Lecture-02-A

CE-430 (2 Credit Hours)

Foundation Engineering
7th Semester (Fall 2022)

Introduction
Instructor:

Dr Muhammad Adeel Arshad

Courtesy:
Dr Irshad Ahmad
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 1
 Requirements of foundation system

1. Safety Requirement
2. Depth Requirement
3. Space Requirement
4. Economic & Functional Requirement

Depth requirement

1. Prevent movement due to soil volume changes by seasonal freezing and

thawing of the ground.

GL

Depth of Freezing
and thawing

Depth

Approximate frost-depth contours in meters for the United States

 Requirements of foundation system

2. Footing should be below zones of high volume changes due to moisture fluctuation. Many soils
particularly with those of high plasticity shrink greatly on drying and swell upon the addition of
moisture.
GL
Zone of Volume Changes in soil
due to moisture Fluctuation
Depth

3
 Requirements of foundation system

3. Prevent wind or water erosion.

4
 Requirements of foundation system

4. Bypass unsuitable soil layer such as peat, expensive clay, soft

unconsolidated deposit, and old soil layer

Unsuitable Layer

Suitable Layer

5
 Requirements of foundation system

5. Prevent footing movement or distortion by plant or tree root growth

6
 Requirement of foundation system

Spacing requirement

The foundation must be spaced appropriately in order to prevent distress in adjacent

foundation.

Economic and functional requirement

The foundation should be economical and performs satisfactorily the intended function.

7
 Steps for Designing a Foundation
Following minimum steps are required for designing a foundation:
1. Locate the site and the position of load. A rough estimate of the foundation load(s) is
usually provided by the client or made in-house. Depending on the site or load system
complexity, a literature survey may be started to see how others have approached similar
problems.
2. Physically inspect the site for any geological or other evidence that may indicate a
potential design problem that will have to be taken into account when making the design
or giving a design recommendation. Supplement the inspection with any previously
obtained soil data.
3. Establish the field exploration program and, on the basis of discovery (or what is found
in the initial phase), set up the necessary supplemental field testing and any laboratory
test program.
4. Determine the necessary soil design parameters based on integration of test data,
scientific principles, and engineering judgment. Simple or complex computer analyses
may be involved.
5. Design the foundation using the soil parameters from step 4. The foundation should be
economical and be able to be built by the available construction personnel. Take into
account practical construction tolerances and local construction practices. Interact
closely with all concerned (client, engineers, architect, contractor) so that the
substructure system is not excessively overdesigned and risk is kept within acceptable
levels. A computer analysis may be required in this step.
8
Flow Chart of Foundation Selection Process

EVALUATION FOUNDATION ALTERANTIVE

1. Shallow foundations 2. Deep foundations
3. Ground modification for shallow foundation

PREDICT BEHAVIOR
-Settlement Select
-Bearing capacity Another
-Lateral stability Foundation
-Environmental factor Alternative

DETERMING FEASIBILITY Not Acceptable

-Predicted vs. Required performance
-Potential construction problems
-Cost estimate
Acceptable
After Selection
RECOMMENDATION
Process completed
-Foundation type
Prepare Detailed Design Plans
-Design data
and Specification, Monitor Construction
-Construction procedures
 Types of Loads

A structure may be subjected to a combination of some or all of the following loads and
forces.
Dead loads
Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location through out
the lifetime of the structure. Usually the major part of the dead load is the weight of the
structure itself.
Live loads
Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings and traffic loads on bridges.
They may be either fully or partially in place or not present at all and may also change
in location. Their magnitude and distribution at any given time are uncertain, and even
their maximum intensities thorughout the lifetime of the structure are not known with
precision.
Environmental loads
These mainly consists of snow loads, wind pressure and suction, earthquake loads (i.e.
inertia forces caused by earthquake motions), soil pressures on subsurface portions of
structures, water pressure acting laterally against basement walls and vertically against
base slabs, loads from possible ponding of rainwater on flat surfaces, and forces caused
by temperature differentials. Like live loads, environmental loads at any given time are
uncertain both in magnitude and distribution 10