EFFECT OF CAFFEINE SUPPLEMENTATION AND RESISTANCE EXERCISE ON

MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE OF MALE FOOTBALL PLAYERS

IN DEDER TOWN, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA

MSc THESIS

ABDI ALIYI UMAR

OCTOBER 2022

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY, HARAMAYA

Effect of Caffeine Supplementation and Resistance Exercise on Muscular
Strength and Endurance of Deder Town Male Foot Ball Players, Oromia
Regional State, Ethiopia

A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Sport science Postgraduate

Program Directorate

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SPORT NUTRITION

Abdi Aliyi Umar

OCTOBER 2022

ii
 HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY, HARAMAY

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM DIRECTORATE

As thesis research advisors, I hereby certify that I have read and evaluated this Thesis titled
Effect of Caffeine Supplementation and Resistance Exercise on Muscular Strength and
Endurance of Deder town Male Football Players, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia prepared
under my guidance by Abdi Aliyi Umar. We recommend that it be submitted fulfilling the thesis
requirement.

Negussie F.Bussa (Prof) ________________ ____________

Major Advisor Signature Date

Desta Enyew (PhD) ________________ ______________

Co-Advisor Signature Date

As members of the board of examiners of the MSc thesis open defense examination, we certify

That we have read and evaluated the thesis prepared by Abdi Aliyi Umar and examined the
candidate. We recommend that the thesis can be accepted as fulfilling the Thesis requirements
for the Degree of Master of Sciences in Sport Nutrition

_________________ _____________ _____________

Chairperson Signature Date

_________________ _____________ _____________

Internal Examiner Signature Date

_________________ _____________ _____________

External Examiner Signature Date

iii
 DEDICATION
I dedicated this thesis to Ethiopia sport science professionals who are provoked for the
excellence of their country in the sport program.

I dedicated this thesis to my beloved mother Tayiba Adam, my brother Ahamednur Aliyi and my
beloved wife Mustaria Sadiq for nursing me with affection and for their immense contribution in
the success of my life.

iv
 STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR
By my signature below, I declare that this thesis is my genuine work and that all source of
materials used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. I have followed all ethical and
technical principles of scholarship in the preparation, data collection, data analysis and
compilation of this thesis. Any matter that is included in the thesis has been given recognition
through citation. This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for MSc
degree at Haramaya University in Sport Nutrition and deposited at the University library to be
made available to borrowers under rules of library. I seriously declare that this thesis is not
submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic Degree, diploma or
certificate. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission provided
that accurate acknowledgement of source would be made. Requests for permission for extended
quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by head of
the major department or post graduate directorate when in his or her judgment of the proposed
use of the materials in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances however, permission
must be obtained from the Author of the Thesis.

Name: Abdi Aliyi Umar Signature_______________

Place: Haramaya University

Department: sports science

Date of submission_______________

v
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The author was born on April 1988 G.C in East Hararghe zone. Girawa wereda, Mojo Sade
Kebele. He attended his primary and junior school at Amaja Primary School. He attended
secondary school in Girawa Secondary School and Girawa comprehensive Preparatory school.
After completing grade 12, he joined Jimma University and graduated with Bachelor of Science
in sport science in 2004. He began practicing his career by sport commission office in Deder
wereda he served and then he joined to Haramaya University for MSc in Sport Nutrition
program in 2012.

vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my appreciation to the Almighty God who makes everything inspiring in
my life. I feel great pleasure to express my sincere and profound gratitude to my Major Advisor,
Negussie Bussa (Prof) and Co-Advisor Desta Enyew (PhD) for giving me the direction from the
beginning of proposal initiation and their immense support and useful advises and comments,
encouragement and excellent cooperation which inspired me to work hard and brought this study
to completion. I am also highly indebted to all my friends for their cooperation in technical
assistance during the fieldwork and writing until the final thesis. My gratitude also extends to
Deder Sport Commission Office and all Deder Administration for giving to me for Study
Program. I would like to express my gratitude to my family and friends for their moral Support
during the study.

vii
 ACRONYMS AND ABBVARIATIONS

AHA American Heart Association

BP Blood Pressure

FDA Food and Drug Administration

HR Heart Rate

NIH National Institutes of Health

PL Placebo

RPE Ratings of Perceived Exertion

1RM One-Repetition Maximum

SMD Standardized Mean Differences

WMD Weighted Mean Differences

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

DEDICATION IV

STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR V

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII

ACRONYMS AND ABBVARIATIONS VIII

TABLE OF CONTENT IX

LIST OF TABLES XIII

LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDIX XIV

LIST OF FIGURE XV

LIST OF FIGURE IN THE APPENDIX XVI

ABSTRACT XVII

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the study 1

1.2 Statement of the problem 2

1.3. Scope of the Study 3

1.4. Significance of the Study 3

1.5. Objective of the study 3

1.5.1. General objective 3
1.5.2. Specific objective 3

ix
 TABLE OF CONTENT (continued)

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 4

2.1. What is Caffeine? 4

2.2.The ergogenic effect of caffeine on exercise performance 5

2.3. Physiological Improving Performance Caffeine 5

2.4. Effects of caffeine on hormones 6

2.5. Effects of caffeine on muscle 6

2.6. Effects of caffeine on cardiovascular 7

2.6.1 Blood pressure 7
2.6.2 Heart rate 8

2.7. Effects of caffeine on strength 8

2.7.1 1RM strength 8

2.8. Effects of caffeine on muscular endurance 9

2.9. Caffeine dose, timing, and habitual intake 10

2.10. Resistance exercise 10

2.10.1. Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Resistance Exercise 10
2.10.2.1 Neural Adaption’s 10

2.11. Effects of resistance exercise on muscular strength and Muscular endurance 11

2.12. Rule of resistance exercises training 12

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 13

3.1. Description of the Study Area 13

3.2. Research Design 13

3.3. Experimental Materials 13

x
 TABLE OF CONTENT (continued)

3.4. Sources of Data 13

3.5. Study Population 14

3.6. Sample and Sampling Technique 14

3.7. Inclusion and exclusion criteria 14

3.8. Resistance Exercise Training Protocol 14

3.9. Time frame of caffeine supplementation 15

3.10. Method and Procedure of Data Collection 15

3.10.1. Method of data collection 15
3.10.2. Procedure of data collection 15
3.10.3. Testing procedures 16
3.10.3.1. Push Up Test for upper limb muscular strength 16
3.10.3.2. 1 Minute Sit up Test for Abdominal muscular endurance 17
3.10.3.4. Procedure of coffee preparation for drink 17

3.11. Method of Data Analysis 18

3.12. Data Quality Control 18

3.13. Ethical Issue 19

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 20

4.1. Overview 20

4.2. Results of the study 20

4.3. Discussion 22

5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 23

xi
 TABLE OF CONTENT (continued)

6. REFERENCES 26

7. APPENDIX 35

APPENDIX -A 36

Appendix –B 38

Appendix- C 40

APPENDIX -D 41

APPENDIX -E 43

APPENDIX -F 46

APPENDIX -H 47

xii
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE’s page

1: Summary of analysis of variance for push up test between the target groups 20

2: Summary of analysis of variance for sit up test between the target groups 21

xiii
 LIST OF TABLES IN THE APPENDIX
Appendix Tables page

1. Personal Health status 38

2. Fitness Assessment Form of muscular strength and muscular endurance 45

3. 1minute Push up test for male athlete 45

4. 1minute sit up test for male athlete 45

5. Single Leg Squat test for male athlete 46

6. Resistance training first month 47

7. Resistance training second month 48

8. Resistance training third month 49

xiv
 LIST OF FIGURE

Figure page

Figure 1.A: Proposed mechanisms for ergogenic aid of caffeine 9

xv
 LIST OF FIGURE IN THE APPENDIX

Appendix Figure page

Figure 1 map of study site 71

xvi
Effect of Caffeine Supplementation and Resistance Exercise on Muscular Strength and
Endurance Deder town Male Football Players, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT
The goal of the study was determine the effect of caffeine supplementation and resistance
training on muscular strength and endurance of male football players of Deder town with the
age range 23-25 years was selected for the study .The purposive sampling technique was used to
select the subjects. Thirty (30) players was selected using simple random sampling. The
identified by of health history questionnaire. The control and experimental groups had each
participants. Which was 0.6 % g/ml coffee powder mixed is 100ml water. Caffeine supplement
was consumed 45 minutes before training. The duration of resistance training for 12 weeks. The
data was analyzed by statically package of social science version 20 software package. The
comparison of means was estimated by pair t-test the level of significance were at P Less than
(P<0.5). The results showed the muscular endurance in push up, sit up pretest and posttest
16.75 and 17.8 and 27.64 and 25.15 respectively. The muscular strength and endurance in push
up, sit up pretest and posttest was 17.4 and 16.6 and 30.95 and 28.4 respectively. The caffeine
supplement scored higher results than resistance training in all parameter .The present study
concluded that resistance training with caffeine supplement provided higher result in both
muscular strength and endurance of subjects than results achieved only by resistance training.
The following points were recommended for football players and others who work on sport
professionals.

Based on this finding, resistance exercise used in association with caffeine supplement would
muscular strength and muscular endurance. So, football players should use it along with
resistance exercise to get visible change.

Key Words: Caffeine Supplements, Muscular Strength, Endurance, Resistance trainin

xvii
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Caffeine, chemically defined as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, is naturally derived from ordinary
food items such as tea leaves, cocoa, coffee beans and chocolate (Julien; 1998; Mcardle et al.,
2005; Powers et al.,2004) .Caffeine is commonly consumed in the form of coffee, tea and
carbonated beverages (Harland B;2000 and Mcardle et al., 2005).There is
approximately100mg and 50mg of caffeine per 5-oz cup of coffee and tea, respectively, with
35-55 mg of caffeine per 12-oz serving of cola (Julien M.R;1998 and Mcardle et al., 2005).
The compound is water soluble and readily absorbed by the intestinal tract with increased
plasma levels at 15-45 minutes, and peak concentration within one hour of consumption
(Harland B; 2003 and Mcardle et al., 2005; Powers et al., 2004). Caffeine is metabolized by
the liver, and clearance from the blood stream is relatively fast decreasing by 50-75% at 3-6
hours (Bell et al., 2002; Bulent et al., 2008; Harland B; 2000 and Mcardle et al., 2005). The
compound is excreted by the kidneys with approximately3-10% expelled from the body
unaltered (Harland B; 2000 and Magkos et al., 2005 Tang et al., 1983.
However, research examining the effect of caffeine on exercise performance, particularly in
men, in varying form(capsulated opposed to coffee)and dosage, is considerable (Beck et al.,
2000; Graham et al., 1998; Greer et al.,1998; Lopes et al.,1983; Malek et al., 2006). One
recent publication by (Ahrens et al., 2007) examined aerobic exercise, caffeine, and
recreationally active male aged19-28.
During a moderate-paced treadmill walk (3.5 mph), 6 mg/kg of caffeine significantly
increased weight-relative VO2, VO2max reserve, and rate of energy expenditure, when
compared to 3 mg/kg and placebo (Ahrens, et al., 2007). However, in a second study by
Ahrens et al., (2007) 3and 6mg/kg of caffeine did not lead to enhanced physiological changes
in performance variables such as VO 2, rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, and rate of
energy expenditure in men when performing aerobic-dance bench stepping (Ahrens et al.,
2007) . In ( Beck; et al., 2006) supplemented resistance-trained males with 2-3mg/kg of
caffeine and found a significant increase in bench press one-repetition maximum, but not for
bilateral leg extension or lower body muscular endurance.
 2

In a similar study published by Astorino et al., (2008) resistance-trained men that received
6 mg/kg of caffeine did not display significantly increased one-repetition maximum on the
bench or leg press. However, there was an 11- 12% increase for muscular endurance with the
caffeine treatment .As mentioned, the majority of research examining acute effects of
caffeine on strength and muscular endurance has focused on resistance-trained male, with
recent caffeine research extended to recreationally active male and aerobic activity. Thus, a
need exists to explore the possible ergogenic benefits of caffeine consumption in men in the
areas of muscular strength and endurance performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is
to test the effects of caffeine as a pre-workout supplement on strength and muscular
endurance in males.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Muscular strength and endurance in resistance trained are one of the most important health
related physical fitness which plays a significant role for every sport activity to be successful.
The different intensity is designed to improve the muscular strength and endurance in
resistance trained of players toward the performance. The previous research done on the
effects of caffeine supplements on muscular strength of male resistance trained players
(Astorino et al., 2008). There are limited research done effects of caffeine supplements with
resistance exercise on muscular strength and endurance. Therefore the researcher was try to
conduct the effects of caffeine supplement combined with resistance training on muscular
strength and endurance of Deder town male football players. Therefore this study was paid
great attention to major issue, which have relevance with topic investigation and the
following research hypothesis was tested.

Research Hypothesis

Hypothesis: (Ha= Alternative Hypothesis, Ho=Null Hypothesis)

Ho: Resistance exercise with caffeine supplementation have no significant effect on muscular
strength and endurance of Deder town male football players.

Ha: Resistance exercise with caffeine supplementation have significant effect on muscular
strength and endurance of Deder town male football players.
 3

1.3. Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is located at Eastern Ethiopia which is far 542km from the Addis
Ababa. It was covered Deder town male football players age between 23-25 years old. In this
study the effects of caffeine supplement and resistance exercise on muscular strength and
endurance as well as the end of training program. Participation in the study was not exceed
45 minutes per session and 2 days per week for training. The experiment study period was for
3 months. According to time caffeine supplement and resistance exercise on muscular
strength and endurance for this study.

1.4. Significance of the Study

This study were significant impact to identify the effect of caffeine supplementation and
resistance exercise on muscular strength and endurance in resistance trained toward the
football players performance specifically performance involving short periods of extremely
powerful activity, especially during repeated bouts. It also used to give some awareness
regarding the ergogenic properties of caffeine supplementation in addition to their normal
dietary intake to increase football players performance by delaying or minimizing fatigue
during exercise especially in anaerobic type of exercise and it were helps as a reference for
farther study, finally for any Deder football players were helps to improve their fitness level
and to aware the purpose of caffeine supplement.

1.5. Objective of the study

1.5.1. General objective

The general objective of this study is to investigate the effect of caffeine supplementation and
resistance exercise on muscular strength and endurance of Deder town male football players,
Oromia regional State, Ethiopia.

1.5.2. Specific objective

 To examine the effect of caffeine supplementation combined with resistance exercise on
muscular strength on Deder town male football players.

 To identify the effect of resistance exercise alone on muscular strength and endurance of
Deder town male football players.
 4

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. What is Caffeine?

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) originally banned caffeine during competition
removed it from the list in (Weinberg and Beale; 2001). The uncertainty of caffeine’s effects
led the IOC to go back and forth on their decision to ban athletes from consuming it. Due to
reported bouts of caffeine abuse in sports competition, the World Anti-Doping Agency
(WADA) relisted caffeine as a doping agent from 2004 ( Del et al., 2011). To differentiate
between social and performance enhancing amounts, the IOC limited the amount of
consumption during competition to 12 g/ml from 2004. Due to the individual differences in
caffeine clearance, caffeine is considered part of a “monitoring program” by the WADA,
with no upper limit established for a positive test outcome.

The lifted ban on caffeine has led to analysis of in-competition urine caffeine levels in
football players. Del et al., (2011) measured urine levels of football players and determined
that participants from endurance football players have higher levels of caffeine than power
football players, such as gymnastics tennis or wrestling. Examining the effects of caffeine in
endurance football players, like cyclists, is important to determine and solidify its ergogenic
effects. Caffeine is ubiquitous in nature, with traces of it seen in many foods and drinks. The
main dietary sources of caffeine are found in coffee, tea, mate, guarana and soft drinks
(Graham; 2001). Caffeine levels vary across coffee types and are dependent on the type of
bean used, brewing method and roasting time. Caffeine is a trimethylxanthine and catabolized
by the liver via the cytochrome P450 system to dimenthylxanathines.

The liver demethylases caffeine into three dimenthylxanthines; Para xanthine,

theophylline and theobromine, which are then further catabolized. Para xanthine is
responsible for increasing lipolysis, which helps to release glycerol and fatty acids into the
blood to be used as fuel (Davis and Green, 2009; Graham, 2001). Theobromine, most
commonly found in cocoa, is a vasodilator and to some degree a stimulant of smooth muscle
(Graham and Spriet; 1995). It was formerly used as a diuretic for the treatment of angina and
hypertension. Theophylline is a bronchodilator and induces relaxation of smooth muscle
within the bronchial tree (Graham and Spriet; 1995). It was formerly used to treat patients
with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and is currently used to treat asthma
(Graham and Spriet; 1995). Para xanthine and theophylline do not increase in the circulation
 5

to a concentration that is considered active indicating they do not have as great of an effect as
theobromine (Graham and Spriet; 1995).

2.2. The ergogenic effect of caffeine on exercise performance

Some of the initially-proposed the ergogenic effect of caffeine on exercise performance were
enhanced fat oxidation and subsequent glycogen sparing (Cost ill et al., 1987). However,
these proposed received little support in the literature, given that caffeine ingestion has been
observed to be beneficial even in shorter duration exercise protocols (e.g., <30 minutes) in
which glycogen levels do not appear to be a limiting factor (Graham ; 2001). These observed
ergogenic effects of caffeine on high-intensity, short-duration, anaerobic exercise
performance (Davis and Green; 2009).Caffeine is structurally similar to adenosine, and,
therefore, when ingested it blocks the binding of adenosine to the A1 and A2a receptors and
promotes the release of these neurotransmitters (McLellan et al., 2016). Thus, caffeine exerts
central nervous system effects and alters arousal, which may lead to improvements in
performance (Davis JK; and Green JM 2009. Caffeine also increases calcium release from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum and motor unit recruitment, which may result in a more forceful
muscular contraction and help explain some of the ergogenic effects of caffeine on resistance
exercise performance (Tarnopolsky; 2008; Baz Zucchi et al., 2011). Furthermore, studies
conducted in both animals and humans suggest that caffeine may have a direct effect on the
skeletal muscle tissue, which may, at least partially, explain the ergogenic effect of caffeine
(Tallis et al., 2015; Mohr et al., 1998)

2.3. Physiological Improving Performance Caffeine

The caffeine enhancing performance include adenosine receptor antagonism, direct effects on
skeletal muscle and enhanced substrate availability (Graham; 2001).

Caffeine also enhances performance through mobilization of glucose and fat (Powers and
Howley; 2012). This aspect has received much attention because it is the primary means by
which caffeine exerts an ergogenic aid effect (Powers and Howley; 2012). Caffeine increases
levels of glucose and free fatty acid utilization through stimulation of adrenaline secretion
(Graham, 2001; Higgins et al., 2016). Caffeine inhibits phosphodiesterase enzymes, which
allow for an increase in intracellular cyclic adenosine mono phosphate (CAMP) (Davis and
Green; 2009). An increase in cyclic of adenosine mono phosphate, would lead to greater
lipolysis and fat metabolism and ultimately glycogen sparing (Davis and Green; 2009).
 6

Inhibiting phosphodiesterase will increase the power of release of catecholamine’s, which

increase heart rate and blood pressure (Tavares and Sakata; 2012).

2.4. Effects of caffeine on hormones

Acute increases in hormones such as testosterone (a primary anabolic hormone), cortisol (a
systemic catabolic marker), and growth hormone (a hormone associated with reproduction
and stimulation of cellular growth) following resistance exercise have received considerable
attention in the literature (Kraemer and Ratamess; 2005). It has been suggested that acute
changes in these hormones influence resistance training adaptations such as muscular
hypertrophy and increases in strength (Kraemer and Ratamess; 2005).

However, others recently found that the acute changes in hormones are weakly correlated
with long-term adaptations to resistance training (West and Phillips; 2012). Thus, although
some studies Woolf et al. (2008); Beaven et al. (2008); Wu ; (2015) reported that caffeine
ingestion, as compared to placebo, may lead to greater increases in the production of
testosterone and cortisol following resistance exercise (even when the workload is matched
between the conditions), the practical applicability of these findings remains unclear.

2.5. Effects of caffeine on muscle

One of the hallmark adaptations to resistance exercise is muscular hypertrophy. In general, it
is accepted that the anabolic mammalian mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1
(mTORC1) signaling cascade mediates muscular hypertrophy which is a cumulative result of
acute increases in protein synthesis above protein degradation (i.e., net protein accretion)
(Bodine et al., 2001;Damas et al., 2015). Some of the studies conducted in cultured cells have
observed that caffeine inhibited mTOR activity (McMahon et al., 2005); (Miwa et al., 2015);
albeit, such effects were seen at supra-physiological concentrations of caffeine. A recent
study by (Moore et al., 2017) conducted in mice (with physiological concentrations of
caffeine that would be observed in humans following moderate caffeine intake), showed that
caffeine did not negatively affect mTOR activity or muscle protein synthesis after a bout of
electrically-stimulated contractions. Moreover, caffeine even enhanced the phosphorylation
of ribosomal protein S6 suggesting a positive effect of caffeine on anabolic signaling.
Furthermore, work on rats in the same study showed that caffeine did not affect plantar is
muscle hypertrophy (Moore et al., 2017).
 7

While cell culture and animal models may provide some interesting findings, they also may
have limited relevance to humans. Currently, there are no published studies examining the
effects of caffeine on muscle protein synthesis and anabolic signaling in response to
resistance exercise in humans. While there are some unpublished observations involving
resistance-trained men in whom caffeine ingestion did not negatively affect muscle protein
synthesis responses following resistance exercise Bui;(2015), these results remain to be
published. Therefore, this is an interesting area that could be explored in future research.

2.6. Effects of caffeine on cardiovascular

2.6.1 Blood pressure

Even under resting conditions, caffeine ingestion of 250 mg has been shown to increase
blood pressure (Mosqueda et al., 1990). Also, resistance exercise may lead to significant
acute increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (Brito et al., 2014). Therefore, it is
possible that the combination of this type of exercise with caffeine ingestion might augment
acute blood pressure responses. Only a few studies to date have focused on the effects of
caffeine on the cardiovascular system in resistance exercise. Jacobs et al., (2003) initially
reported that the ingestion of caffeine did not increase systolic blood pressure more than the
ingestion of placebo during a resistance exercise session consisting of three supersets.

Caffeine ingestion, Astorino et al., (2007) reported increases in systolic but not diastolic
blood pressure. In a study including normotensive and hypertensive men, Astorino et al.,
(2013) confirmed their initial findings by showing that caffeine ingestion increases resting,
exercise, and recovery systolic blood pressure. The same effect on blood pressure was
observed in a study by (Goldstein et al., 2010); in which the ingestion of caffeine led to an
increase in systolic blood pressure by 4 mmHg. Comparable results were observed by others
as well (Woolf et al., 2008). When ingested before physical activity, caffeine may reduce
myocardial blood flow during exercise (Higgins and Bab; 2013). This reduction in blood flow
likely explains the augmented increases in blood pressure that may occur with the ingestion
of caffeine in resistance exercise (Higgins and Babu; 2013). Due to the effects of caffeine on
blood pressure, this supplement might not be recommendable for individuals with high blood
pressure, as it may result in excessive cardiovascular demands (Pin comb et al., 1985).
 8

2.6.2 Heart rate

Blood pressure, heart rate is another important cardiovascular variable that needs to be
considered. (Astorino et al., 2007) also evaluated heart rate responses in a cohort of
resistance-trained men performing 1RM (one maximum repetion) and muscular endurance
tests on both the bench press and leg press exercises. They observed that heart rate before
starting the exercise bout and pre- bench-press increased by ten beats per min with the
ingestion of caffeine.

While some studies observed similar effects of caffeine on this variable Green et al.,
(2007); Hudson et al., (2008); Richardson and Clarke (2016); others have reported no
differences in heart rate responses between the caffeine and placebo conditions (Duncan and
Oxford, 2012; Da et al., 2015; Woolf et al., 2008; Woolf et al., 2009; Astorino et al., 2013;
Souza et al., 2014). Some discrepancies between the studies might be related to the habitual
caffeine intake of participants. Specifically, there is evidence to suggest that increases in
heart rate with caffeine ingestion are exacerbated in individuals who habitually consume
lower amounts of caffeine as compared to high habitual users (Dodd et al., 1991; Temple et
al., 2017). However, while some studies did not assess habitual caffeine intake Duncan and
Oxford; (2012); (Green et al., 2007) the participants in others reported a wide range of
habitual caffeine intake varying from 30 to 600 mg (Astorino et al., 2007). Given these
limitations, future studies should consider exploring potential differences in the effects of
caffeine ingestion on heart rate responses in resistance exercise between low and high
habitual caffeine users.

2.7. Effects of caffeine on strength

2.7.1 1RM strength

Investigated the effects of caffeine on 1RM dynamic strength did not show a significant
ergogenic effect. However, a study by Goldstein et al., (2010); involving resistance-trained
women, showed that caffeine ingestion may significantly improve upper-body 1RM as
assessed by the bench press exercise. A prevalent issue among individual studies examining
the effects of caffeine supplementation on resistance exercise performance is the use of small
sample sizes Williams et al., (2008); which may result in low statistical power.

The findings of this review suggested that caffeine ingestion enhances 1Minute push up test
muscular strength and endurance of treatment group compared to control group. Pretest mean
 9

value for upper body muscular strength and endurance were 24.4 and 23.8 for treatment
group and control group respectively. Lastly the posttest mean value was recorded as 35.2
and 24.7333 for treatment group and control group respectively. The mean difference value
between pre and post was 10.8 and 0.9333 respectively. This results shows that the upper
body muscular strength and muscular endurance of treatment group was improved more than
the control group. While the meta-analysis provided some evidence that caffeine increases
1RM strength, given the relatively small number of studies investigating this topic, future
research is warranted.

2.8. Effects of caffeine on muscular endurance

Future long-term studies are needed to explore if these small acute increases in performance
also impact long-term adaptations to resistance exercise. Limited evidence also shows an
ergogenic effect of caffeine on muscular endurance in a sleep-deprived condition (6 hours of
sleep or less) Cook et al., (2012).

Several studies that carried out muscular endurance assessments following maximum
strength testing did not observe a significant ergogenic effect of caffeine on muscular
endurance Grgic and Mikulic (2017); (Astorino et al., 2008); (Goldstein et al., 2010);
suggesting that caffeine supplementation may not be as effective on muscular endurance as
fatigue develops. These results seem surprising given that caffeine ingestion has been shown
to slow down the fatigue-induced loss of force production (Pethick et al., 2018).

Caffeine ingestion should, therefore, theoretically be ergogenic even in the presence of

fatigue and the exact reasons for the lack of an ergogenic effect of caffeine in the referenced
studies remain unclear. Studies that investigated the effects of caffeine supplementation on
muscular endurance among females 278 also did not show a significant performance-
enhancing effect. (Arazi H et al., 2016); (Sabblah et al., 2015); (Goldstein et al., 2010);
albeit, with sample sizes of 15, 10, and eight participants, respectively. Phases of the
menstrual cycle might play an important role in studies involving women given that caffeine
clearance is slower in the luteal phase of the cycle Lane et al., 1992.

Furthermore, the use of oral contraceptives may alter caffeine metabolism Neligh; (2018);
which also needs to be considered when conducting studies among women. This topic seems
to be under-investigated in this population and requires further attention. In summary, it
 10

seems that caffeine can acutely enhance muscular endurance, but details such as fatigue-
related and sex-specific responses require future study to better determine its effectiveness.

2.9. Caffeine dose, timing, and habitual intake

The most commonly used dose of caffeine in studies examining the effects of caffeine on
exercise performance is 6 mg·kg-1 (Graham; 2001). This dose is relatively high, as, for an
85-kg individual, it equates to the amount of caffeine in approximately four to five cups of
coffee. As discussed elsewhere Spriet; (2014), there is a growing interest in investigating the
effects of lower doses of caffeine (i.e., ≤3 mg·kg-1) on exercise performance as these doses
may still lead to improvements in alertness and mood during exercise and are associated with
few, if any, side effects (Spriet; 2014). (Astorino et al., 2010) reported that performance of
the knee extension and flexion exercises was significantly improved with a 5 mg·kg-1 dose of
caffeine. However, no improvement in performance was observed with a 2 mg·kg-1 dose.
Using the same doses, Arazi et al., (2016) observed that caffeine did not improve leg press
strength and muscular endurance at either or 5 mg·kg-1 doses. Tallis and Yavuz (2018)
observed that both 3 and 6 mg·kg-1 caffeine doses were effective for increasing lower-body
strength.

2.10. Resistance exercise

It is well-known that resistance exercise can enhance the functionality of skeletal muscle in a
myriad of ways such as increased force production, improved resistance to injury, and
increased physical performance (Westcott; 2012). Resistance training also promotes neural
adaptations such as improved motor unit recruitment, motor unit synchronization, and
improved rate of force production (Maffiuletti et al., 2016). Neural adaptions in response to
resistance training lead to improvements in muscular hypertrophy, strength, power, and local
muscular endurance (Deschene’s and Kraemer; 2002).

2.10.1. Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Resistance Exercise

2.10.2.1 Neural Adaption’s

Neural adaptations are primarily responsible for initial strength gains in humans for roughly
the first six months of resistance training (Folland and Williams; 2007; Gabriel et al., 2006).
Neural adaptations to resistance training include improved motor unit recruitment, firing
frequency, motor unit synchronization, and agonist-antagonist interaction (Cormie et al.,
 11

2011; Folland and Williams; 2007; Gabriel et al., 2006). Depending on the force needed,
motor units are recruited based on the size principle. Size principle dictates that smaller
motor neurons within type I fibers will be recruited first followed by type IIa and IIx fibers as
force production increases (Henneman et al., 1974; Henneman et al., 1965).

The ability to recruit more motor units as well as higher threshold motor units is crucial for
greater force production. While humans are not able to completely (~95%) activate muscles
voluntarily, resistance training can improve total activation (Gabriel et al., 2006). Resistance
training lowers the recruitment threshold for high-threshold motor units, thus making it easier
to produce greater forces voluntarily. (Cormie et al., 2011) explain that increases in firing
rates can heighten the magnitude of force per contraction as well as impact rate of force
development (RFD), both influencing the development of muscular power.

2.11. Effects of resistance exercise on muscular strength and Muscular

endurance
Research has demonstrated that, for untrained individuals, circuit training and traditional
weight training programs are similarly effective for eliciting improvements in strength,
although high-intensity weight training is the most optimal for substantial strength increases
both for trained and untrained subjects (Gettman and Pollock; 1990). Most previous studies
that were methodologically similar to the present study and that used a circuit training
method to improve upper- and lower-body strength reported 12.2–21.0% improvement for
bench press strength (Gettman et al., 1980; Gettman et al., 1982; Marcinik et al., 199;
Mosher et al., 1994; Wilmore et al., 1978) and 16.0–27.0% improvement for leg press
strength (Gettman et al., 1982; Mosher et al., 1994; Wilmore et al., 1978).
Research had assessed muscular endurance using resistance loads of 45–80% of
pretraining (baseline) 1RM (Marx et al., 2001; Stone and Coulter, 1994). For this study,
muscular endurance for the bench press and squat exercises was assessed by recording the
maximum number of repetitions performed by each subject with a resistance equal to 70% of
the baseline 1RM. Bench press endurance of our whole resistance training group improved
57.8%, as opposed to the 2.1–24.8% improvements previously reported for studies using
similar training and testing protocols (Anderson and Kearney; 1982; Marx et al., 2001; WJ
and Coulter; 1994).
 12

2.12. Rule of resistance exercises training

When selecting exercises for a particular muscle group, one must consider a number of
factors to ensure the safety of the musculature and joints involved in the movement, to attain
the temporary failure condition for the muscles involved to promote continued progress and
to ensure activation of the desired muscle groups. These rules include:

• Exercises for problem muscle groups should be performed at the beginning of

the workout to prevent their omission from the workout. This organization also allows the
weight trainer to address these exercises with the greatest amount of energy available. This
should help to maximize one’s efforts and, ultimately, one’s progress.
• Exercises for large muscle groups should always be addressed before those for
small muscle groups. Ex.: pectorals, and depending upon the specific exercise selected,
shoulders before triceps; latissimus dorsi and trapezius before biceps, quadriceps before
gastrocnemius (calves).
• Finally, when performing exercises for a large muscle group in succession, one
should change the angle of the exercise to provide more complete development of the muscle
group. Examples of this rule include: the use of a flat, incline and a decline angle when
addressing the pectorals, using a narrow stance and a wide stance when performing such
exercises as the leg press and squat, use of the front (anterior), medial and rear (posterior)
angles when addressing the deltoids and a wide and a normal grip when performing the
following exercises: the bench press, let pull, arm or bicep curl and the overhead press.
 13

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter includes description of the study area, sources of data, research design, study
population, sampling and sampling technique, inclusion and exclusion criteria, method and
procedure of data collection, method of data analysis and ethical issue were bed is cussed.

3.1. Description of the Study Area

The research was conducted at Deder wereda Deder town. Deder wereda located in eastern
Hararghe zone eastern Ethiopia, 542 km apart from Addis Ababa. It is bordered on the south
by Goro Gutu wereda, North of Bedenno wereda, on the west by Melka Ballo wereda, on the
South Eastern by Meta wereda and on the east by Goro Muti wereda wereda
3.2. Research Design
The research was used experimental study design goal to examine the effect of resistance
training and caffeine supplementation on muscular strength and endurance.
The research was used completely randomized design with 15 caffeine supplement group and
15 resistance training group for the Deder town football players. Both groups was
participated in 12 week resistance exercise training program and only caffeine supplement
group was drinking one cup of coffee 45 minute before training. Muscular strength and
endurance are dependent variable for this study. Caffeine supplement and resistance exercises
are independent variable for this study.
Note: resistance exercise with caffeine supplement used as caffeine supplement and
resistance exercise alone used as resistance group.

3.3. Experimental Materials

Coffee, water, pot, jebena, pan, marking cones, different sized boxes, measuring meters,
chalk for marking; stopwatch, whistle, Scales, paper, pen, Medical check list and other
important materials was used for this study.

3.4. Sources of Data

Data was used primary source of data. The primary sources data were collected by collecting
data through the administration of experimental process (recording pretest result and post test
result) to the sample taken from Deder town football players.
 14

3.5. Study Population

Since the researcher was initiate to conduct research on football players, the study population
was total football players in Deder town which 50 in total.

3.6. Sample and Sampling Technique

First questionnaire was prepared to identify interested players who wanted to participate
confidentially on the stated research and healthy status questionnaire with the aim of
identifying subjects who are free from any chronic disease and injury which may lead to
further healthy problems during the research as well as then after were filled. After the
football players who volunteered to take part in the study being identified, 30 male sample
sizes were taken from the total population by using Simple random sampling technique as
well as to players in to 15 caffeine supplement group (Experimental group) and 15 resistance
alone group (Control group).

3.7. Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The included in the study was male football players who volunteered to participate in a 12
week resistance training and supplementation intervention program (two sessions per week)
with age of 23–25 years and football players who have any known metabolic disorder
including heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, musculoskeletal disorders, any bleeding
orders was excluded.

3.8. Resistance Exercise Training Protocol

The participant was divided in to two groups which are 15 resistance training and caffeine
supplement group and resistance exercise alone group for male football players. The
resistance training program prepared for both groups was follow FITT principle for
improving muscular strength and endurance. The FITT principle of our study expressed
below

Frequency: The training program prepared for both male participants are two days (Tuesday
and Friday) per weeks, 3 set in all training session and 6 repetition in first month, 10
repetition in second month and 15 repetition in third month to improving muscular strength
and endurance of Deder town male football players.
 15

Intensity: The training program prepared for male participants are included three different
level of resistance exercise intensity in all training session which are low intensity used in
first month of the training session, moderate intensity used in the second month of the
training session and heavy intensity used in third month of training session for improving
muscular strength and endurance of Deder town male football players.

Time: The total time taken during resistance training session is 45 minute for both male
participant and divided 10 minute for warming up,35 minute for resistance exercise training
and 5 minute for cooling down for improving muscular strength and endurance of Deder
town male football players.
Type of exercise: The types of resistance exercise used in training program for both male
participants are include Walking lunges, Pushups and Sit ups, exercise for improving
muscular strength and endurance of Deder town male football players.

3.9. Time frame of caffeine supplementation

The coffee is main source of caffeine supplement which contained one cup of coffee had
6mg coffee (Jarnadottir; 2017). Each participant of the experimental group of coffee had
one cup of coffee 45 minutes before the training session.

3.10. Method and Procedure of Data Collection

3.10.1. Method of data collection

Quantitative data was collected through Pretest and Posttest applying caffeine supplement
and resistance exercise for male of Deder town football player with age 23-25 muscular
strength and endurance was assessed at base line week 0 and week 12. Upper limb,
abdominal or core body and lower limb of both muscular strength and endurance were
measured by 60 sec push up test, 1 minute sit up test respectively. The data were recorded by
investigator with the help of assistant data recorders.

3.10.2. Procedure of data collection

First the researcher was obtain the ethically clearance from concerning body and meet the
participants of the study, during the familiarization session, participant were informed of all
procedures and familiarized with all performance measures. Next to these football players
were instruct by a researcher to give additional knowledge and awareness on sport nutrition
 16

how to choose effective caffeine supplement with proper nutritional system to enhance health
relate physical fitness.
In addition to this the researcher was give instruction not to take other nutritional supplement
during the study and not exercise for at least 24 hours prior to each trial.

The assumption that on workout days the supplement was taken before the resistance exercise
session over the12-week study was made. It was also assume that the only exercise that were
bed one is the exercise protocol given to them.

Assumptions was also make that all subjects truly give a valiant effort in all base line test
store frain from consuming other supplements during the experiments.

3.10.3. Testing procedures

The following fitness test was used for the selected study variables muscular strength and
endurance for football players.

3.10.3.1. Pushup Test for upper limb muscular Endurance

This test is designed to measure relative muscle strength and endurance of the chest and
arm muscles. Ensure that the football players focuses on good breathing and a steady rhythm.
Materials required: One (1) roll of duct tape or ten (10) mini cones. Component tested:
Relative strength and endurance of the upper body (chest, posterior shoulder, triceps and
core stabilizers, of attempts: One (1) Duration: 60 sec

Procedure:

• The players lies on prone on the ground with their hands off the ground, ready to complete a
pushup
• On the signal to start, the players puts their hands on the ground and presses to lift their
chest, hips, and thighs off the ground simultaneously to a full extension of the arms position.
The body must maintain this “rigidity” throughout the test
• The players then lowers their body down until the whole body is again in contact with the
ground and the hands are off the ground (back to the start position)
• This counts as 1 repetition.
• The players continues the method for 60sec
• Only correctly completed full pushups are counted in the total
 17

There cannot be pausing or rest periods with this one; effort must be continuous

3.10.3.2. 1 Minute Sit up Test for Abdominal muscular Strength

Abdominal muscle strength and endurance is important for core stability and back support.
This sit up test measures the strength and endurance of the abdominals and hip-flexor
muscles. Starting Position: Lie on a carpeted or cushioned floor with your knees bent at
approximately right angles, with feet flat on the ground. Your hands were resting on your
thighs.

Technique: Squeeze your stomach, push your back flat and raise high enough for your hands
to slide along your thighs to touch the tops of your knees. Don’t pull with your neck or head
and keep your lower back on the floor. Then return to the starting position.

3.10.3.4. Procedure of coffee preparation for drink

 Washing under Neath the skin

Ethiopian coffee is made with fresh coffee beans. First, you have to wash them. Not because
they are dirty, but because you want to scrub off the skin of the beans. Therefore, you put a
little bit of water on the flat pan and scrub the beans together until the skin comes off.

Washing the coffee beans for traditional Ethiopian coffee

Washing the coffee beans

 Roast it over (incense) fire

Coffee beans are roasted in a saucepan in sand at 200 degrees with continuous stirring. So
far, the beans are still green so you need to roast the mover a tiny charcoal stove.

Move them constantly on the flat pan so they are roasted equally and regularly .They will
become black and shiny because the heat coaxes the aromatic oil out of them. Once they have
all reached the same color, you’re done.

 Small workout for the arms

Now comes the tricky part: you need to make a powder out of the coffee beans. Therefore,
you need to grind them with a pestle and a mortar. It takes a lot of effort, so prepare yourself
 18

for this task. Modern families now a day’s use electric coffee mills, but we want to do it the
traditional way, right? Keep on!

 Boil and wait

Before you boil the coffee, you first have to boil the water in the «jebena», the traditional
Ethiopian coffee boiling pot. Once it boils you add the coffee powder. Usually, it’s one spoon
for two people. Let it boil for a couple of minutes. Soon you’ll get to smell the some fresh
coffee! Then 3gram of coffee powder add the 100ml water.

 Rest (in peace)

Once you have boiled the coffee, you can’t drink it right away. Be patient. Put the jebena
away from the fire and let it rest. This makes the coffee powder god own to the bottom so
you’re not going to swallow small pieces.

 Don’t forget the extra cup

After a few minutes, it’s finally time to taste the coffee, one cup of coffee.

3.11. Method of Data Analysis

This study was used ANOVA analysis of variance for completely randomized (CRD)
design experiment was carried by using General linear model (GLM) of the data was
analyzed by statically package of social science version 20 software package.
Differences between treatments was determined by using the least significant
difference (LSD) technique. The comparison of means was estimated by pair t-test
the level of significance were at P Less than (P<0.5).

3.12. Data Quality Control

To ensure quality of the data of muscular strength and endurance standardized fitness
test was used with appropriate tools. To reduce the mistakes which can was occurred
during data collection and to collect the appropriated at a the assistant fitness test
recorder was selected among technical assistance of sport professional sand the
researcher was created awareness in detailed to be committed and to get quality data.
 19

3.13. Ethical Issue

The study was going in such way that ethical issues are properly addressed. Privacy
of the subjects protected and confidentiality was strictly observed and maintained
throughout the study. Generally this research was conducted based on the research
ethics of Haramaya University. The protocol was approved by the university
guidelines. The subject was informed earlier with a written consent agreement letter.
 20

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Overview
This chapter deals with the results of this study and how they relate to previous
investigations. The purpose of this study were to investigate the effect of training only,
training and Caffeine Supplementation on muscular strength and Muscular endurance. In this
study field experiments as well as field test had been taken two times (pre and post
intervention). Under this two dependent variable (muscular strength and Muscular endurance)
had been measured by push up and sit up as well as the results of those variables are
discussed as follows.

4.2. Results of the study

Table1.Mean muscular strength and endurance under caffeine supplement for male football
players of Deder town Oromia Region, Ethiopia.

Var. Par. PT POT MD P-value

MuEnd Push up 16.75 ± 2.89 27.64 ± 5.05 10.89 0.000

Sit up 17.8 ± 0.88 25.15 ± 1.84 7.35 0.000

MuSt Push up 17.4 ± 2.87 30.95 ± 2.74 13.55 0.000

Sit up 16.6 ± 3.39 28.4 ± 4.79 11.8 0.000

MuEnd = Muscular endurance, MUSt = Muscular strength,Var = Varaible,Par =

Parametre,PT = Pretest, PoT = Postest,MD = Mean difference, Values for mean ± Standard
deviation .Table (1) shown Mean muscular strength and endurance under value for push up
and sit up test for 17.4 and 16.6 and posttest mean value were recorded as 30. Caffeine
supplement for male football players of the muscular endurance pretest mean value for push
up and sit up test for 16.75 and 17.8 and posttest mean value were recorded as 27.64 and
25.15 respectively. The mean difference value between pre and posttest of muscular
endurance 10.89 and 7.35 push up and sit up test respectively. The muscular strength pretest
 21

mean 95 and 28.4 respectively. The mean difference value between pre and posttest of
muscular strength 13.55 and 11.8 push up and sit up test respectively. These result shows that
there is the increment of mean and mean deference for posttest rather than pretest does to the
intervention of push up and sit up test under caffeine supplement. After the intervention of
push up and sit up for twelve weeks the muscular strength and endurance of under caffeine
supplement was improved. But the post test result indicate that significant difference between
the two group at p<0.05. This shows the under caffeine supplements were more effective on
muscular strength and endurance.

Table2.Mean muscular strength and endurance under resistance training for male football
players of Deder town Oromia Region, Ethiopia.

Var. Par. PT POT MD P-value

MuEnd Push up 15.37 ± 3.26 18.6 ± 4.06 3.3 0.048

Sit up 17.4 ± 0.76 19.8 ± 1.105 2.4 0.151

MuSt Push up 16.55 ± 2.65 21.4 ± 1.94 4.85 0.72

Sit up 16.6 ± 3.39 23.7 ± 4.79 7.1 0.091

MuEnd = Muscular endurance, MUSt = Muscular strength, Var = Variable, Par =

Parameters, PT = Pretest, PoT = Posttest, MD = Mean difference, Values for mean ±
Standard deviation .Table (1) shown Mean muscular strength and endurance under resistance
training for male football players of the muscular endurance pretest mean value for push up
and sit up test for 15.37 and 17.4 and posttest mean value were recorded as 18.6 and 19.8
respectively. The mean difference value between pre and posttest of muscular endurance 3.3
and 2.4 push up and sit up test respectively. The muscular strength pretest mean value for
push up and sit up test for 16.55 and 16.6 and posttest mean value was recorded as 21.4 and
23.7 respectively. The mean difference value between pre and posttest of muscular strength
4.85 and 7.1 push up and sit up test respectively.
 22

4.3. Discussion
In this study, the basic parameters of push up and sit up had been measured. The results of pre and
posttest effects of caffeine supplement with muscular strength and endurance. Now the above
results shows that resistance exercise and caffeine supplementation takes for three months
two day per weeks were more improved muscular strength and endurance of football players.
A prevalent issue among individual studies examining the effects of caffeine supplementation
performance is the use of small sample sizes 2008, which may result in low statistical power.
To better understand the equivocal evidence reported in the literature, Grgic et al., (2018)
recently conducted a meta-analysis of studies assessing the impact of caffeine on 1RM
muscular strength. The findings of this review suggested that caffeine ingestion 1RM
muscular strength compared to placebo. In summary, the current evidence suggests that
caffeine ingestion may have an ergogenic effect on muscular strength across all muscle action
types (Behrens et al., 2015). The current study was similar or coherent with above all study
for this reason caffeine supplement are more improve with compared resistance exercise on
muscular strength and endurance of players. The resistance training program given for three
month at different intensity and exercises two days per weeks of caffeine supplements more
effective on upper limb, abdominal parts of the body and lower limbs muscular strength and
endurance of competitive football players .
 23

5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Summary
The purpose of this study were to find out the effect of resistance exercise and caffeine
supplementation muscular strength and muscular endurance football players. This study 30
male football players were randomly selected 23-25 years old and randomly divided in to two
groups i.e. caffeine supplement (15) and resistance training (15). Both groups were
performed resistance exercise 12 weeks, two days per weeks. The duration of exercise was 45
minutes with the frequency of 2 days per week. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t test
were determined the changes between caffeine supplement and resistance training to seen the
effect of resistance exercise with caffeine supplement and resistance exercise on muscular
strength and Muscular endurance by using SPSS version 20 With significant level p < 0.05.
The results of this study shows that there is significance difference at p < 0.05 the
intervention of resistance exercise and caffeine supplements for three months or 12 weeks,
the Null hypothesis was rejected and Alternative hypothesis were accepted .The mean values
of push up ,sit up of pretest and posttest were 18.6 and 15.37 and 27.64 and 16.75
respectively.

5.2. Conclusions
Based on the major finding of this study the caffeine supplement and resistance training the
following points were stated as conclusions.

• The caffeine supplementation can increase muscular strength performance of beginner

players.

• Caffeine supplements can improve muscular strength and endurance of football players.

• Significant improvements were achieved under 12 weeks caffeine supplement on muscular

endurance of football players.

5.3. Recommendations
The following points were recommended for football players and others who work on sport
professionals. Based on this finding, resistance exercise used in association with caffeine
supplement would muscular strength and muscular endurance. So, football players should
caffeine use it along with resistance exercise to get visible change.
 24

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 32

7. APPENDIX
 33

APPENDIX -A
Information record form
The questionnaire prepared for studying the effects of caffeine supplementation on strength and
muscular endurance in resistance-trained male in the case of Deder city football player Oromia
Regional State, Ethiopia. So you are kindly requested to give appropriate information for the
following question regarding to your health status.

Student Information

Name: _ Date of birth _ Age Address: _______________________

Phone: _Emergency: __________________________
Address: _____________ Phone no_____________

Personal Health Status

Please answer the following question by ticking “X” on the given space on the table. And
please give a description for your answer if necessary.
Table 1: personal Health status
N Questions Yes No
o
1 Have you ever had an injury to a bone,
muscle ligament, or tendon that caused you
to miss a practice? Exercise
2 Have you ever had any broken or fractured
bones or dislocations?
3 Have you ever had an injury that required X-
ray, injections ,therapy/
4 Do you have a groin pain or painful bulge or
hernia in the groin area?
5 Have you ever had discomfort, pain
tightness, or pressure in your body during
exercise?
6 Have you ever had a stress fracture?
7 Do you regularly use a brace, orthotics or
other assistive device?
8 Do you have a bone, muscle or joint injury
that bothers you?
9 Do any of your joints become
painful ,swollen, feel warm or look red/
10 Do you have any history of juvenile arthritis
 34

or connective tissue disease?

11. Are you currently taking any medications yes/no? If you say yes please describe
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
I have read and understand the form and I have given accurate information regarding to my health
status and personal information. 1. Has your doctor ever said that you have a heart condition and that
you should only do physical activity recommended by a doctor?
No_____________ Yes______________ If Yes, specify______________________
2. Do you feel pain in your chest when you do physical activity?
No___________ Yes_________ If Yes, specify_______________
3. In the past month, have you had chest pain when you were not doing physical activity?
No______________ Yes______________ If Yes, specify__________________

4. Do you lose your balance because of dizziness or do you ever lose consciousness?
No______________ Yes______________ If Yes, specify_______________
5. Do you have a bone of joint problem that could be made worse by a change in your physical
activity?
No____________ Yes______________ If Yes, specify_________________
• Is your doctor currently prescribing drugs (for example, water pills) for a blood pressure or heart
condition?
No____________ Yes____________ If Yes, specify______________________
• Do you know of any other reason why you should not do physical activity?
• No______________ Yes ____________If Yes, specify______________________________
Signature for participant student__________________ date _____________________
Signature for investigator__________________________ date_____________________
 35

Appendix –B

Training and Test Consent Form

Researchers name: Abdi Aliyi

Major advisor: Nugussie Bussa (Prof)

Co- advisors: Desta Enyew (PhD)

Thesis title: The effects of caffeine supplementation on strength and muscular endurance in
resistance-trained male in the case of Deder city football player Oromia Regional State,

Ethiopia. Purpose of the study: the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of
caffeine supplementation on strength and muscular endurance in resistance-trained. The case
of Deder city football Player Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.

Procedure and Duration:

You are kindly requested to participate in this research study as described below. This study would be
governed by the regulation on human beings. These regulations require that investigator should obtain
a signed agreement (consent) from you. Even if taking such health related skills test is one component
of your daily and all sport activity ,the investigator would explain detail about the purpose of the
project, the procedure was used, the potential benefit and the possible risk of participation in this
thesis. And you can ask the investigator any question and doubts that you have about the study and
you shall expect satisfactory responses regarding your questions. So if you are interested and ready to
participate. Please confirm your agreement by your signature with the investigator .You can withdraw
at any time from the study if you choose to do so. A basic explanation of the project was summarized
below.

Risk and Safe guard:

In fact muscle strain, sprain fatigue and injuries may occur if proper warming up, stretching, gradual
progression and safety procedures are not followed. Participant will not perform physical activity if
they show one of the following signs, such as abnormal heart rate, too fast or too low breathing rate,
coughing etc. you would be drink at least half liter of water at the end every session to overcome the
dehydration which would happen due to supplement you take as well as the fluid loss during physical
activity. Incase if you face injury or pain, I would give you first aid .if it is severe, I would cover
every cost for you to recover.
 36

Confidentiality:
The information obtained from the participants (you) would be kept in confidence; Records pertaining
to this research was coded secretly in numbers and put in a secured storage area. Results would be
reported in such a way that you cannot be identified. The findings of the study would be general for
the study community and was not reflect any thing particular of individual and all the collected
information was used only for scientific purpose through grouping without identifying them as an
individual.
Rights:
Participation in this study would be a fully voluntary based. You have the right to declare to
participate or not in the study. And if you decide to participate, you have the right to withdraw from
the study at any time and this was not label you for any loss of benefits which you otherwise are
entitled.
Contact Address:
If there are any questions or enquires any time about the study or the procedures, please contact in the
following address: Institutional research ethics review committee (IRERC) at +251256661899
Negussie Bussa (Prof) (major Advisor) +251910275526
Desta Enyew (Co- Advisor)
Abdi Aliyi (Investigator) +251921165406 Email:abdialiyi@gmail.com
Declaration informed voluntary consent
I read the participant information consent. I have clearly understood the purpose of the research, the
procedure the risk and benefits, issues of confidentiality, the right of participating and the contact
address for any queries. I would inform that I have the right to withdraw from the study at any
time .Therefore I declare my voluntary consent to participate in this study with my signature as
indicated as follows.
Participant code no_____________ Name of investigator ________________
Signature_______________ Signature_____________________
Date ___________________ Date _______________________
 37

Appendix- C

Table 2: Muscular endurance and muscular strength of push up and sit up test Dadar town
football players
PoT
Subject Sex Age Var. Par. PT PoT Var. Par. PT

MuEnd Push up MuSt Sit up

29
S1 M 23 ” ” 13 24 ” ” 15
30
S2 M 25 ” ” 14 25 ” ” 16
28
S3 M 24 ” ” 16 28 ” ” 18
27
S4 M 24 ” ” 18 29 ” ” 16
26
S5 M 23 ” ” 17 30 ” ” 18
25
S6 M 25 ” ” 16 27 ” ” 14
26
S7 M 23 ” ” 15 28 ” ” 15
27
S8 M 24 ” ” 16 25 ” ” 16
24
S9 M 23 ” ” 16 28 ” ” 13
25
S10 M 24 ” ” 18 29 ” ” 16
26
S11 M 25 ” ” 18 28 ” ” 15
28
S12 M 23 ” ” 18 27 ” ” 17
29
S13 M 25 ” ” 14 26 ” ” 18
30
S14 M 24 ” ” 15 29 ” ” 19
28
S15 M 23 ” ” 16 26 ” ” 17
 38

APPENDIX -D

Strength and Muscular endurance test

Table 3: Maximum Push up 60 sec age groups Male players Push up

Age Excellent Very good Average Below Poor

Average

23 20+ 16-19 11-15 10-6 <5

24 25+ 21-24 16-20 11-15 <10

25 30+ 26-29 21-25 16-20 <15

Source: The Canadian Physical Activity Fitness and Lifestyle Appraisal, 2nd edition.

Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. 2001.

Table 4: Sit up Test Male players

Age Excellent Very good Average Below Poor

Average

23 20+ 16-19 11-15 10-6 <5

24 25+ 21-24 16-20 11-15 <10

25 30+ 26-29 21-25 16-20 <15

Source: The Canadian Physical Activity Fitness and Lifestyle Appraisal, 2nd edition.

Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. 2001.

 39

APPENDIX -E
Table 5: Resistance training first month (June, 2022)

Day Typesof Duration of Frequency/ Resting Intensity

Exercise time 45 Repetition of time 40-50 %
2/3

Tuesday Warming up 10

Lunges 10 2x3=6 Low

Push up 10 2x3=6 Low

Sit up 10 2x3=6 Low

Cooling 5
down

Friday Warming up 10

Lunges 10 2x3=6 Low

Push up 10 2x3=6 Low

Sit up 10 2x3=6 Low

Cooling 5
down
 40

Table 6: Resistance training second month (July, 2022)

Day Types of Duration of Frequency/Repetition Resting time Intensity

Exercise time 45 2/3 minute 50-70%

Warming up 10

Walking Lunges 10 2x5=10 Moderate

Tuesda Push up 10 2x5=10 Moderate

y

Sit up 10 2x5=10 Moderate

Cooling down 5

Friday Warming up 10

Walking Lunges 10 2x5=10 Moderate

Push up 10 2x5=10 Moderate

Sit up 10 2x5=10 Moderate

Cooling down 5
 41

Table 7: Resistance training third month (August, 2022)

 42

Day Type of Duration of Frequency/Repetition Resting Intensity

Exercise time 45 time 2/3 70-85%
minute

Tuesday Warming up 10

Walking 10 3 x5 = 15 High
lunges

Push up 10 3 x5 = 15 High

Sit up 10 3 x5 = 15 High

Cooling down 5

Friday Warming up 10

Walking 10 3 x5 = 15 High
lunges

Push up 10 3 x5 = 15 High

Sit up 10 3 x5 = 15 High

Cooling down 5

APPENDIX -F

Table 8: Caffeine Content of Common Food and Drugs

 43

Espresso 120 mg per 2 Oz

Coffee, Regular, 103 mg per cup
Brewed
Instant Coffee 57mg per
cup
Coffee, Decaffeinated 2 to 4 mg per cup
Tea 30-75 mg per cup
Cocoa 5-40mg per cup
Milk Chocolate 6mg per Oz
Baking Chocolate 35mg per
Oz
Coca-Cola Classis 46mg per 12 Oz
Jolt Cola 72mg per 12 Oz
Anacin Brolo Seltzer 32mg per
Midol pill
Excedrin Extra Strength 65mg per
pill
DexatrimDietacVivarin 200mg per
pill
Dristan 16mg per
pill
No-Doz 100mg per
pill
International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science (IJARCS) 2019

APPENDIX -H

Figure 1 Map of the study Site

 44

SOURCE: DEDER WERADE ADMINISTRITION OFFICE