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10-Exponents and Powers Theory VIII Maths
10-Exponents and Powers Theory VIII Maths
INTRODUCTION
In the previous class, we have learnt the laws of exponents and powers as whole numbers.
Here, in this chapter, we will study about the laws of exponents and powers as rational
number.
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EXPONENTS AND POWERS
Illustration 10.2
Expand the following numbers using exponents :
(i) 789.35 (ii) 2005.007
1 1
Sol. (i) 789.35 = 7 ×100 + 8 ×10 + 9 ×1 +3 × +5×
10 100
= 7 × 102 + 8 × 101 + 9 × 100 + 3 ×10–1 + 5 ×10–2
1
(ii) 2005.007 = 2 × 1000 + 5 × 1 + 7 × = 2 × 103 + 5 × 100 + 7 × 10–3
1000
Illustration 10.3
Evaluate :
4 3
2 5
(i) 3 (ii) 6
4 3
2 (2)4 16 5 ( 5)3 125
Sol. (i) 3 = 4 = . (ii) 6 = = .
(3) 81 (6)3 216
Illustration 10.4
Find the value of :
2
1 3
(i) 5–2 (ii) (iii) 70 (iv) 4
7 2
1 1 1
Sol. (i) 5–2 = = (ii) = 72 = 7×7 = 49
5 2
25 7 2
2 2
3 4 ( 4)2 16
(iii) 70 = 1. (iv) 4 = = = .
3 (3)2 9
Illustration 10.5
Simplify :
6
2
3 3 4 3 3
2
3 3
5 5 8 27
(i)
2
(ii) 2 2 (iii) (iv) x
2 2 81 4
3
6
2
3 6 2 4
Sol. (i) 2 2 16
2 3 3 =
.
2 81
3
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EXPONENTS AND POWERS
3 4 3 4 1
5 5 5 5 2
(ii) 2 2 = .
2 2 5
2
3 3 3x( 2) 6 6
3 3 2 64
(iii) = = = =
2 2
2 3 729
3 3 3 3
8 27 8 27 2 8
(iv) 81 4 = 81 x 4 = 3 = .
27
Illustration 10.6
Express 125–7 as a base of 5.
Sol. We have, 125 = 5 × 5 × 5 = 53
Therefore, 125–7= (53)–7 = 53 x(–7) = 5–21.
Illustration 10.7
Simplify :
1
2
(i) (2–1 5–1)–1 4–1 (ii) (4–1 + 8–1)
3
Sol. (i) We have :
1 1
1 1 4
(2–1 5–1)–1 ÷ 4–1 = ÷
2 5 1
1
1 1 10 1 1
= ÷ 4 = 1 ÷ 4 = 10 4 = (10 4) = 40
10
1
2 1 1 3 (2 1) 3 3 3 3 2 1
(ii) (4–1 + 8–1) ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = = =
3 4 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 3 4
Illustration 10.8
2 2 2
1 1 1
Simplify : + + .
2 3 4
Sol. We have :
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 3 4
2 + + = + +
3
4 1 1 1
= (2 + 32 + 42) = (4 + 9 + 16) = 29.
2
Illustration 10.9
Evaluate :
1
1 1 1 1 3 5 105 125
(a) (b)
3 4 5 7 6 5
1
1 1 1 1 1
Sol. (a) = (3 – 4)–1 = (–1)–1 = =–1
3 4 ( 1)1
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EXPONENTS AND POWERS
Illustration 10.10
2
3
By what number should be divided so that the quotient becomes 25 ?
5
Sol. Let the number be x.
2 2
3 3 1
5 ÷ x = 25 5 = 25
x
2
5 1 25 1
3 x = 25
9
x
= 25
25 1
= 25 9 x 25 = 25
9x
25 1
x= = .
9 25 9
Illustration 10.11
If 5 x + 3 = (25)3x – 4, then find the value of x.
Sol. 5 x + 3 = (25)3x – 4 = 52(3x – 4) = 56x – 8
5 x + 3 = 56x – 8
On both the sides power have the same base, so their exponents must be equal
11
x + 3 = 6x – 8 x= .
5
Illustration 10.12
If x and y are prime integers such that xy = 128, then find the value of (x + y)2.
Sol. xy = 128, since 128 is an even number.
So, x is also an even number.
Since x is prime number and xy is even therefore x = 2.
2y = 128
2y = 2 7
On both the sides power have the same base, so their exponents must be equal.
So, y =7
therefore (x + y)2 = (2 + 7)2 = 81.
(ii) The power of 10 is negative integer equal to the number of places the decimal
point has been moved right, when the given number is less than 1
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EXPONENTS AND POWERS
Ask yourself
1. Evaluate :
3
1
(i) 6–2 (ii) 3
2. Simplify and express the result in power notation with positive exponent :
4
3 32
(i) (– 3)4 (– 3)6 (ii) 2 ×
27
3. Simplify
3 6 2 2
5 5 1 3
7 7
3 5
Answers
2
1 1 1 343
1. (i) (ii) 2. (i) (ii) 6 3.
36 27 3 5
4. (i) m = – 14 (ii) m = 5 5. (i) 5.74 × 104 (ii) 5.678 × 10–11
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EXPONENTS AND POWERS
1. If ‘a’ is negative real number and ‘n’ is an even positive integer, then the principal nth root
of a is not defined, because an even power of a real number is always positive. Therefore
(–9)1/2 is a meaningless quantity, if we confine ourselves to the set of real number, only.
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EXPONENTS AND POWERS
Concept Map
Summary
1
1. If m is a positive integer and x and y are rational numbers such that xm = y, then y m x .
1
2. y m is called the mth root of y and is written as m y .
3. If x is a positive rational number and m and n are any rational exponents, then
(i) xm × xn = xm + n (ii) xm xn = xm – n
(iii) (xm)n = xm × n
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