PRESENTATION

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INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
☆Topic☆
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
TRANSITION
ELEMENTS
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■

table of contents:
IINTRODUCTION

■ ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

■ GENERAL PROPERTIES OF d-BLOCK

ELEMENTS

☆ 01 VARIABLE VALENCY

♧ 02 VARIABLE OXIDATION STATES

♤ 03 METALLIC NATURE

♡0 DENSITY
4
◇ 05 MELTING AND BOILING POINTS
● Introduction
■》Transition Elements are the
element in the d-block of the
periodic table, which includes
groups 3 to 12 on the periodic
table. In actual practice, the f-
block lanthanide and actinide
series are also considered
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transition metals and are called

"inner transition metals.
●》Their properties are transitional between the highly
electropositive s- block element to least electropositive
●》The general electronic configuration of transition element is (n-1)d1-
10 ns0, 1 or 2
●》The transition elements have an incompletely filled d-level. Since Zn,
Cd, Hg elements have d10 configuration and are not considered as
transition elements but they are d-block elements.
 ☆HALF FILLED & FULLY FILLED
Electronic ☆SYMMETRY [HOW?]
K L M ☆EXCHANGE OF ELECTRONS [HOW?]
☆EXCHANGE ENERGY
configuration ●EXCHANGE ♤》STABILITY
■ EXTRA STABILITY 》
☆●The special configuration of chromium and
copper brings them extra stability which is due
to achievement of half filled electronic
configuration [3d5] and full filled electronic
configuration [3d10] respectively.
■ SMALL ENERGY DIFFERENCE 》
☆●In the transition elements there is a little
difference in the energy of n‐1 d‐orbitals and
ns‐ orbitals. Thus incoming electron can
occupy either of shell. Hence transition
elements exhibit many irregularities in their
electronic configurations.
☆●The irregularities are observed in the
configuration of Cr (3d5 4s1 ), Cu (3d10 4s1 ),
Mo (4d5 5s1), Pd ([Kr] 4d10 5s0 ), Au ( [Xe] 4f14
5d10 6s1 ), Ag ([Kr] 4d10 5s1 )

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General
properties
● are hard and have high densities;
have high melting and boiling points;
form compounds which are often paramagnetic;
show variable oxidation states;
form coloured ions and compounds;
form compounds with profound catalytic activity;
form stable complexes.
♤Variable valency 》》
●》Less energy difference
》dueThey ELECTRON CLOUD
exhibit variable valency
to involvement of (ns) and (n-
1)d electrons. Due to less energy
difference between these
electrons.
ATOMIC ORBITALS

●》STABILITY
》stable
The transition metal ions having
configuration like d0 d5 or
d10 are more stable.

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■Variable oxidation state》 Page -07
●》 Most common oxidation state among
the transition elements is +2.
●》 They also shows zero oxidation state
in their carbonyl compounds like Ni(CO)4.

●》 Usually transition metal ions in their

lower oxidation state act as reducing agents
and in higher oxidation
state they are oxidising agents.

●》 Sc+2, Ti+2, V+2, Fe+2, Co+2 etc are

reducing agents
Cr+6, Mn+7, Mn+6, Mn+5, Mn+4 etc are
oxidising agents
●》 The common oxidation state shown by
elements of IIIB i.e., Sc, Y, La and Ac is +3 as
their divalent
compounds are highly unstable.
 Metalic nature
■》METAL[ 1&2 ELECTRONS]
■》MALLEABLE, DUCTILE ,GOOD CONDUCTOR OF
HEAT AND ELECTRICITY, SOFT ETC

■》COVALENT AND METALLIC BONDING BOTH

EXIST IN THE ATOM OF TRANSITION METALS.

■》THE PRESENCE OF PARTIALLY FILLED D-SUBSHELL FAVOUR

COVALENT BONDING AND METALLIC BONDING. THESE BONDING
ARE FAVOURABLE ALSO DUE TO POSSESSION OF ONE OR TWO
ELECTRON IN OUTERMOST ENERGY SHELL.

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 Density Page -09

In all the groups (except In 3d series highest

The atomic volume of the IIIB) there is normal density – Cu lowest
transition elements are increase in density from
3d to 4d series, and from
density – Sc
low
4d to 5d, Os (22.57 gm cm—3) and
Density (d)>Density (s) it increases just double.
Ir (22.61 gm cm—3)
Due to lanthanide
(D = M/V) contraction Ex. Ti < Zr << have highest density.
Hf
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MELTING point
&
Boiling point
●》Melting and boiling point of d-block > s-block
●》Sc to Cr melting and boiling point increases
then Mn to Zn melting and boiling point
decreases
●》In Zn, Cd, and Hg there is no unpaired electron
present in d-orbital, hence due to absence of covalent
bond melting and boiling point are very low in series.
(Volatile metals Zn, Cd, Hg)
●》Lowest melting point Hg (– 38°C),
●》Highest melting point W ( ~ 3400°C)
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