Eametiment #7: YZ cy o Preparation of Picric- Acid Date: 07, December 2010 Muhammad Usman (2008-chem-02-B)Water: Itis a non-hazardous compound. ENVIRONMENTALLY} Environmentally safe ‘Water is an essential part of life. Life cannot be sustained without water, Food & eatables contain some amount of water in them, It is a non- hazardous compound, IUPAC name Water Oxidane Other names Hydrogen oxide Dihydrogen monoxide Hydrogen monoxide Hydroxylic acid Hydrogen hydroxide R718 Oxygen dihydride Oxygen hydride Oxane Structure Molecular formula 10) ‘Molar mass: 180152833 amol Appearance aDensity 1000 kg m* (liquid) 917 kg m°Golid) ‘Melting point oC Boiling point 99.98°C ‘Acidity (Pi) 15.74 Basicity Pu) 15.74 Viscos 0.001 Pa.S (20°C) Corrosive: Phenol is a corrosive substance. It is a slightly acidic compound. Care should be taken while handling phenol because it can damage to skin and clothing, Toxic: Phenol and its vapors are corrosive to the eyes, the skin, and the respiratory tract, Inhalation of phenol vapor may cause lung problems. The substance ‘may cause harmful effects on the central nervous system and heart. The kidneys may be affected as well, Exposure may result in death and the effects ‘may be delayed. Long-term or repeated exposure of the substance may have harmful effects on the liver and kidneys.” There is no evidence to believe that phenol causes cancer in humans. Hydroxybenzene Carbolic Acid, Benzenol, Phenylic Acid, Hydroxybenzene, Phenic acid, Phenyl alcoholMolecular formula Molar mass Appearance Density 107g cm ‘Melting point 314k Boiling point 455k Solubility in water 8.3 g/100 ml 20% i ‘Acidity (P,,) 9.95 Flash point 79°CFumes from concentrated nitric acid are very damaging if inhaled Corrosive: Concentrated and moderately concentrated solutions are very corrosive and can cause serious skin damage CORROSIVE Oxidan Contact with the eyes can cause serious long-term damage. Nitric acid ‘Oxoazinic acid Aqua fortis Salpetre acid Spirit of nitreAppearance Colorless liquid Structure Molecular formula HNO, ‘Molar mass 5.012 ¢ mol” Density 1.5129 gem™ Melting point 22°C Boiling point 35°C ‘Solubility in water Miscible ‘Acidity (Pu) -14 Flash point Non-flammable Sulphuric ac Corrosive: It is a strongly corrosive compound as it readily oxidizes anything, Dangerous to Environment i sure ai i om Rane conn wih tl ii neta S. spillage can lead to the liberation of hydrogen gut. The dispersal of sid aerocole orf sen ei ed ion soa are fencing toa ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDVery toxic: Sulfuric acid is not considered toxic besides its obvious corrosive hazard, and the main occupational risks are skin contact leading to burns and the inhalation of aerosols. Exposure to aerosols at high concentrations leads to immediate and severe itritation of the eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. Properties of sulfuric a TUPAC name ‘Sulfuric acid ‘Other names Oil of vitriol ‘Sulfuric Acid HS Molecular formula Molar mass: Dei i 1.84 glen (guid) 10°C 3‘Solubility in water Miscible ‘Acidity (Pu) 3 ‘Viscosit 267 GUC) Flash point Non- flammable 2. Ethanol; Harmful: Pure Ethanol will irritate the skin and eyes. Nausea, vomiting and intoxication are symptoms of ingestion, Long term use by ingestion can result in serious liver damage. Death from Ethy1 alcohol consumption is possible when blood alcohol level reaches 0.4%. ‘A blood level of 0.5% ot more is commonly fatal. Levels of even less than 0.1% can cause intoxication, with unconsciousness often occurring at 0.3-0.4% Highly flammable: thas a flash point of 13 °C. It can readily catch fire. So care should be taken while handling it because its combustion products include Acetaldehyde which is a strongly carcinogenic substance. However, ethanol itself is not cancer causing, Properties of Ethanol: TUPAC Name Ethanol Absolute alcohol Drinking alcohol Ethyl alcohol Ethyl hydrate Grain aleohol Hydroxy-EthaneColorless liquid Structure Molecular formula ‘Molar mass Density Melting point Boiling point ‘Solubility in water ‘Acidity (Pia) Flash point ‘Auto-ignition temperaturePreparation of picric acid Chemicals Required: 1. C.H.OH HINOs (concentrated) 3. H:SO, (Concentrated) Phenol 4. Distilled water Apparatus: 1. Pipette Stirring rod 3. Filter paper 4. Funnel 5. Ice bath . Beaker Chemical Reaction: CcHSOH(s) + H:$0,(). —————* HO-CcH-SOsH + HNOs (aq) —» CeH:N:0; Procedure: 1, 25grams of powdered phenol are added to a 250ml beaker containing 31.25ml (57.812) of concentrated sulfuric acid. The mixture is stirred and than heated on a hotplate at 100°C for 30 minutes until it becomes dark colored, indicating the formation of phenol-4-sulphonic acid. This is then chilled to -5°C on a water bath with salt added, becoming a cold viscous syrup, to which 47ml of chilled (-5°C) nitric acid are added inside a fume cupboard, making sure that the mixture is not allowed to warm up prior to the addition of the acid. Within a few minutes vigorous reaction occur producing Iarge amounts of nitrogen dioxide, a red colored (poisonous!) gas. ‘The reaction is allowed to subside and than the mixture (which has now become a thin, orange/yellow liquid) is heated on a water bath for one and a half hours, with occasional shaking. ‘When the heating is complete the mixture is allowed to cool down and 313ml of cold water are added, causing the Picric Acid to erystallize out of the mixture. The mixture is cooled to 5°C so a to precipitate most of the remaining Picric acid, and than is quickly filtered and washed with 1200mL of cold distilled water so as to remove any traces of the nitration acids, ‘The filtrate appears as the fine yellowish mass of crystals seen to the left, Yield is approximately 40grams for the 25 grams of phenol that was started out with. These crystals are high purity and have all of the properties attributed to reagent grade Picric Acid, However, they «can be purified. Making use of Phenol's high water solubility, and the higher solubility of dinitro and mononitro- Phenol, the Picric Acid can be purified to near analytical grade by re-crystallization from a solvent mixture of 1 volume ethanol and 2 volumes water, roughly 9ml of solvent being required per gram of Picric Acid8. The crystals are than removed by vacuum filtering, are vacuum dried in a dissector, and form into ‘a nearly yellow mass of mp 123°C. Itis advisable to store Picric Acid wet with at least 30% water and in rubber stoppered flasksUses of Picric acid: The largest use of picric acid has been in Explosives. In microscopy, picric acid is a reagent for staining samples. It has found some use in organic chemistry for the preparation of crystalline salts of organic bases (Picrates) for the purpose of identification and characterization. In metallurgy a picric acid etch has been commonly used in optical metallography to reveal prior austenite grain boundaries in ferritic stee! Bouin's picro-formol is a preservative solution used for biological specimens. Workplace drug testing utilizes picric acid for the Jaffe Reaction to test for creatinine. It forms a colored complex that can be measured using spectroscopy. Much less commonly, wet picric acid has been used as a skin dye or temporary branding agent. It reacts with proteins in the skin to give a dark brown color that may last as long as a month, In the early 20th century, picric acid was stocked in pharmacies as an antisept treatment for burns, malaria and smallpox.