Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ferdinand de Saussure
Ferdinand de Saussure
MODERN LINGUISTICS
Hits: 40815
By Nidhi Negi
Introduction:
Ferdinand de Saussure, born on 26 November 1857, was a Swiss linguist. His ideas laid a
foundation for many significant developments in both linguistics and semiology in the 20th
century. He is widely considered one of the founders of 20th-century linguistics and one of
two major founders (together with Charles Sanders Peirce) of semiotics/semiology.
Saussure had a major impact on the development of linguistic theory in the first half of the
20th century. His two currents of thought emerged independently of each other, one in
Europe, the other in America. The results of each incorporated the basic notions of
Saussure's thought in forming the central tenets of structural linguistics. According to him,
linguistic entities are parts of a system and are defined by their relations to one another
within said system. The thinker used the game of chess for his analogy, citing that the
game is not defined by the physical attributes of the chess pieces but the relation of each
piece to the other pieces.
Major contributions:
Credited with establishing modern linguistics, Saussure was one of the founders of
structuralism. At a very young age, he applied principles of structural analysis to solve a
problem concerning the reconstruction of the Indo-European language family.
Saussure’s great insight was that the relation between sound and meaning is arbitrary and
that all languages are structured in a fundamentally similar fashion. His work had a huge
impact on linguists in Europe and North America.
Other linguists of the time generally conceived of languages as a way of denoting things
and actions. Saussure argued that it is not things, but our conception of things, actions, and
ideas, that are part of our language; not names, but schemas in the brain capable of being
evoked by certain combinations of sounds. In one of his last lectures, he introduced the
terms signifiant ‘signifier’ for the acoustic image and signifié ‘signified’ for the concept. He
avoided neologism in general, but this appeared to be the best way around the temptation
to imagine, for example, the signifié corresponding to sheep as either a physical animal or
a mental image of such an animal, rather than as a value generated by its difference from
lamb, goat, ewe, mutton, and so on.
The origins of structuralism connect with the work of Ferdinand de Saussure on linguistics,
along with the linguistics of the Prague and Moscow schools. In brief, Saussure's structural
linguistics propounded three related concepts.
1. Saussure argued for a distinction between langue (an idealized abstraction of
language) and parole (language as actually used in daily life). He argued that the "sign"
was composed of both a signified, an abstract concept or idea, and a "signifier", the
perceived sound/visual image.
2. Because different languages have different words to describe the same objects or
concepts, there is no intrinsic reason why a specific sign is used to express a given
signifier. It is thus "arbitrary".
3. Signs thus gain their meaning from their relationships and contrasts with other signs.
As he wrote, ‘in language, there are only differences without positive terms’.
In sociology, anthropology, and linguistics, structuralism is the methodology that implies
elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a broader,
overarching system or structure. It works to uncover the structures that underlie all the
things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel. Alternatively, as summarized by
philosopher Simon Blackburn, structuralism is "the belief that phenomena of human life are
not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and
behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract
culture".
Legacy
Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics proved to be of seminal influence in various fields
such as Anthropology (Levi-Strauss), Semiology (Roland Barthes), the literary and
philosophical concepts of Derrida, Marxist analysis of ideology by Althusser,
psychoanalytical theories of Lacan, and analysis of language conducted by Feminists like
Kristeva, Cixous, Irigaray.
Saussure's status in contemporary theoretical linguistics, however, is much diminished,
with many key positions now dated or subject to challenge, but post-structuralist 21st-
century reception remains more open to Saussure's influence. His main contribution to
structuralism was his theory of a two-tiered reality about language. The first is the langue,
the abstract and invisible layer, while the second, the parole, refers to the actual speech
that we hear in real life. This framework was later adopted by Claude Levi-Strauss, who
used the two-tiered model to determine the reality of myths. His idea was that all myths
have an underlying pattern, which forms the structure that makes them myths. These
established the structuralist framework to literary criticism.
By Nidhi Negi
Intern profile link: http://modlingua.com/interns/902-nidhi-negi-spanish.html