *sial,a m%;sm;a;sh $ whjeh m%;sm;a;sh$ rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh

ii. uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh

by; m%;sm;a;s tlsfklg fjkia jqjo tys wjika mrud¾:h jkafka wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj
,`.d lr.eksuhs' fuu *sial,a yd uQ,H m%;sm;a;s yryd m%Odk id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhkag isÿjk
n,mEu ms<sn`oj wjOdkh fhduqlrhs'

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i. *sial,a m%;sm;a;sh

fuysoS úfYaIfhkau rcfha wdodhu yd rcfha úhou ms<sn`oj wjOdkh fhduqlrhs' tkï
whjeh m%;sm;a;s WmlrK f,i nÿ yd rdcH úhoï oelaúh yels njhs'

tu úp,Hhkaf.a fjkiaùu mokï lrf.k IS-LM wdlD;shgjk n,mEu fuys§ idlÉPd

flf¾' rch fjkqfjka rdcH NdKavd.drh ueÈy;a ù *sial,a m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs'
*sial,a m%;sm;a;s foj¾.hls' tkï"

 m%idrKd;aul *sial,a m%;sm;a;sh

 ixfldapkd;aul *sial,a m%;sm;a;sh
 m%idrKd;aul *sial,a m%;sm;a;sh

fuysÈ rdcH úhou

jeäúula fyda nÿ wvqúula isÿfõ'
rdcH úhou jeäjq úg we;sjk
;;a;ajh my; rEm igyk u`.ska
meyeÈ,s l< yelsh'

uQ,sl iu;=,s;h jk e0 yryd IS-LM iu;=,s;fha§ ,efnk iu;=,s; fmd,S wkqmd;h yd

wdodhï uÜgu r0 yd Y0 u`.ska oelafõ' fuu ;;a;ajfha§ hï fyhlska *sial,a m%;sm;a;sfha
m%idrKhla yryd rcfha úhoï jeälsÍug ;SrKhla f.k we;ehs is;uq' ta wkqj rcfha úhoï
jeälsÍu yryd iudydr b,a¨u by<hdu u`.ska IS jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' rEm igykg wkqj
IS0 isg IS1 olajd ol=Kg ú;eka lsßu u`.ska th ksrEmKh lr we;' IS jl%h ú;eka ùu;a iu`.
,efnk kj iu;=,s;h e1 fõ' tys§ fmd,S wkqmd;h r1 olajd by<hk w;r wdodhuo Y1 olajd
by< hhs' fuu ;;a;ajh yg.kafka fláld,Skj uqo,a iemhqu ia:djr fõ hehs Wml,amkh
lsÍu ;=<ska LM jl%h fjkila fkdùu yryd wdodhu yd fmd,S wkqmd; by< hduhs' fuu
;;a;ajh yg.kq ,nkafka m%idrKd;aul *sial,a m%;sm;a;shl§h'

 ixfldapkd;aul *sil
a ,a m%;sm;a;sh

rdcH úhou wvqúu fyda nÿ jeäúu jeks ;;a;ajhlÈ tkï ixfldapkd;aul *sial,a
m%;sm;a;shlÈ IS jl%h jug ú;ekaúula isÿfõ' túg by; l%shdj,shg m%%;súreoaO yeisßula fmd,s
wkqmd;slh yd wdodhu w;r y`ÿkd.; yelsh'

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ii. uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh

rgl uynexl=j úiska yiqrejkq ,nk uQ,H m%;m

s ;a;sh hgf;a wjOdkh fhduqlrkafka
uqo,a iemhqu fjkiaùu yryd IS-LM wdlD;shg we;sjk n,mEuhs' uQ,H m%;sm;a;so foj¾.hls'
tkuq"
 m%idrKd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh
 ixfldapkd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh

uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu

jeäúula fyj;a m%idrKd;aul
uQ,H m%;sm;a;shlÈ LM jl%h
ol=Kg je;ekafõ' wfkla w;g
uq¾; uqo,a iemhqu wvqúu u`.ska
LM jl%h jug ú;ekafjk w;r
th ixfldapkd;aul uQ,H
m%;sm;a;shls'

uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqfï

jeäúfï m%;súmdl my; mßÈh'

fufia ol=Kg ú;ekajk LM jl%h yryd kj iu;=,s; ,CIhla ,efí' th e1 fõ' tys§
kj iu;=,s; fmd,S wkqmd;h r1 olajd wvqjk w;r wdodhu Y1 olajd by< hhs'

whjeh m%;sm;a;sh yd f;rmsfï m%;súmdlh

fuysoS rdcH úhoï jeäùula fyj;a m%idrKd;aul *sial,a m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lf,a
hehs is;uq' rdcH úhoï jeäùula ksid IS jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka ùula isÿfõ'

fláld,fha§ uqo,a iemhqfï fjkila isÿfkdjk ksid LM jl%h ú;eka ùula isÿfkdfõ'
tneúka iu;=,s; wdodhu yd fmd,S wkqmd;h by< hhs'

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 rEmigykg wkqj IS0 yd LM0 f¾Ldjka e0 ys§s fþokh ù r0 yd Y0 jYfhka ms<sfj,ska
iu;=,s; fmd,S wkqmd;slh yd cd;sl wdodhu ;SrKh ù we;' rch m%idrKd;aul *sial,a
m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsÍu ksid IS0 jl%h IS1 olajd ú;eka fõ' túg fmd,S wkqmd;h r1 olajd;a
iu;=,s; wdodhu Y1 olajd;a by< hhs'

m%idrKd;aul *sial,a m%;sm;a;sh u`.ska fmd,S wkqmd;slh fjkia fkdjqkd kï wdodhu

Y2 olajd by< hdug bv ;snqKs' kuq;a wd¾Ólfha ck;djf.a wdodhu jeäùu;a iu`. uqo,a
b,a¨uo by< f.dia tu`.ska fmd,S wkqmd;slho by< hdula isÿfõ' fuu by< hk fmd,S
wkqmd;h u`.ska fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack hï m%udKhlska wvqùfuka Y2-Y1 m%udKfha wdodhula
f;rmSug ,laj we;' th msg;g f;rmqï m%;súmdlh ^Crowding Out Effect& f,i y`ÿkajhs'

ie,lsh hq;=h - rdcH úhoï wvqlsÍula fyj;a ixfldapkd;aul *sial,a m%;sm;a;shla

wkq.ukh lf,a hehs is;uq' túg by; idlÉPd l< l%shdj,sfha m%;súreoaO me;a; isÿfõ' tkï
,sys,a ùfï m%;súmdlhg ^Crowding in Effect& ,laúula isÿfõ'

wNHdih 11

wxY ;=klska hq;a l,ams; wd¾Ólhla iïnkaOfhka my; i`oyka f;dr;=re Tng imhd we;'
^jákdlu re'ñ,shk j,ska&

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 i. iudydr úhoï Y%s;h f.dvk.kak'
ii. IS yd LM Y%s; f.dvk.kak'
iii. uQ¾; yd uQ,H fj<`ofmd< iu;=,s; jk wjia:dfõos we;sjk iu;=,s; cd;sl wdodhu yd
iu;=,s; fmd,s wkqmd;slh fidhkak'
iv. rdcH úhou 80 lska jeä jQ úg iu;=,s; cd;sl wdodhu iy fmd,s wkqmd;slh lsho@
v. rdcH úhou jeäúu ksid we;s jQ f;rmsfï m%;súmdlh fidhkak'

wNHdih 12

IS – LM jl%j, nEjqfï ijrEmh idrxY .;lr olajkak'

IS-LM jl%j, nEjqu *sial,a iy uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha

ld¾hCIu;dj ;SrK lsßug n,mdk wdldrh

*sial,a m%;sm;a;s WmlrK jYfhka rdcH úhoï iy nÿ l%shd;aul jk w;r tu WmlrK

fjkiaúu ksid IS jl%h ú;eka fõ' uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK jYfhka uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu oelaúh
yelss w;r th fjkiaúu ksid LM jl%h ú;eka úula isÿfõ'

wd¾Ólhla W!K fiajd kshqla;s ;;a;ajhl mj;sk úg m%idrKd;aul *sial,a yd uQ,H

m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lrhs' *sial,a fyda uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfhka miq cd;sl wdodhu úp,kh jk
m%udKh wkqj whjeh fyda uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha ld¾hCIu;djh ;srKh fõ'

i. *sil
a ,a m%;sm;a;sfha ld¾hCIu;djh

wm fmr idlÉPd l< mßos m%idrKd;aul *sial,a m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsßfuka miq IS
jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka lsßfuka miqj ksrEmKh lrk ,o f;rmsfï m%;súmdlh jeo.;a fõ' fuysos
f;rmsfï m%;súmdlh úYd, jk úg *sial,a m%;sm;a;sh wldrCIu jk w;r f;rmsfï m%;súmdlh
l=vdjk úg whjeh m%;sm;a;sh wldrhCIu fõ' *sial,a m%;sm;a;sfha l¾hCIu;djh ;SrKh
lsßfïos IS yd LM jl%hkays nEjqu ;SrKh lrk my; idOl jeo.;a fõ'

 uqo,a b,a¨u fmd,S wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõos;djh (h)

 wdfhdackh fmd,S wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõos;djh (g)

 *sil
a ,a m%;sm;a;sfha ld¾hCIu;;djh yd uqo,a b,a¨u fmd,s wkqmd;slhg olajk
ixfõÈ;djh

fuysos uqo,a b,a¨u fmd<s wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõos;djh^h& jeäjk úg LM jl%h jvd
me;,s fõ' wfkla w;g uqo,a b,a¨u fmd<s wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõos;djh^h& wvqjk úg LM

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 jl%h ;shqKq nEjqula iys; fõ' tu wjia:d folg wod<j whjeh m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsßfuka
l=uk wjia:dj ld¾hCIu jkafkaoehs f;rmsfï m%;súmdlfha m%udKh wkqj ;srKh l< yelsh'

uqo,a b,a¨u fmd<s wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõos;djh^h& jeäjk úg LM jl%h jvd me;,s
jk w;r tu wjia:dfõos *sial,a m%;sm;a;sh ld¾hCIu fõ' tkï uQ¾; wdodhu yd fiajd
kshqla;sh jeälr .eksfïos LM jl%fha nEjqu wvqúu b;d jeo.;a njhs'

 *sil
a ,a m%;sm;a;sfha ld¾hCIu;;djh yd wdfhdackh fmd,s wkqmd;slhg olajk
ixfõÈ;djh

fuysos wdfhdackh fmd<s wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõos;djh^g& jeäjk úg IS jl%h jvd

me;,s nEjqula iys; fõ' wfkla w;g wdfhdackh fmd<s wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõos;djh^g&
wvqjk úg IS jl%h ;shqKq nEjqula iys; fõ' tu wjia:d folg wod<j whjeh m%;sm;a;sh
l%shd;aul lsßfuka l=uk wjia:dj ld¾hCIu jkafkaoehs f;rmsfï m%;súmdlfha m%udKh wkqj
;srKh l< yelsh'

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 ii. uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha M,odhs;djh

fuysos m%idrKd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;shla^uqo,a iemhqu jeäúu& fyj;a LM jl%h ol=Kg

ú;ekaúu ms<sn`oj i,ld n,hs' by; idlÉPd l< wdldhg uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha ld¾hCIu;djh
;SrKh lrk idOl my; mßosh'

 uqo,a b,a¨u fmd,S wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõos;djh (h)

 wdfhdackh fmd,S wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõos;djh (g)

 uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha ld¾hCIu;;djh yd uqo,a b,a¨u fmd,s wkqmd;slhg olajk

ixfõÈ;djh

fuysoso h jeäjk úg LM jl%h jvd me;,s jk w;r h wvqjk úg LM jl%h ;shqKq

nEjqula iys; fõ'

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 m%idrKd;aul uQ,H m%;m
s ;a;sh hgf;a uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu iudk m%udKhlska by<
hdfuka h jeäjk wjia:djg jvd h wvqjk úg m%idrKd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;A;sh id¾:l fõ'

 uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha ld¾hCIu;;djh yd wdfhdackh fmd,s wkqmd;slhg olajk

ixfõÈ;djh

fuysoso g jeäjk úg IS jl%h jvd me;,s jk w;r g wvqjk úg IS jl%h ;shqKq nEjqula
iys; fõ'

m%idrKd;aul uQ,H m%;m

s ;a;sh l%shd;aul lsßfuka miq fmd,s wkqmd;slh iq¨ jYfhka
wvq jqjo wdfhdack fmd,s wkqmd;slhg olajk ixfõos;djh jeä ksid wdfhdack jeä ú cd;sl
wdodhu úYd, f,i jeäúula m<uq rEm igyk hgf;a y`ÿkd.; yelsh' tu ksid g jeäjk úg
m%idrKd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh ld¾hCIu jk nj oelaúh yelsh'

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 úúO .=Klhka y`ÿkd.eksu'
wNHdih 12

újD; wd¾Ólhlg wd<j rcfha úhoï .=Klh" nÿ .=Klh" ixl%du .=K lh .Kkh lr
wdldrh ixfla; Ndú;fhka olajkak'

whjeh .=Klh
uQ¾; fj<`ofmd, muKla l%shd;aul jkúg *sial,a m%;sm;a;sh hgf;a rcfhaa úhou
jeäjk úg fyda nÿ wvqjk úg cd;sl wdodhfï fjkiaúu fldmuKoehs .Kkh lrk ,oafoa
iajdêk úhoï .=Klh u`.sks'

by; rEmigykg wkqj uqo,a fj<`ofmd<o l%shd;aul jQ úg fmd,s wkqmd;slh jeä ú

wdfhdack wffO¾u;a ú cd;sl wdodhu by< hkafka Y2 olajd muKs' ta wkqj whjeh .=Klfhka
uek olajkafka iajdêk úhoul fjkiaúug wkqj uqo,a fj<`ofmd<o l%shd;aul ú f;rmsfï
m%;súmdlhlao yg.;a miq cd;sl wdodhfï isÿjk ienE fjkiaúuhs'

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 uq,H .=Klh
uqo,a .==Klh u``.ska i,ld n,kafka uqo,a fj<`ofmd< muKla l%shd;aaul jkúg
uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu tallhlska fjkia jkúg cd;sl wdodhu tfuka ls .=Khla fjkiafõo
hkak fõ'

uqo,a iemhqu jeä ú uQ¾; fj<``ofmd<o l%shd;aul jQ miq fmd<s wkqmd;slh my< f.dia
cd;sl wdodhu Y2 olajd muKla by< hhs' uQ,H .=Klfhka ukskq ,nkafka uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu
tallhlska fjkia jQ úg uQ¾; yd uQ,H hk wxY folu iu;=,s; jk wjia:dfõ cd;sl wdodhu
tfuka ls .=Khla fjkia fõo hkak fõ'

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 wNHdih 13

l,ams; wd¾Ólhl uq¾; iy uQ,H fj<`ofmd< úia;r Tng imhd we;' ^jákdlu re'ñ,shk
j,ska&
iajdhla; mdßfNdackh^C0& 90
wdka;sl mdßfNdack keñhdj^C& 0'8
iajdhla; wdfhdackh^I0& 100
rcfha úhou^G& 83
ixl%du úhou^Tr& 35
ia:djr nÿ^T0& 15
wdodhï nÿ wkqmd;h^t& 0'20
kdñl uqo,a iemhqu^Ms& 1400
ñ, uÜgu^P& 10
iufmaCIK fÉ;kdfjka lrk uqo,a b,a¨u fmd,s wkqmd;hg we;s ixfõos;djh 200
wdfhdackh fmd,s wkqmd;hg we;s ixfõos;djh 90
.kqfokq iy wdrCIK fÉ;kdfjka uqo,a <`. ;nd.kakd iudkqmd;h 0'25

i. mdßfNdack Y%s;h" wdfhdack Y%s;h" nÿ Y%s;h" uqo,a b,a¨ï Y%s;h f.dvk.kak'

ii. iudydr úhoï iñlrKh ,nd.kak'
iii. NdKav yd fiajd fj<`ofmd,;a" uqo,a fj<`ofmd<;a tlúg l%shd;aul úfïos we;sjk
iu;=,s; cd;sl wdodhu yd iu;=,s; fmd,s wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrkak'
iv. úhoï .=Klh" nÿ .=Klh" ixl%du .=Klh" uqo,a .=Klh" *sial,a .=Klh" uQ,H .=Klh
.Kkh lrkak'

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 v. rdcH úhou re'ñ' 200 olajd jeä jQ úg kj iu;=,s; wdodhu yd fmd,s wkqmd;slh
fidhkak'
vi. f;rmsfï m%;súmdlh .Kkh lrkak'
vii. uQ¾; uqo,a iemhqu re'ñ 100 lska jeä jq úg kj iu;=,s; wdodhu .=Kl Ndú;fhka
fidhkak

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