PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

PURC111
BSN 1-Y1-19
1. Communication is related to human
activity.
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, a. Communication exchanges are
actually directly linked with
PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS every single ball of human
being lifetime.
2. Communication involves two or more
> COMMUNICATION PROCESS
> PRINCIPLES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF parties.
COMMUNICATION a. At least, two parties are
> COMMUNICATION CUES: VERBAL AND involved in virtually any
NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE communication exchange
process.
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? 3. Communication could be one-way or
maybe two-way process.
COMMUNICATION a. Communication might take the
- Is a process of exchanging ideas between design involving two-way or
two more persons. maybe one-way process. With
- The act or process of using words, sounds, two-way communication, the
signs, or behaviors to express or exchange receiver sends his feedback to
information or to express your ideas, the sender after receiving the
thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else
message.
- A process by which information is
exchanged between individuals through a 4. Success of communication depends on a
common system of symbols, signs, or proper understanding of the parties
behavior. involved.
a. Powerful communication comes
VALUE OF COMMUNICATION about if your receiver feels your
concept you might say your
Communication came from the Latin word sender posts the idea. If the
“communis”which means common or to “commune” or receiver doesn’t deliver his or
to come together or to share something in common. her reaction to your sender,
your sender is not going to fully
Communication in its most basic sense is the cement grasp your receiver’s view.
that holds society together. Without it, society will fall 5. Conversation in organization flows in a
apart.
variety of styles.
- Maslog 1988
a. With organization, information
flows in a variety of
recommendations, for example,
THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
way upward direction, down
way, horizontal way and many
● Communication represents the important others.
role inside personal existence, family
member’s existence, cultural existence,
company existence and many others.
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BSN 1-Y1-19
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS - Is the immediate form of
message takes. For example, a
message may be communicated
1. Sender in the form of a letter or an
- The person who intends to email or face to face in the form
convey the message with the of a speech.
intention of passing information 9. Noise (interference)
and ideas to others is known as - Any factor that inhibits the
sender or communicator. transmission of a message. It is
2. Ideas anything that gets in the way of
- This is the subject matter of the the message being accurately
communication. This may be an received, interpreted and
option, attitude, feelings, views, responded to. It may be internal
orders, or suggestions. (mental attentiveness) or
3. Encoding external (weather or noise of a
- Since the subject matter of roof or animals).
communication is theoretical 10. Context
and intangible, its further - Communication does not take
passing requires use of certain place in a vacuum. It is any
symbols such as words, actions form of communication act is
or pictures etc. Conversion of the environment surrounding it.
subject matter into these This includes, among other
symbols is the process of things, place, time, event, and
encoding attitudes of sender and receiver.
4. Communication Channel
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
- The person who is interested in
communicating has to choose
the channel for sending the The Communication process is dynamic, continuous,
required information, ideas etc. irreversible, and contextual. It is not possible to
This information is transmitted participate in any element of the process without
to the receiver through certain acknowledging the existence and functioning of the
channels which may be either other elements.
formal or informal.
5. Receiver
- Is the person who receives the
message or for whom the
message is meant for. It is the
receiver who tries to understand
the message in the best
possible manner in achieving
the desired objectives.
Speaker Message Receiver
6. Decoding
- The person who receives the
Fig. 1 Linear Model of Communication
message or symbol from the
communicator tries to convert
the same in such a way so that
Feedback
he may extract its meaning to
his complete understanding.
7. Feedback
- Is the process of ensuring that
the receiver has received the
message and understood in the
same sense as sender meant it.
8. Medium Feedback
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PURC111
BSN 1-Y1-19
Fig. 2 The Interactive (stimulus-response) Model of
Communication
PRINCIPLES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
COMMUNICATION
1. Communication is a Schemata-driven
Communication begins within yourself, you begin with
what you have already known or understood about the
subject matter of the communicative act. Transmitted
messages become understandable or meaningful
because of your innate or old knowledge about the
messages.
The theory states that all knowledge/data is organized
into units. Each unit is a schema. Within each schema
information is stored – this information can pertain to
anything.
Stocked in your brain or with what you have already
known or understood about the subject matter of the
communicative act.
Schemata are the cornerstones for our knowledge and
decisions, without them quick thinking wouldn’t be
possible.
2. Communication is an interpretative act.
The only person who knows the exact or full meaning
of the message transmitted is the sender or speaker.
Being the creator or source of the ideas, he/she has
the absolute knowledge about his message. It is called
interpretative act because the role of the receiver or
listener, infer, or guess the meaning of things
appealing to his sense of hearing.
3. Communication does not guarantee a
direct or automatic link between two
minds.
These forms of knowledge become meaningful only to
others when you initiate communication with them.
4. Communication is active, powerful, or
forceful.
Communication is generally taken as an active
messages, because it has varied effects on all
participants in any communicative event. It engages
speakers and listeners in action of giving and
receiving information.
Communication is powerful and forceful for it elicits
different meanings or reactions, these messages are
prone to changes. Subjected to the changeable and
continued existence of the world,
Communication is dynamic (A process or system
characterized by constant change) as life that goes on
and on like a river.
Nothing remains permanent or fixed in the world of
communication.
5. Communication is symbolic.
Symbols, signs, or marks like letters, words, sentences,
graphs, pictures and other concrete objects represent
or stand for ideas that you intend to convey verbally.
For non-verbal communication, you resort to bodily
actions (gestures, eye movements, posture, facial
expressions) voice quality, space and time elements to
stand for the ideas you want to express.
6. Communication always results in
something.
It refers to two or more persons participate in any
communicative act.
The first, expresses or sends a message; the second,
responds or reacts to the message.
7. Communication is irreversible.
You are free to talk about anything under the sun. But
once you utter something, the things you have said
remains as it is susceptible to different interpretations
or meanings.
8. Communication is contextual.
An exchange of views, ideas, or feelings doesn’t only
involve the sender and the receiver, but also other
aspects of the communication setting like time, place,
topic, occasion, purpose, and manner of
communication.
9. Communication is developmental or
progressive.
To communicate ideas is to go through the different
stages of language learning that begins from birth to
elementary, highschool, and college levels.
It is not a one-time learning towards communicative
competence.
10. Communication is a process.
Several stages of communication take place when
people exchange or share ideas with one another.
Each stage involves elements with different functions.
11. Communication is ethical.
Any communication event is expected to apply rules,
moral values, and beliefs agreed upon by societal
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PURC111
BSN 1-Y1-19
members. Guided by these standards determined by
the cultural group you belong to, your communication
becomes ethical, good or desirable.
12. Communication is influenced by media
and technology.
Now, you are in the era of knowledge explosion or
modern technology.
This period is characterized by an instant global
exchange of knowledge, services and technology.
Using modern electronic communication devices, an
exchange of ideas occurs just in seconds or minutes
regardless of the distance between or among the
participants. With the speedy turn out of varied
modern media and devices of communication like the
email, cellphone, web cam, internet and other
computer-run gadgets, you now find interaction with
anyone in any corner of the world easily and quickly.
COMMUNICATION CUES: VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL
LANGUAGE
Verbal Language
- consists of symbols like letters, words, and
other marks that you need to subject to
language or grammar rules for a coherent
or organized means of understanding or
expressing ideas. This verbal or spoken
language becomes a written language once
you put on paper or any surface the marks
or prints symbolizing or representing the
ideas you intend to convey or have spoken
to others. Verbal symbols refer to the use
of speaker language (Antonio, et.al., p. 30).
Non-verbal Language
- As with other aspects of communication,
norms for non-verbal communication vary
from country to country and also among
cultures within a particular country. Some
nonverbal communication behaviors appear
to be somewhat innate because they are
universally recognized. Two such universal
signals are the “eyebrow flash” of
recognition when we see someone we
know and the open hand and the palm up
gesture that signals a person would like
something or needs help (Martin &
Nakayama, 2010).
Smiling is also a universal nonverbal behavior, but the
triggers that lead a person to smile vary from culture
to culture. The expansion of media, particularly from
the United States and other Western countries around
the world, is leading to more nonverbal similarities
among cultures, but the biggest cultural differences in
nonverbal communication occur within the categories
of eye contact, touch, and personal space (Pease &
Pease, 2004).
Nonverbal communication like other forms of
communication is influenced by context and varies
among individuals within a particular cultural group as
well. The idea you want to convey through this
non-verbal communication are symbolized or
represented, not by words, but by non-verbal
language symbols.
NON-VERBAL LANGUAGE SYMBOLS
1. Body Movements
- Big and small movements of your body like
gestures, facial expressions, posture and
eye behavior express meanings. Kinesics,
derived from the Greek term, kinesis,
meaning “motion” which refers to the study
of body movements.
2. Paralanguage
- These are extra sounds that go with your
spoken words and a study of these special
sounds accompanying your words is called
Paralinguistic. Examples of Paralanguage
are the following:
a) Speaking voice produced by your voice’s
● highness and lowness (Pitch)
● loudness or softness (Volume)
● speediness and slowness
(Duration)
● rising and falling (Intonation)
● shrillness, huskiness,
breathiness, mellowness, etc.
(Quality)
b) Vocalization or voice’s special usage
like crying, giggling, moaning,
growling, yawning, sighing and
Groaning.
c) Vocal pauses or boosters like
ahh!...uhg…umm…oh…shh.oops…many
others.
3. Time (Chronemics)
- Your willingness, hesitance, or hatred to
wait for a long time speaks of your trait of
patience or impatience. Likewise, this
reflects your manner of valuing your
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BSN 1-Y1-19
relationship with the object of your
waiting. Your trait of optimism is also
proven by your fondness of talking about
your goals, dreams, or plans for the future.
Chronemics is the term that refers to your
act of studying the impact or effect of time
on your behavior.
4. Proxemics
- A space or distance symbolizes or
represents your thoughts or feelings about
your world. For instance, surrounding your
property with a steel fence or leaving it
unfenced gives people clues about your
preferences or priorities or deciding to
arrange your pieces of furniture too closely
or so far from one another indicates the
kind of interaction you would like to have
with people. Likewise, your body contacts,
physical closeness with people, acts of
touching or patting them, or maintaining a
wide or narrow gap between you and the
other party, expresses meanings on the
extent of intimacy or personal relationship
you can establish with others. And, haptics
is the term used to refer to your acts of
studying the effects of your touch on
people.
5. Physical Appearance and Object Language
- Meanings in this kind of non-verbal
language, are symbolized or represented
by dressing styles, body types, body
appearance like size or shape, architectural
designs or structures, art objects graphic
materials, lightning effects, aromatic or
smelly objects, and other environmental
factors that influence or affect any
communicative event.
THE CULTURALLY CONFUSED PAY A HIGH PRICE
● Cultural misunderstandings often lead to
lost opportunities and increased levels of
tension between people
● In Muslim cultures, showing the sole of a
shoe is observed as insulting.
● Crossing your legs in Korea is a social faux
pas
● Blinking while another person talks is
considered normal to North Americans, to
Taiwanese it is considered impolite
● McDonald’s fast-food chain unintentionally
offended thousands of Muslims when it
printed an excerpt from the Koran on its
throwaway hamburger bags. Muslims saw
this as sacrilegious. The mistake could have
been avoided if McDonald’s had displayed
greater sensitivity and awareness.
● The Japanese view business card as an
extension of a person, while Americans
view it as a business formality and a
convenience. Consequently, while the
Japanese handle business cards with great
care and making certain to put them in safe
places. Americans are quick to put them
away and thus often end up insulting the
Japanese
● Eye contact preferences also differ across
cultures. Americans place a high value on
eye-to-eye communication and tend to
distrust those who fail to look at them
directly. In contrast, the Japanese believe
that eye contact over a sustained period of
time shows disrespect. Among Asian
cultures, too much eye contact is deemed
intrusive. Arabs on the other hand,
maintain direct eye contact with those they
interact with for prolonged periods.
THE FLOW OF COMMUNICATION
Fig. 3 Flow of Communication
DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION
- Occurs when information and messages
flow down through an organization's
formal chain of command or hierarchical
structure.
UPWARD COMMUNICATION
- The process of information flowing from
the lower levels of a hierarchy to the upper
levels.
LATERAL COMMUNICATION
- Defined as the exchange, imparting or
sharing of information, ideas or feeling
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PURC111
BSN 1-Y1-19
between people within a community, peer
groups, departments or units of an
organization who are at or about the same
hierarchical level as each other for the
purpose of coordinating activities, efforts
or fulfilling a common purpose or goal.

GRAPEVINE COMMUNICATION
- Informal workplace dialogue in its purest
form: it is characterized by conversations
between employees and superiors that do
not follow any prescribed structure or
rule-based system.