Berkomunikasi menggunakan peta

CARTOGRAPHIC BASICS

Maps perform two important functions:

 Storage medium for information that humanity needs
 Provides a picture of the world to help understand spatial
patterns, relationships, and environmental complexity
Maps tell us:
 Where is it?
 What is it?
 (often) When is it?
 What is nearby? How far away? In which direction? How
do I get there?
 What other things are there also?
 How might they be related?
 CARTOGRAPHIC BASICS

Where am I? After James R. Smith, page 46

How far to my destination?

In what direction do I go?
How large?
What shape?
 CARTOGRAPHIC BASICS
All maps have the same goal:

Communicating spatial relationships

Communicating the ‘form’ of the landscape

Basic characteristics of all maps:

Location
Attribution
Reduction of reality
Scale
Geometrical transformation/projection
Abstractions of reality
Symbolism
 CARTOGRAPHIC BASICS

Location and Attribution allow many types of relationships

to be formed:

Relationships among locations with no attributes –

distance, bearing

Relationship among various attributes at the same point

Relationship among different locations of the same attribute

Relationships among locations of combined/derived

attributes of given distributions -- spatial distribution
of per capita income vs. educational attainment
Shift in Cartography PERGESERAN KARTOGRAFI

• Communication paradigm
• Assumed that the map itself was a final product
designed to communicate spatial pattern
through the use of symbols, class limit selection, and
so on. E.g. Tourism maps
• Map is end result and the user is incapable of
regrouping the data into forms more useful
• Analytical (holistic) paradigm
• Maintains the raw attribute data inside a computer
storage and displays data based on user needs and
classification
• The map allow for both communication and analysis
State Park
Tipe Peta
• Peta Politik (administratif)
• Peta yang memiliki batas-batas (misal, negara, provinsi, kabupaten, kota)
• Batas politik bukan alami, mereka dibuat manusia
• Peta Fisik
• Peta yang menunjukkan unsur-unsur fisik dan alami Bumi (misal gunung,
sungai, dll)
Contoh peta fisik
Contoh peta politik
Informasi tepi = Kunci
membaca Peta
Aturan #1: Judul
• Selalu tambahkan judul yang jelas dan detil pada peta.
• Contoh, pada peta di atas, judul “Canada” saja tidak cukup spesifik.
“A political map of Canada” lebih jelas dan spesifik.
 Aturan #2: Legenda

• Sebuah legenda sangat berguna

untuk memahami unsur-unsur
(fitur-fitur) pada peta.
Aturan #3: Skala
• Skala membantu memahami kita mengetahui ukurn
sebenarnya daripada tempat-tempat yang tergambar
di peta.
• Skala sangat penting, karena tanpa skala, anda tidak
akan tahu ukuran spasial dari unsur-unsur peta.
• Dari peta kita bisa memiliki bayangan jarak beberapa
kota pada peta ini.
 Skala
• Skala menunjukkan hubungan antara jarak di peta dan jarak
sebenarnya di permukaan bumi. Jenis skala:
• Direct Statement Scale menggunakan kata-kata untuk
mendeskripsikan jarak di peta serta representasinya di dunia
nyata
• 1 cm = 10 kilometres
• Linear Scale menggunakan aturan khusus menggunakan simbol
grafik untuk mendeskripsikan jarak di peta serta
representasinya di dunia nyata
• 0 km 400 km
• Representative Fraction Scale menunjukkan ratio antara satu
unit ukuran di peta dengan unit ukuran di dunia nyata
• 1:50 000 (1 cm pada peta merepresentasikan jarak 50 000
cm di dunia nyata)
Skala
Area Detail Example
Small A lot Topographic
Large maps, road
Scale (streets,
schools, maps, city
Maps bus maps
railways, …)
Large A little Globes,
Small world maps,
Scale (borders,
lakes, large atlases
Maps
rivers, …)
Skala – Memetakan Lokasi Kita

• Central Peel Area

You are here!

 Skala – Memetakan Lokasi Kita
• Peta Kota Brampton

You are here!

Skala – Memetakan Lokasi Kita

• Peta Southern Ontario

You are here!

 Skala – Memetakan Lokasi Kita
• Peta Ontario
 Skala – Memetakan Lokasi Kita
• Peta Canada

You are here!

Skala – Memetakan Lokasi Kita
• Peta Dunia

You are here!

Effect of scale on accuracy
The rule of thumb: It is always better to reduce a map
after analysis than to enlarge it for analysis
Aturan #4: Kompas
• A compass is a way of finding
direction
• The four cardinal points are N,
E, S, W
• The twelve ordinal points are
NE, SE, SW, NW, NNE, ENE, ESE,
SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW
• The points all have
corresponding degrees of a
circle (0° → 360°)
Aturan #5: Nama & Tanggal
• Semua peta harus memiliki informasi mengenai nama pembuat.
• Semua peta harus memiliki tanggal pembuatan peta.
• Tanggal diperlukan karena unsur-unsur spasial dan informasi yang ada
selalu berubah seiring waktu.
• Jika tidak ada tanggal, peta tersebut tidak bisa digunakan secara tepat
sesuai dengan konteks waktu.
Kenapa kita
perlu informasi
tanggal?
Aturan #6: Warna
• Unsur air selalu diberi warna biru.
• Jangan mewarnai tanah dengan warna biru
• Unsur vegetasi diberi warna hijau
Aturan #7: Label

• Label peta harus diketik, bukan ditulis tangan.

• Jangan memberi label dengan arah vertikal (atas &
bawah), selalu horisontal.
• Unsur air diberi label dengan huruf miring (italics).
• Ketika memberi label pada unsur yang besar/luas,
gunakan huruf kapital.
• Ketika memberi label pada unsur yang lebih kecil,
gunakan huruf kecil.
 Tipe Peta
• General Purpose Maps
• A map drawn to scale using
symbols and colours to
indicate major roads for
transportation purposes
• Often includes parks,
hospitals, and tourist
attractions
• Can be both small scale (a
country map) and large scale
(a city map)
Tipe Peta

• General Purpose
Map of the “Golden
Horseshoe” (Niagara
Falls to Clarington)
 Tipe Peta
• Topographic Maps
• A map that indicates
scale, using symbols
and colours for both
natural and human
features on the
Earth’s surface
• Shows the Earth’s
surface in great detail
(large scale)
• Depicts the height of
land features
(topography)
• Often shows roads,
settlements,
vegetation cover,
power lines, etc.
 Tipe Peta
• Topographic Map
of Blue Mountain
(Collingwood)
 Tipe Peta
• Thematic Maps
• A map that reveals the
geographic patterns of
statistical data
• Are designed to display
distributions over the Earth’s
surface
• Usually focuses on one theme
or topic (e.g., population
distribution)
 Tipe Peta
• Thematic map
showing
electricity
generating
stations in
Canada
 Tipe Peta

• Digital Maps
• Computer programs
• Handheld devices
• Online
 Tipe Peta
• Google Maps is an example of an online map.

www.maps.google.com
 Tipe Peta
• Google Earth is an example of a computer program
using digital maps.

www.earth.google.com
Kuis
1. Peta dapat digunakan sebagai media untuk mengkomunikasikan
informasi. Namun demikian, tidak semua jenis informasi dapat
dikomunikasiakan menggunakan peta. Jelaskan karakteristik atau
sifat-sifat dari informasi yang bisa dikomunikasikan menggunakan
peta.
2. Sebagai media untuk mengkomunikasikan informasi, jelaskan
kelebihan dan kekurangan peta.