a A. Unit II: Kinematics Motion in a Straight Line CHAPTER OS CER, NN MECHANICS: ‘Branch of physics that study motion of an object. ¥ | f ; ' \ Statics Dynamics Kinematics Frame of reference ‘Study of abject at rest or in Study of object in motion Study of motion of an object —-oordinate system with, equilibrium along with cause of motion. without considering the cause respect to which position of an inet oecneseee y Moon naston ine, lame ores Ser yan a ‘is applicable. This have uniform “1 Continued to nest page «— an object with respect to refer- motion ors af rest sre pnt arg sent ————— } ‘Non-inertial frame of reference | ay ¥ I Inthis News ws of moton | Oniy one coordinate of the Point object ceean cee are not applicable. Ths is an. abject change in the coordinate Object is point object its size is system during motion Much smaller than the distance ¥ itmoves. Position: State ofthe object with respect to reference point, Distance: Lenath ofthe path cov- ered by an object in a particular time interval | ‘Speed: Rate of change of distance with i Velocity: Time-rate of change of displace- respect to time, Unit ms iment, Sl unit ms", + Speed = Distance traveled Instantaneous velocity: Velocity at any Time taken ‘instant oi ‘time + Average speed = ot Total distance travelled Mat = op Total time taken ‘Measured by slope of tangent at any point ‘on x~t graph. accelerated frame, Displacement: Minimum distance ‘between inital and final position *» Avvector quantity. + Zero, when inital and final position is same, * Distance > Displacement. ‘Acceleration: Its ime-rate of change of velocity.St 8 physics! 38 Tagechen with motion na strait ine ' oraphcal study of 0 ust, ion t Uniform motion turin equal interval of + Whon equal dsplacoment occ re ety is constant, Acceleration Ze + Posiion-time graph zero acceleration Non-uniformly accelerated motion Instantaneous ais See anaMotion in a Straight Line 39 TOPICS COVERED Concept of Point Object, Distance and Displacement, Speed and Velocity Short Answer Type [1] ee Mea itial and final position of 1moving object ina given time interval the measure of : (@) distance (6) speed displacement * (6) Displacement-time (5-9 graph of any object Is shown in figure. Draw velocity-time graph for this motion. INCT 2014] © (@ velocity 3. In uniform motion, velocity-time graph is a straight line parallel to (a) time axis (b) speed axis (6) velocity axis (@ either (6) and (c) 4. A particle covers half of its total distance with speed > ind the rest half with speed », Its average speed during the complete journey is Be SPeed ns, (a) Slope of x ~ ¢ graph provides velocity of motion. a ais wae ee The nature of motion is identified by the shape of (@) AS © oe the graph. Wa ay itv = 5. The clematis graph of a moving body shown. The instantaneous velocity is negative at point ' As v c i a snl 2 > = 8. The two straight rays OA and OB on the same @E ®F “OC wD displacement - time graph make angle 30° and 60° with time axis respectively as shown in figure. Answers . : A 3 a} fo: G0: Z |© physics 40 Tugechen wth . getocit? (o whieh ray rePrBET ae stl arn ee rae oF" pat f py od and OB? F r yreater ane! & ca 8, eco te ere MEE 7 j diya orto vet yan teed eo V3 stright i 4 anonjet nwo ma i anon the postions EP cof the object, when etyarne yet yet) or x= pxsxi2 — 2 ede fan object moving xf : 13, The velocity-time graph of astra Hine 1838 SHOW “1 10. Distinguish between averse sPeed and instantaneous i speed. t 2 ans. an object moves wit arable speed average speed i repel dance travelled divided by Me total time 3 q 3g comme 5 10 Fime (sec) —> taken. wered by object between : ‘The speed of an object at @ at particular point of is pa average speed when time int called instantaneous speed. ‘A) short Answer Type IH] \ae 0 20 A B * Question 3 Marks 11. A woman starts from her home at 8.00 2.th~ walks sith speed ofS km/hr ona straight road upto her atnce km away stays at the office upto 4 p.m» and eturns home by an auto with 2 speed of 25 kin/hr: Choose suitable scales, and plot the x- graph of her ‘motion. Ans. The tme taken bythe woman foreach office is one hour. a = 2 ‘The time taken by the woman fo retum home from office Distance covered by the object (1 = 010 1=5 sec.) 2 2 minutes. = area OABDO instant of time OF particular i ue of th or the limiting val terval approaches 2er0, 18 Calculate distance ¢0 (9 120 to = 5 sec. (ip 1= Oto t= 10 see IMsE. Velocity mis—pMotion ina Straight Line 44 Ans. ()) Displacement is zero, since it retums to A. 1 (id, Distance is twice the separation between A and B. 33 * 8) «20% 4 20" 80m. (il) Nelowity is revo. (4, Distance covered by the object 1 > (sum of paratiel side) Total distance (iv) Average speed S (= D101 10 see) = area OARCO wa Tiina 2 (sum of paraltel side) = A motor boat covers the distance between two spots (on the river in time of 8 hrs and 12 hrs. We have, v, + ¥% ime Solving, Ans. Velocity of P, vy = tan 30° Velocity of Q, vg =~ tan 30° . 3 Ratio of velocities of P and Q is 1: ~ 1 1S. A body starts from a point A and moves to B. If it Instill water, only the velocity of boat is to be considered. returns to the same point, find the (i) displacement <. Time taken in still water for covering length S is, {Gi distance (ii) velocity (is) average speed. ieee EES oyct.= [Given : AB =s, velocity = »] 1. A car travelling 500 km south-west depicts 3. Isthe time variation of position shown in figure observed (@) distance in nature posible? (2) speed iu (©) displacement = @ivclocity, E 2. Which of the following is true for displacement? 05k pean oy (@) Its always equal to distance travelled. (6) It is straight line distance in a specific direction, (0) Itisthe direction of motion from one point to another. (d) It is the length of path covered by an object. 4. Distinguish between distance and displacement.Uniform and Non-uniform Motion, Acceleration, King; Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion 7. Dintance travelled {nthe nth tg © Multiple Choice uniform accel rated sr6 (atta Questions "mare \NYEEE 1A stone is droy ‘ped into well in which the level of {rater is at a distance A below the to & the velocity of sound Matic 1 2¢ * led by a body is directly quare of the time taken, Its he distance travelt Proportional to the s acceleration (@) increases (8) deer ses 3. (a) oe (c) becomes zero (@) remains constant et 6=ut2a % particle moving with a uniform acceleration travel a i wcelerati ls +64) = ux8+ lax se 24 metre and 64 metre in first two consecutive eas 2 a intervals of 4 seconds each. Its intial velocity is or l= ut4a (2) 1m (6)2ms (0) Sms (a) 10 mis 4. A stone is dropped from a certain height and at the same time another stone is thrown horizontally from the same height. Which one will reach the ground earlier? On solving (i) and (i), we wet u= 1 wy 4, (c) Since the initial vertical velocity of both zero and both are accelerated verti by equal acceleration, hence the simultaneously, (@ First stone (6) Second stone Suomen) . 2) Simultaneously (d) Not sure, pf rallshorsAvansalvealla % Select the correct statements for a particle going on Question’ 2 Marks W a straight line: (a) Ifthe position and velocity are in opposite directions, 8, (a) Write two uses of yt graph? the particle is moving towards the origin, (6) When a ball hits a wall with a velocity ofs (6) If the acceleration and velocity are in opposite and bounces back with the same speed, directions, the particle is slowing down. the change in velocity of the ball? [MSE: (0) If the velocity is zero for a time interval, the Ans, (a) (i) Slope of v1 graph gives acceleration, acceleration is zero at any moment within that time (i)/Area under1/praph givestaoeal ae é () Ap==2 mv =~ 100 m (d) If the velocity is zero at any instant, then the ici! 4 too nits t also be it that instant. = acceleration must also be zero at 0) Winsted aa 6. Instantaneous acceleration of a aaa moving along whe dates ohn is is = 18¢+ 57; is : i. d farsa jan aa Trae ( The length covered by a body is fou 7. (a) 5 mss ‘ directly proportional to the square of time. (2) 10 m/s? es is the nature of acceleration?ar Ans. (a) a= at Le. I afi ov (ace vor rand a? (Le) acceleration is constant 10, (@) Givean example of a boxy possessing zero velocity and still accelerating, (0) Why does a parachute descend slowly? ‘Ans. (a) A boxy thrown up vertically 8 zero velocity atthe top-most point, but has acceleration of, ‘will reach the ground first? ‘Ans. (a) 1: 1 in the absence of air resistance. (6) Both of them will reach the ground at the same time: \ body is travelling in a straight line with a uniformly increasing speed. Plot a graph which represents the change in distance (s) travelled with time (9. 2. INCT 2015} Ans. Let a body is travelling with initial speed *u’ ina straight line, then using relation, s = ut Lat 2 For u=0; or sar s= tat 2 13, (a) What ean you say about the nature of acceleration, associated with a mass whose vf graph is shown? 10) 0) 1X 20 Fis) 104 (6) Draw velocity-time graph for an object, starting from rest. Acceleration is constant and rem: is positive. INCT 2011), ‘Ans. (a) Slope covers the same magnitude, So acceleration is constant. Ans. 16. Ans. WV. Ans. A body starts from rest and moves along a straight Motion in a Straight Line 43 Hy = A ball Is thrown vertically upwards. Draw its fine, It has uniformly accelerated motion upto time ty. During the interval f~ f, it moves with wniform Velocity. After time f, its motion is retarded, and it comes to rest at time f,, Draw the velocity-time grapt ‘Two balls of different masses are thrown vertically upwards with same initial speed. Which one will rise to the greater height? Which of the two will come back with greater speed to the point of projection? Since they are thrown with same initial speed, and the equations of motion are independent of the masses, both of them will rise to the same height and will have same speed while coming back to the point of projection. ‘A body starts accelerating uniformly with a velocity sw’ and travels in a straight line. Prove that it covers a length of w+ 4(2r— 1) in the ¢” second of motion. Initial velocity = w and acceleration = a. Length covered in ¢ seconds = ut + ar? m0} Length covered in (1 — 1) seconds =e) + at -1F To) Subtracting (i) and (ii), we get Length covered in /* second = u + 5 (2-1).jele moving in a st vy and acceleration ‘q’, dv_ dv, de _ dy i) Consider 8 Pa en intial velocity ; mM, ana a Let the objet rch at pots A and B at nstenis/ 6 men 9 a tite, andy be the displacements of te objects aden ; tne, and, respectively and v, and v be the velocliss oe wrsclatyos at positions 4 and B respectively. negating, 24 ul ge in veloc ‘a a A ticscration ofthe object = ee al 2 2 vi te) — ee = @ vie <1 20a From position-time relation, we have carne ion of motion fo + i jin any one equation 0 ll ) aoe (ii) 20, Obtain tm gsing method of caleulus. [Np ‘Substituting the value of (f, (i, we get ey? ry, 2a (ii) Ifw and v are the velocities of an object at position x, ‘and x respectively, then using v, =u, ¥»=¥,%; =%) and 1? = Dale) —X) ) yx = 5, then then v1? = 2as The above equation is the required position velocity relation. 19. Prove the following relations by calculus method: @ s=ut+ Yar (i) 7-0 =2as INCT 2019] (0) Consider an object moving in a straight line with uniform acceleration ‘a’, let at any instant of time ‘7, de be the displacement of the objects. instantaneous velocity, v= & orde=y dt. de = (utaldt (2 v=urat) etx, and.x be the displacements of the object at time ‘zero’ and‘? Ans. — 1,) in the above equation Ans. a= constant or v « ¢ acceleration ime relation: Let at any instant of tng ange in velocity in time interval dy Ans. Velocity- dy be the cl acceleration 1s a-2 of d=adt Integrating it within the condition of motion. fara fae & i at or utat 21. A particle starts from rest, and its accelerat (a) plotted against time (0 is shown here. Plott corresponding velocity (v) against time (). Alsop the corresponding displacement (5) against time ( Yi ye v ands oP The corresponding graphs are =Ans, A & auestions 23, o Lit ine 2 will be used only when the body bounces. o (3) Distance Long Answer Type 5 Marks \ » Derive the following equations of motion for uniformly accelerated motion from velocity-time graph (symbols have their usual meaning): (@) v=u+at (b) s = ut +% at (©) ¥- = 2as INCT 2014) Consider an object, moving with a uniform acceleration “a’ along a straight line OX, with origin at O. Let the object reach at points A and B at instants f, and 4, Let x, and x, be the displacements of the object at times f, and f, respectively and v, and v, be the velocities of the object at positions A and B respectively. (2) Acceleration of the object — Change in velocity Time taken Motion ina Straight Line 45 (b) Let v,, be motion of object from A _ Displacement ‘Tet eee aera (x)= eh) ii) [Using (9) If xy, w are the displacement and velocity of the object at r, 2) Ay ¥, = =f and x, =x From (i), 1 = lh 4) + Fall, f 1 x= xy tutt Sar? 2 iii) Ca or xn¥y = ut Sat Using, x — istance travelled in time f, we have suet Lae az (c) From (i), we have Calne ta Putting the above value in nnn = WER i wee non (54) or vv} = 2alx,—x,) (iv) If wand v are the velocities of an object at postions and x respectively, then using v, = 1, vy = vx, = Xp and x =x in equation (iv), we get Voi? = 20@)-2) = [2a46 Together week Physics —1) 4. ARagaIn starts from a station P with a uniform Max. height = 5 2*4~29 suretration », for some distance and then goes with He niform retardation a, for some more distance 10 a teraph 4 Taking PR =, and RQ= 8, and /, en For these two parts respectively, we can write, thm th For the part PR We can write 4 min = (4), 0) at there are two values ah 27, Show that sof time f For the part RQ, we can write when its at same height Also show yet my hese two times is equal to the time o (2), (Meee " me of igh From (i) and (ii), we have, INep, ‘Ans. For projectile motion equation for y-coord 8,+8,= 400,45) — [Sinceu= ordinates 1 usin (0) 1— Lg ze or = dexdory= a Solving this for (using quadratic formula Ree eee wlan sai sind Jaton or v a and without loss of generality let usin and Za or usin g Ss 2usin 0 for 1 g which is equation of time of fight. ‘Gie 28. A body starting from rest accelerates uniformly; straight line at the rate of 10 ms for 5 seconds. It (Q”) Numerical Problems 25, The position coordinate of a moving particle is given by x = 6 + 187 + 9F (x in metres and ¢ in seconds). What is its velocity at ¢= 2 sec.? Ans, x=6 + 181497, y= 18+ 18 ¥,2)=18+18x2=54 ms! 26. A ball is thrown vertically up with a velocity of 20 m/s. Construct _acceleration-time and A displacement-time graph. Area below v ~ ¢ graph gives distance travelled in the straight line. retards uniformly and comes to rest in 3s. Draw’ time graph of the body and find the total distance by the body. Ans, a= 10 ms?, See, v=0+10x5=50ms" ‘Ans, v= 20 ms"!,a=gms” Time to reach the highest point, u g 2 seconds. Distance = 3 (50) x(10 +2) = 300Motion in a Straight Line 47 », ‘The displacement (in metre) of w particle moving Fe2swress along x-axis is given by x= 18/4 § ? Caleuate : ‘Area of trapezium MDAC (Othe instantaneous velocity at r= 2s, 252m (ii) average velocity between 1 2s and f= 3s, Distance travelled by the particle between ae f= 5sto6s = Area of trapezium CAEN = 108m rown vertically upwards at such a zt =43 me! (iii). Acceleration = 10 ms 30, The speed time graph of a particle moving along a fixed direction is as shown below. Obtain the distance traversed by the particle between t (@) f= 081058, (b)1=28t065 INCT 2015] z 01234 56) t— Speed (ms“') Time of ascent + Time of descent = 6 s 10 {s)—> or t= ose s= ut dar ‘Ans. (a) Distance travelled by the particle between 1 = 0 s to 2 S sec or ta38 = Area of AOAC 5 = (29.4mm/5)(35)+-5-(-9.8m/S?)(3)? $x5*12-30m 88.2 m—44.1m=44.1m (b) Acceleration along OA Distance travelled by it in last second wea under the curve = 24.5 m, 32, Derive an equation for the distance covered by a uniformly accelerated body inn" second ofits motion. ‘A body travels half its total path in the last second ofits fall from rest. Caleulate the time of its fall, ‘Ans, Fora body having a uniform acceleration ‘a’ ina straight line, starting with an initial velocity u, the displacement in ‘n’ seconds is given by, E S,= m+ ban In(n-1) seconds, 2424 ms? Spa = (m- Dut $ a(n 1 Acceleration along AB, a 4 ms *- Displacement in nth second = S, — Sa a Distance travelled by the particle between ut > Qn-1)48 Pnweon mnng® Physiee 1) Let 8 te thy t “Tethlete tength oF full and + be the time mon foe it. Thon 1 S* del wnty v ANS Ft covered in the lan second s ¢ $09 S1) My Wsina (and (HD, solve for tobe 1 S* pris L pp OF ae 4 26 oo s are M0) = $103 ms“! a= 10!2 ms? wo 2% (0) =2% 5x 103 msl, p=? os 10 = 0) + ar 25% 103 = 5x 193, 10” x; = 10? r= 5x 18 op p= S*10 5x 10s, “in a jonas! travels at a constant velocity of A motor-cyclist police m behind a bill board For the motorist. (a case of uniform motion) when = 0, x(0) = 0, v= 45 km he! 20) = x(0) + vt, or x(t) = 45 kmh! «7 = 457 km 0 For the police officer. (a case of accelerated motion) when 1= 0, x(0) = (0) = 0, a= 10 km/h? Now, 20 = xO) +404 af a(t) = 04044 x 10%2 = 5? km alti) Comparing (i) and (i), we get SP = 45t or 1=9 hour, Ans, We know thatthe slope of the ve 2 36. A body is moving with a unite 10 Ans. Suppose »(0) and ‘a’ be the in; 57. A body starts from rest and travels in s With a uniform acceleration of 5 m/s? for What is the velocity and distance tr time? Ans. Velocity after 5 seconds Distance travelled in 5 seconds. ok rat agit tone itn gop. Beer et during the Journey. Als catentae win NB lead nate 60} Hl 20 0050 75 7 Time —, 4 acceleration. Change in velocity in this intry, (60 — 20) kmh! = 40 km! ‘Acceleration in this interval 40 kmh"! eOaKT ocity-time 10754 = 160 kmh? fh Distance covered during the ti to 1 h= Area under the corres; $ (20 + 60) 0.25 = 10 km, ime intery, Ponding ym form accete VS and after g eit Wi cogs velocity after 5 seconds is 25 my is 34 mis. Caleulate the distan second. acceleration of the body res} (0) = 25 mis ; Mi) = (0) + at or 0) + Sa = 25 Case(ii) W(t) = 34 mis; r= Pectively W(0)+ 8a = 34 Solving (i) and (ii), we get a=3 ms"? Also, San = 0) + 5 Qn=1) and (0) = 10 ms s nn = 10+ 3 (102-1) = 10+ a =385m. tat=0+5x5=25 Sure eee Sout f= 04 oa8 Ans 30. Ans. Ans. A stone loves 1/10th of its velocity on passing thr a sand bag of length x. I velocity to he made how many more similar bags are to be placed on its path? vehhech are 1 io" 1), 9 10)" "19 he length travelled ina Velooity (final) = (1 " f ‘bag with retardation ‘a (Ss) = ftee ina velocity (Gna zero etn bags of sme width x aced. Ther Tes . 0 = w~ 2anx (ii) Solve (i) and (i) and we get bags Abundred metre sprinter increases his speed from rest uniformly at the rate of 1 m/s* for three quarters of the length and covers the last quarter with a uniform speed. How long does he take to cover the first half and second half of the run? |, a= 1 m/s? upto 75 m. =0+2xax50 Yq = ¥2*1%50 = 10 ms V}g = 042 xax75 = 150 seconds. Time taken to move from 50-75 m mark =( 150 ~ 10) ‘Time taken to move from 75 ~ 100 m can be found by. using, V5 25 = 150 1+0 [+ There is no acceleration in the last 25 m length.] 25 150 Time for first 50 m = 10 seconds, 25 second 50 m = ( Y150 ~ 10) + m=( ) jiso A body starts from rest and accelerates uniformly. Find the ratio of the displacement in, ()) one, two and three seconds, (i) first, second and third second, 1 dap seconds. (i) Length covered in t seconds Since initial velocity is zero 4 Ans, 42. Ans. Motion ina Straight Line 49 Ratio of length covered in one, two and three seconds is 1549 (ii) Length covered in ?* second = 5 (2t~ 1) "=O Ratio of length covered in first, second and third second is, 1535 Find the displacement and distance travelled by a ing the v~¢ graph given below: yr) t{s00) Area below v ~ f graph gives idea of distance travelled. 1 +ve displacement = *6*5=15m —ve displacement = 4 «5% 4=10m Net displacement = 15 ~ 10 = 5m Distance travelled 25 m ‘A body covers 12 m in 2nd second and 20 m in 4th second. Find what distance the body will cover in 4 second after Sth second. 12 min 2nd second ie, 12=u+ 5 @2-1) 20 m in 4th second 20=u+ $ 4-1) je, 2u+3a= 24 0) 2u+ Ta = 40 i) Solving, -4a=-16 > a=4ms" 40-74 _ 12g 2 zea Distance covered in 4 second after Sth second. S=5,-S, 1 ( ios’) = 9u+ 5 a9? | Su+ aS 2 2 = 9u+ 4 ast —su- 4 as 2 2 =4u+ 4 > $= 4u+ $056 =4x6+hinaie = 4x64 5 x4 x56 244112 136m,50 QUT re \)\ ‘overed by an objet i directly proportional (ay Ce OF time elapsed, ts eceleri’ E (@ xem Tia eal ‘gs erent masses are throws The motion of a fively falling object is an example of 5, Two balls of differen Antown verti (@) uniform moti a ‘ upwards with same initial speed. Which, one wally (8) anifomly aoe tote gets Aight? Which of he two wie ig am slate maton with greater sped tothe point of projections Bag {©) non-uniformly accelerated motion h (© mero acceler nt 6: Whats poston any time, fora boy tap 4 Ra) en eeration rest, with an acceleration a = ar *(@) Can a body ave constant speed but a varying Velocity? From Velocity-time graph of a moving 6) object is shown below. What is the (6) Aballis thrown straight up. What is its velocity and acceleration of the object? Also { acceleration at the top? | — Velocity draw displacement-time graph for ©) Acar sans sec the motion of the object. Draw velocity-time graph of un formly ag motion in one dimension. From the ver of uniform accelerated motion, deduc ‘motion in distance and time q Multiple Choice (2) Ifthe position and y ions, celery locity time gtd the equation Questionsa) Short Answer Type [I] \w Questions 2Marks 4, Define the fol (a) stopping distance (4) reaction time Ans.(a) Stopping distance ~ Distance travelled by the vehicles before stopping from the time of applying the brakes, (0) Reaction time: Time taken by an individual to react to an event under observation, For example time elapsed before a driver applying brakes from the time of observing an obstacle on the road. 5, Define relative velocity, velocity of an object w. re to examples to relative ‘another, Ans, For any two objects A and B moving with different velocity with respect to a common stationary frame of reference, then the relative velocity of object A wart. object B is given as Yan = Ya %B Relative velocity of object B w.rt. object A is given by Yan = YBa 6. (@ Can the relative velocity of two bodies be greater than the absolute velocity of either? {HOTS} () Why is it not necessary for a body following another to stop, to avoid colli Ans. (a) Yes. For example, when two bodies move in opposite direction then relative velocity of each is greater than the individual velocities. (0) If the relative velocity becomes zero, the collision eae etial A\\ 7. Acar moving with a speed of 50 kmh” can be stopped bybrakes after at least 6 m. What will be the minimum stopping distance, if the same caris moving at a speed of 100 kmh? INCT 2010] ‘Ans. Approach I oe Numerical Problems = 50 km/hr, s = 0.006 km, v1? = 2as 0-(50) = 2x ax 0,006 2500 70.006 Kv When speed of the car is 100 km/hr then 2 a a (2280) 5 ALUM 2 =e 006) “* s = 0.024 km = 24m So, minimum stopping distance is 24 m. Motion in a Straight Line 54 Approach I Stopping distance = s So, for “a” becomes 4s he 4*6 24m 8, ‘Two trains each having a speed of 30 km/hr are headed at each other on the same track. A bird that can fly at 60 km/hr flies off from one train, when they are 60 km apart, and heads directly for the other train. ‘On reaching the other train, it flies directly back to the first, and so forth. (a) How many trips can the bird make from one train to the other before they crash ? (b) What is the total distance the bird travels? Ans.(a) Relative velocity of one train wrt. the other = 30 +30 = 60 Km/hr Distance between two trains = 60 km. ‘Time to meet the two trains 60 SO = he “ ‘The speed of the bird relative to the train towards which it fies = 60+ 30=90 km/h Time taken for the Ist trip, 60 _2 - 2-2 ie (ii) “The separation between the trans after the Ist trip = 60-60% 3 Time taken for the 2nd trip, 202 3-2 be iit) The separation between the train after the 2nd trip = 20-60x 2-2 im, 3 ‘Time taken for the 3rd trip 60 _ ~ eee () Similarly, 4, et But th th tht [From (0) or2, i +4 => Number of trips, n = infinite, (b) Total distance travelled by the bird = 60 * 1 = 60 km.‘ with 0 pee i by 1 * sian ny 120 Kin" nee ity SS ue tn aon movin (0) 200 km Cages a yi Dre ee ie 1. (a) Displacement-ime graph of "9 object the figure: S| ——= velocity-time graph for this motion pee Jeration-time graph e under acceleration-t () Wht ast ee tc vf velocity. leration is called the rate of change © i of change of acceleration SLAP, (@ Marks) found to be directly Is the body moving ‘acceleration? Ifthe portional to time: [HOTS] (2 Marks) 4. Four persons K, , M and N start fom the vertices of a square of side ‘a’, simultaneously and move towards the neighbour in order always with the same speed of ». When and where do they meet? (2 Marks) [particle stats from restat=0 and has an acceleration as given in the figure below. Draw the v ~ f graph for 4 seconds (2 Marks) 2 Accel Suppose we call rat what is the unit of SLAP? 43. The distance covered by a body is proportional to the square of time. with uniform velocity or uniform distance travelled be directly pro a(mis') 4168) 6 (a) Explain clearly with examples the distinction between anit ofdplacnent over anita of tine and the total length ofthe path co cover the same interval tna axt* vex sped oF 15: ia eos 1 cyelist ing from rest accelerates ya. fit fine at the rate of 10 me 5 with uniform velocity gp ‘phen it retards uniformly and comes tg Draw velocity-time graph of the body ang total distance travelled by it. INCT 2017) g ‘fa rain inoreases at @COnStant rap ij then remains constant for an ita esto zero at a constant rate B. Igy “Jescribed prove that the total tine GB A body S12" ong 3 tsi moves The speed zero 10 ¥ a finally deere total distance wile is St2l@ 1 | freely from a tap at a height of 4g, seen successive drops is equal an —> For the following questions, two statements are given one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (@, (6) (€) and (4) as given below. (@) Both Aand R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Both and R are true but R is NOT the correct ex of A (©) Ais true but Ris false (@ Ais false and R is also false. 1. Assertion: A car is moving with the constant speed v and the acceleration of a to reach the destination. Reason: Ifa body is moving with constant speed then the acceleration can be non-zero. 2. Assertio position- © nation For the uniform motion, the slope of the ime graph will be constant, Reason: The slope of the position-time graph represents velocity of the object and for uniform motion it is constant. 3. Assertion: The total displacement of a student will be zero, if he rode a bicycle from point A to B and then came back to A. Reason: Displacement is a scalar quantity. It must be clearly understood that distance is not the same as displacement. Distance is a scalar quantity and. is given by the total length of the path travelled by the body in a certain interval of time. Displacement is a vector quantity and is given by the shortest distance (in 4 specified direction) between the initial and the final positions of the body. The direction of the displacement vector is from the initial position to the final position of the motion, Speed is a scalar quantity. The average speed and average velocity are different in many respect. The direction of the velocity vector is the same as that of the displacement vector. Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity and it is a vector quantity. Motion in a Straight Line 53 Assertio Incase of a body falling down freely near the surface of earth, displacement is directly proportional to square of time elapsed. Reason: The freely falling body has constant acceleration: Assertion: Two masses in ratio I: 2are thrown vertically up with same speed, reach the top simultaneously Reason: Acceleration due to gravity is directly proportional to the mass of a body. Assertion: An object while moving may not have variable speed but constant velocity Reason: The body may change its direction continuously during motion, even when its speed is constant. Assertion: The position-time graph in uniformly accelerated motion is a parabola. Reason: An object can have non-zero acceleration ‘hile maintaining constant speed. Assertion: The area vector is associated with plane area drawn outward normal to the plane. Reason: The area under velocity-time graph represents acceleration. (®) Distance and displacement are equal in magnitude when (a) A body is moving in the opposite direction to the rotation of earth (b) A body is moving in the straight line in a specific direction. (c) Abody is moving in any path, but ina specific direction. (q@) A body is moving in the straight line but in ‘opposite direction to the motion of reference point.ws Poectes weed? Physcg 1) (The positionsime | ‘motion is (@) {t9ph For uniform accelerated 2. A sports car passing a police checkpost at g¢ immediately sated slowing down uniformly speed was 40 kmh! K contin 0 move at sped uni t os psy a Poli crt km po check post. This oie cara started rom req check post tthe sme instant ashe sport car ha the check pos, The police carhad moved witha acceleration until it had passed spor car Assu reo the time taken by the sports car in slowing 60 kan hy to 40 km was esa 0 the time travelled at constant ses bore passed bythe Pol (0) The average velocity of sports car is O) Position > of Positon (a) 40 krw/h (6) 50 km/h (©) 60 km/h (A) zer0 Sse (i) The sped ofthe police car al he instant hy, © 44 passed the sports car is (a) 45 km/h (8) 90 kwh (©) 25km/h (a) 135 kmh (iii) The acceleration ofthe police car is (@) 2025 km/t? (5) zero Tre (c) 4050 km/h? (@) ~4050 kmvh? (iv) The velocity time graph for the sports car ig 4 © J a aaa Tine > 7 7 (iii) The area under velocity-time graph signifies Oy @ (@) acceleration of the body ‘| 7 (6) displacement of the body (6) average velocity of the body WZ (@) retardation ofthe body t t Or (iv) The slope of position-time graph represent (at | Position > iS Position —> any instant) (iv) How much time taken by police car to pass (a) Average velocity sportscar? (6) Acceleration (@ 10s (20s (©) Instantaneous velocity _ 4s (@ 80s (d) Instantaneous acceleration 3. Kinematics is the branch of mechanics whi with the study of motion of material objects Or {aking into account the factors affecting the Rest and motion are relative concept and absolute. The Position of the object ata giete ee. on eae (i Two different types of frame of references are (a) Inertial frame of reference and non-inertial () Momentum and non-momentum frame of reference (©) Datum and non-datum frame of reference (@) Zero and non-zero frame of reference (ii) The position-time graph of non-uniform motion @ (ili) The velocity and time graph of uniformly accelerated motion is, @ + ® 5, 7 © 4 @ |~——— t T Motion ina Straight Line 55 (jv) ‘Rest and motion are relative not absolute’ met (ay When position changes with respect fo the reference point is motion while if position does not change w.tt. the reference point is rest (b) When position change wrt, time is motion while if position does not change w.rt time is rest (c) Rest and motion depends on the observer's frame of reference. (a) (a) and (0) are correct Or (iv) In uniform motion, the slope of velocity-time ‘graph is (a) positive (b) negative (o) zer0 (d) first positive then negative 4. Ibis a. common observation that rain clouds can be at ‘about a kilometre altitude above the ground. (i) Ifaraindrop falls from such a height freely under gravity, what will be its speed? (@) 2828 mis (6) 340 mis (©) 141.4 ms (d) 509 m/s (i) A typical raindrop is about 4 mm diameter. Momentum is mass * speed in magnitude Estimated momentum when it hits ground is (@ 0.074 kg mis (6) 74kg m/s (6) 474 kg m/s (d) (0.00474 kg mis (iii) Estimated time required to flatten the drop is (a 28 ms (b 28s (0) 2805 (@) 28 ps (iv) Rate of change of momentum is force. Estimate how much force such a drop would exert on you. (@) 120N () 169N (©) 200N (@) 350N. Or (iv) The magnitude of force on umbrella, ifthe lateral separation between two raindrops is 5 em, is (Assume that umbrella is circular and has a diameter of 1 mand cloth is not pierced through.) (@) 2800N (6) 50000 N (©) 54080. N (@ 60000 N© Physic) Standing on n top of cy climbs up a sli 4100 bh building 6 Amoniey libs UP aspen Nerval leg na SAY aL Oanceheralins on pnng ford ee iol te n! Teas than 2 secon The later ball is thrown MO) = 203 D:0<1<3 and yey locity tag rd taf DOPE .The vested wat batoee te helgh ora nt 1 FePeat tig Ca ball G18 at eee the height of 20 m, Sete Kan itm formation, answer the fll Achat time iss velo ‘ . aNSWer the follow may : (o) 05s (0) 1 pg weet {he gap between the balls change? (o) 15s 2, nases () Decreases (i). Achat time is its aver, £) Becomes "ABE Velo, CD Find gah ro O)REnstal Gontant (a 1=08 ©) 10a Coy pe Slit oF bat 1 eShee als (oe 2) 10 ms. 20 mis Se © 30ms Scare (it) At what time is its seceterai CO Wares, () 40 ms mégniticde? nig ty Co) 1 Vlcity was second bal thrown? (@ 1-05 0) ray p (aan (6) 20ms (©) Both(o) nd (6) (a) Nae @) Caleutare ©) 40 mis (iv) How many cycles (counting fin. Param rsexeet time nieWval behcen ther throw 8 fraction to reach the top? a Tr an @2 ey . ( 10s ox (@) 0.015 © 1s (5 Or Or (0) The type oF motion of balls is (0) The matin ofthe monkey over Pole (@) accelerated (6) uniform (zecicdle ?) no-perogig | (©) periodic (@) random (©) retarded () accete ated 2.1. In which of the following examples of motion, can the Pody be considered approximately a point object? (@) a railway carriage moving without jerks between two stations, as (€) The spinning cricket ball cannot point object because the size of it compared to the distance thro ‘may tum on hitting the ground, (6) amonkey sitting on top ofa man (@) A beaker slipping off the edge of a table canary on a circular track, considered as a point object because the size ofte (© a spinning cricket ball that turns sharply on beaker is not negligible as compared to the beg hitting the ground, be considered ag 's quite apprecahe ugh Which the bi cycling smoothly of the table, 0 a tumbling beaker that has sipped ofthe edge 5 ye Poatlantine(o- 9 papas or ean and B returning from their school O to their Ans. (a) The railway caring can be considered asa point. Pan 6 respectively are shown in Figure. ice Pree ee ape nageee a ions” oe gees arte Yo err is very large as compared tothe ize ofthe rainay i) Te las the senect ae . cbject ic (@, (478) starts from the schol cartes heal (2) The monkey can be considered as a point object i rasa the cyclist describes a circular track of very large (©) (A/B) walks faster e 4 ie, radius because in that case the distance covered by _(d) A and B reach home atthe (same/differe) the cyclist is not very lange as compared to the size (©) (A/B) overtakes (B/4) on the road ( of the monkey.a P x fs > Ans. (a) Since OP < OQ, s0 A lives closer to the schoo! than B. (b) When x = 0, = 0 for A; while rhas some finite value {or B. Therefore, A starts from the school earlier than B. (©) Asthe velocity is equal to the slope of x~ rin ease of uniform motion and the slope of x ~ ¢ wraph for B is greater than that for 4, hence B walks faster than A (@ Corresponding to points P and Q, the value of f from x~f graph for A and B is the same, which can be checked by drawing lines through P and Q parallel to /-axis. Thus, oth A and B reach home at the same time. (©) The.x-t graph for A and B intersects each other only once. Since B starts from the school afterwards, therefore B overtakes 4 on the road once. A woman starts from her home at 9:00 a.m., walks with a speed of S km/h on a straight road up to her office 2.5 km away, stays at the office up to $:00 p.m. and returns home by an auto with a speed of 25 km/h. Choose suitable scales and plot the.x—r graph of her motion. ‘Ans, Time taken in reaching office _ distance _ 2.5 2 = Speed 7-3 05H =30 min Time taken in retuming from office 25 = 35 = 0.1h=6min Ttmeans that woman reaches the office at 9:30 a.m, and retums home at 5:06 p.m. The x ~ # graph of this motion will be shown in the given figure. distance (in kms) | 506 8:00 11:00 1:00 3:00 5:00. (in hours) A drunkard walking in a narrow lane takes 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward, followed again by 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward, and so on. Motion ina Straight Line 57 Each step is 1 m and requires 1s. Plot the xf graph of his motion, Determine graphically and otherwise how tong the drunkard takes (o fall in a pit 13 m away from the start. ‘Ans. The x =F graph for the motion of drunkard is shown in figure. 1 " io" 35.” 40 Time(s) ——> Itis clear from the graph that he takes 37s to fallin the pit. Distance of the pit from the start = 13 m ‘Time taken to move first 5 m=5 s 5 steps (ie, 5 m) forward and3 steps (i.e,3 m) backward ‘means that net distance covered =5—3=2m and time taken during process = 5 +3=8 s, a8 ‘Time taken in moving 8 m 32s. Distance of the pit from the drunkard after covering a net distance of 8 m = 13 ~ 8 = 5 m, Now, in next 5 steps forward, the drunkard will fall into the pit, for which he will take 5 s more i, total time taken to fall in the pit = 32+ 5=37s. 2.5. A car moving along a straight highway with speed of 126 kmh" is brought to a stop within a distance of 200 m. What is the retardation of the car (assumed uniform), and how long does it take for the car to stop? 1 = 126%1000 91 35 moot Ans. Given: 1 = 126 kmh? = 1263100 35ms"' v=0,8=200m,a=2 and 1=? Weknow = 7 = 1 + 2as 0= (57 +2 «a 200 G57 49 2 = p= = 3.06 ms tat 0=35 + 3.06 = Soo = 1143s 2.6. A player throws a hall upwards with an initial speed 0f 29.4 ms", (a) What is the direction of acceleration during the upward motion of the ball?Fapechen ma? Physics—11 (®) What are the velocity and ncceteration of the ball at the highest point ofits motion? (©) Choose the x= and /= 0 fo be the location and time of the ball at its highest point, vertically downward direction to be the positive direction ‘of x-axis, and give the signs of position, velocity and acceleration of the ball during its upward, and downward motion, (@ To what height docs the ball rise and after how Yong does the ball return to the player's hands? (Take ¢ = 9.8 ms and neglect air resistance). Ans. (@) Since the ball is moving under the effect of gravity, the direction of acceleration due to gravity is always vertically downwards. (8) Atthe highest point, the velocity ofthe ball becomes zero and acceleration is equal to the acceleration due to gravity (= 9.8 ms~) in vertically downward irection. {€) When the highest point is chosen as the location for = 0 and ¢= 0 and vertically downward direction to be the positive direction of x-axis and upward direction as negative direction of x-axis. During upward motion, x =~ ve, ¥ acceleration = +ve velocity = During downward motion, x = +ve, v= +ve and we , (2) 1= time taken by the ball to reach the highest point where height from ground be S. Taking vertical upward motion of the ball, we have 0-(-29.4)?=2*98%S (29.4)? = S= yg 7d Here negative (-ve) sign shows that the distance is covered in upward direction. a yeu tat 2 0=-294+98%1 = 1= Ba a35 It means time of ascent = 3s When an object moves under the effect of gravity along, the time of ascent is always equal to the time of descent. "Therefore, the total time after which the ball returns player's hand = 3 +3 = 6s. tatement below earefully and state with Rebound velocity of ball, u’ = 5 Time to reach the highest point is calculated as The ball will take further 3.81s to fall back to floor, (b) with rero speed may have non-zero velocity, cdl must have zero ncceleratig, ‘ eration, (0) with co (a) with positive value speeding "p. «when a body is thrown vertically upward jy Space, then atthe highest point, the body yy pre speed but has downward acceleration equal tg eration due (0 gravity tecause velocity is the speed of the body ing tiven direction, When speed is zero, the magnitude Er velocity (») = 0, hence velocity is zero, (e) Truc, when a partite is moving along a straight lng with a constant speed, its velocity remains Constan with time. Therefore change in “time (a) The velocity of a body at any instant of time ¢jg u + at Ifa =+ve, u=—ve which implies that the statemen js not correct, at the instant of time taken as origin, ‘Then for all the times before the time for which y vanishes, there is slowing down of the particle, ie speed of the particle keeps on decreasing with time It happens when the body is projected vertically upwards, However, the given statement is true, if a = +e and. = +ve at the instant of time as origin, happens when the body is falling vertically downward, acceleration mast hy Ans. (a) (HF acceleration =o 2.8. Aball is dropped from a height of 90 m on a floor. At each collision with the floor, the ball loses one-tenth of its speed. Plot the speed-time graph of its motion between = 0 to 12. Ans, Letus consider vertical downward motion of a ball from a height 90 m. u=0,g= 10 m/s", h=90m, = fh x0 35. a [PB = 3/=448 v= y2gs = /2*10*90 =30/2 mis 9 55 <30V2 = 2792 mis and 22 fae =3.81s Total time = 1+ ¢' = 4.24 + 3.81 = 8.058Total time ellapsed before upward motion of the ball i ’ 8.05 +3.81 = 11.865 hus, speed-time graph of this motion will be as shown in the figure below. : ‘Speed (iris) 305 —Th.85 2.9. Explain clearly, with examples, the di between: (a) magnitude of displacement (sometimes called distance) over an interval of time, and the total length of path covered by a particle over the (6) magnitude of average velocity over an interval of d the average speed over the same inter [Average speed of a particle over an interval of ime is defined as the total path length divided by the time interval]. Show in both (a) and (b) that the second quantity is either greater than or equal to the first. When is the equality sign true? [For simplicity, consider one-dimensional motion only]. Ans. (a) Magnitude of displacement of a particle in motion for a given 8 time is the shortest distance between the initial and final position of the particle in that time, whereas the total length covered by the particle is actual c path traversed by the particle in the given time If the particle goes from 4 to B and B to C in time f, then Magnitude of displacement = distance AC Total path length = distance 4B + distance AC Total path length (4B + AC) > Magnitude of displacement (40) If the motion of particle in one dimension (along straight line), then Magnitude of displacement = Total path length traversed by the particle in the given time. (b) Magnitude of average velocity Magnitude of displacement 4c ‘Time interval oe and average speed Total path length _ (4B + BC) Time interval “(AB + BO) > AC :. average speed > magnitude of average velocity 2.10. A man walks on a straight road from his Ans. 59 Ifthe particle is moving along.a straight line, then in ‘given time the magnitude of displacement = Total path length traversed by particle in that time magnitude of average velocity me to a market 2.5 km away with a speed of 5 km h', Finding the market closed, he instantly turns and walks back home with a speed of 7.5 km h!, What is the (a) magnitude of average velocity, and (b) average speed of the man over the interval of time (80 to 30 min, (i) 0 €0 50 min, (ii) 0 to 40 min? [Note it is better to define average speed as total path length divided by time, and not as magnitude of average velocity. You would not like to tell the tired man on his return home that his average speed was zero Motion in a Straight Line Average speed ‘ou will appreciate from this exercise why Time taken by man to go from his home to market, distance _ 2.5 _ 1, = “speed ~ 5 72 Time taken by man to go from market to his home, pape = Fgagh ae Total tim yt = gh =S0minutes (8) 010 30 minutes displacement (@) Average velocity = =23) 12 distance time 5 km/h (b) Average speed = (i) 0 to 50 minutes Total distance travelled = 2.5 + 2.5 Total displacement = 0 displacement (@) Average velocity = =F distance _ 5 _ (©) Average speed = SSHREE — 5 — 6 kms (ii) 010 40 minutes Distance moved in 30 minutes (from home to market) = 2.5 km Distance moved in 10 minutes (from market to home) with speed 7.5 kmh! = 7.5 20 =1.25 km So, displacement = 2.5 ~ 1.25 = 1.25 km distance travelled = 2.5 + 1,25 = 3.75 km seta (a) Average velocity = Typigqy = 1.875 krvh 3.15 (6) Average speed = Tygpy = 5.625 km/hP 60 Rua an Physies—1) at Serta ters crn ting Sg "XercIse9 219 have careful 4 moving particle can ney yy ‘Astinguisheg between eae? magnitude of eae seh CP average. velocity. No such distinetion is necessary > 13, Figures! a Isit correct to Men it men wy ethane erdandonaied, ofa particle. aie iu from a oelocity, instantaneous ‘Speed is always equal eeeraruug aa ‘3 GF It line fo ay ‘0 the magnituae °F Instantaneous veloclty, Why? rere oie rarnot, Bee! Ans, Mrstantancous “peed (..) of the partite alan instant BE a neon or thls crap ty a Since in 'PStantaneous Speed we take ‘only a small interval of time va luring which the direction of motion rere "0t supposed yo change, hence there is no | difference betweor ‘he total path length and magnitude < | of displacement for smal interval of time de Hence | instantaneous speed Always equal to magnitude of | rs*aneous velo An Nobo ths 1 wok dons ‘ 212, atthe graphs (a {0(@ carefully and state, with trajectory ofthe path followed by s eo Feasons, which of these cannot Possibly represent graph, itis clear, 1=0, x = 9, ng one-dimensional mot ‘The graph can represent the Motion freely from a tower under gravity, nay wy 2.14. A police van moving on a hi i | tion of a particle, Ze. -$)- (@) (6) ‘Speed ha | Tet pathlength t () Ans. (a) This sraph does not Tepresent one-dimensional motion, Because at given instant of time the particle Will have two positions, which ie ot possible in one-dimensional motion, (2) This graph does not Tepresent one dimensional i tthe given instant oftime, parle "yin positive a wells in negative is not possible in one-dimensional will have velocit ‘motion, (A Italso does not represent one because this graph shows the 1 tal path length Bove Ans, ishway wig, 30km h fires a bullet at a thiet's cap, eg ! in the same direction with a g ed Fron If the muzzle speed of the Dullet is 159 2 km ‘what speed does the bull ‘Obtain that speed whic} the thiefs car), Muzzle speed of the bullet, , = Speed of police van, vp = 30 ny Speed of thie’ ca, , Since the bullet is she b nyt et hit the thieny cary is relevant ea 150 me" hl = 192 kmh! Sigs aring the Velocity Of the Van, its effective velocity ig %= pty, ~ 540 + 30 = 570 kmh The speed of the bullet with respect. 0 the thin ‘moving in the same directionAns. Ans. > ) (@) Thex=1 iS ally x= 0, i, at rest attains a constant value aph shows that ini then it increases with tin and again reduces to zero with time, then it increases in opposite direction till it a Value, i. comes to rest. The similar physical situation which rebounds from a w, San then moves to the opposite in attains @ constant I with reduced speed. It wall which stops it as oy changes sign again and again with passage of time and every time some speed is lost The simile physi station anne whee ba thrown up with some velocity, retums back and falls freely. On striking the floor, itrebounds with reduced speed each time it strikes against the floor. Initially, a body moves with uniform velocity. Its acceleration increases for a short duration and then falls to zero and thereafter the body moves with a constant velocity. The similar physical situation arises when a cricket ball is moving with a uniform speed is hit with a bat for a very short interval of time, Oy « . Figure gives the x~ plot of a particle executing one- dimensional simple harmonic motion, [You will learn about this motion in more detail in Chapter 13] Give the signs of position, velocity and acceleral variables of the particle at = 0.3 s, 1.28, -1.2s, Inthe S.H.M. acceleration a =—1"x, where oo(i.e. angular frequency) is constant. (0) Atr=0.3s,x=—ve, the slope of x rplotis negative, hence position and velocity are negative. Since 4 =~o°x, hence acceleration is positive. (i) Atr= 1.25, x=+ve, the slope of x ~ tplotis positive, hence position and velocity are positive. Since a =-w'x, hence acceleration is negative. (ii)At t= -1.2s, x =—ve, the slope of x ~ ¢ plot negative but since both x and fare negative, hence velocity = +ve. Finally, the acceleration is also positive. 217, Ans, Ans, Motion in a Straight Line 64 Figure gives the xf plot of a particle in one- nal motion, Three different equal intervals ‘are shown, In which interval is the average fe the dimes of speed greatest, and in which is it the least ? Gi sign of average velocity for each inter’ We know that average speed in a small interval of time is equal the slope of x ~ ¢ graph in that interval of time. The average speed is the greatest in the interval 3 because the slope is greatest and the average speed is least in interval 2 because the slope is least there ‘The average speed is positive in intervals 1 and 2 because the slope ofx— ris positive and average speed is negative in interval 3 because the slope of x ~ ris negative. Figure gives a speed-time graph of a particle in motion along constant direction. Three equal intervals of time are shown. In which interval is the average acceleration greatest in magnitude? In which interv: is the average speed greatest? Choosing the positive direction as the constant direction of motion, give the signs of v and a in the three intervals. What are the accelerations at the points 4, B, C and D? Speed Time ‘We know that average acceleration in a small interval of time = slope of speed-time graph in that interval. As the slope of speed-time graph is maximum in the interval 2as compared to other interval | and 3, hence the ‘magnitude of average acceleration is greatest in interval 2. The average speed is greatest in interval 3 for obvious reasons, In interval 1, the slope of speed-time graph ve, hence acceleration = +ve. Obviously speed ++ve. In interval 2, the slope of speed-time graph = -ve, hence acceleration = -ve Obviously, speed is positive in this interval. In interval 3, the speed-time graph is parallel to time axis. Therefore, acceleration a is zero but v= +ve. At 4, B, C and D, the speed-time graph is parallel to time axis. Therefore, acceleration a is zero at all four points.waed® Physies—11 Sanat SELECT NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS.) the four graphs, there i only one graph for (a) 4m (8m AVerage velocity over the time interval (0, T) @ 1am (16m Nanlsh for suitably chosen T: Which one IH? a. (yy Agye 2.x ty 24-2 -O Aha m4m=8m. 5, The variation of quantity A with quantity B, plotted in Big, deseribes the motion ofa particle i a straight line. Choose the correct statement(s) Al 4 ‘ i = (5) When (x) graph is convex upward, vis decreasing And when itis convex downward, vis incre Between these two regions, the average velocity can be zero. Se (a) Quantity B may represent time. is coming from 8th floor and is just about to (6) Quantity Ais velocity if motion is uniform, Feach 4th floor. Taking ground floor as origin and (c) Quantity Ais displacement if motion is uniform, Positive direction upwards for all quantities, which (a) Quantity A is velocity if motion is uniformly ‘one of the following is correct? accelerated (8) x<0,v<0,a>0 (b)x>0,v<0,0<0 Ans. (a,b, 6) (© x>0,v<0,a>0 (d)x>0,v>0,a<0 6, Agraph of x versus tis shown in Fig. Choose correct Ans, (a) Whentheliftisabouttoreach the th floor, itisretarding, alternatives from below. ie, vis acting upward. i., a > 0, (fig). However, x xrand y being in the downward direction are negative, ie, x<0¥<0. + 8th foe 4 + fh tor | (@) The particle was released ffom rest at ‘= 0. (Origin)* Ground foor (6) AtB, the acceleration a > 0, 3. In one dimensional motion, instantaneous speed (c) ALC, the velocity and the acceleration vanish. satisfies 0 < v 0, (c) The acceleration is always a non-negative number. (0) v(t) > 0 for all 1> 0. (d) The motion has no turning points. © a()> 0 foralle>o, ‘Ans. (b) Since maximum distance covered in time Tis vf, (d) v0 ies between 0 and 2, 5 displacement in time T can have both postive and ans, (d) negative values between -y,7 andy". : i 4, The displacement of a particle is given by x= (¢-2)? Me MeO where xis in metres and in seconds. The distance When = 180°, i) = 1~cos(180®)=1 +1 =2 covered by the particle in ist 4 seconds is 08 . When f= Ste sin§. Abody is travelling ina straight ine creasing speed, Plot n graph wh change in distas i hn represents the '(s) travelled with time (A). [NCI 2015) | ans. Let a body is travelling with i line, then using relation, initial speed 1 in a straight ‘ket ball is turned back by very short time interval. Show the variation ofits acceleration with time. (Take acceler: the backward direction as positi Ans. The graph for the given motion is shown below. t 10. Give examples of a one-dimensional motion, where: (@) the particle moving along positive x-direction comes to rest periodically and moves forward. (6) the particle moving along pos comes to rest periodically and moves backward. Ans. (a) AS x(t) = 1=sint eae i v= 1 cost Since cos < 1, vi positive, ie. the particle moves forward When = 0, v= 0, i¢. the particle comes to rest O) x(0) = sin As x() = sint=> y= & de 7088! As cosine function varies from 0 to 1, 1 to 0 and then from 0 to-1 and back to zero again, the particle moves backward when the direction of velocity changes. Every time, the direction of velocity changes, the particle comes to rest periodically. 11, A particle executes the motion described by MH) = xp (1%); £20, x) > 0 (a) where does the particle start and with what velocity? Motion in a Straight Line 63 (b) find maximum and minimum values of x(0), (0). (0), Show that x(#) and a(f) increase with time and (0) decrenses with time. Ans. (a) Asx() = x(1-e"), When s=0 = x()=x(1-)=0 Thus the particle starts atx =. a) od Further, asv()= “SP = bx, ~ rye xe") (-p) = xy 18", When (= 0 = 40) = x7 a) a wae 0) a= P= te" CN=-HFe The minimum value of x(t) is 0 and is at = 0. The maximum value of x(t) is xp and is at ¢= 2 Thus, x(0) increases with time. ‘The maximum value of v(t) is x,y and is at 1 = 0 The minimum values of vf) is O and is at ¢= Thus, v(0) decreases with time The minimum value of a() is x7? and is at =O. ‘The maximum values of a(t) is 0 and is at ¢ =< Thus, a(#) increases with time 12, Aman runs across the roof-top of a tall building and. jumps horizontally with the hope of landing on the roof of the next building which is of a lower height ‘than the first. If his speed is 9 m/s, the (horizontal) distance between the two buildings is 10 m and the height difference is 9 m, will he be able to land on the next building? (Take g = 10 m/s*). Ans. If the man of on building A takes time f to land on building B (10 m away), he has to fall through a height AC = 9 m) [Fig] g If is the distance covered along x-axis during time 1, then X= vt = (9 mis) (1.34 8) = 12.06 m Since the man is required to cover only a distance of 10 m (along x-axis) between the two buildings, he will land on building B.8 sketch velocity-time > constant . Two sor the comet ave but Ris NOT re ‘magni Reason: Di js a vector quantity Assertion: The aea unde of the body. of th ue acoceatio i the OPS ofa vs graph. following situations: (i v7 0:4< 010i Gi vy <0;07 01a > 2 acceleration, “The postion coordinate of m0 6+ 181+ 9F (x in metres ane its velocity at ¢= 282°.” vars, A and B are travelling in the samme direction ie velocities», andy, respectively When the car B, the brakes ‘Ais ata distance d, and behind the car ing a deceleration atthe rate “2 are applied on A, causi Pato prevent a colsion between A and B, its necessary that v,~ ¥, < ¥2ad The veloity ofa particle is ps2 (a, +g) where a, and a, are constants and £ isthe time, What is the aceleration ofthe particle? initial velocity wing poticle is given PY vd in seconds). What is aragraph and answerigy anni ‘si unit of ms il Hs ye i i called retarding Meetor quan celeation a change in velocity in equ of ye ob;e Eg called Mmniform acceleration. ein ie , is seen in equal Fane eratio? vecalled non-Un! \celeration, sme ts wy accelerated motion, the ¥~ f graphy Foe clr angent (othe Raph any ota sti i acceleration that point. Instantaneous int will POE goceleration &t ® particular insta eleva th ua BY or Gp on ar de ele moving in the X-Y plane sit i) The Poses BNE DY: (3? — 61) meters at a0 _ pp) meters Select the correct statement ie 0 second zero deletion of the particle ae sticle is represented by the tof apa P+ 7e + St + 8 wheres a2 fort metres and fin seconds ‘The acceleration of the particle at ¢= 1s is x (a 18 m/s (b) 32 m/s, (c) zero (@ 14m ay not have (ai An object while moving ™: (a) variable speed but ‘constant velocity. (6) variable velocity but constant SF (c) non-zero ‘acceleration but constant Sf (d) zero acceleration but constant velocity: (i) A particle moves along & ‘straight line as s=ut=2)+ at- 2). (a) the acceleration of the particle is “ (6) the initial velocity of the particle is * 2s, the particle is at rest. (@) the acceleration of the particle i Side