Punjabi Bhasha Da Janam Te Vikaas WWW - Uoscnews.online

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R?> i fes* Rhnf gu-ijsrusr fsow § § r§ u£ fen fecw ^ wife,
f e f Rl R ^ l- ^ (Classification) o|R OTl feR ot UT375T d,| Rnr
HHT^-fsl>Ht g ^R ^R fûrar RRT f%R fH3 TH35 d
feffor g s W § |u s 3-ru§ fHOT* ul Rfa°'R u?> r*h srat §u^t
hI ht^ t § § fag ^ fas feRH h W Hs!»iT RT »{ tQ fag HRcd RRT U, IRf
feg FpaW R«1>HT § fHOT ROT ftfcR § HR 3RR HR^l*ft feR
fHR M3T»TOR RTH § >tffg>H?J OTt R|fl 5 I feR OTl RSfotf
Rl ^ #£ fatf glnW R* »fTRRT fe»fT RTRT t §fa ^T nfRUH
RRH HR 5feT Rt^T fj | hÎmt R ?33lfa^ RT MTqTR HR §3 §
R fRRHT RT U : *Forw (Syntactical, morphological) >n§ RRtew
(Historical, Geneoiogical)
WoTTRoT g M : .
3UTHHR Rf »Pcpgq g M Rt hr »{TgTg fag gfal £ ?rqt ^
RH?R R1R3T CM ^ q fs3HRR t s t ^ MRI R3 I fcTR R^t f%R
RRR* § RcJRUcF RRRH ot 1, >HTR f%R HR3IR c ftf, folH §U* »f§
fRH uf^»fT <5TH ^rqi HRRls oftHT Rt^r ^ | fHR f^Hî g^t
§ ttf^T ‘JHTofTR^ RteT Mtft'RT 5 I q| g s fk i ^qqs
RR-RURT§ Mcfl d.fRUaf! RSW ^ %S l{Spgi § ot!
fe5f RRR-H3I fRS d I
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hM feu HBt ^ HU f tfUMTTTH1^ UHB feHHT HU *#
HH? gsl ul Hn-IHf (KHU MTfe) M§ MHU* & gig ?TO UUBT tt I feH
Ufel feu HSU1-UTfoUTH M§ feMTUHB \jUT?> #U US I HU" MR*!'
UrFUt #b ! u) MHUTTOl § feMTUHHU (HUU) MHT U1 dBcvUHU
feUBH5 UHU UT Ht feHUl M§ MU#JF ut HHTSBT
Uu1 U, MU fen § ' MHT ^f^gi STB HHTSHT Hfe# U I feH
UBSTUH# U# MHl" UfFul UTHB MU# fe, ^Tf^Hf W ?
HHf^H' feu HUTU3 UH Bi? Ut | gg HHf §HUl 3BSt UH# UIhtsI
UBl STB §HUTHUU fSHUB UH B^# H* I feH U5HH UHHUH HHTSBT
SUB UtbW gslMT S feU HUB*} feu HfUMT UfeT MHUTH hb W
U feH UUU # §UST # ugfeTHt feu UfeTb Mt tFUTU I UH fen
‘UHferHU ufeY feU MOTS §•§ UUHTfSHUH UBT£fUT #, feH But feu
Hfet UUl HBHHSU SuY U I
fes* fe^t of U MTBUU* 3 rlfelM* H MTUTH § 5 £ '/
MTUU I § st u feu feu uI mt Uth1mt

UlMf UBW U1 feu fUHH UW HUlM* US I UH feu 'TFUIhiU Ufe’
MHUfer wtfe uImt uuuuth thuIm* u Imt hhts ub Im1
U3U U UUl U I feu But fesr
“ U
hYuM* UHI* fegA ‘MtUTUU’ UHT ut
t3HTrPUU1U I fHHS HUHUUUbImt UTUHUftUHB UHSTUtu)ut U I
UBlMf Hi ^
HIPUKU Ur MTUTHU UHT Km ^ UH^ U ftfe UU" HHTH Ufeji1
HTHiMT TOlMT K UTH HU HHuI mt feu #feMT rTUT # UU U?>
(1) HUT3-ÛT5 UbI mt (Isolating Languages or inorganic)
UTU t{UT^ (Incorporating) (3) MUfeHU (Agglutinating)(4)
HBU UBImt ( Inflecting).
‘HUT^-ÛTtS’ UBtMT HHTH feu UfH US I fes* Ub Imt Ul feu
feHHUT ^ fsr HUUT S UTUT feu U3S UB, feuST U HHlH ^ MUHi W
9TUH” UH! UHfeUS ktjY feusT ubI mt feu ututuhu
uut Is !
HUU (S>ntactical relation) ÛB HUUf U HUUS U1 fSH§H t I
2
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feu ul huh, h^ s h! fusur uut Hfew (sfe) f$7M\ feHHs tr %»r
• ; f ^ “
fenns uTc?h §"htd i fen sul fesf uslw feu huts h! ^qT?^
1 1 ulsl usl fen ht slu Ghtuus d i fuuul, uuh! if mhuW
ul usW us i ulsl ul sfel fe»pcraHcr ^sTsl sufe d ^ feu huh
UT HUTS ^ gg olB d I fa t4 :-
SUI 3 fs=Hi HTUHTUT3S I
fS 3 SUT=3 HTUHT ^ HS I
^f-UU (incorporating) u sW feg ^ t gT i^ t^t ?tf
H33U HUH* UTUfe ST UU^, H3T HTfe>tfT HUHT S feu ul HH3I3
feu WS-HS f , offer tF ? U I HU fe r HUH, HUl ^Tî feu
>Ht§ 4U US 3 f fu HUUS UU feu SUl4ufuu HUT ofel HU TF feWHS
UU Ufe US, § UF >HH Ufel ufu Ufe US fHU3 MH fHSU feu HHUl
¥TU US Ufe US § feG" >HUU t{SUfefe | Tucker 3fel H HUH*
feu1 “ ^ToHJXTS Utht^ t fû, §St (HUHt) >HUU-33t h1»F $¥S
HTUUU USl»F ^ Ul UfS-HS M§ H-US3U UUl U, ftTUS UUlwr UU3>HT
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UtH^t feu »fe H33F HUH US dfU'H US l” feH ÛTU Hi USl ul

feHH3T U for fen feu (1 ) ^ TU Ul HUH U 3 HUH ul ? TU 3 . V
(2) ffefeus (incorporation) i s Ud ^feg u feu tf h W ?t &

fw a i fH3T HTHT 5 I UU feu HUUl SuT U f3 UU HUH S H33U 3U
« . ,
ul U^HT t I UUSl >HHUlUT Hi Cherokee UUUl 3 ^ ^ feu G^'OdS

3" feu t{UTU HUHU U H W I §U feu ôf d ': Na(d)holinin
‘STufefes’ ( ht§ UTH UFl fe»fT§) I feH ^ toT-huh ’ (Sentence-word)
% ?TcfH feS fes US faUST § fsUF 3‘ HUUS W U-33 (concept
words) fsUHH US : fa#A : ST fe s’ (Na,ten) fe»T§), US
(Amok, hol-usl), »f§ fss (Nin >HHl”) I feH tj^T^ gUUS >H§ H^§
1. “ We get, interweaving or amalgamation of mearely the

most significant sounds of those different sense elements which
fc
would, in most other languages, stand as separate words’*

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Tucker “ Natural History of language.”
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feof 3 33?** § §31 §3* H^dM* § fe ? ul 3*3

fe e fen 33* fe3-e*3 33 feM* 3*3* t fe § 3* H33* 3* M33-33*
e l 3331 e"e 33? fe3*3l efe l I M33l 333* (construction) *3*^1
ttsl § ‘^ tcT-IU’ 3* ‘^3-l£F3’ WS\ M*feM* 3*3* 3 I
fen ijopsr ? i y ? ? e*3i 3I 3 e fe ^ : feolgft ‘
M3 HU33 ‘*3*3-^3*3’ l ufa§ fee M33-33 U3l 33* uj^ tF§ xK> 3
e e l fee Uf5 3* ir e 33 33 M# M3 fe w f § "§ 3 fT § 33 I U3*3l
e l hs^ h! fira st fee ‘t3*’ ‘fe3t3*’ §" gfeM* He*^3* 5 1
fee ‘fe33ll ^*3-^*3’ e l fHH*H 3 I
MHfeH3 (Agglutinating fe3* fe e ‘hhh ’ M33*3 fe 3-3*3
333*3*31 3e l 3* 3%) 3*3 elM* 3h1m* u fesl fofHH elM* 3Hl 7F&T
^33 33 I fee § 3 3&1m* 33 f33* fe e 33 MH § M3T H333 33 fe e
Hfe3 3fee* 5 M3 §Fll 33* el *3*3* f%e e33?3* efoe* 3 I § 3* MH*
w — u
e* m s '-hh 33? e e T i fee feg*3’ elM* 3*h*?* elM* e fen ee^ * 33

( 1) 33 M3 (Elements) §tf3*3 H333 f33*31 fee* 3 ffej3 * §H
33 fee 33 W ^3f3 MT 3 *H3 e* 3 ( 2 ) H*§ M3 feH33 * fe3 ffe?-3*3
33? fe3 3*3 fe @3 feg el ‘^*3 -Hge’ (Sentence-word) *£??? 3 3 !
feH t{3*3 §1 33l 3* fe e H §3*333 *333? 3*3* 3 fen e l Max
l
Muller efel H*fe3 3 33 § t{HH* cftef 3 I §e*33^ #3 :

fe?-H3 (fUM*33 Set, infinitive)
fe?-H-H3 (3* fUM*33 e e l, Negative f3H3*3H3)
H3-fe3-H3 (M*U3 M*3 3 T3M*33 ® h1 Reflexive f33*?*e3)
H?-fegrH3 (f3M*3 313 3*3 Passive 33Hfe *?*ee fefe-
M*fecf I
‘MHfene' § 3*3 § e 33 (i) U33-M3F3H3 MHfoH3 Prefix
Agglutinating) (ii) M3-M3F3H3 MHfe'H3 Suffix Agglutinating
(iii) H3-M3F3H3 MHfeH3 infix-agglutinating M§ (iv) MH3 M3F3H3
MHfene (Partly agglutinating) I
3iH3l H3 qgt HH3’ (inflecting) * el § I fee
feHH elM* 3*h*^ el H3*33*^ fee fee § fe eg 3*3 fee nee*
4
t UcJJTUUoT Tran s#1 TO IJ3 OT 7>rs EÊEHE gif
fefit IJ3 W § feflHHS § fe@3U3l f" TO f%E^3 fen fE*E
§ y f TO ET5TE3 cfat TO for tu f t fEE EH" E33E HEE TO
fau# fn l to ! w it feg-niag tp- iE - t i gff git ^ i
fTOT 1{3W § TO t TOE* t Mug » ft ^To[ feE t ? f t Hgg feHTO
g if iY t TO, fTOf 3 a tt TOEf f fsW1?* t |U (declensions) f
conjugations) TOt TO I fEE ‘^ g ’ t E fu-^gi TO |fey fey
‘fe^TOTOT 'MTOHtfY f t TO f eh feE ‘s ^ n a T I fey HEl
irfusl fenH £ ‘ 'weeh yl f%gyEl H^g” >tff Eft fyEH £ “ggjgngl
femoral y g g ” f s l »rTfy»p ytET f i
“ m to w I feggft y s g ” ty-TOET fey ^Mq f huto-uto
yffeft Hfnfeg to i fey toe t fey tyyggit f ^ ft
ft to yg ^ y^ 3 g § TOy ygyl m y t r o f »ftyt ygt ^ b yro fe
trt to f?rat toet t eeI e t wee ft TOt gfu't
—
to i fro* O
toY ht
fey ‘yTf ’ f e - f e w TO TOEl f ? (tri-syllabic roots) fay TO ft
E'g fogml TOE (Derivatives) TOt TO I Tucker to otto f :
“fy l >ngy f f fftyfro fey g f f t Tf *r§ yTy eto ygt fey i” hhhtot
se I *reft to ^ toees fa : y*3 “ g, 3, h” f fan e 1 *igy f ‘feast'
frTH 3" EHE ESt TO : ETf3E (fe a t ?TSr), fqH’E (ftTTOT ^ 5
fefy^T fgptf* f t ) E3E (EU3 HTgl>Ht f o ^ t ) HE3E (fay ETOEt
yroEYtft tos) wYe
‘ETUdHyl fgggfl t o e ’ ty-TOET |%e ffy-STEyl (Indo-European)
E^l>Ht $ nnrs eI et thet f farolw fg ete etoe fey E-fegHE f
yfTOX to 1 fETOT fey y ^ ‘fro-Mygl’ toY f *fE^y hte Eg euY
f t >h§ g fe ee! Eggl toY fg Mtg ft toe i fen fy-^gr fey y ^
&gr tot feg->Hygl f e! f fan t e th fy-nggr, me1^ ^ ee t
HTf TOE ETOf t f t EE, EE TJ3EE >HTH EE f y^ ^ t t ygy
f%E w me Yfe y y t to i fEH he! feE tygrgi | Erugnyl
1. The purely lexical element...... lies in the consonants, the

grammatical in the vowels “Misteli"
%
»rfa»n tFH7u i
fe*
t fe # ht H5THT CM (1) Hfl3F3Hof § (2)1feff3IT3HcT I HHf^H
11 /
5 § CTR^t feflgraHof I feu# ^ fe>tfTfa>tfT #3
fee Sftel Tlfecfft I
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HFFU ut»F HHU ffe W § fes fes feu ^ §US*

Ut»F foul feHHSfefaT S HUHS* rt^t gg fe^T pfef t I MHV UU
uôTf ^ gst-Hggt guluu § fejra g?F§s ufel HFFU-gsfeF- £
uuI^ ut ^ fess! ff^ uufer nr h feu mfe>HT w hu fu Hfetw
g s t^ tf gsl fug gut d i
HTU HHTg Ui gufeHT £ ifefeTî feu HUSH U3S HUl HTTU fet
kss
p i feu nfesi § ffhs ugs1- §feu fj | fe g ^ w ^ fen fen1 u

CT3S UfeT fj §U FF# sfef >HSU3S-UUI 5 I §?>T ?> pTHU fe[HUi US
s*s gsfer § u*u ,guu ’ , ufe us i fas* feu m i ufe cfet
♦ »
ofet ^FF-gufeTg es i f u guu feH û^ us i ( l ) »tHuiuTg^ (2)

mate* gnu (3) p fe w guu (4) ^nfe nufew! guu i
MHUfeT-g3U UfeF .sfeW t u fenfei gufeu’ u^ : ugsl
^HHUfe >HH §feui >MHUfer j feus* BfrF >HUf Hfe H3T m UUl UTU H
sfefrF US l feu feTU-ijgT?;’ (Incorporating) i£5FU uW gsfeF
US I
RHTU ^t»T HSfotf*

MîoF-guu feu Hg 3u § tfa i w us i (1) uhAs
(2) ( 3) (4) ^fnfeof »r§ (5) Hfnfeu i feu guu ^ guteu*
UfefT gsfefT »fugl »|Tfer ^tuIs mfuu »f§ t{Tuls g©1»F ggul»F us i
feH SUi feu HUHU-UUS US I
7
IJHfe HvFHTaral-yH^ nl»F S UH W ^lEF-Unfe^ H"£
t^fe ns : (1) feiSHt>tfT (2) H23Sfa»F (3) KTfeSHt»F (4) lFU»F (5)
W n f . w unfe^ I nif n W nnW Hnnl^F MHfeHS (Agglutinating)
ns i un ns fenansHor n nnW ns i
cfenW-ifen fen hh^ n W g s W fenns nnt»F ns i fen
ynn fe § snls nnf nfnw fen nnl n i feH fen
^ Hy unfeTn ns :
1. w s unfeTn
2. »renfe} ugfeig
3. nfefHMs unln^
4. fsns-nlsl unfe^
5. Hfnfen unfe^
6. ^fe^l unfern
7. »tTRfen nnfeTn
8. MfsHns UdfeTn
9. fnn-gnnl irafefe
yngi n HTn ^ -ir e fe ^ fen1 ^M^F-ynn n1 ‘fnfe
cjnuY w h1irafern §rgr ^ fern fen HnnnH § i fen unl^n natt nnf
• ••
i{ I s h , fenns f Frfnn § ih f § H fs»F nfe1- 5 i nt»F i^nts 3

snls w n sW sh yn-unfeTn s Ts nt ferns ns i fen hhI nfe
sfe feH nt HnTsnr ms tts-u^ s n#1nl >H^nn ns i 3n feH unfe^
nt»F nn or Hnsl»F fefersfefeF h* nnss * whi snt1n#3F
• •
( l ) feH fnfe-^nuf ufenTn nfer fe?t»F % HU (inflection)

ms-ijsitst (fifes t ns§ ns i fen ■usw hssh
huh snY n§ feH sfe nsl hshh w q nl sh Y nun i fen fefes mh

fe^Tn-sHH n i fen1: ‘sffersr’ fen “s M + f e n + f e ' ns un ni^
»
ifesn ns mhtsh snl1 1

(2) ufen sn § fen uh> f hhhfshu ns fe ^ fe ' hs n^
ST# l^CFiT P ^ § U{5 fro t fes fes >Hnfe 3 *{arnT§ g^ § ns i
un nsl nst n s fen usfeF fenareHU n s nnfeF ns i fe t1
h : foin^= y : um s 1HHareHn § fefeFSHn h # 1hu ns i
%
(3 ) MUUl M^feu Us Im * ul fBB-MtfUt (Trisyllabic) qTB § '
fequfe fHH UUfeTU fe g feq-Mqul qTBM* UB I fBB* 7
515 f$?U3
3
(Primary suffix) § 3 “fq3 (Secondary suffix) BB g htUt HUB 3BTU
UBUT U I UH SUf MTO M3 UTfef3 ^gfdP>fi fBUBBlsPUT § fe^rgg^-
orgi b t h 5 § for fuu-Muql HUUT^ s l § UU HUB BT M3l-fatf3 HS
qT3 BcT BIB* B^B* § I
(4) ^TB{t feg hub* § ubruu Rqqf § tfaiufete hh! bb3 vuu-
IfBUB (Prefix, MUTBU) t{US3 BUT U I ©URUBF MTfu HUB* (q'B -iqi)
B HU feu OT U BUS W BBSBTmt UB BT BUf UTB-BUB* Hqql
W BUY UBT I fu^T : f e - j - ^ (f%UTu) MT+ UTU ( m w ) qfe— UTU
(qfeUTU) I
(5) rbbt ij b w fey3 t H}-rH (Compounds) BBS b!

BUl BUB IfUSB U I fBR M3I feu feu feHH3T U for BB~ HHTH feu
feU feBB UU f W 3 feBUBW B Hut Rut UBU-HBUTB bI bt TUB1
U I M^fBU RSIm * feu b3 feu UUf BB! Ufef US UUt U I fa#A ;
#
#
‘UTBU3g’ = UTBT B1- UBU I ‘b Ih RB’ ‘bI h MUB^B ^ » { T ^ 1 # R?B

fRR ulM* UB §U d ‘bI hRB’ I
(6 ) fen uufeTu b I m * b s 1m* feu ffBuiRT (n t3 , fe#B, f^ruB,
B feB ) ut BUS3T U fetufe HBB-MUB, BTBT3HB HBU RB UB feUBf
UtuT ut BURTfeMT B^B1 U I #cfe SUl BB ufusl BB BT ‘BU-feurg
« f
BB I
fUBUprifl Û-BTHT uufeTu
UUTUT g] htS qfUS feUHB UUl fufe-ÛUf HSBSi ^ BSSUfe

BB^ fotft UUlRfeBl»fT U UÛ MB MB U BR? UB 3* §B f £ BU BU
BRB BTS ofef §■U-BTR1 UafeTg Bf§ UB I fefe fBB USfMT uW
RRTBB^f U MTUTU §B fefeTMTBlMf-B H^BU § feu fu-Bigr ifefeTg

felS UB I
‘h’ RBI B ‘or’ UB! § MTUTU §B RTU uufetgt § gfe^ ^ srgjt
feu tfBMT ^ (1) ‘rbh’ ( 2 ) B ‘ffen’ (Centum) 1
‘5TBH’ RHU u Imt HTqT:
%
(l). tsfTO 2. (fe ^ fo s r) 3. fe tfe c( 4.
5. §yate 6. after i
‘hhh’ hhu ^ x* i
1. >XSifc9M?> (HSfe>X3) 2. qTS^-HSfTOT 3. >HHHf?S>>fcS 4.
fF i-w h ro I
fr iN n a b r e
fecSf §UTO3 ftfe-GjUlft TOlg1^ f?3" ITTOft 9SW & &
H9U3 ‘ dl>H^ Indo-Aryan Uafe^ d I fen Ito ijpro
TO I (1) feaqtfJTO (2) W€oT (3) grggf (Indo- Aryan) |fTOrctf>X3
hput feu" ^#HdT, ufusgt, u^st s^cHt *3 wufecr g ch! w f3o?Tn
V _ x
ufew u i ‘^dtfqr' tew ‘uh§ ’ § 'fr o sY *ffe fegqtf § ftfe

feTOTaSl>HT 9 B W T\zHW TO I ‘g’ odY fl7UT tfeo f
3ETHlcra> EHfjSH, U1®!, Iff^cT, ^^HT, *,§ WqfecT 9Bi>HT
(Vernacular) §3U3 toW TO I
fen fto! faisnt f e s f § nfuun t o s s §" fug" hthush
fg S sTO3l »fTaCT 9Bi oTS uf U friH W ‘UiFUT § TO *pqfecf >HT9UT
?5 t^S-Ug^ TO6 3 " fug" ^TOl-^fYfTO TOJiMT 3T HfgHdT9

gTO3 TOiai 3t 3 ‘ifppgT 9 st § fefui*TOoT |U 3" HH93 B3t §H §
fUg^ fgo»H, aUT »i§ HS 3 T H ^ U ^ U31- S3T H3 I
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hW gsW t wfgws b ~ us 1
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fa t f l|g^ § u ^5UU t gTFF-U^Tg 1£T!J3 US MW-Ugfe^ §
MSW-UBkT-j I tfUUT3T S feu fSHfUH fefeT ufe»U U fe USH
w aw t >t o h s §" ufas* ug u*g yore § >HTfe-^Tfe gfu
UU RS >tft tF §R #S HR UU RS fUU3 W gU-lfgfeTg S^S RURS
g it gfe us >h§ fus* ul»F gsl»F s uts - § sTgul hut u w f u
§ t UÛ UFF-UgfeTgT feu #fe»F U :—
«
(1) si feu (2) WHfeof
(3 ) fegu ulsl, >HH (4 ) I feot U STS Ul UU^t y g §tht-
ggferg ‘^ gU -ggfefe U I >XTSU t s W Ul flJRS-fHt SSl feu
*
ggg->HW-gsl>>F w H'feuu fe#US t t fefeu TFUUT U I1

(1 ) slferu : feu H'fs>HT HfeT t fe s lfe t SU Ugg-ugi TF§H
^1 gfas UUU-UUU Ugi »feu STUU »fUU UU usgt I feu UUH Ul USTUS
RH~ t fs^TRl HS ufe US I feUST ul g s l ufeultuUHURS »{§
UUsl gsfURHTS feu g s l ufel hsI gfe! U I feu ul fe»ITH glu*
I
ufeTt fe m # hts-utu ul g s l § h uufeTU ul iFg1 u fug feu s u

RHUU UU t US git UR UR? US I UtfUl §ÛU Ul*F ufesl Ufe!*F
1. feRfÛ ig -# s tt #g : “Linguistic survey of India’’—

Grierson “Origin and development of bengali language”—
S. K. Chatterjee,
11
«/.
fussy uuts, usu tau feu y s ul slfe? fe yu uu-yu sfes ta fe

US I yfetsUH US U3U SUB U1 Hfe»fBT ut feufet feu feH USt §
tPBt UUT UHt yTH fUHTipfenF SUfe 35Û7 I
(2) 3HTHfeoT : SlfalU §" fyf" feu y’UU US ta t»P ggg-
»isru-gst»u ‘>tfTHfeu’ us i .fes7*ra7su g s ta uTysa sub fen7s
§ t a s t a N 7U feu HUBU-yUS 3TRT-UdfeTU W fe ^ t a fe fe t fs ’
?UH RgqB tr I BW-fefelMfet W. Schmidt S feH H7U ufeu^ §
*»PHfeu’ »rfe>HTd I w fe u ygfe7S ut*f7 u-feg HUBUUSS HTy*
WZ3 feu ta u fe 7US fflUS7fefe ‘HTS-yHS‘ HHU t{feu U I 'H7S-
yus’ spy7fuu-uts't ut ygTs ust sut u fen §" uut hu*7feora 3
gun7, fe»TH b 3T3B feu t s srufri7us i b’ub u wffh yuu feu
feu i w sus rurs ‘yfel’ ust ta u t 5 fuuut huhu yu feu
feuta us usu feu tatu ut su feu gus gfet u i 'w ta u ' uufeTU
<UH ut uggu uTtat >hstuu g s W feui t a T’ feu uuss -ust wtf~
US d I feu US ut»F USt»fT feg gig gg gÛB, yfent USF35, fefeR7
§ feUTU U UU 373T, »fe HU3TR ta u U ^ t § tsut>H7 fesut>tf7 t a
ur yfe fuHw uuuu7u s7s sts feus utw uufeta bu u su ta s
us i ‘uscft, ysy, y t a T, ytaT, § ugg gst»p ytat kst-u s s ts

rusib us ‘utasi, t a t a ffeu, u^7, g t a ussy usut h^ u s s ^s
RURB us i
feH y ta u s ufer gst»p t a fsuuûut ^feut g s W uT
RURRU ‘Bryut ?|^-us’ gfew fHU UUTU I fefefeu feS7 g s t»r u
w
feu feu ‘^ ju-uI u’ ^Tfefe ust^T u slu feuuTi? fesu US I feu

u sW tats7 §u t ‘uth-toi’ feu feu ta u uuW usgft»if I fest
i
ut sHut ygyuT § g*u s spuut muu feu ut >huh mhu
yTfe»fTu fuuuTuut fe§HUTur u' feuut»ff mstuu us , yuru uuT^ i
sut sut ‘gfsT’ ggu ‘uuT (Score) : uut fesT gst»ft u uuu
uuut >xTuu-gs/t»ft feu yuu us srt yusfeT u feta uuy feu
•UUUUS (double-plural) ‘HU1’ ut feUHUT Fft feiUST US Ut
uT t a ifeut feu fesu SUd7Ut feu sruT
i t
UT UTU 'tat" u h" sfe Rf’ d i feu ut yfeyl ut ‘ ‘Hsuut
n 1
/
1
§ggsl feu ‘»fTvt uslu ut s t? ‘3 # § Hi u s lt’ d i gg gggt^

‘w w »ngs’ feu guûus ul uuu u ûgru fen g^sfe
feu ûTh g s s (-£us t) u ^ jurs oft§ tfu us 1 feu uul
4
•
1
5
‘MTHfeu’ u s ul hhI Rfel u 1 feH gufeTU u W gslw V.HfSHU

(Agglutinating) fenH u W Us Im* US I
(3) feus-ulsl : fugu-ulsl uufeTu u fes i^ro ‘u s ’ us
fegn-guRl, fe>HTH-ulsl mh ufsHl 1 ‘Ih^ tr-uIsY ul feu gsl ‘>huh’
3 gun gnu u sth sts rtuh feu g#u ufe uuhrts ‘w r ’ guu
gsrfe»[Th! I ftTRUTST “>HTHTH" >HUR Ut ul HUH? UR H‘fs>HT few1
u 1 feu gsl w u fe f hu! hu uu s Tug gusu uul, § h h" fgir
sun u uiul 1 us urRH feu feH u s ul feu ul gsl ‘gTHHl’ gnju
tl 1 ‘fugs-gunY u s ul>Y Hryt ggHf s s t fegu, urts, fuHTs T
HU rPS fefUTfefe»iTufe>MTSHUT g |fggi gT gggs>r[T ‘HST’ gsl>HT
?us ul ug htst uut § s g fapnTu 1 § ynul >mthth, ng mthth h ugsl %
»THTH uYrt ‘gTgr) f^JUTj gT^jT ggt( gut ggY »tTfe PUSH’S
g s W fen ‘u s ’ sts ul nggu us 1 ^feul § >htuu g slw u hhuhi
\ uut fesT gsl»u feu uu gufeuns u few u 1 §fe tu feuTgul
✓ o —
(monosyllabic) fuHH ul»Y US I

(4) ^rfesl : mru-us Ymt u" uni gT § uu grfesl gsl^T
US I feST ul t{TUlSHT H HUTSHT g s W ^tgy g] Hsl Ufefl U 1
>MTgl»fT U >HTHfHS-UrS H“ gfus feu HT§ sPUH feu fwUH UUl»{T ufefe'T
gigfeT us gu usl usl UU US uh s ugs-HTUH feu feug_
u giul^f us i fesT ul fauu feu htut 'guul ’ uu gsfuHHTs feu
ul»f uul u fuusl ggTS-HHU h" uuh ugs u i fesT g slw feu
gun tfeT HTfUH fel fHSUT U U UUTSl § ySH UUUUT UT sgrfeu U I
MTgu § urfeul gslMT s uisl h^ t feg uuhuu gHT^ ht/u s u! ht
u gg' hu ufe^T rFUT u fu gjfeul s >HTuu-gsl»iT feu ggfeoHs uau
SUfefT gsfet §gufefe[t gg I gignl fe^ H-ÛUT (cerebral
class— z , 3, 3) dA3 ^ TfeHl w ra UTul ^55
i
fornfTf>T^r U 1UR HUT HUU-HHTU feu ul MTH H' Urgi g|gT

ui fgug uTs s t s ^ fesT ul gg gu ulnl u h ‘hssthhu fe>xTuus’
13
f e f w a I feu 3 THT-yufeT3 >HHfeeU feHH yr 5 I ‘ynHS, HfSMr^
HS, yygj, slsfeiul HHU, Ulfel, !§¥, HTSU, ofet,
My yuuT fen yufeTu ylM* mtuIw u s Imt us i Hfu'feeTu §
S3-F yl §ul HlfeMHT ui y ^ y gnfel y feyi yt § yUUT >H§
€t Msfe hust fyyt 5 i fey 'fey-HfeMST” y m w §y fe^t
Ss Imt BTHS MB nyy ‘HHUtMy’ STS HUUIH 5TUS yr FTSy yfeT ^fT
feuT U I feyi §uuyu sH’HJyul^Tgt §" feyi 3 T33 fey gyTy M ^ .
y^l^^ u fey yT us feyf^y ?uyy ytyTyfeuF i
W dB & MTy5T-3THT-lfefeTy
yytMfet fey ^yy uu §g" yy uuy usur i m§ feu ^ d

fe m w * y ^y ^y US' § s hs fyyi fey^ yfeTy, gry y w m§
yy yyr y fey^Fus ^tuf fey yy ufe yy i fen yT gn^s w H^yr

yfei fyy gguu yfer ustMi us fayytMT §uu^y fyyty yt yyut
sraytMi us 1 feu fys yt gyry 3 T3 3 u 3 ^ ifey yy yy 1 fayt
yfeF gylfsfy us Im* MH ^yy yy 1
( 1) ufeTs l : ufeTs't hs I m * 3 T3 3 u f-yu-ifent y ^ feu
gyfyy us 1 fesf yt H’y-yry1'ufeTy yt yfeTyt (yyfet gTyyt) ^
fey y~ fyus t uu us! us! ^ yfe t s mylMi uy t 3133 feu
‘HH%y’ »Ffe M W HSIm* yt HU^yi 3 - fyî yt fesf ylyTyt g*$t>tft
y Tmtuihs ufew d fe ^ fe fesr yt yysTyHor-Hsl yt yyTyyT y w l -
«
M W Hs Imt STS SUT U HUT" yufel ^TdHl STS ul fesyt ^ I yT33
14
y
I £ §§ g^YuW fefegtf’ sfefer 'uh§, umh, g??u1 (ngm^})
A
4
i »i§ urn!3, ug fuugfeF fife ^ §uus' 3Uf g^fuHHT?> §' &3, uVra
I
<
>m§ i{rute m u £ rngul gsl w § § gfei ^ hu urfe»fT u i feuTU,

n u u ^ st, § g?>W feu u fa ^ ^ >hhu § § u <5 ?>u1" gfeT uT HguT
d, fNr ug fg fenu »mu u mg uu' feu u ^ u -fe w t g s l
ggfeiH buI feus* sw u st gs1»Y) ^ >nfa>HcS w w u

»
fefu^rugl ®ul fuugu u i

(2) uuu : efefe] g-^l^t §"■ fto gigg (ffe uTfgHHT?>) £
fg?>Tfe>>r gguiuw »fe sTgH u gg siTgi feu gsY uW ‘UdU
g s W ug i feu gsfeg '^ I - W oIh' m§ fetu^l-Mû’ uuf g # W U
f e u g ^ fegm ul ûifgguT ggul»r ug i fe?u g ^gt
‘unmY wftRHT few, feu gfe ug i^nfeig uu § nfet 3 i fe$f
‘^ g ’ Ufelw U* UUU^ HUf sTUH, uut^ >Htfeg fih%u HTfuu feu
WH fHSUT u fffe fegt £ feg ftfosF § ufe Ufel U UU 3 feftW
*
f
*•
15
i
I
I
eesefe hh § ojth § efe g e t gg 'g w *feu’ gerlw- gsf? h?>
forffor feefee fee g&l gel U5 T?f el >H§ gg fegel fegel UT5 ?> el
feêl d I feH HT feu fifer fcSoTHtH- U fof §H t e g ^ g >H§
feSHr ^ t&W UHhHT ^ 5f sfe§ H?> ftT$r t nTOTU f t
‘fee-HfUHT’ e l #e-gg ‘STHH1US! f H^l eiel h! i feu g fe ^ sfet
s lg eg^r for feuT?T ^1 gnt ‘^ g -g sY e" gee fegel h1, e r feu
ufe u#3F for ê-g^l § HTfeu usl fee e eeg e e Te ffa §g el
h! 1 fe?e »feg fefegr ? ts I>ht fpuW negr^fe M W -gslw § feg el
S* U3 HHgYe>tfTfel»{T I ofet feee T3 HHBT3 3 H § feH t £ el g&l
§ Prmary prakrit (ijgn ^Tfge) »pg§ e?>, gel Old Indo-Aryan
(^[fefe JHW-FUHt) gfefe US, ofet “ tfeoT 3THT” >Kt gel ‘tfeoT
HHfjfe I W # feerg fee feH ‘HHU’ § ‘tfeoT HHfjfe gfU3 T el sfe
e 1 e r f § ft hh" fen gsl e Tgel s* seY fnere1 ge 'gHntfgs’ hh% 3
en el gsl e 1 fsefee f nlfne gg e fans HngT&1 fe^rgesgreT 3
‘hh%3 ’ MTfe»iT e 1 fen ‘HHf$fe sfer gfesl fee i e êreT§ 5 sel
§ h§ fefeg HHf$fe gfu e e Tegg erg-greg d gee fe e e w ?>
0
Heferg offer e I ereryH gr^T e T ggs tr for “ The Language of all
these literary works (Veda, upnishds) ' is known by the generic
term. “ Vedic Sanskrit” .
^feoT HH%3
>hh! 1 fe e s trfenf § fee en >nfe e+ fe e ^ e l e l ^Tel-

33H g®l “tffeor ergr w tfesr hh% 3” e 1fen w nrfeee e^
He § Aufec?T feefee ^ fee fener e 1fes* e l g s l efe
Hger >n§ egreg^r ^ 5 u e e e e s l mt eel d fen fee fen ^
gel e g e fe l tt eneerr ?êT eel fa ^ ig fen§ hh eg^ *$el w h -
ue^gr ^ trsnp3 f yîre, W3 UT3 >nTfe g %fen grs g^ 7 h?> fe3»
e gTee gel ege-§ge ê? e Hgel 1fen s e l ^ e e l

gn l e l geTe l ^rge uneg fee feefee el e 1
>HTecrt »{TgiH^ § §?>t e l g s l § mee gr§ g e l fenee g 1®
5 # feer wer, ue er gl ‘feeite’ t Hures-g^ gfe Ptolmey,
i
J-TcS^T g r# UfUFUU feHof, Hj UTH f^H?> UTUTH f^ U U U )Hrfe fe u U T?>T ^
cSg^T 3 #U feu W HUfe u »pqTU § § orfet fefuPH^ uuu* ufel u I
fetf £ 3" feufeu ul UU?U UT HHt 3feul HUHûfe ( 3rd
Millanium B. C.) UUU uI hu) 3" Ofes* >HUH HfeT ufufe 5 I feH
ul UUSl UU H' JU
t
sfet H3-3U cSUl" feuul 400 UUU ulffet 3SUI3UI —
\
felH3
*y
ut U I W U HUH 3' is 3 400 B. C. 3U U^ sfel 7> ‘t fe ^
»\ 2
HHfeu’ fe fejfet ?ufH>HT fuWT U I
ug feu uu uuut uu*

o t unfet u 1 feu 3f w fe fife i s »
Uf >Hfe U* fe ‘3133! gs 1>HT>H§ ‘ufUTfe gH W ’ UU* £ feu fe 3T

‘fst-ferotore' STcS ufe>HT <J feuul ‘fuu-5iufe’ u I feua
I I
UUgf H*gT U I feH ffe^T UT uTU^ feu U fe feufet t 3 ^ } g s W

§ UUUH (u § U§§) feu fe H7> 3 U HUUF u fe UU3 BU US
ufut feu fesu u^ 1 ferret unut nfe hI u^ § 3^3 ^> ht gufelM*
ul >HUUHU>ut Ffl-PHH1 if fesfel U I 3*U3 fe yfetaH #fe
‘tfeu ‘HHfuH’ U Mf Ufe^ § UUHfe>H3 H3 % HUH HH3UT fe gfe
• s ^ «l *“ " * •
I
'MtHHr’ u faufe yfeSUH U I fefe UU* gfe>tfT— feuu HH%3 ?H§

»feHUT-feu fefe HHUU3T U fu Jackson U HUfe feu BU13UI UU
^ M M ‘ *
HUU §, U3 feu ufenul uufeuus ^T®,

U^rfU»fT W HUUr § f feu ul »f^R3T § ^ I >>feHHT 3fe 'tfeu - 1J - ;
FfHfeu’ fe UTU3 UU UU] U I feH »f#HHT ^ UITUTM#H3t, UUt^)

UTafe, ufeffe} M3 M^feu uruul Ut feum ufe»fTd I fen »ftHHT
feU HH%3 feU 1{ tijh UU HU t UT HU U fm»fT U o
ufe U3 I fefe fe ut ^ § uth g § us 1 fewudd'U ugt Û5Tr
U c5UT d I UUT U §UTUU^ #g | M B ^
/l fI
>r
“ 3 »fHU3 5TH3H I HUH UTHH HfeH3H

u ff
IITurn amventum yaztum surum damohu suvistum t t
fen fyuuu HHT33U gurel if feu huhu d fe nut § § feMfe^

^ UU uufeu33 3~ feuTfe
"3 .
UUf feu UU3 fe HHUU3T5 I
*"* ***
18
i 4
/
fen ijrtu ‘t fe r hr fen’ .............

feu7 h " Rut ru
«
Im7 gnfsr . . RUFFRUl7*7
uftfe §TH3 ul ife" § ûut ufret u i uu fife" ffer feu irfr § uu
Htrc7§" >nur uur ws ^ret t >hh fife" fat*1,rh" >hh ur feu uut
ufet Tret 5 fen TOt ut HRU^st feu § feu HRUfel Uut
Tret U I feu UUfeH3 fe ^ U tH7 (^TRUtu FFH#H § HfRU^RU)
HJRHH HTUI7, ^BSFiR7, §uf3HU7 »fe U3BI tF R3UI (st WUl) feu
feHUH73 UU7 U I UU feu UUfeUH3 fecF ljUTU Rt ?fe)“ U fag
3 HU UU ^ RSt 3 Û ?U UU R'cStty7 feu #fe>fT Rt n t I feu UUt-
<£dB5 H7fHUU RSt ut §R f3UHU U U UHHRrU U3 ftTUS' UU RSt ut
cpfe»l7 feu UU RH" UHRU U3 I UH >HR? feR RH" fet R®t ut*f7 W W -
fefUPtfTHR feHHH17?7 rt HUU 37H Û3H RUU U7 H7R, ifefet U IFSof
§ »Plfet HU^t RRUF3HR Rfft ut 3153, ^ u t , qst-^r^H7, fe»FRUS
>HTfe RRtft RH fel»F5 U Rt I
U5t-^>HT : MRT fe§ feU7U RU »ffe U7fe ‘RR%3 ’ U7 Rtf

‘fUUlUUuY fHt § feR HH R^t ut i{3 tf3 UHT ffe g g^t 3 ul HSt
1{5T3 rM d I feR R7u B K. Ghosh 3 Wialt URHR Linguistic
Introduction to Sanskrit feu UR feu^ rI h! ft I §R feu-crui/t
(Indo-European) HRTRst ut ijp fe j ‘ifuR RR%u' U>H7 feu
R3W U3 I
feR feu RHU HU § 42 R3W U3 1fe3t fefr 13 RU (Vocalic)
U3 H 39 fetyR3 (Consonants) U3 I
RU : 9 R7RTUH (Simple) RU U3 : >tf, »F, H, Ht, § , §, fe,

eft, I
4 urru (Diphthongs) $ (n f+ fe) §, (>H+ § ) >H (» F + t ) >H
(>HT- f §). fe»fTI3 :
(5) c?3t— or, R, UI, ui, 5 I

(5) H7?fel— U, E, TT, ^ I
1. Vide Macdonell’s ‘Vedic Grammar’

(7) huus!— u, s, "3, u, L- 1
(5) ufel— 5, U, H, U, 5 I
(5) §HSl— U, U, U, 3, H I
52 u s W § 'tfe u g HUHU31STS UUf3»P U I fuu-

ggift Hc5Hsl U feMUU HUl 3U 3 UU Ufe US, UU HU* f%u ^fel
UHU U I HS US'! § UU3 Hfe U3 HU* u l U* UTg Ul Ufa g it US I
tfeof sfel t HUS HHi feu HuW (Euphonic Change) UU fHUS
hs fu flu uut u ^t feu mshuuiu hu mth # u ufe us uu mut ht t
»{T^HU U HfelMT US I HUT § UUU feu HUU-$?H (Ablaut : UTS, feul
HqUTUS) MUUT3 f § ft s M, M1}- § § fe ’ M + fe S M, »STfeoT
HUT ul UUUUST feu HU3U-yUS feu ^ t fauST US 3fel~ HTfe»{T
H Slfe f%U u s fuuT U I
UU-yf^MT : “HfuiMT-|u” (Declention) funt STS MSU q3UGT

UUt US M3 fHST 3i, UTU feu, UUHUU H W ygT HUTU1 U, UUll
3Ut HUHU UU feU THSU US I tfeu USl feu UU tU US I
U — —
+ \ r* * r « r^ n /■* n _ o ^ n
(
1) T3S TSUT : UTSUT, H ^ TSUT 3 SUHU fem |

(2) f3S ?US : feu UUS, feUUS 3 UUUUS
(3) MS U W : UU3T, UUH, UUS, Hq^S, MUÛS, HUH,
MfauUS M3 HUUS I feu HTU UU ‘HfUTMT’ (Nouns) fe§HS, HfUMT
UTUU HUU (Numerals) § UUSTfe t fe Ufe US I t t feHHS Sfe
(HfUIMT) § ul USU US 3 UU UU§ US I
feST HTU 1UT ul UUST HHUF3HU t I feu h s UU (Substantive :

yjfuufeu) s Ts fes fes yucru ( ushu ) fefe fe s fe s muu ( u tuu )
yuiufe u fe us i y u w ^ ^ h! uuul uhs! sul" ufuut §u huu t
20
feot gy ê^
oranT srw— e^H: eTH en^:, gTHTH
sraH— eTH erH eTH^
sras— eTHS cFH1^ eTH:, eTHTfe
nye^— en-psi ’ eTHW:
w s — TO , b 3THW
Rsfe— cTO-TH^ eTO^:
/
»ffees— bth TO cFHH
hsto — u e^ U dTH S eTHT:
‘eu-yf^H1’ fee grei ‘f^MT iU (Conjugations)
fa^r ta^T ‘tfe r hh%h ’ fee fen u:—
(3) — crenel ^ ct, creHfe «r^ wtot

(2) ire— UeHHlJH, »P3Hfere
(5) 5fTS— êSH*?) (Present), >nyes sfS (Imperfect)
— Perfect (Aorist) (^fetre Future)
(5) fegi— Indicative. Subjunctive.
Injunctive optative.
Imperative.
(3) — fesr ê?>, fe ee ê?j
21
(3) ddd— §HK ddd, HddH ddd, M5XZ Udd
(8) 315— ddTfd, WdTfd, >ffTfd 10
qf^T— Causative, desiderative, intensive denominative.
Ud fed f^ -d U fed §Uddd RTd WdTTfed" 3d dTddl c5T ddl
*fd dddH1?) dfddTd fat" ‘dddW (dTd dTd ddTd*) ‘f ’ tTH, fetid
oT3Hdl dTd, UdRHUd, dd3HT?) dd?, Indicative fed!, fed
ddS, ffe H Udd, d^fedT^ ft I fed yd*d dd t t fedfa fjjPHT |fe
d yarmuT R3§ dS §dfa § fes 3 (Verbal affixes) >tfTfe>XTW & U I
fed ‘f ’ dT‘f^ft gif’ ;§q :
fed ddd d ddo dd dd^

>Hdd Udd- 3dfe 3d3 : dtfd
HddHU' d- ddfd 3dd
ffed ddd—-3drfH 3dTd : d^Hfd 1
»i?dd (Indeclinable) §d d?> fadfa ^|U d d®§' dS fadt
fed dt Hfed dd fed dfdfe dS I Mddfa fed dd fetfoff fe*Pc?3S
ddSfei dcS I
fjTdfe (Particip’es)
f$?d3, § 3 fed 3 fjldfe,
Gerunds.—
— Infinitives.
§UdddT (Prepositions)
fjW T feddS
dddd
1{3GW— t fe d ddf$73 £ fedddf-HHd W 35 § d*d£ § t

y d d fe dl Hd®3 T d I § d fe d 7 dd5 ?> fe§" t • Hdfe (Nominal
affixes) f3 5 3 (Verbal affixes) f$7dfe (Primary suffixes) 3fd3
(Secondary suffixes) y^r^ffel ypcud (derivative verbal suffixes),
feddd:, d^feddUf, §UdddT »Tfd I
dlffd :— tfd d ddf£3 fed ddTdf (Compounds) fet dd3 fedH3T
J
§ I feu feHHU* UHU ul Rife feu SUUt U 1 JHHTH feu U tF §H
§" huu hhriu ( hhhu) yfe ufe uu fan uRt hrur* Hufe u
?y gy t ut uf m hs feu ul ufuuTu i fen uRf uf ul uuu § mru
— U
ul yRuuT i{R!u uul u i yR ifu u hr% h feu y sfe fe s hh% u
* ^RI <5 H§ HH H (SuT, U HUUf U fe feu fe§ feu HUUf U HHTH UU I

HHTHf fef feu § Hy UTH HU ur § feu UU j
U U (Co-ordinative) ‘HT3UT-fyHUT’ (nf U fife)
3UHRH (dependent determinative) ‘gju^:’ (gi§ u Turuu) I
cIRHUW (descriptive) ‘yRH-^mj’ (n f i y ^ ^RRIT MTUHl)

7 'J
UUUlfU (Possessive) ‘MHU-yu’ (»fe fp yR fUHU) I
^ feuTu ul fejuu! u" ^ 'tfuu rh% h ’ £ fuu-iRRyl rI u §

uiu fuMTfRtMT 1 1 y ^ H fe s hh% u § uryg § feH feu yqoTy^
^yg U I MTH UR § ^ TU-feUTH feH URT UUT 5 I ygHTSfTggf ^
MTRU UUTU I URUT U" fyi" URH § feu f$pHT I ofet ^ TR u fel §
3R § f$WT § MRU feu R f w UfeT ^ | §yHRRTT HURIU W MHHRIU,
^ fjPHT^T §" yfu^r gfuulMT UU I HfRPHT-feHHU HfR[MT (Nouns) ^
yfUH, MTH UR § MT§ fe UU I f^TMTMTUU UUU, URH feu URUT U ?UH
uy? USUl U I feHHU ?UU, URH u fe°RT feu fe§HU (nfRlMT)
a
UTfJ HHÛ1 Ryu UU I
feu M U UR UUl* feHHUTul»F i su l ‘fRRltu’ § ‘HJUHU-

UTRl’ feu^ ‘tfUoT HH%U' § UHU #y |
‘feH H RIRT UHU HRHfe

“ ^
HUft^ HUH HUUT yUHU^T I

HRUfeq feUHURT
RUMlR feuiRT HHHCfT T (UfeUT)
(fRRfeuX75, ^ H U U t )
yfefet : U RfRIT, U HHUt, U HRHUl, U HUURT, u yRHU^. UH? HR
> 1. (Vide, M?.cdonell Vedic Grammar)
23
«
fen §RRHl*3fte f w s §# I F HSHfelF ! >HfRonst t OT?, >H§

u MWtelsT ! f?3R3TF W E 3 RRH 3 W E , RF I
tT
‘gHHT^ i{foi*ra3UT ^fgi 3 fjr3 i § f f §■ tw #fe s
fHcrfRH’ (sraiHoft RtUH5 II 6) (^Tggsr) | |*
URtrI : §R §^cr fFHTfeF RH3-RB OT ^ tFFt 3 I
fÛ^TTt ITH Ut RT^t fHtf^ 8Ht FcS I :| •1
fen tfecr hh%3 feg rtirf ^ T^ ft i RRf$re § 59 ~ j

»fH R iffngt fe3 ^HRT?> U?> @U?>t F1 >H§ Hr t RtFT RTfgpr |
RT3Ht W H stw F f%FTR ^T FRFT py tftpHT RT^gp | j
1
tfeor FT tu^T ftftjgT HTtFU^ ifflTgt UT5°ff ®St W 3, fHR *5st fFHT i
I
1
3 fsr §u r s ^t shI ysgsl Ft uts?> § 1? RH5 R3^ 1 ;
j
1
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I
!
*
# •«
1f
»
1
*
*
% ♦
<*
t
^ ■*. •
\
t I
I
s * I
I H
i
#
»
^TFHt w F??1mt § feSTH Ft f?H ‘tfeoT HHfFF’
§^ fu#“ hfgtfffI nnuur H??l>>fT (M . I. A.) F7 >>fTFF F tFHT !l
ftTH^ HF f%F ‘W T ^ t ggT^ fFHHF F foT^foT § fT HFFt" HFt
B. C. f%R HHrFHT HF F WFFTF UT^f ^ ^y-§yr ffttfFF't 5
§ § F feoT H3FF H^t Ft UFFt HFTH STFt F I UFF £ t ‘OF^t’ HF!
f e w F FFF ufa&T *o[HTHtoR5 H H fe ’ SPF HFHT HT FFl ft I
‘fFFltfFoT H H fe’ ?T &5T fFHFHTF FPfFFF H??t F1 HHFT FF7 ??FT¥FT
500 B* C. f%H H I F TFFT ft fHFF7 400 A. D F ??FTFFT UFI
fatra § u f f f 7 u i fen fatfF f ft??-f 7?? feet f hfW fair HHfaF
F7 HF ftfa §F § UfFF7 TFFT ft § HF^t-MF^T HFt F“ SHF HHfofF
UHHoP § f%F^W ^ iPH7 HFF Ffn t^Ft F I tfecT HH" Ft
H7fH3F FTHT-4FTBrt FH * p f HH^VF FF*t F I fFH 5Et FHFt Hfaof
MFTSt, fiTF^t FF FoT F^t »fT FFl F, § FFF ofFF F" OfFF7 feF §fF F
F for fen t|HF UFT Ft HTfF3F H^t FfF FF f%H5?H<5 FtF1 tT# »f§
FfofF Hfft F F7?? FH FF fHH FHF OT-lfgrF f ’ ^ F UFtW
F Ht I
fR#i fo[ FF F fiW d fa ‘FSTHtoR? HHfoTF’ ‘tfeof HHIf f ’ F1
Fl feF feoTHF FU d I1 FF" uf%F 'tfeoT FtHt’ feF HH' Fl s f a w t
1. The classical Sanskrit is, therefore...........the literary

development o f the oldest Vadic Prose....... ...literary Vadic.
P. D. Gune,
25
BaB M3- ^ W 3 B^? fey MB-MfetMB Rb Im7B
IJB7? yl RB^B7 ofUt, yyfedBB 3 MRBB7 B7 yu^T 3 } y^T
fefHM7 MB gOH3 ^ST 'UTS1’ Bl R^?c?7y37 B1BTMB7 ^fey»{T 3 ! § r
yyl § y7Bys §" hbtb ^ feu Bcfel B7fyM7fe yfey^ ynl B
HU |U fey BftfM7 rife I fen H3^ B7H7feB BB fel BBl H3^7 3
HR yy3 H7B?r3y ^7r1 ‘yTfefo’ »fet >Hfw^t yl H3 HBl (Style of
aphorism) fey feMTyy3 yfyM7 fyBB7 'MHBTyyiBy? B7 B7B t{fHH
y 1 fen fey yTfefe b m ^ b hh " b 1 tfyy b hr b fectfeB
UyB BBl fBMH BR 3 t{TBte My^B ‘#B B'R7’ MB 33BT3f} W 3
‘BB BTR7’ HU7B §B7By3 fBB 1 fey RHfey §3ul 3^3 (H1H7 tjfe
yVry) b! tjyfeB spht §b MyfyB h! i §r b 1Myy^ y?fe?
eBl” RBl B. C. B" BBRnfeB RRfey B7 MT§B yfeM7 H'lBM7
b 7b t y 1
fey fercsys feyns yfe y fe crefefetf HHfeB yjyRB7 fet mtu
ysTfe btht r] 1 btrt By? hbb ? Hfyy-HB7 fy y rbb ! b il
fey iBy^ry y fe yBTRlys HHfeB ^fe7 y] ^fe By? h1 i
A. B. Keith B M7y3T URBB A History of Sanskrit Literature
b! f t a 7 fey feH fey7y b 7yfey bI b7y 3 mbb7yl yryul ^h7^
3 RrfyBy HB3 fBB BB fay T fa? BB7 B fe BBfaBB HHfeB
BB7 3" BB BB? r] I B7, HH" § faBB B ^ BB7 3" BB H7
yy't Rt fefefe fey mtu feMTyys b bbb fey yyyl b7 yyl r? yy
s b 7b ty ^ s b rbb^ b I mttb fey yyy 0b t rb ^ b h? feH bhI
fey ??o?7 B bts " bb ! bb! By bbb I yyyl b h b bh I b 7 rbtb u7st

t
M7fyy t{7fyB7h ' bIm7yiyW i yy 500 B c. b " & t 500 a . d . b ^

h yyBfet b yyyffel RrfyB fen RRfeB fey *rfe 3 y yfeM7 y § r^
feRB RRTB fey MHB HBT fBB7 B feH BBt feHB7 BB feyiy BBB7
yy ^RT-fefyiM7?)! But m^ hb b fyiMTy 1 bb tifey RRfyB § b b thi-
1. “'Grammarians can simplify and regularise languages

and perhaps stop its growth. They cannot create language."
P4 D. Gune.
26
ofar HHiRR feu H fRRR7 ^ §HE7 nftfUR RRER, RRt § R#RT3HR
RU R" #UR WEI WRHof ^ |
HR UR RHTHlRH feH RRT § feMHR7 Îm7 huI m7 w rh I R RIRiM7

R?> I HRUrI rrR (Cerebralization :R-RRRl § E-RRRI R57) R7
RR7 ^ftfM7 u |
‘RU f%Hrd’ feH R7 ^ £RR M7fRTW R I tfeR
HTRIM7-RU7 § fe»fT-RUT ^ ygg fe g feg ut MRU RE W Û7 R H
^ feRHUR (Optional) RU HR UR RE7Hfe?R feR ofe# feR feR
Rfe RTE (e. g HfRTM7, RRRTHTRR, HR RH?>— t , ‘W t: R RW P RRR7
UTRR HR^RE— R#: § R ife: t fofM7, R7H, §^H URH HH-
^RE— RRTH: § E W fe ) fcfM7 RU7 feR (Subjunctive) (EE HR7R)
fW R E § 3 fRIM7 I feRRi £ ofef REl feRÛR RU fHRR feR feR
RfR RTE I HR R" RU ER7 RRt feM7^ 7 ■$] gt (Nominal-
Style) Rt R fRlW R | MRRtR feM7R7 ^ U7 feR R7E RRR^
fe w 3 ' RH HRE ERIT I HHR RE R RU7 Rl HRBH7 r! U7 upE M7
RTHl I MR SH HH HH7H7 Rl RRH’R R RTE! ftTHE i u i ROTfe?? E
‘HJRH-URH7’ RfR Ê7 Efe R I ‘R w lR H ’ UR RR § HHEFRHR
#
R, Rri" fug Mfe fHH feR feERRlW R E7E> ERE ‘UEHEEI7

HRE R7f e ^ RR5 fUMTHi i
RR^HlRR? Rl HHR7s l Mjf^R feR REl ifR R RU RH RR HE
feoR fEHE EERE HR RR fR§ feH RR7 RR5THlRR5 feR ufe HEH-
RU RRl rtrI UR RR U7H MUl HE HEll, EE? HHRtRRrI § HHR
HHW RRR | HR feHR7 1{RTR SR-HR?lM7 R ReI UffeMT c^Rfe HRTi
feR U7« l , MRU HTRTUl, R?> HTRTUl Htr1m7 HHRTs l HSIm 7 R t HHt
RSI RRl ■§ W 3R R' I ‘W R HTHRR’ § RU URJ-1 MRHMH §
HH%R ?RE5f feH§ HRR R3 I ‘RTUE R7S ’ RS R7 RS7HTR5 HH^R
27
feoi n fW u l 3 i fen tfesf
HrfUHoT gst tprer gif '3BTHtetf HHf$?3’ Hb W sfa
l{5PH-% U I UB feHHT cSHcSTty :
orfer
“HH HfeT fgg^ H5T, ^ W ' 5 fefH BUSffBHB: |
m HH HUFTtffH HtW H ^fe, utof^H^fgt HuI b B r
— >tf^HWH 100 A. D. HHHfU3 I
UTTHf : (uU-HHH) § fe^T fat ?F& UU HHfe § W(3
fen HU* HaT ÛT^ TU (?fe) §U ( hh ) H%^TT, fRU^ H^faut § HHI
HtT§ t H ^ Ht ft?H § H3t #S H3ll3 H HHU HU b1^5U §" HUF§^
HcS I
{ t
StuhIa 3* 333^3333 $f33
|U U (323313 HflfeH 333* HTfUHo[ 3U 9) I MHT fu# 3tf »|fe
3
U* f3 f33I33 £ 33" ul 33-§3 § U*25-#g 33^ 32*1 3T33 M33

§ uh f3u* h! i ^ 3333 -3 *2?1 ( 100-600__b . c .) 38 ifuu gsl
03*3 fet" ftf253^ 33 U33 ?25 33 3TSl Hi I fe3 3*25 £ J3*U33-
S SEa
3Tgf 31 U3* 253T3* U fe feH 3*331 M33 §§ *1*3*33 f33

Hg 3251-3U H32 i §33t (§3l3TJT), y3gt (iftm) 3 H3251
(Htn^HlCT) I 33i33l gjUHS, (VII6) feg fefg>HT ti f3 § y33
3*31** 3I stel hxj fj § >hth 253 §U3* §A rntw 3l 3*ur
gg§ U3 i feufe°^ g®1 3u §feu 3*33.3 utuYnu ( hIh^ h-
>H33i*f25Hii*?> 325) ifeTg f i t uugl 15, ifi, >H3g H3iu 33 t 25
U§ 325 I U3 feu §3 3313*25 UU 3 33H-3*25 3" gfU2T
#3 325 03l»fT *1331*1* 3221*1* 25U? 325 I feH 3i 3333 U fgjjfeu
HHfe3 § 3*fU33 3U tt 25*25 ?5*25 US 3Ul K3-3*Hr U25l U25l 33
3Ul Hi fau^l600-700 B, C. feu *f*lfe 3333 3U f33 fetf3
§3t, fHH§ 3*3* 3 ‘U*25l’ 25* fS3* 5 I
feu ‘U*25Y 3* ul *13 33 feu *13s1 5 IGP-ft f333*?>
1 ‘UJUH3' 33* 3*1 3T333 f33 fegt Ul3*' § *{Tfg*lT3*3Ttr I

2 3g Indo-Aryan and Hindi— S. K? Chattergee p. 56.
/
fere! fe§3U3ft (f337R) l£TZ> U7® ^ ^ ^ 3 7?8
cT33 33 I HU q3Hl 'stM * f3R37 f337R <L*T® 3fqM7-M3q3 q 73
g" 3337 fj I f^H RSl fe3 gq 3 333 3 q s f3MH H3fqMH 33
§3 ‘UTs1' 3Ut H337 31 I

‘yx^V ^ §UR-Rq73 R73 3l M3 33 3Hl 333 f3337 33l"
3 Ri3M7 | Oldenburg fe q t fW IJ3R 3 333 U ^ t 3 7 R373
H337 ^Jl Franke 33 fe3 3l3H37 3 1 Windisch H73 HH7 3 T
f3 HtfR3 333 § fH HH; ? 33-33 ^njH f e THtfl ^33+ 3 UTZ^
3TS fe3 f3337 333T 3 f3 UTst 3l §33 H3iq (f33T3) 3l
fjq ^ q 7 §- gg| fj( fr[F[3 (Koine) 3H fqMTql HTf333 ^H7 33 §
3733 H733i f3RR3T3iM7 H" f e 7 3337 § 3 3 3 ^ 3 3 S 3 7 3 3t
373 3£7f?M7 3 I f?H H3 § 3 3fMoH3 3 33 fe3T3 3fel 3 3
fen 3 3l 3I3 R33 f33R3T3l (3 r^ 3H1 RSt) 3 T § 3 T333 3H
333 feH3l UH3f 3131 3 !2
feH 3" fH3 ^3T3 3 f3 ‘qr&T tf33 RRf3H 3" W (323R1355
RHf^3 3 3^25 §3 i d ^ 3 f333737§1 3?3f H33 3§) H73 3H
f%3 131 fe3 H7f333 r! 1 fSR3 ^373 3 qR73 f%3 HTOH7
^ q ^ s L ^ j^ J ?7 ggg^jfq _3 1 f3H§ M3FT3 HR%3 3 g%3 q73t
3 3l MU37feM7 R73T Hi I fq^33t 1133 Hhf^3 3 3®7Rl3H
RRf$?3 M7H S37 b 31 M i l 3331 R7 33l Rl feR H§1 33 RTq^S
§ f337^3l 373-f3373 §1 331 3§1 §3 31 331 373l3l 31
f3R3 RH33-RH33 f%3 §31 3H3 3 M333 3l37 R7# I H fen H3^ §1
R33l feu ‘q731’ 31 33 H3§1 §1 f3R 333 feR3l ^3-fl{M37 ^33l
3I§1 I M3 feu 33 RH" 37R§ H3T33T H73 §33 §33 3l ^TOq-^R7’
31Hl3 I
3lR3l R3l B. C. f%3 IFUR R7§ 3T33 f^ 3 fq^3 33 MR3 § fm F
1. R. G. Bhandarkar— “ Willson’s pbilolosophical lectures”

2 Bhandarkar commemoration volume : Article Home of
Pali’.
3. HGPH H33 3TR ‘^R7 f%f3IMT3’ q37 2 32
30
♦
f t
f
7
t{Ho3TU333 333 U3 I U7h1 3TfeofTR 37H H3I33T 600 B. I g'

f
A .D. § M33 33 H3 HSTsfe U frTH ^ fair 3733l ljjf$?373T33
4
CfH7feHF7U I (333 feu ol3 U 37 feHU" HUH3 U 33fHH7 3l»3
13333331 HSlMT-^TUfeU UUfet, fafal 37HHi3l, UH3-§3 feH U ^l 3T
&
1
HUd7 faM7U331T) I
i
*
ITHl 3 ‘tfeu HHfjTH’ §" U7^ M7USl H333 Ufe 33^3 33 HUl
fa I §H3 ^33 3 'U7hY 3lM7feu feHHSfefa7U3 :
USlM7fe UU feu (H£, 3 )=f3 , Hi, M, M, 3^ fe37FFU #33 H3
U3 I feMH3 37 HT3 ul f e u U3*2 I feU37H37§ f%MH37feu H3HIU37
(Simplfication) 3H 3U37 337d I (Diphthongs) 33-H373 fe3-
HT33 3?3§3 3H 3Ul U ! HH3I3 feMU37fel U733 fe»TR3 U3 fa^T
'M3Tf?> 3" >H"f3I l’ felUM H3 (Long vowels) fai~ MS U7H HH3I3
feMU3 TS3fU3 U H'fe U3 fcPT ‘M7U3=M T3Ug (M73U3) =fHUUU33Tl'
HH313 feW 3 7 ufUH MS 3THTHUH7 3l3M H3 §37 (UH3) 3l37
rT37 U ! U73>1 feu H3U?>1 UoI m7 (Cerebral sounds —3 , S, g, U, s )
37el 33 3fe]M7 U3 I fe’ 3 ‘h ’ gl f33 f3§ U TP37 U I
1 Woolnar “ Introduction to Prakritas” p 7 4}

2. P D. Gune “ Introduction to Philology’ p. 166— 160,
31
c[U-UU re uTsl redT orel U?>1 U I Hf3T>HTUU Declension
fe^HSH (Consonantal US?) Hi Ut Hdfe U UU U?> I fire ?ret h! ut
h ufu ufe u? i u ? re re su u few u i H5 cure re uul § rere
ul fHS^ U? I Fffew § iJpcrGF feu UftW U7 UUlreH?) U few 3 1
urefe fe te , Rfewrere hu relnul uulrere u Hfre, hh%h r
ul U3 I f$>W |U (Conjugation) ?1 HHfjrU f? re^re feu u*,

re rel»u re uufeure >x?h u i resl fe>>rereuTu ‘urere’ u i
uth! feu u ‘rere’ u?> uuhhuu u wthhuuh i wu feslw (Moods)

re i uTsl feu i|f^>Hret-^sT^g5r, fearer, MTfre-re i fere ^
i
fire U fa UTsl ? l{Tf^3T ^ HHf^TH Ul |U-HUUl § t e f w xuY I 4
rere uu usfeure >h?h ulre u i feu re fire huh? fl fa uusl qfe^re

re UUH?U3l ‘Anterior’ fe I ‘Woolner’ £ >tfTfu>HTu ‘fe UH5l tjrfa^T
re ^THl? U3 r
‘>HHUl UthT W ‘fHSTSUl §UUUU HTfUHU UH5l re ul r
§ureuul uu u faure hu mtutu »fre § feresu r e fare re res

Sd[3dT 2 7 3 J^C L U I fere fHHÛT feu HSl % Û ?U fere UU
§uu uu fnreu re i feu rere § >hhT ufai t ‘fef$>r3 t £ feuureret
>rejreTul ‘unfedr e ufete usY ufu hhu re |feuf resi re feu uuY
re huh fa§'fa fere su f ul rere feu refure rest re fire? fret ul
— o
reu »ufe>re u fare fa re usl fen h fre HHl»ft free § hu? h nre
d if?H sh ! ‘fHSTsul rere’ uTsl re ul unre uu u i Franke ^ fret
usl^t re mtuu resl ul Hf«>HTu i ul. ^1. dT? re ?1 feu fereu 3d i
fen sul fret | rere ^t^j 'resT ^ hst feu ul reHS ulre ufet
1. Vide P. D. Gune.
2. Woolner ‘Introduction to Prakritas.'
8. It is enough to say that the dialects represented on the
Asokan and post Asokan inscriptions are the natural
development of the dialects spoken in Buddha’s times,
one of which is preserved to us in the literarry Pali/
P. D. Gune.
32
5 I US irsft U7 SHS7 iu :
UTSl : ‘HU 3Hfe USH HU S#f3 HUS I
MS7S §UH UHT S USSJTFF S UPH^ I’
— ‘UHUU’ U'HSU
UtTUl
‘HU1 (US) 3' H7U ufu§ (sa u ) US, HTi HH §* f ^ US I
>tf7US S7S (FTfeJHT S) H7S $ S HT§ § S KU^Tt (wT3 UU7# )'
>hh ^} ir a l
Mfbr uh fufu u s s fûs f^ u fu s ufus feufuu I fuu s fufe
fa t Mufsu ûfuufeiu i s fu u hhu uufeu i
— >HHUt fHSTOU ‘HSH37 UU73U'
I l
«
33
4
I
i
I ?
\
1. ‘These literary languages are derived from dialects
which with the dialects of inscription, the Pali and Vadic Skt.
form one continuous chain.’ P. D. Gune.
35
¥ f#3 f¥E ?E >HTy WE HS ET35 E
H W TE § § El 1{ES3 EE HE riÊ EE | HEtEtHEE7 ^fcRf HEWEE
h i{ eh fre *{eh 3 h! i h w T', heie (fcFE), *fEE Hwft-vprai
5 53 33, HcHSl HERE §H, ( hEE7 -g- § y3E E33 H3 UEEt ViTO
e) yiret ee §*3U-vfeHt fEE fey y&t tret nt i rei tee?e rretw
infant fre ee7 ee >nVd <se1 r7 i y^t feyt q;st feE htei» f
jjTfgHT yEHEE HH3 t>tft trefa12R3 |* yE feE El fEEÊt EEIS
»
EEE M§ fetft fEHRETE>dt E MTyTE §3 fE?E ^ — u

EtfE EHE ?E
f f e EE I
^feET E E7R gTg| fEE7 El EEHE tyWEH7 EE EEt h7 I
5?writes HnfofH fEEH-yy h ee ee ^ e! eh-ee 7 EdE >M nt §
»m ®E ifUE 3T §EET E E1e1 Hi I E7^ EWE-cE® feE fREESE7 §
EEETE Et EE! HHfEH e7 h! I EH #55 sEEH-E-EfE^ oPEiE7H % frfERft
UO^
1. Ht HEtH REE E7H ' ‘^H7f?fEPHTc3 I’’

2. Woolner “ Introduction to Prakritas.”
36
^fen »fe HOT3H^ : -i?H3Tf?3 ul 3B 3Ul Ht sfe" feH 3+fel
HBt ^ ?3§" >H33 3 3ist Hi I HH3 33 \[TfoT3+ ^ H3B3U3t ?B
f33Th! ferret 3T3 ^ b1j |b ■RT i H3il3? H333Tb !
H tasrfH S^^gr »fTfeU1*Ht I
b 7 Hi fe3+ fe3 gt ffeof fe, fe H3THTBU 3 I
fe3+ h! o
Bel 'oft H37 fgg ^t U3HU3
<5
3BBt 3 3 I T^T fee? B5B fe^feT33T HVH3 3U

fe>nfe3+ fe3 3 3 U3fe333 3 i HH3I3 fe»fa6 w h
fee fqeeHT3 3 i
i
» I ^ ^
33 § 33 3 3+3 33 3+ HHT3 3 3+3 33, 3" 33 -
(Ratta) | hs fe33T3B fe>H33 fe3T Ofe 33 3 §33+ 3*1

H3 efe 3 33 fe#" fefeB’ 3" ‘3feB’ I M3B fe*fe o net fe3 ut €
S3B 3+3 33 I4
H, H, 3 3l 3+ 333T33§ ‘h ’ ut 3f33T 3 I (HT3I3t
fee H d) 3 3#" 3H? H3 (Short vowels e. o ) ‘3 3 '§ ’ § 3TH 33
33 I fe, Uf, g, 3, 3, 3, 3’ Ht fet W
w . . . j n o . o »
3” H3 UHfet H3 I
Hfel>HT13 fe3 3 3fe§ 333 fHB 33 33 3 HHT3 3 33 33 I
fe333l 3 1{3W+ f^3 HH-3H3T >HT 33*t 3 I fe?33 3T BU f$ \
R1J3T3 3 HUU 3*33 UfB fHB 313 33 I fe>tf33+3 1U+ 31BU 3 f33T
3 I f$pfT|U+ f%g 3 3 ?t U3t?333 >HTf3PHT3 I 333 HT3 (Moods)
fe3l»fT 3 33 BU3 3 313 33 I fHoPBt f$?»f §t U+ 3337Bt fj?33+
31*{3*3 ?U f3PHT3 I H33 #3T3 f?3 §f?i H33 3T3t »iT 313 33,
333? 3 33HH 33+ 33+ § H33 »fH 33 I 3r3333T f?3
33 ‘HTO-^TO’ 3 3BI 3 I feH 33+ HH3 3U feH H3T 3 W
feHH3T3lM+ 33 fel33l»l+ f33+ 3 Bl § 3" MB3I
c[3tn*H+ 33 I fe3+ ^feo+ b!>H+ >H’V MTU3feif fetft fe§H3fet>H
W HfeU3 H3H3 HH313 3T
‘H"H
1
31nt fHBfe 3! H^ral feBHB 3 I

3 33 3+ ‘HH7’ 3— HTH?^, Hl3T I B1B 3 3T3Tt — 3 ^ 3 3 I
1. Nominal style W3W hh f^H^t gt Hf3I>HT (3+?) 3 ?33BT

fa t1...
37
ijfeg— yfeg I ‘THU7’ 5 3 ‘H"3 b3 W ut ^ ^ B&PUB,
3U35 I §U V Bt M^Hl UB ‘Z 51 ^ ffey^tM7
jp eafi feu fHStfhHt UB I ‘fijs s fe w ’ (frfet ^ ^ T) fe 3 ?U
HfeW w ra ub i fo r ht^ , *s fe t, ^ 1 feu
i{Tf^H btbut ^ ulB-yTBU7 ul sfe1 u i uul §~^T hûb buI"
fHS^r I ^Tf^-fe^TUUS7 feU UB § B TUUB s?B UB I HTUTUt fet .
ubutI iy :
“ >HH U3fSMT ! cfufu, Ufa B§ $H Hfe-yU<rfU <£<bT)-Rfe S^MUfe
muisI mb mmTfe§"
— HU3H7 MU
MU UBfeU ! UW, UB: B EH HfetUBBUtUBBTHUM Mufefou

HHTUfUB I
yufe! : mu uufeu ! orfu, fesr 3 feu u73ul ( huutuI) mutbI
funu hbihub § b b 7forfuM7u, ufel § ?
BBT B 'Ut^GFUUH’ feu M7fyM7 U ‘HUTUtUBUI § 3 MTXPUB f f e sfel

»
§ ‘îfsfo 3fe" I ’ §UUUB 3 ^TfjTB7 £ HTU7UB BH UB ffo

HU^WBl BUB I feH feU feM3B7 ^ t ® y UU7U— feu 3" ‘HM* I
HUHBl BtS" feU HH%3 3" UUBl BU t i ^Tf^B B7UU7 feu uftB §
ofTfe fen feu ul UB I ‘dlOdû’ (UTUUU) ‘U ^B û’ B ffe H
H U^fe HUTdTHUUf feu ul fey UB I ‘UTS ' ul ‘HBHuY feu HHUU
U7fe-RUTiU U I feH BUT HUTUTHBUt B t ^f^TB7 feu 3U 3 l BHBT
#y :
“ UUH7” HUM HU7 UT§MT-tu fe Ufe H§HTU f
a r o > p o a ft o ^ r o r » ____ ** .
yfUH-HIUSTB 3fBM TBUBU BlBM THH7^ I

4
HH%B : HUH HH%B #U ^TfjTUB UU-Mfu BUfB HUH7# I

yUH-Hfu^M: UfTfeu-MBU B ^H §BH7 I1
1. “HUTUTHBUW ^ g U ^fjTB feBU” BB] I
38
jfeHtf : HU^HHUl 3" HtU HUH31 UT3UU 3 I Hq^H
^ §®t U ftTHUl Uufet g#| §§ U^thIt o HH%3 U7 Hfu^ fHfu*F
‘UU I ufe UUHUH UU-ufU3TUHfeuT h£ ?H U§H,

HT>Hfuufe:3 fefHSTHU »fTO >HUUfUH I
HUH®7— »fe ifepi11
HRfjTH ‘H?H-^fe UUKÛH : UU-ufuaTfuefeH7 3UF ÛH

l{feH HU »ffeUTFF33 fefHHTH?-»TOU MUHH^fH l'
UfFHl : ‘UU I H UUHTUq ( h u ) §" ( h§ ) uuul ura (fuTuul)
ut Hfe»f UUU 3 fu§" UUU UUl (q f e bh I) fHMTU ufew Ui, H7
fHH faTWH ?FS (fejFHl) HUTHfe>H7 ^H 7I
WU-HTgral : >HUU Hût ‘HBTq § HUHH* fesfe ut HU-ÛUt

HSl 5 I fen feu ûlHHH U3l»f7§ ^ ^ f3HU7UUUU H'H TF§
U3 I fen HTUFff § HUH3*t UU7^ BSU fHHU U3 I cfuW U7 feu
ut feUT3 5 fe HUU-HWU u! feu ut rh ! Hi I feH feu IjfelHH7
UU§ I UT3T7 U7 yHU fUHU7 HUFS H‘fo>H7^FFU7 I ‘U3 HUfeTHHUt’ §
‘u?> hurhT >Huq-HTurqt u ul u u u 3 3 feu § 3 hu7uthhuI u 7 >hhu
d H U3 §■§ HUH?>I U7 I ‘HhI ffU’ >HUg Hût 3 ‘ÛH Vjrf^3’

fUH^ § §HHi »rar u teu ul USl Ht ^ t U I tfelw ^ ‘»fUT-§q73I
feH feu ul U3 I UHUlt :
'§£ STOU §£ RH§£ fU9 U^|§R UUq§H ufaut <TH 3UU
39
3rRr, U S ''?jt fe-R H5TU§ <FH rfe^T
URT I
— —
ifRigt: fen fsR hk' §e f%R Îh# 7? sura h! i

tHTGTS Sf W UTrF, f3cF ^ TRST URU Mfeffe 3*
CpUURT Ht I
OhtR} § MU3R HTÛSo »fUT rTTot »{SdT ofts* HT#UF I

§ 3 ^ ‘u^r^T & gggr ^355 Jtfr^gr t I fetf HR] Iffe^ ‘0HrR]’
^TfSUUS cfe* tTH1 U I
I
!
« ♦
1
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:$ 1 1
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gshtfi ^ feg ‘OhtbT 3^1 feof 3T>3 SHI u£l 3 I

3RT3l 3t ^t) g^£-H^3, § 3c5H fU3?3 HTg W ST§
fs l H^HHcSof feu^T so f u Hfspn1 3H 5W3 § 3’3 fea^
3 fcJW tFUH1-t I -
fUH1^ ’ H3H § ‘Oh ^ T HSTH Ht 333 HHf$?3 f%3 ^3 1 3 HH
r 3HT *F fear d I HRtirgg fe g fe3 3* § feH ?P3l 3t3 19 ^333
jigT H3H Hi fet3V3T (Itymology) 3T3 fe3 fe3 fetf

fug’ W3SF3 oTRTJ-PH treT fen h1
33 oTcTH 33 ! » W 3 §3 # 3 fa33 cfer HTH *fH H3 3 H W ^
J
Hfl gito7. ug t o t o 7 to to >to
tyRtof ul fgT3l»f7 Tltox7 33t»Ft t o 7 to HR33 3to ‘HgrasV to
‘fyto3 fy^’ t o ‘UHHTH’ t o W ftTR t o
§3 ‘OrtrY
gfe>HT I
‘Onto Ryr3 (ujg-Home) to 3to 33 fe fW 3 I
u to u to Sten konow wfe 3 to ^ R S U3R3 to HT#to Rto STO
HHT33T #y f § H7sto-33H Hd¥?3H3 to 3TTfyi3l’ t o ‘R3337’ 3
333* ‘gr^T^’ (gj^t ^T ynT3T) 3 RH3 3 3&y 3 UR7?! 3 fR~fy»{TRH
to? to gs) >toy>HT to i yg t o gfto3H3.3 fRRR7 to3 3l3T 3
t o cfe7fa ‘0RtrI ' grgg 3 § y33-ysto fnto to»i7Rtoto fto 3 I
R^ RTg fen toto $ 1 ^ 3 ygg 33 1 yg3 t o gfe r 7 to to t o s 7
3ul" r Rfto* fy ‘0rtrY 3 3*gto->HW yto to 3Ts RR3R
HicW t o TIT^ 3 -3 ^ 3] yto 3TS I 333R1 >tfTfR3 ftow toto 3
Onto r 7to g t o 7u fey t o nnto RTfu3 t o to n 737 >H3 3 3 3
TH 33 3 gtol 3to ul Hito* Tito f3TF 3 133 33
feH3 >M
337% >HTyTg §§ Onto 3 3T33l 33^1 ato 3" tofH3 Sfto _3UY
t o t o ^ to ^ t o 3fe M3H t fa t o 3T331 3t o r to , f333to33t
3 t o 3 33 33t fe3t 3" U3ffe 33t 3 33R0 3Rt 3 I l373TU337S1
— _____________________ o < — < •<
__________ _ “ *
3 yt o 3 ‘33 t o t o f y3to3 335 m y3 3te73 1 to 3

R3fR3 atoto totot fjtoto t ^ t o atoto 3 fegofTg^l^ _f to f7
33 ftT33to fey yrR to to to to 37® 3 to U7H ^33!
a to to 335 fH to w 33 1 U3 frrto r 7 h h t o to y to to to
33 1 333 jrto 3 T3 ut Onto 3Tngy_31 t o t o ^ to i^to7
k *
^ yry3 3ryto 3373 " to t o t o 3 1 2ygto t o ‘H333V (Cerebral)

to t o 3 fr to fe tto w t o >mth r 33 I t?Tf UTR
1. The Sanskrit writers looked upon them (Dards) as

degraded aryans and often called them fyH7^ or demons
and their language and languages influenced by them, are
called Onto I p. 237.
2. iy Hum H33 utr ‘^tr7 ftow to
I
42
gldfe] d s W fed ^1 Hdd3l ^d3 3d1^ d3 I Rdfjid fecjdd^ t o dl
fed ‘d3dd’ 3dT3, dfdfet (>HTdf3d dTdd1) fed ?1 ‘R3H3’ 3 ‘»fR3H3’
RT ‘ffedd’ 3 §H3d’ R* ‘H3d’ w f W RtRt 3 I URfe! fed fadS* ‘^ ’
§ ‘c^ljdT tj fiu ^ l fedd dlafet HS d1 fedfel 3 I ^ddl fed
5 dl cSUf §Rd1 d1 ‘33T’ 31 3 I pEFdt fed Hdd'^ 3 ‘Hdd’ dd1 fl
>HddT3 ‘d’ di dt ‘g’ | UdTSl dlddtf ‘JMfeHHT’ fed RWH^-i3TM.TS
fe»fR3 (m, B, d) 33fe 33 §33* di df d, di, w fe 33I fed m fed
d! HldT3l 3TJ5 dd «
RHT33T 3 I fed 3" fd3Tfd ^ r^ UH3, dddisl
>HTfdd B& lw 3 ddfdH3T3l d ^ W H“f3W R+dT 3 fR33 l» f UHTd1
din* MTdfed ^dlfed dSfed 33 I ‘ddl ‘dHSl ’ d®1 3 ‘dHTd1 dT
H3d do I fed §ddd3 Rtdl dddTdT fed ¥*d 3 fe OrtrI d TOS ■ ■ 1 ‘ ^
d ig J k iL M ^ dd? »dddT dS-fet-dSîad § §3d-d£Hl_3dr §i »Tgr

ddl feRH Rd 3T<F5'3T>HT Rd 3 §d dR dfe I fe?d dT ddd Hdd dtdfet
•—• V
d s W 3TH t I MTdfed drfdH3T3l §fed USdl fesfe d W UH3,

f d ^ l RSl>HT 3 dd §fed1 dTHdldl TOW* CrtrI d1»R >MTdf3d
Iptfed dSl»T ^3 I
Odfet fed feRH RTfd3 33? 3 I dT3Tdtf di d^dd1 (fd33ddT)
fed fed fedl 3d1 H3l fedl 3 I ^ddd1 »Tfd £ dRTdl d1»T W fe§H-
3 ^ t dfel^T 33 §3 dd 33—
d, dT, 9 § 3, d, d ddr d=dHdd 3^ 3H3d 3dTd 31 3dd,
dT^Rf dTSd I ifeFdl fed fed 3" § «d d I Hdd3l ^dg (d, 3, 3,
d, d) ddd Ufd 33, ddl ^Td fddd Rdf^3 HddT fed Hdd3l ?dd d§
33, ddfel fed §3 ^1 ‘ddl 3 dfe 33— dddd 3" d3dd I 2dfe’ 3 I
gt ‘^3t’ 3dt 3 —dT3dI3 3" dT3dT3 H, d1 df ‘h ’ 3dr 3 I ‘W ’ dfedT
3, §Rd1 d^ RRT ufd 3dr d I »PH 3d § RWH H3t^ t3 I gt »(ULfRH3 T^
?d3 dd 33 fd#" Hdd 3" Hdd I 1{ 7%3 t ^ t^j gHT^ feg gg^t §
fe»fR3 dd3 ufe fedi§ 33 I (dRTdl § ddTd1 ^ Rdd dT^d33 fed3Td
Hf33 »fdTH dV feg gfeT RTfgji)
1. #d P. D Gune.
2. Woolner : ‘Introduction to Prakritas’
• fen hef uEPut ust s Tust u sl §" uus ^
<J ~
nfeu utfei Id 3fe"
»
feHS iffpgt frral, orefrM, S W l Ufest ( hUTcPHUU) »fTfe sPoUt

USfrP § 3 ufet MHU UTfe»fT ufe>tfT U I 2^ t% 3 - ^ th’ 3! step HSUH1’
(3»HU fetfU) feH Oefet ut»T U U5F fHSHf>Ht US fuUSl»it Ifpfet?
‘feUHOT’ 3 M3 fÛ" US I §U HU US :—
‘‘fe?HCT flf? : UHS fu? Htf I
fqURHSf fUH»fe I fu3*fe UufH H 3&fs’’
4
$
2. Woolner ; ‘Ibid’ %
I
44
/
o
A
fen fH TP ^c3fe 33 T ^ ^rUj3‘

( h<t3U3) f feug] £ feh s » l j ? 5 ^
g _ ^ 5 W ^ ^ t s y £ l o?g 3.5t U# I UU UHt USl feu~‘»W fy
h* tM fair 'u1?>;Bg’ 5 e^°f feof 'FpfU33 3TS
SUI fm* I HT^T fSH £ ^ ^ -g ^ Hg^ ^ g£g % |
§ UU ?Tc3l q s w U* feu ul F5U U 3 fe3 3 ^
3 UTUU* U I HfifeS
TV & ] ?.‘*H 3 V&1 UTtfe^
(3T0T) ETC U §U ul tylJif H U* Ij-fogt :foT3f 5
HUId^l W f SJ?TCl >>.^W l|fef?.U U_ | UU" Sc^sjsW
Sl>HT t? fe^HT§ ln§ qqg § F]Tfe3-UTfej feu OTcE
HH3 3" §3 U iTClty fp § 3 MÛ f^3 ?fuul»i
UHUl»fT OT-SSfof* %st igt qi HSUlW U3 I fe§* r a W § f<
45
MTqfuu $ e \w # huu-#^tu s ^fue utuT tfeu HHfuu
it fsufeMT ufe»r ufaMT ufe h* mi*3T suT uigrTi u+, feu s!u
u for mu# w feu uth *{TfuuT u urfeH u!h f s w s hus uou
utsuImt us i uu uth ufet hhhuht s ts fe re uuftt§ ;b !mt us
fan uuu MU#j# u uut fsun fair ifuu t ul fas# us w uh!
iu feu u! #u# ufa us i
HT: Ufa S ‘RHfue HTfUH U feUUTH’ #1 |faUT feu MU# W #
gr§ UUTUMT fefUMT U fe MU#H, fa# Ufa! # UTUUU US'
H#iff ‘MU^fa § UTUUt’ Ut MtU#!mt #SUts ! USIm* § ‘IJpfcrH’ feu
uus uT feu §uT el feuuT u.s! us! htu §sut ^ uu feu i s
fe>HT | ^t; gflMUHS § ul. #!. UT# # MSHTU UU UTfes fefa §H u!
ST u]MT_iHU#HT _fs u s w __§ „fesi__Ui --MTUfsU-âsfMl_. feufeu^
uu!mt i
ST: HMli Hfe" feu HU § UpMUHS # feuTU STS HfUHH SUfa
UU feu MÛ HSUTU fu IJFfUHt H“ fllST §Sf U FfUTS feu MU#HT
1. ‘The MUtê’s dialects represent a very colloquial

forms of various Prakritas from which the modern Indo*aryan
I
vernaculars of India have been directly derived.’

2. Historical Grammar of Apabhransha ?.
46
*
%
W lW feu 333*} 3U? fe §U §3^ ul WU WUSlw ^Tfe3f

feu' f3aslW US3ll»3 I U HUUTU fa §3* 3TH333 fea^T U faiW
I
u t I fen §U3a3 U3U* 3 WaT3 §3 »ffl? feu 333 3aU U+ fe
>tf3sfa U3 ljjf5[3 3Afai^ »i^H §3 33T3 ul asl US? fe feu U33l
30? fe 33331 ^Tfe3 3^ aTH W §S aT&l W ? 3 3 33331
>HU3H ul WftfW f3PHTU# fa W W
^ **■
§ f3UTH feU ul3 tUHlW
1 W3l3 (»iUlu) 31333 (3T33) Wfe faualw 33fa3 \gfeC3
US 3U? aaulw 33, UT3U3TfU3T3 W33 U; fe
HH" §feT fe MU33 3 U3Tsla 3Sl a°f3W
f3TW f e MU3 H 3T3lW a slw ul U33l U
LA • J .
<WU3 H' ^ Hfe3 fe^TH afe MTqfeuUH ul

U I ‘MU3 H’ HaU U* §S3 33 3" ufesf ‘ofeasl’ ^
HUWCT feU M-HHfeU, wfeUTH3 a s l U 1U UT3 w fe w U f3HUT
HHT U33l U3U ulafef U I f w ? e,
>tfaufe, 3 fear HTfU3 of 3T3T feMTU33UT3t 3 W53T3
H^feT3 aU_feW U I U3 UTa33 3 fes^l U 33 3333 ul 33fe3
3 ' f e t >HU#H feu at arfe3T 3U3 ul U3T3T UT U aW , WJ3 3 ul
3TfU3a 3 U 33T u lw 3 3 3 ^ ^3 | 1100 3Ul 33 >HUsf3 3^ 3*a
1{TU3 a s W U 3TfU3U 33 33 U3 fuU3 afe>H3T^ fU3 33 Hfer
33 I fea 3" >H3f feu MU#3 al 33fa3 § Ufegt ^ feu 3TfU3of
(asm las) a sl as 3iul § feau 3Ts 3Ts ‘uauu3’ § w a s Msa^
‘3F3U 3T3T’ afeul U"U feU fU3S S3I OUl I Tjl 3T3T3 3 a103 U33oP
§ w u §§ w fe a uT fesra 600— 1200 a . d . h'Ts w t
fuas fa aa-au3 uu tu 3ts m ul 3 la 3 3 3 us i
WJ3 3 U #3T-§u§gi t=) fesur 5 I WH 33 3 W43 3
U feu f33 #3 3333 U3— 3 W , g U 3 W , ajU3 § | *
§ fes+ §ut 3 ut§ fsau aus § al § s a fas^ U3 i
Jacobi Hr h3 f?3T U I Jacobi § >*33*3 Urban ^
§ u iu alu fuuat uufeu 0 3 3 a ‘3Hl 3TU
ufu§’ feu fasut d § uaul ‘§33l »{U3 a ’ faual auT’ fea
fe333Taf 333T§fet ^ I 3T3I3 >HU3 3 3Tf3W §" ufaa U3l Ufet f
47
1
Rfo3 RUl t I W: RtHTH £ MU3" R R W UR3oR §

C ^ -V
^3-35*3 R MHFR §3 MU3 133 3R cft§ U3 uknl, Rusf §

UHUl |RH3H31 § H7HR3R £ *RR 37Rt rt ‘fegTRT’ 3 } .HR! fesf U
/
§U, fe§" RiURt ft feR MU3 R R ul Hgr^H, 3 Ui3 HHT R U3Rtx|

Pi
RTfeRoT HU FT* fR37R1RUl 3uT •»)
r
US MU3 H ol RTfU3 Unj3 fj feyM
fen feu
feuW RSl ^3H UHdo[t fH^f>Ht U3 | 3fUR3UUT (3fURR3SFF)
RfR3, UT-J3 r, R5R<RHTJ RiHR, R7UR
MU3° H R VfH f% 3 RTfU35f Rl33W U3 !
US MU3^R r W fURRU1^ 3 3 US7 §fe3 u |
3^3*} MTHR R?#M7 f%R R RU3HU3T rH RRH^RS (Simplifica
tion) r ] HUi RH UHt Ht §U MU3H § RR" 3i UH7 RH RH Hul Ht I
RtgA3HU HHSHU37f^H-l HfUH UrI t |
U3t fRRTR 3" RitfM7TTU 37RRt feu Rtr1 Mf3RH33r RU HI?}
5 I MU3 R 3 URTS HR" §' t ’R^-RUR7 (§3 MRR73 M'RR R^ RU53T
rt
UR?}) ^R1M7UR U3 foTf-for MU3 R feu ru3 RiRTM7 - RRR7 R M3 J^ v
f%R (3s7) »TRR RU7feM7R7R7 U I feu MfeR RHiR3 •3 , ^ £ 3

•R , R1—3— R7Ul UR3 HU U fufe R: \f§, l{7: U_3 R7Ufe, 3
MU3H UR I UR7h1 fUR f3R 3 RRt fefe U3 UR [ruI fRR 37 HU3
RRR »TRR-M3 R73 RH RTR Uo I feu u 3, U, R, 3, M7fR 3 R,
U, R, 3, feR R3S3 Rt RRl r1 3 u tg ^'\ oTut U I H3S (intervoca
— • , n »
7’ 3 ‘3’ R7 ‘t ’ UR7U fR#1 3' »W3
feu RRijTR Rl RFt RS HSff #
TH 3 < 5 I
RfHIMT-HU7 f3R, RTUR7£ M: M3 #R MSfHS Hit U3 I
#
MS7ofMR7 Rt RT f35 RR ul ufu Hft U5 I feR^J fe^, t yfedT

t 3U§ 33R M 3l R7U1 RHHU U U3 I RU3 RTg
Rthrtr ‘U7U’ 3Tf? R3t R7 RR RR § U7U f?R RRst
RSt U u ^ ’ mtFrr § R tPR fR3 U3
fjTM737f3R 3t UU R3S|U37M7Hit) U I f^MT37Rt U7faUR3 rh
R7HR U3 I MU3R f€R aul V'^r3 t ^HRR R3 USttf7 f3R feRR3 H
♦
t fHSR U3 fR37 t fR3, M7Rfe^ RHfM7 f?R 3l RR U3 I MU3 /
48
Uf tuaft feu U :
#USft
fe HU fefer fe»{UUT HUHHU I
3T3 Ufefet MUlfef UUfeMfe UUU II
HHf^H
I
fe HUR fe3T fe^FT Ufe§U RUT |
3fe 3 I^3 ^ t MUISU UUUfeHT UtfU |’
ifefet— feU3 feu HU HUUrI US' (fUMT§) U (uTUH >M
T§U SHt)
feu uu f'uuT u feuul u W ( huI w ) §fersW u u »r uts (mu umt)
gu lw u uiuW uu i
>
i
f
49
i
#
i
>HH? fiffe nfe »ffe fe rPET fefef fefel RTfeRof § fi?W3n<S3

f e w fen Rsfef Rfe! § 3t § rrt fecFR IcT TJfer fe § §Rfef 3* fefe|
fen fefe fest nT R3H fenT fe I y fo ^ t f e y HHf^H fel WH S°T RSt
tfeor HHf^n § fenm nn r tr s Ts yTs l sn -f® t n fsnfel i yn fen
fen fel' TRT FTfey fe^H HÛR fe mfe R* H.T%3f fe^RR fefefW fe
nn nl nfe stS n{y§HT fe ^TP^3f gt tf#t i ynfe nfe w fe Hf fe
few nnn fe^TH feHnfen fen few ^ n stw fe festes >nnfe nftfe § fen
fen orfet HTfnn fe fy w fe w r * nn fesl fe fen fe fenn^ nnn
nn^T >nng fe fe w i ffen ^fe' nont, nnnfe Rfet fer Mufefe §
HTfnn fe g s t fe fen fe sfenfe ssfe, s ^ lw festw rt fen fefew i
fnn feslw fel ns fnnfe § W7 ‘w n fen fe s W (Vernacular) »{Tfyw
nfeT 3 i
fefe w yffey feferw fe fife s fenTH ? s nfer fenpn HTnfe fe r *

fen fefe fefe w ir Rf fe ^ffeR* fe nfef tfen hr%3 rt# H^ny fe
fen fe rt ngyn fefeiw ns i nnn Rnnri f%R nn w yfe^ ^
fen s t fen s Ts rrt^ s ! fe] fen fe fksfet n fen fefe^ § h^ t
feoTR fefew nnT n i nn fey fen r tr h r t Rnnl fe fe ffenfel >xvfe r
fe fenfel k w fenfef >HTyfen fefe] fsnsl fe i ^ r? fefe fey
*
^ fe nt fe nnn RTn fnfm wslw fe >MSRTn nn feTf$7R fe" fe ir fe}
50
i
el Xi fe u tr ufe»rT ft fee fee1 »rufsu ual yurul u i u
fen H3 § uTel fea gut fe 3re^ fuea RTiU3 fe*j wue w e
fe f e m sr tu s 7 ^ 3]- fe s e i uu feu fee eel ru sul" fu
t{7f$737§ WUfSU ual^7e feeUTU »reR THU MRU7 gj5%gU »pfe»p
r ueai7fees § h ruts el wren ufu Rue u7 i r feu hs fern7 r7#
37^TqfeoT sfel»{7el Rural UUl RUSl HUT gfe TFel d I US fefe
— 11 — <J
w ufsu u a > i7 e 7 Ha (Origin) iu e u7 i

huh e htr el u V al. >mrth1. feuul, §ul ualw
fes7 e l fteuel, ‘h w T irfue § h73tu! hsI Rfel u i
‘»rau ural »ru3R 3 " »rufeu uggl fuel er feu7R ufeup u i
u i U£h1 »fUsf RT h ^ huhI,
5H#e1 npfe’ fe s7 e THa h ^rs I 3 i U7RRU7s l M3 UTRUfel
ufeur RSl 3" §3U3 mufr fe uenl fuel e l
e l €fee hs I RTe l u i e je s m us r feRe7 y a R7fee uR-uee u
feu ui@m7e 7 feRUT
H ruts u muut3 feuul gre7faM7el ual h1, § r
e1 ‘feuY e TfeuTR ufeM7 u i 4
fuHTa T, suu7a el»rf uu7ul ualM7
eTrsh ‘ur’ mur r fe hYsm 7 efeT ^ | ifeTg| afue7 ufe m3ts1
* * fee euuu feeTu ulel efedil i feus7 M,7ufsu ualm7 el rs I
rt eugffuus (Classification) ufe el eu uu feeTu uu a s 7 §fe3
U3T3 u e T u I
eumluus qUUS fee R7UR dfkURS u fee
s; Re e" utua7 fefeiMTsu s 7a ufsu s ^ e l mtum ualM
ysl-UU UUS e T M3S ul37 U I §RS ‘Band Theory’ (fe M7UTR UT33
fee e ualM7 fee m 7U us feu u7ua e utru § ee feeuTa
e uTR3, fee uuu u a lw el ual fee Ci jmtUTU §■§
uel ual>HT e MeuaT e^ (Inner circle) § UTUUaT eu (Outer
e$$r §alu §R e msrtu fefe euf e j f el u al ^
fee fes s f fe »-ife e^ eW u a l^ fee
RHTS3 feusT euT euT e feeuTe feu hu euel u al el u i ffeeT
tueTfeu ^ :
> URJua7 eu : afu eT, feul, Hafet, ûlui7, uuiTa l, fuuTul,
51
^ funfe w tfes uBfuw fe fw Tu fe s7: HTfuu # ^?>T u$u fet»iT
feHHUfetw »{Tij feg feBUS JH3BW SU? US RBT fe^ UU STS
fHSUfeit TO I U$>r t* US § BU W5UH B$? STS fHHt!' u£
#9 Hfe US I feR SU1 feu UjjP U7^BBttUBS ^ h! SR § fefBWS^
SU? U I UUBUt s ûurfeus feH ^tS* ^ :
(tutucr) ffeuft ^ bbt— feut, ifefet ( hs sfuut)
(^slu^) usk! ?bbt— BiuBfet, Bmugfet
(HUSTUafe) H5Ht ^BI— ushI fuut
(uTtfHSTssr) uysl ^tbbt— Hufet
(l£UR) yggt ûur— feufet, RBIS*, f^lnjT, ^T^nt § uuut feut I
us uuBut RTfUB u fen §UBUS ^ bbtIubs ut fe§fe s ut slu
H-few ut feur u fe ffe fen i{ otu § ûBituus § uu ffes rts
HHf^H ^ RTUHSBTUT3" ut fHSU US fTOU S’But But § WSBHS
US 11 HHU UB § U^BSt ^Tgfsu USW ufeft fe^HU^t s us uu
^ fW tB#3iT I
M,T%3 § WU R feu U U sW feu RBHBUUT Ut *{feust US'
But R”t §U fest g^t^t feu ^t fsufelTO USUt *F But U I
*"" w
VRfet ^
feR^B Hut Utf : 'Origin and Development of Bangali

Language' S K. Chattergee. Linguistic survey of
India— ^ Grierson, *
52
ft
fU HTul HTUl»,rTq s W SUIU3T f e w o >WUTU feufau UUfeF

UU I §qu! f e w UTS U* feu UTRUT5 fe qut»F feU ^%Ut UTS"
UUl feHH UdU UUT »fTfe>HT I UU UUTUIU UTS tqU U" Ufq>HT§fe
qufeUUU feHUluiUU UU UU I HaTu! § UIUBfet fcpfe UUl HUUU q u W
§UIH tfeW UU I UtUh! fe HUUU UTS Spirantic Sounds UT ^ U,
MTfu fesqu u qfeiMT uu tp mt t uufnu mulur ^ | cfet
US1»fT feu HHUI3 HUT £ §HTUS feu UUU feqfiW ufe>HT U I
HUT yrg qufefT (q, U[, ■gi 5 »fTfu) § ‘UTu’ £ feUTUU feu UUT u!
Mtffe qufeusu >HTfe»fTu l qfeTq! feu fecST q u W
U —
fe §UTUS fe
—
f e w u! ute qfe! u! feuTsl u i uruuTut feu ‘ufe’ u T feurus

fqsus feu! u i >hthuu § fecU u s !mt feg hut g sfe^Tfes u! uu!
uq ufe! U qTH UUU HS UU UT HUUIU f e w u U1 qfes I H.— UUS,
^t%u — uus, fuu!— srs, Hufe!— w ( uthutu!— w MTfu i qu
ife il feu tjrfûT g T h! § ut^ .‘sfe’ u! u i feuT q s !»r fe feul
SSU fe UUT feu UU fefe >HHU qrfel? ufu'fe UU fecU UUU sfe! UU
feu uu! f s ! feu i{ufeu u ufe uu i
UU fe qq fe" UT MTqfeU feslufT fe MfUMU u! feuTH ul3T 5 I
feH qUU feu HHfÛ fe! feuTHU UUU ufe ufe! U I UTUUT fe 24 qqr
feu" 5?S U fuu u! qTsff gg UU I UTUUT fe feUUu!>HT u! qf
feUUFUHU qUHUUT fe HS S~fe! U fUUT fe UTu!" UTU feu HUUT UT
qUHUU Hqq § Hqru fenuu UU7 fe I feu fequ UU! U UUS HfaPtfT
(Nouns) ut feuhut fen u! ûsu u qfe! u nqf %>ht^ t feu ^! u s
qu! U I f^PHfe! fuuuu (Verbal Participles) qURdUF UT UK UU
sqi qu uu i %>htut ^ |q fe s u s u! huuu §qu uu i hh^ u ^
>HÛ ffPHfe!" |q qu feu u! ufu uu qqu UTS § feu! u
qqTUTû su ! HUTfeu f^rufT^t uu uTs w u uu fe>>fT u i
»fTHUU U fuu UTS ufu ufe UU— UUUHTU UU, § ufequ I >HU fuU
u! UTUU (Voices) UU— UUUUl W , UUHU! W § (orfe) ^Tg I
qUH UTUU 1{UUU (Personal Terminations) ^^]n\r % >HTq »iTqs
UUT UTS HUU UU I Uu!>HT feu Uf fjT^T fe UTS u! uu uferfe uu
fet" sfufe! tfeTq! feu— ‘fuUTU fsqlH* ( h" feuTq fequT ut) §q ‘h'
53
ft
3T& 37 H33T3 3 I U3 3h7»T fen 3f3"§ 33 I
hs3 t^ h7 fe e e) w i \ fecPH ufe»iT 3 i 33 hhhh m e ^
>ht 33 33 i 3 3 3 ^ 37 fur53 } e\ ^33 5 i >H33— hhhh 33 3 ?t
fHH3 33 I 33 H3733 337 H33 333 1{#H 33 3IH 33 I f33737 §33
3U7»T 3737373 337 3 3 3 337 3 I Iff^TH73 " 3f3?3 37 f33 H33
HH3 33 0"3T3 I 337 HT3T33 33, 337 fcTH M3333 (gfr, 337)
37 3TS 33 33 3 337 333 3 t *{333 3 31§ 33 I f3H 337>tfT3f33
3s7»3 337 337f%33IT3H3 3 31H7»3 33 33 33 fe3 fe3*3 373T 37
f33T3 fe 33 f33 H331T3H3 33T§3HT3 3 t33T 3 I
/
*
i
t
t
4
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t ♦
1
/ V
1
a
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i
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\
1. Article “ Language and literature of the Panjab” August
4
29, 19 54.
i
55
fe UtFul fe°f HHfeU-ffeUc1
) HSl # § fu^-fefU3 M7cJ5THfeMU7u1
l{fef3U U I
lftT5t §H fes^t § §H ^R7^1 Îfeu g tfl U fRR§ UTO HHi
feu R? T § fef^HU f §fe 3Sl H -fW Ht^r fgur § MUfau" £
fe>Hor3l §" RSt RUUt fHfiPHT H^l feu Rl TO HHSl tFUl Rl I
§ fugs ‘gjUKs-w’ fen t o ul uul ur?1 fHH§*
§ § 3 %H?HTUTfRU7^ fe UH7Ul feu MR gl UUW RW l-M W
toI m7U UW 3 UUfeTU (Conservatism) § UTO33' (Classicism)
gUU da I feH TO § HU UU# Ul ul. g1, gfe £ UR'Ul § fScT HUH
(Faithtu USl MTfUMTU fens MTU3l >P3 USt M3U MR
HsTO
Rfe" UfTUl feu U U W l § U7Ul3U7§ fefe û§ ul
RT feofTH H feUTR feu UH ut 3UT ufeM7fj RUT §R HUUfe feu Ul
ufeM7d frTH tUR UHlM7 M7ufeu #h1m7W I feRU feU7R § fefe fe?>
f^RUl TOR U§ U3 fe§"fe tfet
R fe rft § feRH MR URfet U b1 feu, UU3 §", FPHRUU
Ut USl >H7U^1 UUS feU §37FPU M W USIm7 U Rnfel
UU7 § MR7 § HTOU #31 U ftT37feu feu UUUl, UBU1 § MUT UUUl
USl MTu1 5 I feH SUl tfeu HR%3, U7s1, ^T%37 M§ MUR H7§
UU-U"U MR UtPUl USl feu" Rfe# ul t{7UH UU U3 I feH HU ul URUl
HHi R7# UtPUl § feU37§UUUU RTR7?7ul RHW7UUSi Ufetul U I
1 The dialect of the udicya (§ u1utr) tract, corresponding

N. W and Northern
Panjab, was highly thought of and it maintained a
conservative character, continuing to be nearest to the
old-indo aryan standard— S.K. Chatterjee,
2. The conservatism, in certain matters relating to phonetics,
appears always to have characterised the dialects of west:
North-west dardic speech and Panjabi dialects.
S. K. chatterjee.
56
33T ‘tfU3 R H ’ t f fe3TH-3TS UtT UiFg
HTS 3f3S 3 fe3 it §R it UH?UT3t ifflTgf feu §R HS-3 it i Sît
»fH feUHT3 f e i 33 I HS3T 333 H4 H3H3 3 UTi3IT :
jp
tfU3 STRT U Ufel UUfet feu HUU^gfl1 tF H3U§3ST (ugHUfe)
>HHit fH'SUT3 I fHTCr STS feu 3 fa fen git Ut iuiRS 3 ^T3-
3U3t feUS 33? 3 feH l(3T3 i t slS3T i f HfU33 3 I >HH. 3. U 33i
i H3U ‘H3UT3t 3333’ 33Tit n it i t sfo ^ i 33 I
/p tfeof i t fa^ (Soft L ) u i i feu » t i i t qufeu u feiu
333 Ufe HHit feU1 it3fe[ 33HT 3 fen 33l 3 ‘H3U3t UT3Hf^3T UfH
Msuqri »fTftf>HT3 1ifafet i fear hurt feg git (»fagf 143 feu 3f
s it 3 3 ?) 3 : 3TS? 3T3S1 gu&t * F fi I fen i f i ? tfU 3 3THT feU fe3
33 3 3 l ?U feH Hi ffiH 331 U?Ti feu t feu i i t fU3 33? 3 U3 t fe ^
: feu §HUT fU3 (L h) Hi fri#4 f3 faU liu i H3H2 H1SH (m ilhuse) fe ^
r feu fH&W 3 I iu fe . 33HT 3 feH3 ‘H33ol 3T3Hfe3 Ufg HUfei^’
1 UT 3^ fe T 3 |fe3 331 IffuS 3TS~ S i 3 I fe3 33t ufe4 H3 1U
\^ feu UUfet feu feu 33? >HfeTU3H fe3 it3 TRIt? ^ fe fgH ^
f 3l ifife} it feHH 33t 3T3* feufau 3it 3 fei'fe UHTit feu fe3 3 ?t
f § i i i i 4MTU feu 33§ 33 fesi 33 fefe4 fef ’ it 3 H ‘3#’
f it, fe3 3 t 3? tfe 3 33?? feu Utlfet i t HHT3 UT 3 I
(£ ) 3tTfet i U33 Hi-PH (R eduplicated compound) dij ifeH 3^
H‘ US >HT 33 33 fefe' 3UT3t feu 1H3 Kit’ 'i f i i t ' »tTfU ^3
• _
; tfU3 feu 'i 3 Ti f e ’ ‘3HTife ’ 33 1 feu 33 . 3STHfes Aufeu feU it

i S3UHT3 33 I U33 HH^^- i t feu 3Ut 33U SH § fegT^ »{33‘ §
^dtUît 3 feU HT3?? H3T33 3UTit §3§st>Mt feu i t UUS3 3 I
3OT3t feU 34U3t ‘3SH3ST’ 3 ‘ufe'HUi^T’ gfe>tfT ^nr ^ j
(]T) HUUPBHof 3 U?UT 3?Tgt feu, fegg 3 3 3 3 s3t| 3 RTgt fe^»
?3U?3 33T t i i r3 HH%U i Uffegs H33 Rt gt fufet § (
4
1. #3 f ST3T3 fH3 Tg| '^TgT fe f^ T ^ ’

2. Quoted by Macdnonnell A Vedic Grammar’
57
tfeg % rucjirjhoT fus tPH uuu gfeRT^fef
'ûfel feu os fcfer us for ‘uisrY — mfHRufR, rur I— f$>TRufR i
HUS tSTU feu ^| 3 %" HHtS US I HS'ûl feu fefe (U3-UUr :
Hfel) UU S flt fsjfl H^J | »ftfU US I feu HUU s'lufeufe
— With mouth down’ feu fHSUTU I U U W M W Us Ymt feu feu
Rhtr uu feu tjufeu u fu r §uu, fuul I ‘u sf uf u s " UUH
? sTt H1^ feu uutrI u sl feu US Ufe US I fu r ‘fes US UIU, HTU
US MT UTf ’ I feu fsu fel RSUTS UT RUU tfeoT § HHfÛ feu MTH
ûf3MT UfUT feuT u I feHUT UHT RRf$73 STU r ul (Conversational)
rU d TSTlft HU?U H" SUIUT U ‘w f US : MTUT§’ Rfe’ feu UU1 UÛU
5 I feR RUU fel RfuUU Rfel usl feu §R RfeMRT § STUUl>HUT U
STS STS US UUl U I ‘SUST’ UUtrI feu tfecT US'! H; ul MTfe>HT5
fuUU- USTRfes feu feu u u sfes RUU ul ufu ferw RI f o r UTfs s l
Ul M RUW fel feu ‘s u ’ RS, s u ’ Mt§"U t § I feu 3' fe s Tr UUH
feistl MUU RUU* ul UUfel feu U fUUU 33RH |U § R3RH MUR
feu RUf RSl feU fHSU US I
|3 fÛH U cfel fR Ut RHTS US f o r fo s 1 (f^3 :) RfeT (l/fe:)
Rtrt (uxfeH :)
feUSf RHTS3TUf 3 ' ôTU U fe UUtR'I UT HS-RHt ‘tfe u RR%U?
Ul U feRH" feRU1 f?^TH UUT u |
u rst
tfu u RR%3 § AUTU STUUl->HTUU Rs W Ht 3RRT g y ‘UTs ! '

feu fHSUTU I Hfel US'! rt UR UU feu" Sufe *PSI d feR Sul
URr'I feu uTsl u fus ssl Rfe fes£ US I URtrI feu UTst § >hrt
U US 3U ufus UT1UTW S feu ut U RUHT U fe ifufe! § UgRt
fRU f life ] fel 'RURfRST' ul RUTUST UUl t fURU^
SU ul»fT us'l^f1' f t SUH RTUT UST S TUHl r I I Urful feRUl
fsuuûul US'! r I feR feR feu IP s i § fus ^TRR US I
* UTs l t s RHfjlR t UUU-RU (Diphthongs) RUS U UTt RS
>MUQT3 >H, t § , t t U dl§ RS I feu RUSRT ifeigl f%3 t=) feû l
58
\
U HHfeH ^ Hgu g git fa t' W — (^g^),
Heft u— Hofte, ‘mg’ g yg ‘M1gfe' ugfe ffi33T w i& l l ^ g Hg gT
§ g rgg g i fagg gg gg§ ng ygfel gnu7 fag fa ro ffe Hg
ug? gu § g m+ §, ht M + fe §" g g g ggigf hs gu fair
m OcKS— H" U I fegfe ggi gT fe?HST § 3 fgU fegjg’
( s Tu§g csur, fagg^ HHf$fel g) f g (gi-fg— f t g — §g) MTfg
fen grot g ^ t gi fegi gnjgT 3 |
feg?g fe s fe y 7 g ] g s l fgggt mho/I uTHt t , gfaTyi g j fe g

gg ut HHT?g3T f e t e i g i yfesft fe g groft HTg mh 7 fe g Augra
*
(Conjunct) gAbtf7 § HH17S (Assimilation) gfeT t t e g Mgyrg ^'5

(Double) offer Hfa7 g yg gfe— nfu3 Aggin ^ g ^ Aggre gft g y ife?
gu f a t ' ung-u^ ( h^ h!) gng— ( h — h h ) ufa g f fcg g^
^Tg t l g g fe n 7 g gt g fey g y ] yfe] gg fa # ' fafa^— ^ -~
HTg MTfe i fe g fe fe ^ fe g t fe y ^ yfe § HHg g 3U? t e 7 ?rfaT i # y
H^ng7 fag fagi— faygi yfaf gt ‘hut, gjg! ‘fgugfey’

d i 3T: f s u g 3 f t fefyM 7 g fa fcg AyaB ? g ^ ^ ^yu ^ l 5
mA ft 'ffeg-ysH V y f t » i7 fe g g feT fe | gg feg g f t gn t g ul
A te g i
#
A" fgs" fen *sft feg ijf$?d7, fefe § ‘yfal M7^ ’ T
*
1. ‘ An introduction to Prakritas’ Woolner—‘In the dialects

of west, such conjuncts still exist.
59
fsuUS HUl UUl U7U '^Tôft ul feu 7 U73 7 ^ t{UH3 UUlfe
US I feu U W l W Uh I 3 7 UU UUlUUUS |U U feRS fe 7f f 3 ' S 7
STH »T"fU3 ufe 7 t I feucv i f f f 3 7 § ufeul g fe fet SHS 7 UUS 3"
U37 SUI37 U fe ufefet 3 } HTufe'7 UTUfey sFU3l gH l^ 7 S7S" t f ff3 7
§ S 3 U I UH7Ul S ul tfffU 7 3 »fH feuR 3 ’UhI fen (Linguistic
elements' U UU U3 US feuu 3 *oft yfe|>tf7 feu SU3 U UI3 US I
HUTH H3U 3 7H Hi 3 7 feU UUS fUHUH slu U fa ’ 3 U l»f UU UHlfe
SHT UHTul U7 i f ff3 S7S HU3 UlfSHS H#Ul 5 I
fen 3 1 3TU feu U fe UU7ul feu H73-3UI3l UUU U t US7US
W f^ H 3 T WU U feHS srsft g # }» f ^1 |ufeyT § l f f f 3 7 3" HU3
§UU7 UU feu7 U I
ifffU7 Ufe ijfegl f%^ RifFUS 3 l UUl USi 3UH3 SU? 1
RifTaS 3 1 3TU UU S ^.U7, feu S Rife 3 7 US' u I ‘MUUIe’ 3"
»t§u[5 w muis, 3t fHH7H uy ul UU U7 I UU feu US— 3UU 3"
feÛ H7 fefeu, HUS 3" HUS7 H7 HUS7 >UTfe | ‘R3fe 3" ‘n fe’
feU ‘HU’ I
t{7f^H7s=H ‘Medial consonants’ TUUS feitfHS7 ^ SU ul H
uul MUfeu Hi ffe3 fHU3 fes UtFUl feu us feu" ‘ufe— 3"— uul I
(Med 37 HU U fUTM7 5 I UR 3U7 HUT 3
HSl, ^ 3" >HfedU7, HU3slu §" H"US, >MTfe
7 Ufe UtTUl f3S 1{U7U 3 H'fHM7 ( h , H, h) 3 l U7 UUH
feU Ul U3l HH7 U (US 3 fu°S H3l>H7 3" U^Hl 3 lfJ7U S7H HH7
fui>H7 u) feu~ ‘UH 3" UH, HU 3" HUT I
feu S tfe7 U tHU" 4.t%37 feU' Hi (US 33HH UUl UUU 3 q uh!
^ fe ’ U ^ U UUU HUH feu S feU7 Ul UHS fe ^ yfe
iHUfe 3" HUT, U3S f " H3S, M7fe ;
2H3 3" UU feH H UTTUl fe| UUl feU I f f ^ r S7H fHHUl fj §U
§ UUUI 3 ufUH >HUU ul u7 hIhu7 US7— Surd ul U7 Sonant
1. HTH7oU 37H7 fe fe »fTS— HUTH H3U 3 7H (fefel)

2. Woolner ‘introduction to prakrit’ Pp# 13 (fefeul)
60
1
V
I
3* 3 3 T I
Wot 3 3T3IT : 33131 (gorfe) 33T31 (Foffe)
# 3 § tTtF : 3tT (ife ) 3 tT (3 3 ) HiF (H3 )
# 3 § 3 # T : 3333 (33333) M33 (# 3 3 ) 33 3 T (o ftfe )
31? § 3 3 T : 3 3 ' (335f) oT3rU (o ^ u )
lTV § 3HT : 3f333 (3 3 3 ), 3 3 # (§ 3 3 )
#3H § 3 3 l # — ‘ f >Ht' 3 1 SH §3 t §1 qTf§3 3 l f3HT3l 3 :
H f3 # — H3T (# 3 , existance, to ) s fa w — StF (H3H, Shame)
Hrfew— HW, fefe*fT--- f£gT |
HU 3l W o # ^3 3 3 3 l 3 3 3 l qTf§ 3 f ^ H §H 3"
q3Tf§3 U § 3?5th1t o HH%3 f%3 3?? 3Hl Hi § 3 33 3 3 f? 3 3r3T3t
f33 3T 3Ul § I fen f%3 f§33IT3H3 (A nalytical) 33l 3 T §1 33 3 I
feH3 Nom inal style >ht33 3 3 I
3331 3 I
H33I3 (Conjunct) 33, ‘33’ t{rf^3t 3 33T31 f%3 U3T 3 I 3313 3A

33, of3H 3" §H, 33H W 3H >HTf3 I
fe33f §3 3 3 3 HHT33T# 3" fe § ' 3 T33T f§ U3T3t fH3 >HT3f33
# f§ 3 3t 3 I 33T3] 3T€f f§ 3 3 H 3 3 ^ s l f%3 q Tf§3T 3 33 tF S3I31
3 I 33T§1 f%3 ‘qTf$?333T’ 3 l 3 # 33T3 l# fe g AfH »iT§ 3 3l 33) 3
UJ'3 ut 3S 3 I 3T§1 FT31# 3 # # f%3 H33I3 3 §3 33§ f§3
sfH W # (Lengthening) fe 3 l TFHl 3 : ‘3 ^ — 3 3 — 3 # (T33l #3IST,
K 3#!, 3T33T3 l) 33 33^1 ‘3 3 , 3 3 ’ 3l 3331 3 I 33T3l 3 l feH
f§HH3T 3 M3 3 3 f3 # T]1 H W H33 3 TH 3 >HTf3>HT 5 f§ qTf$?3'T
3 # 3 3 3 # (Hf3I»3— Noun) §33 »tT33 333 33 f? 3 f§H 3H 3 s l
f§3 fHS3 33 3* § 3 ‘33T3 l' 3l 3 I
61
>hush
ifargft MTUS US § UU HU MUSS H" ufes7T{Tf$?S7 feu UU
'HTyut UU feu" SMSl U fUHS 'W ^ H UU MTfUMTU7Ur U I 'HU u!
UU7Ul US1 feu s i feH MUSH-HS%UU u! HUU-gnj HUH UUl fesu l
tj I
^t: ;|HSU Ut UUS U fe 'UHUUU U MSHTU MUS H7 feu HUT ^
feUUTU »p§S STO of, H, U SUSfe ?7U grf h , H U US l’ UU
IJif^t si feH UUfeUUS § MUS7§felM7 US I UHfel HSl feu feH Uul
HIM7fHRT^t fuUUH IHH7S 7 vhhI" SU u t UTfas7 §" Unfe! U7
^Tf^St »{§ MUS H7STS UTH HUU ifefe UU7 U I
w ? Hf S *§U7U-UUS7 ^ »rfUM7 H7U7 U I feu fcTcT H7
>>fUS HHf^H U UUHTUTUU, feuSUS, ufSUT, feMUS HUH Ht fesust
U PUS ‘§ ’ UT MUSfel UU U (y^<U-H<UH) I feu §UTUS HUH
MUS H Ut Uth feHH3T ^ 3 |f5H ^ ofS Ufe} sfe fUS Unfel
— U
H ofet HUH7 feu fHSU US fifg §U fSHH MSHTU SUT US U7ufe

HS I feu MUS^HUS7 § I f a i 4 :
fu§ ^fus7^fusl I f u r f C f e
fe§" < § i I su <fesU
HU ^HUTU I su <feu
feu^feu I
• m
MUSH7feu feUUTUS ‘HH’ ut U7 MSS7HU feST' UU7 fen

UUl U UU UU UrPHl feu fet ÛfeU US I UHS §" USS (ufes—
m u s h ), shu §" sû (#su— m u sh ) shs §" SSS— #"S (ulfSM7
U7 s"s) I
UtPUl feu HS SS Ut U7 ‘^ t^ t’ u) guSS7 ft feu si MUSH U7
ul ufel ufUMT fes U I UTU UTU H7feu feu MHUl UUl U7sl ÛffsUB7
uuul U :
‘STU§ ( h") S7| sfu SUfe fSUS S ufetMU US’
UUS— o?US7, U7US— U7S7, USS— USS7 I
HWH § MWH HUS{TS SUS7Hi U7 M§ HH Hi U7 U7^ H7 U TPS7
Si UHTUl § MUS H Ut HHTSH7 ut HUS7 5 I f^M7S7 H UUSUS MUS H
62
1
I-*+
*>
x p b \ hsW * y fe w
fj=fuf ^ ‘TO gg|UHT
2 /
K. Chatterjee's ‘Quarternary stage of Indo-Aryan
63
\
#
4
I
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«
• •
5ulAU Hfe»fT I
(i@) ufeHl Otra S wr are § yggt ifiro h3 fen fto} q33i

§ HU ^5“ §^T^t ^TS' Ufr^ ofeT fg^jr
U— H'fe€ HUT§T3H H3T2t fuf" TITgqH3 3 fecf ^'33 Sfgt fffH
3TH 3 H<^3, HS eTMTfe ^ p^t ^ 33 gj^ |
(ii) iftrat 3T feSTorr §U HTO ft 3 3 Hof sf]
fH<3THtf <SUl fnfe>HT3t 3 fRFitf) H' i^thIh 14313 3 } ^rr
>M^HT^ ^ w ^ f%3 fejret sret UHlfeq sraft
HcSt flrgt U Il
64
l
/
(iii) U tM -£fO TT ¥T33t-MT3R tfH3 H fe g fg§ §H d
^ Tt e 't (g3Ut-raf%HH 73 ), ^ fe f (fe ^ ) >vj§
(fuHTfcPHT?l r a W ) fefe-3ug § fgfe-iratew g^l>xt eThuth u i
(iv) feH fr a Tt ht 37TT3t35f § fe fe o TR 3 3 3 ut
M fenfen fouT u m3 33F3T3 w h I 3Ut 3 I
I
(v ) t g Hof after *p fe w ^ m7 fe^|

ra W F Hfu3 MTt ^H3l>tf7 3 f%3 3331m 7 3u1m 7 U3 I
^3 ÛôfcJ HT3 Ul 3'33: sU^' 3T33 3 3 3 gsft— IJ3H7

U3? 33 33 U33 fr?H 33 M3 ftTH §tft ? ra fen ifargl £ fe s Tt
§ fH37 £ l^n^H oftHT g § g 33ET I fe3 7 33$7 5fg^ fa g gfargj»{T
HT MT33^ feST fefHH3 § MMfa stoTtf fetft 3U f%3 3f>M 7 3 §g
fesr 3 I r a l ^1 fe fg ^ § M3tft 3 i fe< f feurasreor 3 cpg^
urral r a l 3 h# , f%37H f 3 3 3 ufe j%373 35 I g | y§^
fe3 ^1 3 733l § feEHt y3 3 T37 £ 3 8 3 15 H^3 >H^H g l§ 33
frT37 g 7 H73T Urgy ^ t £g m 7?H3 3 I
t
3yft. 3l. afe ■: ‘ifrra l § ifent fg g l 3 3 3 3 m u^ h §" g l f e s f e

uhI m * h ^ W g^glM7 3 3 i s fr a 7 § orc&M, 3Tfe3, 0333JMJ3 3
3U53H1M7 727; I'
2f f 331333 : ‘33331 MU3 3 3 1 »rg fe o [ U£h1 f33l 3 ifflrgt 3 7
S3 gt (OfTfeoP) feof u ffero 333 d I
33t1m 333 : ‘HT§ ir e fe e u fa g ut g g t tP ^ TO l

r a t . . § felTH o V ftR ;fe9 .^t E5. ^ fe w I... UJPgt. .^ . ?^Tu
Oh7tlt_U U§H §H § 3 feH^3_H3H3lHLMEt 3 l’
4iraT5t t? f r a r a fife ralMT ^ hh î §" g^ t r a l gst d—

y fr a t MTqfeg usnt ^1 g s l s f r a T nt H53t fun73
1. Introduction to Philology’ p.p 223

2. ‘fra t M3 iffpgt 5fT ^ rg r-fe fa w j’ ppt 25-27.
3. Quoted by Duni Chandra.
4. Linguistic survey of India’ Introduction pp. XIV
utft m3 uul osh! fuel ul gst huuhI i’
1 wora ^tS t^ g&t §" z5f{j%T § ifepgl f^sraW U3
f R Rgt 3 T ipfe3 R'fU3 § RRfjT3 RTfu3 feu ^ i T i i i ^ i o f U,
UU feU ^1 fe^T § 3 HUR^t 3* »f^ H^ 'j r
2n) utTU g3HT : 'HfuV 3TR3 fe^ >mj¥ R ut cTC5U3T
cfint tt H^rel u— ur^gl uTm i gt uur mu^ h sto ut usT utu1ht
u, ygn me feu fen §3 RaR3t mug h ut uuu fumTd i
3r1 ftfWU fs ^ l\ : tuR mU3H 3" ugnt lfflTR ut fs t
EfuUT UT fe^TR ufemT U :— R5fR 3* UUgt UtTfR ut ^1 UUTfeH U l’
3T: R3TUR1 UtR : H3 U[W R3 3 ut m3RTut 33 § ‘URfet
§ sfUtfr feu U #U H3U U3 I
43T: HU3 fRUI : 3 h?> 3^ & 3 flJRU 3fe § fRU 3~ & ot
oT3R 3fa HUTUTHUt ^ 3 3 R*!— §R feu4 UH UItT3T3l,
UTRRURtf— fegre, ftfere fM , ifengt, uuut fe u n W ’ t o u t (muge)
3 T 3f §U A (8 gT Rut) t o u t , mÛU (»W gR) § |33TUT rit.......
mto-gn^ fw u 3Tt(T 33 3 ^, mgUU RUUl 3u Rg UUfet ifafet §
3T R3 l’
RfeuU fRUf ffUfft : t o u t 3 USHt fuut fHR JHU3 R
W fcoTstmt U3 §R§ R3R^1 (RURgt) Ufe3 U3 I to ffe s1 (SorfHH1)
RftfeufRut feR ^Tfe3 3T tÛU J-fol W RUUt 3 l’ (3UfHST UTs t
W 3"UU r!)
1. ‘Elements of The Science of Language pp. 252.

2. ‘fafel ^RT UTfefu^R’ pp. 49,
3. 'RTHT3R-3THT fefep>r3’ Pp. 126.
4. ‘faf33U Rrfeu RUÛ’ Pp 73, 81,
5. ‘Ifflfet RTfU3 31-2
5 fef3UTR’ Pp. 6
3
4
6- ‘RTfU3 UUR3’ Pp. 20— 11 7
66
feu US, HU 5s ifafet feu HUf^H feu SU^ HHf^H 3* fn iA tP
U Hul r
#•# *
3qt sfesl HUS HTStfT& : fePjfeu! §" iftpul ’ UShI 5 I *

3T: UTITS' feui UdUl : UUgl ifafet HdHSl MUg H 3^ Uni
Hst TTUl 5 ............ ifent UUJg] UT >xj 3 g >XjL 3 & -^ f e jTSUH HT
H fw r
3% fîre ffim, uufi-feu fmu r^j jafet hht fegfeu
Ul §U UTHT u H 3*33 feu >HT^-Hlt>HIgl>^__HLliUfS3 .3*3* ,b5 >H§

fauut ?UUf ?UUt t o u t f W §H feu" ut UUt UUt, feqt»fS,
US, 9IUUT, HUT, ^T^gt »fTfe >HS-»iTu W tTHtnF Ut H&t £ UUH1?
HW3TH3€lA>MS^T HUl feu UHl U*5t HT |U tn ^ ofU UUt Ht r
§UUH3 HTU U W 3 f3U3 US fey UTU faqfe w HU
UHTut USt H fsUTH HUUl, fSUOT US :
(i) ifafet 3 ^fu°UTU *fe >H3 US— ifefet U1 fSHlH
HUHSl 3" 5 M§ BfuUJ ,UT UHTUt 3" I
(ii) HW-»lTqTU UHTUt 5 UU >HHU HUHSl UT5 I
(iii) uuTut 3 HfufeT u^r ul 0htu1 3 ^ fsugfefT us 1
(iv) t fe'U HHf$T3 3~ feu Ul ifafet ut §HH 5 I
fHUST H3T UT fe fto ^ U feUTU UUST HU 3" ufu#r U|Ul 5 3f
H MHT fUH feU fefe 3 UH HUfe I
UUUU 3THT-fefePtfT?5 3T: UTUU UltWUHS ?> MTU3 '3 t o H Uf
feU rRUUt HU3 UU fU3T 5 fe UHTUVuUUt UH^t - >tfUUU33t U$7
(Inner circle) ST2> Hiu3 5 >H§ sfueT (uiHt uufej)
U^ (Outer circle) STS HH3T3 5 I feHU" §HUT Ut? ifufet 3 ^fu u 1
5 ? y ? y § MSUl §UH ? Ts1^T g s l^ t UH^ Ut 5 I UU3 HU 3" UfU&T
3 T uf>HdHS ul feu ^3%#3 ut slu SUP I feH HUH feu 3T: HSlf3
UHTU UUUrft S UTUUÛU't gs1»IT-->HHTHl, UTOt, §3tMT, HTO], UTHUTUl
1. ‘feufetUTHT^ off feuTH’

2. ifeTUt HrfU3 UT fef3UTH p. 21,
3. Ifflrgt HrfU3 ul §3H3l § fesUH I
67
feUUT3 UUUUt UTfeH 335* W ^ 7^ pjgf »ffe? ^ U I
fenu" fe * fe^T uuf gsl»fT (Hftfet uufel § yggt ifufej) § cfet
feU^T3* 3 H333 33 § feu Ul H°"fSMT 5 I 3*: U5T3HfeTH U3
3 ufHMTtj for H. A. Rose MTUS feu fegu 'Contribution to
Panjabi Lexicography’ feH tfflfe! § inra Ht sFH* HH3UT U M§
feH feu Hfuut, UU1^
2, T O MTfuU HTHS U3Ut § I Hornley M§
U3* $— sfuuf § H*53*31 U 3* U3 ifafej feu ul tf3MT
U (fjsl UU ul3Tu)1 I feufes 3UT ftfuj ?> feH §U3U3 H3 ut— fe
*
ifefel § sfuut M3 U3— ^^SUfe U3fUM* feu 3Tfe 3H U3I 3 TH fe u l

t fe2 *feH (vTfra) ht§ fesfe u1 ust iferfet u faH feu H^re*. um *^
H1?1, 3*3, U3U*3t, U3t H*53T3 HTHS U3 I *5fefets ifpfet UT fS3I3
mui u i’ fiju fes H*fuu £ yuu! ifarat feuu U 3t Hfet u l 3S3*
Sfuul 3**5 orat feu feu offeT 5 fe §U U#" UStM* »{TU feu UU3
fH B u W U3 I feH HUt HT5l 3 sfu u t UT 3T3T• HUU d I HT3l' § H*5UU)
= o
fafelM* U3HU3 feSUlM* U3 § y3lMT ul s ftu t § Hfet fesulM * U3 I

‘3T3 § MTUS HH3lt MU3 3**5 HH*3 3U 3+ cTUt feR§, Hfeu ftfe^
H*3t 3tfet t fcfe" Hfuut ^ I U33, H33, H33, 3 , M*fe HUU* §
‘3*3’ § Hfef § U3U*3t (sfu u l) £ H3**?t #tf3T ul 3feM* d U3
feU feu 3*3* 3‘§ UT 3U U f3IM* ft § 33* tfe US f3TM* d :
1. Quoted by ‘Pandurang Damodar Gune’ p 2 26.

2. 'HlU3 HÔ’
U3, HS, RS, fss I
RrfUR HlM7 §U fHRW fWEÊ MRU US § STR7-
fefUTMTSR f%RSRS S" stR §SUHtM7 US I feu §" fRS7 S7: R~tu"HU
?UH7 R^lofTU RUH US fa 'RtTRt RTR7^fUR7 STS MHt fa&\ U fof
0 HUT ht MOT RUS7RSS RU RSHl fUHt S' feHR7 (RflTgty H7 #H
HRRU 5 I
feRTU RH" mr! § § rrst §
RRR7 S MS r ^ >tfuj fens HURT £ HUR HPRUS fo^H §
MSR7U, ‘RURT RRTrY § ‘RgHt RR7rY S HR UR 3 RUR§ S SSH U7
S7 RURl t SSfufETl f e f ut R^R^l HlM7 H MTRfSR ^HRtftM7 fRR
uhI m 7 us i rru ‘funT h s 7 us fRU7ut — HUTUt, Hfusl S
fRRUt— fRST f%H Rfu, sfu (fust : UH, S r), ^ tffe s (fUHt RSTO :
HR7, HR) HRR, HRRt (fust sfeRRSRR5 : HRUP, HtfUf) MTfHUf
#
f^Mr^T fs s US MS UTRRRtsI RStM7 fRUStM7 UU ^t

RSHI fust S^ MSUlM7 US, S fHR font HtM7 ^ R s Y h7 fuifeM7 R7
RRH7 fRU MSU URS ^ stM 7 tffUHl RSftM7 § RURl RS]Mf
fo r MS SftstM7 h7 HRHtM7US I
fSR ufo RTfRH foR S fRMTS SR? THS7 fof rfU 7Ht
(Saparatist) fe n r s HU7 £ MTH SU S Ut feRH US
fR T : ‘RUfot’ § HfUHt RRfot, RRfRHt RRTRt MTfH I fUHHT R7£ MUR
ft f a HU7 g URJRt RfUS7 OT U RU §R ¥TRHt MSU HRS SSl ‘RURt
RRTRT S ‘RSWt RRTRT (fR r RURt fUHt § RSHt fURt) cffu
RSt MRR WE
fUR^RS 3 SHS7 ofUS S" feu R7U U RTH7 5 fo HU7RRTR h IM7
RHIm7fSR Ut R<st H H UR US R7 §RRSlM7 US I S7RT-f%fulM7S ^
\
fSR RSl hTm 7, §RRSIm7 h! mt R RURRU fHOTlM7 RRTSS1^7HrIM7

US fRS7 § MTR7U § § ^S7 §RRHtM7 S fSR R^t SPS RfeM7 RTR7
U, f u fes7HU7 RRTR7 HtM7RSftM7f^R ^t fHSHtM7US I
-: (1) HU7Ht RstM7fÛ RHTSS7^ I RR%3 S HU7f^R j i
<
/
*§' : f33 f?fa BHHT t f ^ » f 3*3* § gyt f (CfOTrgt)

H£ faH § 3t3T & 3* U33H3*3 g, H3 3*St ^*3 § ! (>{*53*31-
#3ft) fra 33§ 3#1 § WRT 3M3* ^ ^ graft , ( hS^hI) H^jt ^
§3fa 3 fiW3 cTgf I (HT5l)
§g ht8 ut ‘f U3H33T ‘f§, us’ w g §"31 d i 3\
»
oTOof! UtFRSF (Genetive postpositions) in su ^ g h*3
HHT3 33 l 3**?, f%3, 3 ( t ) — Ufa, tp fef, 3— M3 MTfg U3H33F

RHT3 33 I
UtPU 3 H*§ H33 33 l

(5 ) 33* fe3 ifafal 3 l U*R fa§H3T 3 3 *{3*33* fk*53l § f
MS3*3 H3SI3 ^33 3 3 ( Double) 3 3*§ 33 : H?lM*, U3*, 3U 33,
fe3* §3333 fa3*3* § TOlS* 3 " §3 l R§3 33^
U - r
3 fj 3*3* fa
i f p t 3 8f33* 3 T fa t 3l Stfl 3 3 M*Ufo3 SU 33 I fen H3 §1
HU*U3* § 3 tH 3l f?3 fHU*3 ?1 3H33 0 VF3* ft fa U3*u1 H3H31 3"
f3oTHl 3, M3 *5f33* UH*31 3" I fa fffa fe § 3l HHSfal 3 i f35{*£3
? th1m* 3 3HtMT § ?U ?U W*5 fa#- fHU ^13 3* H5f § 33 I f§3 3*
70
*»
%
fgg fj-fe && feur TF HHHT3 for HU* iffFUfaF Hi KB HUFTHf 3 tF
UHTtft 3 uu feu ufuHT ©feu nut" fe ffe'— HTUT ÛT fen HU
HHT^gr gtf£ g#tW 3f UH »fe 3 I W§, HUT feH §3 ^
feUFU HUfe I
HfUHf § OhtuI feu" foufow HH3 UH UU feU HU? ufHW
few fe UHTUl § US Ut Hfuuft feU KB\ H feH »fe feu HH'HcF 3
h OhtuI u" feu feHH § feu qural hts fu hhthut wul 3 i
feH H" HUHU 3 for feH UHTUl § UiFSf] ul iF Hfuut Hi KB UH
HH^ Hfe feU?TH HU feH HUH feU >HfeHU3 UH § HSt Hsfet UR5
§3 feH?TH HUH WUHT HH HUTUH HUH UH I feu h)h 3 fe ffeT
feHHW Hi HUTfeuTSUt HHf UHHH iF HUUH fe>>fTUUH HU? 3 H
UHTUl 3 feUH-U^ H HHHT ut, UU 3* ^ UH UH, UTH HUHt,
HTUH#H wfHH ijrf^H feWHUHHTUT £ UHTul HUUf H sfer gg^
HUHcS HUH UF^fe IJTfeW 3 3HU feUTUH 3" § UUHUU HSHTHUH 3"
HUHU U tF#3F fe HHH-HUT ufe feuuf U HHHl 3 I
feU HT HTU ut HHH UH fe UU USf feu WUHf HTH-H&t 3 HU-
?F-UU »fH ÛHHTH UfUH UH I § U *fH sF#" feWHUHH US, UH7HH7
US iF HUHtWh7 HUUt UH I UH »fH? feu #UHT3 fe UHTUt § HUt
Unfe| 33 BfUHl HTO fHHH Ht UH I
HT: HHHUHl ‘HUfel ¥THT-' §HUIH H feHTH’ feu UHUHU H
MHHTU HHH UH fe Unfe! feu HUUT H 31HU MUU (Voiced sonant)
Ht W gfe^T (Unvoiced surd) UHT 3 I MUUTH UT, H, H, U Hi
HUUfeTU H, U, U, H, U, U.3 UH fet" : HHHU (HHHU) HHU
(HUTU) UTHH (UTHH) I UU HH" MHT feU HfeH HUHHTH UtFUf
3 HfUHT HUT §3 UfUT§^ gt fe^HH §HU UUt fe^Ht 3 I HUT
UHfefefT Hlw UHW feH feu UTH feHHHT 3 fe feUHT feu H, U,
uf H, U, Hi UT ^HHTU UT, U, u, U, UH UH ftT%i HUfet (^HUf
HHT ( hu ) HUTU ( hufj) uhhu ( uuhuu , u3t 3" fenT nut uu)
HUUU ( huh ) I UH feH »fur feu »fHl" #U ul f e » f T 5 fg UUUl
ifergl § SfUHl UiFUt H#" u) UHTUl 3 HU 3" UH UU
WU feU HHTH UH I
71
HIFH 5.33 3^H M3 33 f?3 3 T3 H33 fof 3H'51
3 (Cerebral sounds) M33T3 3, 3,
H333*l 393 3, 3 Uf
33 §3+ 51 gt g( u( 3, (Dental sounds) 3 ?P3 33 I
H H fe 3 H933*l 393 3HT
51 f?3 33*1 3 3 3 33 fa t V
I
3"
( fen m5 h551 39 H3#3 5 f33 5 5 HT 3*13
r
l3
- r
UH3*1 ft3 H333*l393 f t
5 H33T frfeT fa lfafa| 3 ,*PH 393 <553T 5551 f%3 3 I fE3T 51

fa§H?r 3*1TEH 55 fa3 5 f3 fEfa fe3 oft 93*1 551m 3Ttf
H333*1 Mtf9 333 faMT3r 33 I fEH 33 fa3 UHT
51 33 ^f33T M3
UrFE*! 51 551 HHt33 t 33? 5 H3T f55U3T 5 I UHt51 3*1 fE3 33*1
5l3T3*l 551m * 3THl 5 fa5 ‘ e ’ 3 ‘3 ’ 3 3 T fiT ‘§H3’ 3
i
§H39 W H39 3*1 M Ê 33 I #
3H3*1 fa3 3 3 51 W 33T 3 3 3 * 5 fFPT ‘9T39T3’ 3*1 3f

'3T33T3' I 39 HuJ3T 3 U3T51 fa3 faEEE fEH 3" faU3*l3 33*1 3 »
33 33 51 333 3*1 ^3T33T 3 I
♦
3U3— 533t, 9H3 1
1
lifer, 9 3 , 3H 3 MTf3 HT9 3*1 ‘33T’ 51 3t ‘3 3 t’ 5 I

fE3* fHHW M§ 3 3 9 3", FT3 H3*l M33+ fa3, fE3 51 lH3 33*
5 fa UHT3T 3* 3T Hf3~§ 51 M3 3i 3*1 393*1 33T9*1 51 3*3551 3 1
V J ? ' —
feH H33 f33 fl{Hl3H 33* fFlW 51 51 9*fE, fa33 M*U ^3*51 5 3H-
\S& 33, 39*1 H333-393 3 I §3* 51 3&TH 3*13 3*U3*1 3 fa MH?
3^51 3 333*1 tfa*H 5 f 33*51 33 M*93 H3*3 3*, H*51 55*51 0h*51
tF 333T3T 3‘ 33? 33*1 h5" frfal tf3 3 551 3^ 351 M* 93l 5 I UH3*1
3 55 55 fa33*3* 3 fafa fe3 3*93 9T1M9H3 51 H*HS 33, ‘3*933'
551 MTfyMT 5 I 3T333 551mt, f33H33 M S-Ê*! 55lMf 33 frfc?
^ H33 5l9T3*l HS551 3 ^ 333T 5 § 3 51 MT33 551mt 51 3*1
H3T3 3cS I V
, 3t; fe3 3f 3 H33T 3 f3 33T51 3 3[MT3 f%3 3HT51 93l 3t3T*l

f3H3*lMT MT3f33 551mt 1FRth H33 3TH 3 M3RT3, 3HH*l9*l 3 5H51MT
5551 551MT ^ >H§ ftT3T 3 3 51 3*351 3 T 5 g ^ 3f5l 51 3t
1 •H3333 3THT f^fgpHT3’ Pp. 2 43 (f551)

72
UUT5 I 3T Ul UFffMH feu f HU1 yyT-yUHT1]° ^ gyy Cf f3PHT
U#3TT, ^ feu \$3*Z feÛ fefer ^ utap fefer fHGr g^t ht
^tft §§ Ot?T U I UU feH MH feu, feu M3Tfey UrFil f t
UHTUt HT feHUT t , fen fen f t HT3 Ulf U3 I
tu fey afe> uu ul feu^^-ugi t i fecfi t sfefe] gptft^t

§ HlHTfeU ^ USfap U^ feufe t l Hfe ul UUU Uyy y, ft Beams
U MUFPU Mt IP: UTH fjTHcS cfTy^ tsPayU U M<$FPU sfefet feu
HUUcff — ym UUf 3%T§ STSTul UUH3 T fe§® fpfql ht feu*
U?> feu UU UU §, yTH feUHf H MUfe, UHT u : fe?R__fey—
fUUTUT sftU3 (feul.) UUt — tuf, f y — ty MTfe yy f HTUcJS U?> I
feu Ul UUHHT ZSfuul H yûfe!) tu f fey ul MTH U l
H^T, 3feT, HUT^T, HTUT, |>H, ( u ) ly (fy ) MTfy fHRW fe§" HUHU
U I u^ HTU feH^T?i fefFf feu HiUHH U?> fe fey] feTU^' >)-[ypf H y~
f?>U2$t u I feTU^ MUU H, fepfe l^fHU ftcS #UT— ?PUTU, §-y^W,
^ s r — feu feu H5l Ufel U U fe HU M W y § ufeq ^
ul) fefuyut S': Bloch t feu’ (feu, uuûgy) yyu §" Hfel
u fuuu7 hu uh uTuûu u i u^ tu feu mh^ faut uis t fe fey}
i ,>HT^ ^ feret Hfeu U?j yy feyl y} h w § ^
u fe Hfuul fe fi 'OhtuI U‘ HTgg g 7
73
faHBT »fTgfeof |u fe ifi d i
feH 3T3l 333 t 3 ’ fE3 3^3 f3 3 5 3 T U fa 3Tygl 3 UHT31
sro n fd ?! tf U3ql ifafal 3 l # e! 3 3 *3 3 * 3 3 V u, 3 3 *3 ! fe ? 3 W or
33>1 TIT ijrfjjfg ggl g; fE33* 33-Tfa 3*331 gsl>M* 3 ^ fafa
f^3* 3 fof H*33#3 ?33f *{Tf$?3 fa>>{Tcf33cfT<3'i'^ fen 3 3 3 3 3
■33f3M* £531331 HT3T €*331 3*3d ^3H fa3 £5 f?PHT U £5155 cfS^t
#3 cft§ 33 fe e 3*e1 fa 33331 3 #1, fau^l 3*f3»F 3 4 § 3 -fa e g §
M*3FT-Hfa>{3* 3 tfa 3 H333 3*1 ^ 3 3 3 5 l 3 , UH*3l 3*5 § 3 ^ 3
HH3 ^ 33331 UHT33T feof 33 fdl3 f3 3 T ^ I 143 fag Rt§ g| 3 *3 ^
33 fa 33331 fa o f5 33 ^feof >H*3oT l^fa-j 3 3 3 sfHtfr 3 TI*3 T <5fEl
sfsft 315 33? I feH HE! faf3 off33* 3 lof 3 3 ]" TT33t fa 5fat[*
33*3l fa t" fooretf t I fen 3*3l 333T t fen H3 3 T3 ] 3 3 3 g
T331 3 fof 3*#f 3*3l ifafal 3* M*3*3 Qgntft § g f yfarsfa (J g ^ § 5 3
3*3* fa t" fecTSft feoT M*3f33 3 5 l I
35 fen 3f35 HH t 3 3 3*3T 3 fa3*33* 3 ?f t fa^rt M3FF3
3331 ifangl 3T 33H ‘3333? t " 3 feM* H"f3M* 3 |
‘3333’ H33*, fat*33 (fa fa *^ ) M*3T3*, § 3351 3 3sH33l 3T3I
3 fa5*3 3 1Ijfafo 3* Hi I fHH 3333 fa5fa 3 l 3 5 l 3 3333 33 of3^
(3f33 l{3 3 3 531* $ ) ‘33331’ wfw* T[fa* , faHg| § ifafa) g }
33-33* >H3 # f 333 fH53l 3 33 33*3 33" fa g fE33 fa3*5 3d3 5*
t t ] 333-333 3d* 33? fH53* I fc3 fa?3* fa g 3f33 ?*5l»{T 351m *
3 l 3T3-3¥th1 33TT 3 »TOTg § § ^5^33-331 3 I
>H3? fq § U3 MTE 3T fa 33331 ^ 3 ^ fa§3 Hsf3 3l 33 I
§33T 5S3T J ^3^ »fTqf33f U3T3l § 3 Uf?T§^ RT§ ifarg|
fa3 l{n43 3 3 33 I
33331 3 l qm f%333T fE3 33l 3f3 l d 3 fa>HT3333T3T ^ fe q l
fa fE3 fa3 ?33I § Uf35 W 3 l 3 ^ M3 3 T3 of, h, 3, U, 3 l
3t ^H^T3 3l3T 33T ^ (Surds are changed into Sonants-Woolner) 1
fE3 33l fa 5 3 5 >X35l 3U 3^5 »fTqf33 qfafal fa g g ^^5 U3g l
3TT31 fa 3 331" ^fafal U > 3 l fa 3 ^1 I fa3 § §3^333 M3?
E3 3^ll 33 t fa# U f Mt§ 3f : 3 #3 l (s ^ fe ), M33 (>H33) HH
74
nrai feU UHfet H HUR?jt ^ hht?>h t ynu u I
HUHUi feu CPU H RRT g^T 3 fR-g HTUJUl § >HUUHTUIUt yf^H
feu ctfe ut ufuuT 5 Frar h s h ~u h ctfe gu fun 1 Hfe 7 u i uutu1
£ US HU fen UUt § RT^f gfy»{T r I HUU— HUH, UUI— UUT, HUH—

HUH »fe u I US p fe UHt UHt UU ‘u ’ UUt feu UT UUt U I
HUHUl ffeu H , H, UUT ut UT HHT (UHl HHt) ut UHT U I feu
UU7 ifufet feu ¥ H ft I HH7 H7 US ^1 USST HU UHrul>tfT HUt MU1
^ I HU— HUT, UH— UH, HjH— HUH >tfTfu I
f$?»re 7 feu § f^ u fe " feu HUHHt HHf$?H U HH ut UT UU7
oUUl U fHUH7 UHfet UHl l%U UU HU H7H UUHHUS U I
HHfjTH HUHHt UHTUt
/
fjw (
uuufe uufu UfeU1 v
ÛHHUS ^
fq^ fe usfu ysut, u T
UTH (
\»
fUHH uM u fUHUT, feHT,
|H feUUH-
UTH ufefu ufeur ( htut)
feUU7fHHW feu feHfet.HUHHt £ Ufe § §H UU feu UU UUt
S
5I UH7ul UTU^fe, feu UTH7U fe UUHHUS UH5 U W f^>HTUt feU

UU7»fUH UU7U I JfHU3T§H H" PUt U I
feH HHH7# HUS H UH7Ht 3 HUHHt >HUUH u W
fHûW UH §H Hi UU feu ut H3TU7 ^ fe UU7Ht U7 HH HUHUt 5
UUH feH feu i \ UUt Ffet%Ht ut uut HUH7 » iHU HU? fuufet feu1 I
fen Ht*U 3 feH 3 feu s UTU THUT 33 ut HTU feUTU UUUT7 |
US feH HH ut fe^TftPM7UTU ut UU U3U7 UU HSt Stu U fe
‘UUfet fflut tfeu HH%H U" feUHt U >H§ UU UU7ut UHt feu UH I*
1. feU HTul»fT feHHTHt»fT £ § U 7UUS H7: W oolner ut UHHU

Introduction to Prakritas’ ^ »FUTU § § fe u UTU UH I
75
fen feufe UTH*? feu for uuTul U7 HH-HRt (Parental stock)
t fe ^ hh% b vp fumtuu htht u uuTu1, q7fj? u'f, >w? fe f"
(>HBgT3 Primary Secondary >n§ Tertiary i{rf^gt fef") uut uut
^ UUUl U 3* feH feu HfoPfe tft BrEt H* SU1' I UU HUU feu ;§"
0 fe iftrrsft fncft, fes* foTH UU UUfeUHS UU U tfUU fef^ ul
feofH >Hfef U Hf UU feUTUS § fuUS Ursl UTS U I
UH UtPU FPH § ' »{T§fet UUl UUl HSl ul Hfau SU? Ufa
Hût i hut fefuwsuT ts\ fe feu u s ls u fe g s l uu HHi uusut
^ 3T feu feufeu ul HSl fofei feu UH MH ul if-Fpgt W UU qrg^ UU
Huul U I fens UTs l, t£f$?fe 3 »feUH7 § >M?H fe UU UTUS ufe
33 I feHU MR!" fuSS UU feu U *tfe U* I
feuitu § HTul UU U3Tfe ufefe feu ut TO, feH feu UU HHHT-
UT»PÛS Ol ffe fe sfe SUIUT 5 fe UU-R^ (Yedic stanzas)
Ofeut USl fe UUfe f § fe §UTU UIU TO fen §H >HtT § UTPUfeufeî
s utuu u, uu feu ufe uufe uuu-uus u s ls sufe fu i u ufefe
feu US fufefe tfe fe Hsl fe Ofefe feUI HTaW W fS U TOW —
fufe, feufe, Hdfe, UTUUTfe, ftffe, HUIST
— f e TOHUrfe U I
§U HTU fe Ufe fe usl S >HTU § HUU US I UU feu fe
fefel UIS fe HUU U fe O nfe feu Faithfullness >Hnjfe HtHUs I ^
3ifeAf UU§ U I
Sfesl HU3 HTÛ^5 § HU UTU U UÛ HUU ufe US >HUHU US
feuu ifuTut u! §uuut feTufeuT u4 us i feTufeu’ w ûsfer
(H: UTUSfe 'npgfsu USU (g tp i) U1 ^ u ls HHfûl STt U I feu
iftra §4UUU ut UU ufeH-§HU feu U I feu H" §HUHl UT Ht
ut Out ^ uT UUt I STS uul Ouul" Hut A. D. feu HHTU U ^ UTUU
f> HUH feg S (»(TgrsU ufeg) UTU uuu feuST UÛSfeT § § feu tjntu
oftut h! I feHUT UUSS §UST ^ feu fHUUSl-fHSTSU feu ufeHT HU uu
feu fHSUT U (ufeHT HUU HUTfe IUS HHU fHUU fefHT ? TufeofT:) MUUt^
1. UU • fuSH UUU HUUTU ut UHHU ‘Select Inscriptions’ ......

>HH §HUT HTUH-UT-SUHT I
ftIH UHU UTU3 3 faq § H3 Hut ^ u fW r g ^ ^J 7
I
3 fof3»fT U I fHH HUl u fo ^ u l §3U 3i ‘ru fe u Y § i f^fFT HU3
?1 7SU? U Hqul M3 T9- Ul fUR rt§ feu UU 7S ftTH q fo l tf I
H ^ l F R l HURT S r fo % feu e fe lW Hi §3U 3l

UHTUl tU ^HsTlF 3" TSU? UHl f] I qforgl § 73fUHT H r f r* UTS??
791? HUT fnq ul Ho I u V s l 3 HUHTSl H1 5fe1 fo? HT HU? UI
Ufral tfo U HHf$3 3~ sTHTU 3 MT^ § I iforg} u l §UR ^Tufecfi
3 l Ha^ TSUl'* I U3 UUt U 3 * feu qfoTg} ul U7S?ff fRUÎ HSl ^
foH 79H fHHHT HHU Ufe»fT Rfe ? »[!§, fHHH1frtUTS UU1h I
fo t f e w UR ul >ht|i fe fe RUHTSl ^t% 3 M§ JifoTq1 H7$1
HU3 HT§ ^ q u l 33 t § W feu hri^ UTS ftTH 3" c{_B fHU H3T fi-TCSHT
^ fe ÛHl-PTS UHTHl HUHTSl ^ ul §3q°7S UHl U I HU3 fHH
faUfU § feu HH H^loTU TSU? ufo1 tF HUHT M3 7Sf U1 fHH g
W3H (Conclusive) fn qfo Ul Uu^ t?j u l3T tTT HoTHT U fe § 1 q fHUTST
HUT g ^ W — HUHTSl 3 qforql— feu U3 MHUImt f333^T u?> fou^lM*
feH fHqfe Hi HUH-UU^tTSUTI 3 UTU feH M3UHT Oht stuuI mt UTS §
feH UU fHH1 ^37 RT# fcSU3 § H3h1mt UTS I
MH? fq£ t f w Hi fe HUHTSl Hi tPH feHHH1 feu d fe

f%U § %>HT^1 3 ^T feu ( f o r :feUH3, 33 feUH3 four? % »9 Hr
?1 H fo U3) 3 3 Hi Ut HHT UUT U >H§ HU f%HH3T URTrI h1»*t
f^»fT?T foH U Sl »fT§ fo t U UU3 fHH§ 3TH 3 TS UHTUl fou 5fHl MUU
*
UU UTS W 5TUt f 3 UUHHl fe^H 3 focSf fÛ 3 § Hi Ut UHT 3U?

UH1 H^T“ HH%3 r ^ 33T Ul UIUHT U I
ufoTgl HUH31 HH%3
fH3T HfH2 (D e d i) H3 ( ‘h ’ q ^ )
1. Woolner p. 5 3.
2. u ^ »-;u[ htu u1 ‘ utuhT r uuhI u fogi § u^ hI d fo ^
h^~ ul Hfns3 uu feu uian fef^fe fut >hh? hut g feu ul
fou uu ur i
i
lifer fu^fe life ( V ufe)
u ( HT' q*H)
tfer
HfeT HTO
sfeT
gfel ( t o )
fen 3" Tg?>r y Tf^"3T fe g [33 ^ h! ftTH§ ‘Wholesale

assimilation rj-nfUMr W& t »reg T3 3 HHHTH 3 3 3 * § (Assim ilate)
HH|U ufe TT^r Ht tTH U3t 3 HH* ^ fcggTg | fe3 fcSGTH HHHctf
^ ^ M^feH Fft | £ 3 f?^TH HHR?>t 3^ §3U 3 Usfa r fe'H 3l 3 <r
Bfefer 5 I UHf Ufeg] f%3 feg feCfH Uni 33T 33 ^ ggT j
^5l>HTHUti' 3 HHHI3 »1U3 HHHU 3 # 3fe HHT ‘HH 3 U3Y (Anaptyxis)
^ of1^ TO3T >H5?Ur 33 | lifegl feg 3 H3 TO 36^ 3
fe3UTH fUH H3 & H3 3 T^r § fgg 353} §^t 3 3 3 3 ^ 3 - 33131 fgg
W * f^H 3 I fe3 3*1 U H W f ^ W 3 HU33 ul^t 3 I f o r :
ufogi ,j f e >HU3H * HH%3

»
U33 (HBUhI : yn ) y^
\ s
uh
y^
UU3 ( ht.H. fug) U‘3
fr!U3
H33
ta ? W 33 3H3
H33
fyHtd1 §3 (53i“ fu UtFUl fe3 (Assimilation) HHiU33: tt
Ut 3Ul" HHT oPgl 3 FT33 HU3 >>133 <?1 3?> : 33— 3H3, UH —33H,
3H— 3HH, UTH— 73H I gg fa33 U5 >>{3^3 |U (Exceptional)
feug-HUU HU fHS§ 33 § 3 ^ 3 3 3 ^ 33 fg ^ g ] ^ t
KB HU HHHftt (53? § | fgg fe r §H UfHI f%3
^ 33 <fe) 333 3lf33 331' HcS I >HTH 33 % ijTf^gt— Hrgiu),
HUrgrFfet, HHHcSt MTU feg HHUS f o l V HS, §?? fe3 fRH3
U ^»ir 3l 3 U 3 3 ^ HcS I §H TO 3* TO W »{T ^ f e i t
78
tcsW feR to M 7 ^ qrh7^ 7, cf'H qr^ gfeM7 § fe M ^ ^ s ^ QHR
feR Rl MRQ RRftfe § H5T 3?> fe fen rr ] to ! R7 rqq
HT%5 3TH 3R? 3 RRR7 fflH ’fir??) §3, ft o 7QRR3 »fRT feg 3 fHHSt
^ I feH t o §URRH RSR7 HT§ 3RQ o t o ft I
fen mtur1 § RH3 3 J3 T: qI ^ rr ^RH7 3 3 R gl qrr-QR
h1^
ft?3 Tfj feg § 3 gfj'R R3 fe ‘H^H^T' l{7f$?R RQ7 MURH R‘
VrTgl, RHTRQto RTHotr] HQ7 u to fURt ut feR HH5
?>ul' M7§~R7 I RRH?>1 l{7f$?R HQT »-jQR R HRH3 ftofe MR
^ ^ feR fe^fe RlM7 fen Rr]»fT 3 JvfTgTg §■§ Q^tM7
toM7HTfuHg g to p rrI m7 ^feRito i htq ut § r hh" rr?>7fetoorM7
fefQ gl mr rI m7 eRH7^"7 >hh r^Tm7 (§ uq?51m7) ^ ufos QR
RR RRRT faR37 Rl t o r HTfUH feR 37 RS QRR §R?R ^ RR
MR R73 R^ t o t o HQR I’ feu gfg 3 fe ^ h 7UR1 ft fe feof ^T%3
ft o ut R7R UtT HRtM7' § ffR (B. C. 200— 600 A. D. Hof) R^
MTO R feira qrr rI m7 to M 7 ft o rh ft o fegs RtoM7 RR i
M^R §R ^7f$7R ^ RQ5 t o 3d RRRR ^Tf^R R^Rlt H7 §R R7 ut ^ ^
Rtol ftTR R" §3 M# M3 g to f 7 f?)R®lM7 3SR[1m7 I
feR feR t o RR 3Uf 3 fe R3R?ft feg HRto-URS t{7f$?H RR*
R fa to fRQ RR § RRf$?R ?RS RQQR 5 M§ feR § f fe H7^ 3
H'foM7 Rfe7 fe37 d I RRR3I fe37 ^ TRR7 feR §R3 ifefe
(iferg) R't 3R gfe ^7f^3 ztjY to R l feR§ mrT lifegt r ! yRRsl
gst gfe rrIh m§ 67 3i rr! mrr t o ^ y u?> i feR rr hÎ ( rrr?^
R" t o 7) Rl M^R‘R R7feR Rl R3TR1-RRIR MTR7 R HcTR7 ^ fe MR %
URTRt t o fes7^ Rl URRSl t o RRRfe §' RH] RRR RR ^R? R#Rft I
RofR RRl R7 §R§ r
?RRR7 feR M^R l{RlfegR7 fHSRt I t o
Hoernle ^ Eastern Hindi grammar Ri ^fHof7 feR fefeM7 d fe
ffeR ITRR feR R Rl t o H3H R3, ‘RRRfe Hto’ § H7Rlfe H375
(RHRrfe) I R3§ U7R H7Rlfe § t o f e U7R RRRcfl I feRR7 R7^ feR ft
fe RRHftl R7 RR3W R7R § ‘RR y to § HQ R7RR feR r€R!7 R7i i .
+
♦
TrrI R7RT R7fefRR7R’ IR^R p, 50

feu HUfetf feu 3U B UU HUT gfgft rF MB^-BBU BU § ^
UU gnW & l^feB U3U I feFF§ BBUU B4 sfe} ^
HBUU BU? U HUB* I
»fe tr ?
U^fe fe>HTUUBTft!#4 for UcHH (?UUfu), HB^B
(BÛBB), i{f$7B ufÛT, HUBTBFFHB (UH Bt*) ^?W H W
Hfe), ^fjTB HUHB (ub ), HBBtFF BfÛT UUT HBTB1
5 fe UUfe UtFU ^ ^ t ^ feu fBHUB B7BU? Hi, §UB7 UHBUt
§ >HBHTU UUTU Bl UUfe} g^| £ uul B7 rFB HB I fUB7 f%§^
feU U5 ^fHU UB >HB faUB SfUtel B3 B feu fe ^ t ut Uh ! B ^
^TU]B B7fHU U BU UB : '(fUHûl) UUFft, But ?F BUY UBB
By Bl 3IH feu U fu feUB7USW U7BH BE7?7 b! UHi fBHHB BU
(Quotations) BUY fHBBt frlH B" feUB7Bt qfete UU-uyt £ b Yb *!7
tF HU |
80
I
f ^TJT »p feu 3 H333 ^$73* £ g fet ‘^H tP <3TH^

tp ‘f^^THT^t’ »fTy t af 3* fe e ftt3 ute 1 1 1
fej^T 3 T3 feu H U3 3'<553 HS3 ^ ?3 ^
A fe33r ^ 3U 3 T U?t U3T 33? H3T3T I 3T: U&U3?t £ ‘H^Ts i ^ H T •
§33IH W feSTH fe 3 HT3U33 M§ §3*H33 H3l 3, f ^ 3 T gT^ ^
333 fg § 33 :
33^ UfeTtf?
^ ( 3 ) oT
H¥?4HT UUSft,
3*u sorargT ‘^ utusI gth’
>>133*3 q. ^1 Ht 33753*
I W
urgT^t ‘^ ’ ^1 HH*33* u fe } ?U?
|
3*313 3 §33*313 3 H75 3" 33l USft 3oft M § 'HUtUH*' UTs l UUGft I
U33 feH3* M33 HUH? 33? Sffe* fUTW fe33* ôP 3 M*UT3 § 3fet
3fe feu 33? 3 huh! i 33 h*§ h h ?1 ^ 3*7
5! Ffefe*3 333*1 ^ fe fe l
tt i
fef3 3 *HU 33 3 feu 3 HfUM* 3 fa UUq 3H MH § Usfet UH*3
* 3 » P f W H*3* 3 M3 ?U U3Ul UH*U ^ t fggT f} | § 3*3
Woolner 3 fH<H*75 Uc 3* 3f3I33* 3fHM* 3t, feH 3 3*3 3*i? 3* 3 l
f3H3* u t U3 topH 3*3 H* 33* f333* ¥|3 3 fu SfUUf Uf? ufe USHt
UH*3 MUH t I U3 fe3 #H75* fH33 §33* 3 ftT33 U33t ifafet
3 73f33* 3 M# M^ 3 g s W H 3§ 33 I U*3*75 £ g g*3 f?H*75 UH*H
3 Ut M*fUM* 3*3* 3#3I* ftW UH ‘ tTH’ M3UT3 3f?MT 3 fefH 33 I
UH1^ , *lf3 + tR 5 ’ Hr Ul 1 ? 3333 3U feu T? l ^ 3 T t : U3TS >
U3MH^ UHHfi I U3 HHl 3 feUHT 3TS IP3H51 3 f IjfHU 33? 133*
for t 3 of] HT 3 ( 3 ) oft l{3 fo 3 fs I fen 333 3 1 fe3 33* H3T3T t fsf
uV h! 3*1 H33l HTf^H (fH33T 3 f33THT WH 33 § MTfUMT VP3T f33^
3) W ?3 l 3t 3 H331MT 33 I
33" MH? f?33'i' 33^ 3 333 U3^ 3^ 3* 3oft 3^"
3*t H3T33T 3l fHU 33t 3 I 3TH H3HT ^ 3 l HU UH1? ! ^ 3^3^
| f^ c ft § 3 l f?U # 3 fe 3 f3lfeMT 3 ( M UHlHUT) 3 3 |
3 HU3T t fe 3 oft H3H31 ^ 3^3 33 »P t, f e f f u 333 ^ 3 Ofet
81
\
Ht, MTu^t Ihuht Hi census & gp? y<5t u fHU3T fat g^-gjgx
fen fin nsfoH Ht i uu $u t o gtcfl § ^ nut4 HHHt Hi I W
Hrff ufe feu fat U HHHt U fa Hfa^ft, HUH'fat ^T%H H ?TO fatHT fetM*
yfe®t»fT hhImt f%g ufeig fet sst nt v^tfou ufa § Myfan t o soft
*
fit fat sfafat * t ^ t o TO y few UH fafa4 fa §UTOl UH ffaH

fH^ U fa MUH H § §U TO U MUHH 3‘ Soft HHHfet
feH if HUHU U fa yHfet Ht Ufust rt »{if^ H Hf fT O ^ 'HHUlY
d fan H4ifefTgl (H§ yufat CD Ht yfafet)
fen ufe yjt u1u4hu uuht 3 f e f w fa ^ fu fe12

3 H HSt feH
HHUT MU3 H Ht HHTOToftnt HTHHHt U I CHfet HT HHH fat feH
HHR MUUH TO U3THTutHTU UU W tfau fen §■§ HUHfat MUWH
H1HUH fiPHT U l’
aqt iT O TU f3ût H fat feH TO Ht UHfat fatfet U fa fafaH
MU3 H § 4 IfgHt UHTH Ht TOl HT fTOH ufe>HT U I Ht*H § 4 UUfat
yfafet Ht fat UHTTHH U feHUt Ht 3 MUT HT H fefyM T § fa fecfat §
Ht §H HHfat H W Hryt r ?> fey?fa HTfu»[T HT URU USHt ifarg Hi...
HH^T fen yTf^H Ht, HHTU feH MUUH fat u r
3FjJ Hfat HHU Ht Ht fetfa UH feufat Ht tfcft MUHt f
UHTfUHT T O fen WfeHH HHU Cl I
H®t tTHt U feU HUIUUI UTUfa HH*H HH U I

I
qt HtfTH HHU HTH H f a t W 5 fa ‘fan fe^fa ffaH feu (sffaHt)
W fafa^THt^ HW feUHf §HUHH foTHhHt §" fHU3t»H

HHfeHH HtT H HHUH (Hqfet). §H >HtUtUH U5 feu HUHU U W & ^
fa WfeoT UHfat Ht §yUHt 'Htcft' ^T%H H' ut UHt U I
feHHTHH3HH § ufawfet sPyut HH^ Ht HS^T§ §§ ^t
fafa U rFHTU I >HHt4 flri ny »ffe ut fa ynfat huhhI
§ TO HTgt HHTHHTUHHt ^ TOfa feH HU3H HH^H7
1. fUHt HTfUH HTfefHUTH' Pp. 49 (funt) .

2. 'FTHTOT 3THT faTOT^’ Pp. 126 (font)
3. fUHt MU UUrut Ht HTgr faUITO' Pp. 25 (fafat)
82
>hrY feu l for RdRSt -1 fe feu
fu§ fu§ ‘hut’ U >H§ HdHSi U HHdU Rsfe (Assimilated) Rdfe fe
fe feu feu fe UR'grU HSt fe fed
i
M^HUT(Irregularity ) ‘ufefe’ feu fHBfe U fUR U‘U’ fe fe
Udt ‘hut’ UUt ^ I R^TH HUd UTH Hi £ IjTOl ?5r ^ HfTRTg §§
feftPMT fj fe ‘feu fe fe gfet (UU*d UH fe TOt, U U fe ) feU
R HUT ^ feUTH feU ‘UUt’ Ufe>HTUdUr fe feU^r US UU Ugfe ufetfe
fnsur 5 i’ fen ‘fe t’ § §uTuus ‘uTut (ore) feur, fe3r’ »fTfuu
wfe fife #R >nfe ut i
HTfeH HUd HTH UT feu URS Ufe" fHUU feufe Hfe ft Ud feH
feu IJdfe iferul fe HTHS> Utfe Ufel ft fufYfu feu UT mhY fefeU
Uafe iferul U ufufe iferfe S feu fe Rfe fRU Ud >Hfe Ut MU UTF
feU ‘HU1’ Rdfe ifRrfe feU fe' HUHU Ud § feUU 5 I fen tffe uufe
TJRTfe § RgHt URTfe (^9 fefe UT fURT fe) Ut fUH feH ‘RUfe’ fe
4
ut U I
R UR feu Rfe»fT fefe ufe fu HURT § HTUUttR S URTUt
§ HRTSU UU UUfU>HT UUfe U StS RRrfuUT RUt UUfe § RRTfe
ut §u§u Hfew fe ur feu unte ufe ^ rsutr suY i htuu§ u s fe
ffefe S ut URTUl TO HHdlU UlUT RUT" RdHSt S ut I US
feu d fe UT RT§ fe RTSU US fu RdHSl feu RRfeUU HjrfeMT
qifÛ fe feH S fUH S Ut URTUt U STS HRRU SUY UlUT, » {§ fe fe
feR §U URTUt UT U fe UsjT^ Ut fefSMT U RdU fed fe HTUUit? S
URTfe UT §utU ‘HdRst ORÛfe’ feYuU UfeT U I fe^' >HTU1R
RdRSt S URTUt ^ SR? UfRfeU R^ fUHTU feR UdT UUU1 § fe URTfe
s T& uu u s 1 uut ufe t o cSuY i feusT syfe uT sre fenu' feu u
RUUT U fu RURSt, >HTfu § t «rat URTfe UT UU §URT
fe»fT U?STR ‘Uoffe’ § fe RdU U I
feR ‘ufe^T U MTRiR Rfe THU § ‘ UR RSl US Rfe ^fe RUU
suY ufe RfeTRU" >hrY ? ru fe fu Sore fecfet § §fe UdfeTU
Ut RU^t STH URS RSlfU U dTR URdR ^ HfTif^T fe>H UdfST q^TS
fe | UTfeCTS feu UHdU fe UUfe
1
ST TO
l
UdU fe
83
84
\
igr fu3T u t f e f l3 § 3 3 W ?S3T3 § >HV?H § HS ^H$i
1
S 'J fesr h s i HTtr bh! 3 +si t i 3 W ( 3T3 3 T3 , h ush , 3t3H3T3)
;
m
i
S . "
t
i
(fre ) § feruoru § 3 3 uire ui trs7 u fug ‘f 33T3i3 »W3 h
3 + ?Tc5l u si f%»re33gT3+ 3 ftfe s s i uimi i
tg fen nfe»iTs t >nreu d fot uhts f%s Mfelui, uiusui
H5 W ^ guS3T ofT^ ygT^ HVf SHi 3 +si U I 33" 3+Si fof 3si
u
*
i
f?3?T3 »retel 3 M33 H S7 Hu § yfuS7 HU H3t U3 f3H3 H73

f 3 ui 3 T3 3 fre fen grgu uu s s i Hi i feu Hf3>n+ 3i3 t re re
>nT?iu § ujuhu rere § hss fe^TFfi 3ui" H3, HUHfng s i grei
k
f t 3+ 3?S f "U#Hi W ui 373 r e s H3, 3fei»1+ 373i»l+ u7
3 + grg fre ui u sTu s 7 u »rei3 t 31333 (»rui3 § uthu— rerei
|U) HSHi H3 t HTfes SUfsU (UH7S) TTSi t 3Hi H3 I feH
gfe sfT; Keith ST 333 H33 GT3I U f3 J>HT3id 3T3i, HT^H US7 U,
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fuut >htus 3uuu yu feu §u tit (unlu tit) ul ifewl uufel
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(Prim ary M iddle-Indo-Aryan)
(Tertiary M .I.A )
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fefet g?^ ft § |UT BT ?UB?) ^HT^t BfUB UfeT 0 I >HUB B ^ fBBU
BU (BUU) feU^T Bt UBcST feB fB § U3 §U feTH B^ BBH ^ BUB*
feB ‘feBB BH" ufeTB § U3' UH B^ BT BHf 1088-1172 ^ 3*
feu^t >WBBt Bfe>HT BTBHT BBt jfet'-BB^t" BBl HfecF Sfe ut 3 I
feU3TBfUMT f^ yVjfet >HBf" feu ^nfe UBT ^ fe tu UU^l UBfet
BTWB B ^ U3 I §B UU BU feu U3 :
‘B75T u»fT B KrfU»{T, Ufefe HUTUTB3, I
#BB 3 ?»f"fBMB Bfe BUlTUfU tfeJ li’
1. fUBt RTfUB UT fefeUTB' Pp. 21 (fuBt)

90
1. iy UW 3T W 'Willson’s philological
lectures (wifi-ft)
/
MUSH ufo-PH Hi u l fHESl U ftJHSl USl §UUUS UH SHU ^
Sfu*fr gnl ?FH cPSl fHHSl 5 :
's s fe ufuM nfe u u f,
fu»{§ 7> qu s§ HTfe I
UPU ufeHH feu fUGT,
UU HfeS HcSfe ll'
fen fee §uu feuTi ut in u ‘nfe’ s» ?l §u ul uu u ifen

ir fugs usr u for uh usu £ su ul inral mush 3 shs us i
feu USl S SH?> §H HH' ^ us h s ' M ^S U u h Im * s i sutu
US US US UUl Hi I US' MUSH USUthI SHI s i Uf Mfau HrfuSU
|U tFU?) US UUl Hi I feUST MUSH* ^ t ^ 60 0— 1200 A. D . § I
fllUH S H HTH ST feU fSUS FPfUS s i SHI feu UUSHTS UHImt s i
HUH! 1U UUT feuU UUl Hi I feH HUl UUUl MUSJ3 ST HHT 600-1000
HSSr s lu d I
i MTqfeu Uh Im * (Vernacular) st §SUSl sr HUf ' US-HUt UU
UU 7FB, HTIUMT £ ul 1000 ul: fSHUS ' offer ufeMT U US' MHSl
MUSH ^ UUl S3T S' STUSl SHIM* US MS fSHU UUImt HS I OHTU
feu u h I s l ûrsl us muh s in s ust u iu fl fu f'fu * su u M uhhtuu
ufan Mfe feus* § hutus h s I ts F ru 3 hh sus uth Imt uIuuhI
ufesr^r 3g UUU ufesr UUl»fT UTSlM* USUtImt I uluUHl ufeST^T
HUT hh I US UU3, HU UHl 3 UU S ' UU SU USUflMT fUH STH Hof
HHl Hrfusu UHl MUSH S ' is l u l HT# U UTSl UUUfl I feH S ' S*
fnq feu US1 3 UHfel ST MTUS UH HSU 3 fsUS? UfaM* ^ ?FH u l
US HUT fu»fT utujT nfusre 900 Hi: ST HHT I §g ^ t: fjfu j Hi
s i UTfe ^ l SU ul t I feH SUT ‘UHTg l mus h ' § ‘w fe u HHTgT s i
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92
feH ufe »fHt" fgH T3 nn UT I feTO*- feH litre feH 3TH-
ftfen § U ^ ? UH1 U fa »fT Fft I l O g f 1 1^ ]" HHi feH HcfH § 33-3^
§3 UH& of^cS B5T U t H?> faTO* £ feoH? HHi>tff feH W ^ i HHI-

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«
HSH HcS faun feTO* f e W £ fiT# iferg feg »{fe ?H 3fe TO I fen
ufesT>H^nn n hh~ inret § fen 3Tgni feW ?ps gT3Hi hh!
h t hj-thih h h t d i feH # s n ^n i fen vt uTHHHi Hi §Hi>H3
fen~s3F >nfei h! tot fen hhhht?> nfei ni u ngi f § fe a tu re Hi,
§ feH nfei n u t ^ ^ F p s i Hi i fen HcH uVni n&\ § ?uh g^BHi h *
h^ - t o »fefe n few i feH h s -h^ fen nn ni n^n n few hha
urre § nusi ?u?r fn t Brroi h* hthh! fern hht few few i
w
gun* ^ urre fen #& tfe muh h Ffi HrfeHn unt Hi
fti#' fn >HHf fug fgHTHnn »f£ uf w§ *ref?>n unfei hotu^ s §
7>r® f u n nni Hi I JfeH HH" 3UH* § HUHH HTTOgi £ W H i Sofr %
t
1
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i
1. S. K. Chatterjee ‘Indo-Aryan and Hindi’ Pp. 164

sf (>>ferai)
93
UUU fHUUTH§ MSHTUHUHU £ H ftfe §U UJUgfe §USt
* • — ---------------— - .
§3 1*
HU-UHt
rl_L553 Hfe frfe HHf^H feu §U § HS feui? UU fe § i US :
------- 5U HUHU ^^3TU ; fsufe HUHU, >Huf UU HUHUUU ufe US :
ftTSTUTS HgH......’ (§HUr : »[gjgg feoT 5. HUHU >tfgHTU 3, HUHU
UT^fT U, feU UU (uferg) HUHUUU urffetfr 5, UUt UT fatfet HUH......
feU HU HHfeS SU? u) I JfeH #H feus* gTgHt-9FHt SoUt ?> HS 3T
Ufetft fauut Utft W sfet §U fsUHUU §U ut Ht feust ufeg feu
1{UfeH Ht I UUTU feu Uni UUTUt Hi ftTUUt feuSf SUUt S 31W U1^
HUt § feH^TH ^ ÛTU sfet feUS 35Ht faut Ht S HU 3~ Ufa®*
W ^ u l Ht I UUUT ^ >ht§ 5 § ^HH 3T feg" UrUUt feu feufef U5
UU feUHT UTHtu feÛT § |
UHoPHt UUfet feU feug gTg HHSTS fsgTHt HUHU Ufal-PS U1

gU5H Wfe feg UU »ffe Ut I >HH. t. UUUUt S *HH§U feuS FftS?
Ut fHUS UT S3SS offer U fHHU UT§ >HHfe UHU S »WSt UHSU
‘Sfe fHUUU’ feU UUS Ufer U I HUTU HTfUH ut §ufe 1125-1130
feU Hf<9HT feur ^ | yfcTU Hfeu U ufeus Ul UUSt gT^nt >HUUt 3
feugt feU feul USt UHt feut U I ST: HUS feW HH§U ut aUSt S
Uafet »rau US (fefe§S feu HU— 1954) | feu f u Ut Hfe U HU"
feu ufe UK UUU »mfe fen feus.t UhW H fesHH $ UU S ‘W S h’
ut >HTUUT 0 »i§ UH UTH fens ‘fuufet’ ^TU^1 »fUH u fe w U I feu

‘fuugt’ UT Ht ip fe UUT d, t?H ufeut Hut ut feufe HUUt h ? u-
fe»{T u feffe .feu Ut feu uuut § grunt UUHt ufeu § uufet
STH ut ufu^-ufus uuluu U$ HS § UH feust ut ufefet UTHUTsl
HHHTS HI feiui ut uurgt gnt ut Ht I 73& feu Sf feUSt Hut UHt Sgt
sufe Ht f e f fe feHUT ufUHT feust iu UTgcen (iut>HH 522-486
B. C ) £ UUHUTfHH fHOTUU ut 17-1 8 ^ feu, feu^r îgHt
Utft feu (UHfe UUBfet U1>HHH IU ^) § M§ fUHS H. C. Tolman
^ fHUrfe^T §tgi^rU (UIUTU, UUTU) HofT ( ho{) HU (HUI-HH%u )
Ibid Pp. 187
94
Mrfe ?ref ?33 ‘fu W feg MÊM* d I South Tomb Inrccrip-
tion fe3 fU^TFfi ‘fUE^fcr' HE3 feftfMT fHH^T t I
Teh Hsre hTue ‘fus^T 3T fad fauT hu h! fen gm gnl
fgPH^S SUV UE fER 3* 3 313* Et HUHE3T 3* MÊT d fa
I
EH # 3 tfafat § ‘fUE^T 3 3f ^*3 ^ 3 * W & n't M§ Ettf fEU fa

tfafat W ? H H4feoR5t MTU3 H3EE f3U3-3$7 TFg?> 5TE 3Ut Hi,
U#I UE EU f%3 3UT, MU3 R ET3E M3 3*3 3T3 33 fEE*
r] i
• i. ■
‘e*# H3 he* flifenr i

ETE^HTfe Qh 3 U33T H3 3EE 33 tpfEMT I
HH3TTPEt 33K3 ^ t?¥ H¥ 3*e1 I
oTrH E§ cf-rofr tT§( |
( eie^ e )
1. Quoted by Dinesh Chandra Sirkar ‘Select inscription*

pp. 7 (With Original inscription and Sanskrit rendering)
2. ‘fife! HTfa3 oF fef3UTH’ pp. 13-14 (fu^l)
95
" ! feufd fe3d ?dd dfe i ddifHd3 §urfa dfe (afeu3 û)
_ •
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# # # • • • • • • • • • • • •
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fd?r M u>ht dfe)' dnidi i ddu? 3d 3dTfe»r ^ j
(dddd)
t
fed ddl dr ddd* dfe dd Uddfe d fgg 3 ‘fyufe dTd dTg fed Hd*-
Sdfe feftW Td I d d 3ddrfe dT f%3Td 3TO, d3S fe W3FFd dH3 1225-
1294 d I dd Uddf e fffed d T dHU& d1_M3 d ^ fe d dl feddl HT3
. U&l Udfef Hi I §d d l»fT feud* fed Udfel MH d* dtfdU dl W dT3T
dfe *iddd dfe 3d? I fed Hdl §ddT HdfeTfe * »
dUd^fe ifeife g fe
dTW^d MHd dtfdT d I fed ddd fed Wd. f . ddddl d1 fe fed dfe
* • • .
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«
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cSHcST €u :
— ? .
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‘dTd3’ Udfel dH-UTO ddl d SUfed d3 I 'd ’ UTd ggg ligfe
' Gerundive 5 fdddT:»TOf33 Udfet dU fe 3
. •*
9 I ddld dl d1
Udfe fed fegdl ?dfe fe§" dl 3 feH Sfe ^dfefedfe" gdl dl Udfel • *
«
d T 3H3T U3T— dddT >H^g. feg fe d fH Sd 1 d I V ^

< ^
*
• - fed^T ddl>fe fed Udfel dfe d fedTd fed W ddld ' dr 3*

f fed fedFfdd d^-H^^T d I W ddld dTfedTH-d^ 31: Hd3 feW
I dl 3 i{iHd dfe1?) few dl (ddld ddH3) d W^ddd 1172-1266 d I
fed ^dfe"
o 3dfel’
u Hdl fed lfdT
fe fed fe33l HUHddr 3 S33T »tfe3
^ 3 gdd d d t WW dd1d d fed dd" fed d3 dT§ ddfdWT 3 d I
dd fed ddl dTd d^d ^ S l dfe 3dT d I fd ti WdT .Wfel dfe #tTdI
fe fed HdHJ-PcS d1 d?j fdd3 f 3 d3 d^ UfdHT §3 Udfel § >HTU3
dTfe dr J-rfdWH ddfe dTdTd3 Hdf € 33 d3 d 1 IJGT33
offeT §d 3 “ fed dfe fdfe of^feT W3 dTd fed fdU dldW^ ^ 3 3 Udfel
UdUdT ^ ^3THl 3 33 ufe d1 fd^feTW1 fed 3i § dd 3d1 3Td3t 3 d t
ddld d1 fed 3 fe 3 T d §d^T ddl fed feU3 dfe 3dH § d§d
96
351 Ue#l efe7feH 7*1? efeel I* eefe #1 t7fe?# HOT 3 ufeM7 feH _
MlloTET ?T ÛT U^TH ft faTTHT 6 FTH#1 wf^sT^ tfl | UeUl UOT]

7TO" g fael UTPU] e ] of 5 Û# #53 # 1 3H# hh ! #u :
^ e 7 e7fe cf|el #3]M Hf3 M7 fHS 37 W§ I
ftfe7 33 f337 fHOT o[MT§ 11HO11
# H3 erfes HOT H7fefu foTM7 r o t »f 11MM11
fen l ^ e e s fee mu# h] f#3 m# utu] e3 e7^ fe"e-e#lM7
cOT, ee, 3OT 3337 of? Û# U I ‘e7f3’ fee fae7e] MfUUe3 OTU
e 7 mu# n't eu e i ‘##1m ’ e 7 'm ’ fOTee3 eenel fj?M7 e T mu #,h]
fe#<J e I ‘fHS1et»P e~ O T 7 ‘^t§ ’ ‘eM73 ’ e 7 Mfee #1 3e u e ^ ] #st

§ fosre e3 ‘H73fe’ fee ‘fe’ urn mu# h e ] f$*Mfel fennsfel & i fen
H7e1 eee7 3 " fee h°3? e fe fen He] fee mu# h7 e e*off feH7^
uefel fee e s ee e3 1
Hcfef He] (1253-1325) e MHfe t[H# e 7 37 feH *{Hei
fee oru3-?#er e 1 ee hot3 fee e h7
^ fee7 rrt, § H7#e
ufef sfeiM7 h! 1 feH el J-F37 fee ifees fee we7# el
h o t hI 1 feH 3 3t. He^ faur el ee MOTe ‘eeiOTro § uh# o t
el ?Te’ ufefel fen feel e fene] ^ u e l m# ee ?>eT eel2 1 fene l
#3 ] u 7# f3He e f f ee 3e]“ MTfuMr e 7 nee 7 1 ue MHle uh #
_
elM7 «
feeel feen?T fee feulM7 ee?sfe m# usêe7 §" fefe7 eee

m# um7 e7 n ee7 # fe fen e ] uefel eee el ee # 3 eiefl 3
fe#er73He efe #® ?uel eiefl i Mule ene m o t I hhotI ifefel
# ‘h o t ?#’ # ‘OTeT MTue7 e 1
ueefel" Hel e mu 3e # ot -uee uefel u sl e 7 feu#l |u
H7U3 e e 7 e §33^ fee fnu e e 7 e fe en nfr 3e e l u sl mot mfr?I
# 3 H33e 3 ^[Hfele iu § MU3 3 ?fel mu 3 eel e 1 enel" He]

<5 e uee^l" e mu 3 e e ] uefel fee fees7 ^ u s 3 ^ ut3 ee7 e
1 ee]e el e fee7H-era ®el #u fee]e een s’ efee

efe7^ fHM.
2 •Introduction to Punjabi literature*
97
‘nut’ ul uub ub § uul fe jjfe T b sy ^ fu lr sral hu ut
«5 — ^
gg UU UB | HHf$7B BT USf BBHH Û BUl~ U I
fgtg (§31 § >irUB) UUB HUBt € MB feu teBT U |
BTBT b ! MUB H B BTBI BBf B d : BS BB, B3HU3T I MBBTfRUB1

(N azalizafion) B MBBTfHU UBl>Ht UtbI UB I Ut^ t § gg yuu?^
BUB MB UB UB BUIb B BB B1 HSrf fBB U5 U BHB MBH UB I
¥UUI B ufu?F MUB ul ut (Surd) bI hUt MUU (Sonant) u UBTu1' B1
tfrg ^BS U HU Bt t{BSB § I UTU B t ‘FTH’ b! Ut US BT W W T
§ yBTUS B HU BUB B1 UT.ut yUTU U I fBU (fHBH) UUfU,
fUBU I
feu HHiUUS (assimilation). HU-BUB*] (Anaptyxis)
f yugrgiH MrfB UBlMT BtUT BB :
(i) HHtofBS * (f^H3 ) (toB)
'HB B" S— fUÛ (UHBTB) HBBU (HBHR^)
*hb’ B" U - UU (bhb) bb (bhb )
H C ffg - HUB (HBUr)
(ii) HUBo(Hi : 5U HB'BU (HHBGr^r)
(iii) U B B W : ‘fe’ M, § — fenfUBl (HfUB't)
Htf-feuTB : t o ^ BfUMT BT# Bt MUBHl STUbI fUB
B TBUBBImt f^HUHTB BB :—
98 I
oTU3T oTT3oT § crTOofTc?^ : )W3, tTU, feu
*R PBTB U rUc? : ‘u’— hIutu ( su !b )
mfauus ofrgof : ‘f ' •*'’— fefe, ufefe, mtusu
US UU oFUcft f?foT gi UURSSF (Postpositions) US
- a v
ftTUSl>tfT ÛS*
—
UT
SUT pT >ngg US Uut H3TT
u
Hf feu Ut RUB 7?E
3^ u t fus rit us § usrssf us :
I , S (§ ) BT, US (UB^, S) Hfu (feu ) U BT, (orusr) HBT, HBl
feT) oft ( b ! ) I
US HU UURSSF ^gfe Ut UB^ feu ut fesulMT US UTUt ufe US I
UU >HTlRft ¥U3t U"B S UTfeH U3S feB UT UUt UrPUt BPtfT fSHTsl>tft
US I
BUT 3TU otB #fu»{T TP# Hi- fe ^ 1 tPUBi U fu S fe -W f%g
O
HUfel US'! B*t WUSt fstft feRR3T >HUS Rt fe>HTBT w

feu 3 * MUSH SM ul ufuur s fe w I
ÛUHTS U ^ : fuR BUU ( b tB#) HT^lU (Hife»fT
BfeTU rtu ( htSB us) u t (URT u) I
TB (fUUR S) : B3t (B S l
sfeRH : URtf tPHft sI b )

feR gui Bft UB't feu RR3PURU (gruuY Santhetical) UUt MR
UB UUt U fauut S T?t M d ITU fUM^T f%R St
MUS" RT ?33ft U I
UB^f feu SSRHST MSUTS RRfuS W UBS! Ub Imt §
RU 3 UUU US I BBS? feMTUT US usfer ^TdHt
335ft, MUUt R RUB UBl UB't S^B fHB UU US fefUS HRBHTS fBUTUiMT
Bl fBUS feu UU MfUU US I ttFft RUB ut US I
HTsl UdUT3 i M§ fHHW §" feR STB Bt USt ^ [B ^ U fe TER
Si URTUl feU B UBtbI mt US I feU Ul UBTBl § Btft
■USTBT UB't STUT. 3 Bl fet^ U^lnp S >HUSfel U § Brit
UUlB § URU >HTfB HRBHTS ;1»P Bt feu
f s I ^ t fe U W 3 R ^ US ^ I feR ITOI Bt UB't Ufe
feu TU UUfBM fRUf rit f> » p u s M feiril fsu u fBfu»[T ^
99
for fHH HH' 3 3 3 3 ^ HS1m 7 3 7 f3H3I73Ho? |lf MU fejHUluiUU HU? fj;
UUH33I7 3 l M S T 3 U, 333HTH fjTMr-UW ^r Aorist tense §
fUUÛ IU33 UH I fU3M7 3 HH5HW 3 l HH373 S l fe3 HU3 ufe
M3U ft I feH HUH 3 1- M3 H7^! §U 3Sl H73l 3337 3 7 HU FPHH U fof
HH ura 3 l ufeul H h ! MU3° H 3 graft HUH § U3 H3H3 uuiul MH7
?3S S U l UHl fUHUl U fHH SHl fHH oPB 3 l ifflrgl HSl § ‘MU3 H-
l£PH ifaigl »nftlMT rFH7 U I
3^^-tfCT3 ora
U333?-HS3? HJ'UUl HH3 3733 fej
H ul M7lfe U37’ 3 HHH 3 1 M3H3 fefeM 7, fUH HTO W 3 l MnjfHH

g s t ul 3 U-3 H7 3 foul HU^ fHH3 §H l I £u 3fe Uflfel u s l ufe 3l
slu U I fHH (333 W l) HHUH §H 3l 3 7 SPUS f e j h! fu HH HH' U3
life Hfel 3 fHH333H 3 M3H3 3U-3-3U U37 U 3IH HH I
H3TS HH 3 l 3TH-HHTUHT H7S UÛHIh U §UU3 HH 3TH 3 UTU7-
H3H7 3 HHU H ÎmtH7 HT 3U fUH H7# UfU?| § HUTUl SHfeiM 7 UH
UTHIm 7 3 ‘Hfe? 3 7 ^n3H3H H3 7 U felM7 I H H W ^ 3 3 33131 sfuu
§ HHUT-HW SfUU U 3lHlM7 fHH SHI HSl 3 3 U S -fS 3 ^t
HH M33 ufeM7 I FrfU3H 3U 3 SH 7 feUJTUTUU M^hI 3 UUfe} HH%3?
qrf^dl § MU3 Hi V3U37 H feu U3 33-H3 HUS H3Ul3 offe7 few 7
ftTH3 US 33 " HSiM7 3 U7H 3f3H H7HH (3 S h1 UtHÛS)
H3Hr3T3 (Hd37H) 3T3 31 H FFfUH M?3 HtPH-UIUH 33 3IH I
fHH fU3HT3l 3TtfH3S § H733 M3 fU3SlM7 3 73-UH H3^M7 fÛ
MTUfeH HSlM7 § M7UH U37 3 tf3H 3 l S3i'373 H3-?rfU3 3 H73H,
fHUH7 HSlM7 f33 fet|73 M7 f3TM7 I HHH3 3^31 MTUfeof Hh I m 7—
tf3l HSl (fUHl) U3Hl (MU!?) 331^1. 3TU373l, H^Hl, fuU3 7tfT(
37HH37h1— S3I33T fHUH7 HUrfUM7 fU3 MnjS H333 3U-33T H f e w
H 3331 33dl U"3 f33 MthI m 7 ftTU^l US 3H fHUH7 f33 TTUl U I
fHU f33T3 S3T33T H73 UHT-fefuIMTHlM7 3 7 5 I
100
uni m feu fen hh" tiurat hhu h " sfuu t
W ^ § uu tjro l u i w u ^ th! hh^ h w ^ fesl ^ t ^
ifqrgt f^ r nt UH aUl ‘tfel US']’ (Vamacular Hindustani—
Grierson) § §UU ^ §UHH feu ufei fUFF dT§ ^ ^ | HU feUFj
HF 3TJFH #Ht, H?>M UHtU UHUUl § UTUU HfUHU Hlu^l £ HUHU
m w feu 1{3TU oft§ UcS I UUtfl 3" »ttT UtfH HU UFFUl U*
Ufer d I HUH feU fUH ut UdUT UUfH»F dUcraTU-UUH ^
HFFSUU H W HfU§ufe Ûdl 3 '§UU-FFUUtu feu fefe*F ^ fe
«
Htfet fuURH1^ HHHHW h ) w f e u USt U feuSHH H' feu FFJFTU
101
1
r
uuT 5 for tu hu gust forest feu ‘utfuT s ‘W | ’ astM* u ysu

U4 MTU US I JHrU a 3 UT£ ?]S tTSH S, fURUt fHS 1582 A.D. feu
uut u, stunra feu feu fey't URUt ant S §HS
‘arutfot’ »nfy>HTd i §r feu uuTut ut ipis mr ufRMTufet u i
‘RT^fe s i ) fel§^ ÛHT S ‘UfTUt § UTRREFSl fastf Hfft (fHfHS)*
RHt S tfet U&t MTftPHTU I MUUt feu fey't ‘U^Hufos RtSR’ feu ?t
lj: 3TS#U fRUf ul yfl MSRTU yTRT IfRrgt MR U I ofefo ut afet feg
feSTUUT ut MRUfe utufer ?3HT S, 1504 ut UU-feut U MTyTa t
«
fUMTUoffer ufuw, SWt ÛTUUTRUT, pPHt ofeta-UIUy-R3TU

feu yufet y£ ut aus MfausT (ru^ st) uut u i fuuuu fas wl
us §u cJtJcF-oPS ut srar feu (1450-1700)
ufeT fens" RURU U fe UtUUl UHt feu HH" UUt HUÛST feu
UUU UIHT U H Mnret fefRRU ffU UtfU ^§T?JMi RU Uist U I
fat" for §U3 ufRMT foiMT d fe ifafet feu fun rh " uh Imt urI-
auu't rs1m ft uufei ifaut ut UUUaTUt IJUfet

fesT s u f gsut nl i fan Hut UrTUt RHt U Unfe* >MTUTU f
UU ‘§UdU’ ut f^HsMUd' UU US I Ua fes* Rfo §y^yi feu ifafet
MR ut HqT?>HT ^ ^ UR MR Mt{RTS US I f u §V|U fe f4 US :
*HUSTyTûtû ifauT
‘fausTyTmutuu urtrY
‘utuh! urtrY
‘URl RRTrY
°rarst sfuu u feu4fRy uti^ t, ut 'RHinyut
yuta1’ u i frw ygn u fagfai ut ygL^feuuryut uufet’ d i Rutnu
U forfFPHT ut RHt MRU UU feu (Partially) ‘UiURt-yRiyt U I US'S,
RygT, UTSt BTUUTR MTfU ut RHt ‘^Rt-uVuT (RrfUH URt UTTUt §
& m URt 0TTUt) t I fuUST §uuuT && ‘yRTgl, § feR & & ufeMT t
1. Quoted by S. K. Chatterjee ‘Indo-Aryan and Hindi*

Pp. 185,
2. 2T Ut M uUtr’ Pp. 65-99 (fuut).
luut S1R
102
I
Hro* § jhht § uVral | u § t w t o 3R3^ iv § ^ si

»fTU§ f%3 >HT§3 ^1 »rfÎ>HT U I fen fenH3T § MRt"
‘333^-^qT33T' rF ‘UTOl-^TO’ W fefl ‘3H3?1-^TO’ 5ffa€ U* I f<?H
ZH3T3l IFFFSl 3Tfea ‘HH^-^qqSHT’ tP ‘UtF^l-TOS’ 3T TOTTOl ^ *
UF »fai f%3 IJTlfH U3Tt f3H3 HRfjTH, ^3Hl, >H3q1 ^ h! HTOf

& 333? 3U f33T3 U3Tfe>HTf3»fT (Panjabised) 3 | fen 3l
UHSl SSl TO HfqUH f%3T3 TO f33TO 3 I
(Phonology) TOl-^f^W13" # f w PF# 3f f?H RH' 3t TOl f?3
FFi Hq-URTRl-MH TO r gi$ TO faTO U'fFSl 3l fenl, TO3, MTTO5[
TO tP3 TO 1fTO :—
HH-TO ^T3 RTO 3 »pfe f%3, fe, f , W, Hfe»F ?TO U f?TU3r

U3Tql 3 T TOT U : fenf^Hl, §H33l, I »fUq-H3 gf Rg
*§’ ?1 ÎH1 tTO 3 : 3TO— TO3— TO I
$
H3-HU— HU H* RR5 UÛ
ST, <Tut R* R, S, R, UU UR I
HR ut RUSH1 I
HHRIU : CM § 5; HR § R; HR § g; HH § g, HTfu RtTfet
UR UR :
Morphology (iR-feu^) feu ^t RTFUt H HR feRRS §3IH RU
UR I feURf fREFRW § §RTO RTO fUH GIUI tft RUfe! HHUFHHR
H" feHUFHHR M^RRt fgg yg RU Ur! U |^R rg cFUoft fURf §
feURHtW Hi Rt uV^t RRHRcfF §HRR U 31HW UR faU3t*F Udfe
Ut fs l feu RU UHRS ^ RuW | >tfUHHt fau^W
HtTUTHHR TO $U HR »{fe RaW feRRTUHR U TPUtW' UR »fURTH
HUrfHR (Auxiliary verbs) ut RUTfHH1'RTO }>fTR^ RTO, fe°3l,
?UR 3 f%3l (Mood) § ngisrfigfrtfT UR I RRf$TH ul*F WUHt
RTR»ft (R oots) 3TdHt ul>tfT Rfet-fsjPM^ (Nom inal verbs) Rufet tft
fUR TOR51 fÛ U^R u) Rg§" feu UR I fUR HR feu fef,
fUH SHt, Rtffet R3H ?F HURrIRR^ u) UUt qUR U I
gy (Declension) IfRHUgp :
RTUof RUHU31TfUR Rufel

— RRtrI 3 fUR
u
RUHT, RUH 3 (fe) r
RUH R, R R Rf,
if'
J'
RRUTR •
HUl, R R
WU*R H", ‘ A fu (RTRRTfRR)
HHR UTr h! 3 RT, oft, 3, tut
MfRRUH , feu, §3 HfU, >HUU
RRRfe : Rfg iffltgt RRRfe W UIU UR 3 RT# >HRU Rt §
3 RRRfe U§ (H") § r ( u r ) HR (HR) H§, HR (3uT) Hfu (HR) HfU
(HR) HR (HR) >HTfe, § WHH^hI RRRfe HfUTF (HU*) HfUHT (3^)
w fe gt U? >HR feu fHSU UR I
— feu, RT^, UTU?, HU, Hût —
UU RUfel RUHUUF feR t s 3t RSft feu >XTH t{UHH UR I
104
Ufpsft fjW-UU (Conjugation) ^ ufe feu W ufe U3 I w j b }
^ S U 3 feuT5 :
ÛUHUS 3TS : W T, 3f3 T (fcPWHt, tf^fu, 3 Tu)

3feH3 T O : *31T’ H^Tfesr f$j»{T ^ |
33 3'S : f3U3"3 3 3TS HUTfe3 f^>HT 333 333TS 3ufe3 u
few1 t I “fep>3 Hi, UIU H3,”
Mood : : TO# (3H*?u)
feH t s fof§ foC3 »1T§3 T O W f^>HT?T feufe, ufe§H, ofl§fnf
gr§ 3 3 3l 3UU3 u f3 HHf$?3 § in U3 tf utuh! § i
HH3TW*5l (Vocabulary)
fen qgr feu huuto! feu uuu ^ t ufew u i 333 h^ j§-
S t HTU H33 UTOl 3 M3FFU 3353 333^ 33fe ^ fa

§3U33 '^ l- fe u fe 3 33 #3 W ut I fHH *fel fen HTUT UUUT 3"
fHU Ut HT33 U3T U fa feu?U H31»F feu 33fel Ur U3 'H33^-
n fTTH§ 33 HU3Tfeu ‘Uufefeu^’ 3fa H33 U* | U^ 3 3 5 *3 5 !
ufeul 3 §U|UT tsaifat I
fe 3 Ty T-^j3T? 3 vfflrat :—
“OT3 H UTfe ufe U3 3^33 3$,
SÛU1 H3S 333 KhI I
33 Hfe>TOS U?3 U^§. 3U
HUTS' H3 Urfe US3 331” — U[| 335of |
fg3-^TtfT-^3^3 ITfTEft :—
“ §H § 3 fo 3 3 3 3 3 3fe 3 HHTO 3 l>HT | f y f e y ^ g
3U3 3W I 3 3 UT3331 TOHl U 3 3 fe > H fe fe ty T
U3 3fe>HT § 3 3 3 UUT ’— TO l H?>1 fFW— f e p ^ U 3 3 ^ s l I
U rg n H ^ H :~
‘33U H3U 33S 3 333* H‘3 UH >H3S I
TOU UH3 3 U 3TH3f feH3 UHS 3 UfeT 3^5 ,’
^ HUU-H3U3tHt
105
#
t
5 y lirpgt
“qfcr r a § yfey to nyt ■& y^r i
feH UJTyft cT Hyfa^H1 yfetT?> cfe y3 I
H^cT I ‘H^^-lTFFgY
‘'3 3 § HTTS H"fe>HT in ? fHH §3*3

3 S Hfu""# 33 H3 of3 y ifl' 313*3 I
3W 31, tffyfel-yyfel
"33yfe ?*f3i fiw $ yf3 fcsy*# i

uife uffe yys H3H y 3 3 tis fefy y fe i
313tTH ‘HTt e y t fe y l iffpgY
yni §H ssl 3TW gswrjftre

»{ t§3 y Bit i fey yfe>tfT for ‘333^-^y1?> fe y u^nyl
yt HHy1 cpfe>nT fey stuhMj^ to yfefel 31 fey ftfel-fayl yym
y y i f y 5 H3t1 i fen 333T $ nfe y j»p TF&3* f> RyfeyT § fe j
yy^-yro S>3T ifet I fife feR d%S *531 fey gTypft y| ^qryyT
fayl y 3th1i
106
3313] Sf33 ftIH f?3 t & s l f e Z W W 33 R] § RR%3]
- r,
W3 3 313] I HHd5H R3] era] ^3R]
,* 1
R 3 3 ^ S ] 3 T >HR3 R],
3 33 3 3 ^ 3 33T3] f? 3 t e r § tyTTO 33* 33
533 RT3 33T3] 3T3r1 3 U3 33 H3 ftTH 53t §33* £
ii.
3f33 3 H53T?Sl f?3 3T3H1 33 33] R] I 3T3R] f^3 fetft»T 53 * 3*

orf%3 ^ T f foTH 3 33 fe y 3 f 3 T rV r] f%3 >H?p?T3 35* 3
f33T r] I >HTH 333* f%3 ‘3 *33 ] ’ 3 ] 33*33* UR 3 3 3 5 l R] fRR 3R5
3*3R] >H*H S3* H* 55* R3 fRR 3] 33 3f5*t* yft I feR % 3
r \ ^ r n
3^3H fe33T 3 S!.S] 3 S ] f%3

fe 3 3 R3 fe R S 3] R3 y’rng] 333 33 33 HRSH*3
3] R 3- fflkfe ^ 3 - 3 ^ 3
|«f •« •• Mi % . . *1««
iftPg] 3 »1U ^3 R3 I fe3 5 3 3 3 ] R] f5
*. 1
HRSH*3 3 RTg] Stf5* 3 ] S 3 3 ] f%3i 3T3R] 3 t >MR3 W H 3^3t I fe33*
107
U S t-few T ifw ufe (Phonologically)
3HRH H flit Û3HTS US I 31, U, jg, U, H,
(of MUgl) »iTfe UTUHl' ufer Spirantic U s W Ut vjpSai US HUT u"uT
5 i ufun fug utur1 usl u ul uf u u u t r! ( su u -su u ) u s su f
RUT U u3 ufufer U I UJUHUl feul feu §R %H U U fuS fet
>HSU"H UUU feR UTHfeu fHUTHUT HUH1, U UU feu HUT MSHTS ut
tPirer d fe^ fa uu uTR feift feu feul urrgt, fug §,
bts >HTfe feul-fuso us,
'
fen fagfe ul uhu
“
I gust u 1uu,' ugu, '
uhu1
wfe UT flTU^T § I
3U-^%>HTfeu ^ U T »THU 3f SU? f i w UU >fer3U (Prefix) 3
>
US3U (Suffix) ">HUH URl UUTgl StH >Ht U3- US I fHHBT S3lUTfeu
uuTu for huh! ufegl ruu tl utur1 -sht fuuTul u s hut ufe us 1
* tut3 ut feu" g, (g tins'! guus : sfegu) g, (guHuu, gT»rug)
W (STUTSS, STîfoR) ST(S TURH, SWfeg) gu (gUHT»TH, UU>HHSl)
uu (uuuu, uuuth) uru (uru-uuTgt > ( uhuu, uh § hu) ru ( ruutu,
RcUU) fgs7 (fgsTuru) »pfe utur] * tut3 u u V tt feu t l 1{#H uuu
us 1 uturI u get firig g f e s w ) t l » ph tjuhs u uih u s i u ts
(dTHUTS, UTSUTft) gTS (fHUUgTS) £1 (RHTU+ ut= RHTu l) MTfe UÛRl

$ 33RH fe§3U T{UH3 U UTH US
URt § 33RH )njunctive) >HTH fHH§ US I Unfa,
f (Conjun
»IUTU, HUTU ufe. gRUfsfU »TTfe feus gg us 1
gUU RTU RHTtT § HUT?U Ut UTURl § 33RH UU feu Ut US I UUT
St UTR5 t( tfUj-fRU; HUTfs UUT, w fe I
RgU^Hl feu UTURl Ul RU 3" ?U 33RH3T ^ |§R RH" ul
%
URTg't gn l feu fu t" fe faun* §" uTfe>HT ufe11 d, hutuut 3 Q_ut

RUt UTURl § H3RH RUU § RfHHH U U t US I
fHU UTH UUl Ul¥t SUT feR HUl UTUrI ^{UtS UrTfel RguT
HUU ^Hl ul hh!
Hu1 t s l uh! guul »T?RU sul" u I
feR 3Ut >HRl" t u t UT for feR #H URTg^f feu ST feUH UTURl u7
Rfuus (>HT3 HT) u) l{feRU U UUl U RUT" UU (UHl) t l 1{UT?^t sfUS
UU ufew U I feu HUT§UT SU R RTHf U7 TUUT UUTul UHl t UUU UU
108
h" wi w toh! to ! (T
o mhTh t o ^ fen ssl fenf
^ fro fTOfe^gl e i êruro #u :
5?e tfS7 HH7?> HS§3 TFS
ftTH fee elTO ^Tfe»f el I
3S7 gfe »r§ feeTO!*? y^r
feTO sto el |u § irfe»{T nl i
TO37 gig ^ ht?^ »rai

fHHS oft §H TO
U
e l :
• H?e e feUH § BHt
tfte^ 507 5?e7e ^\ |”
*lfeH e ^ 3
"TO 3 U7H OnrfHH fecfH
S7?! eH3 £ t o r
H7HH
fHH§ ?TO (TO lirral TOl fee fHH HHi TO7 W feTOU7 H7
?1 |U TO fTO U fe%~ fe HHSf, gig fRULf el»f7 f&U37 ^ HUH? u,
UU Uerul H7 fuu f e e ^ e l HU 5?el §eTO eul^ g |
HTO-fHUTO oTO
1 8 6 0 e t e l H" W ue7gl to ! £ gu fee fgg eg UglTOTO

»frf"HT£ I §31^1 Hel £ >HU£ SRT UOT el TITO] §3 efet §TO-
UTO HTO U I UHTHl elM 7 g7e3lTO, HHTO § fe fe » R U7T O fe e
feof !{5fT? e l $eel §3U 3 U Hêl £ ftTH (TO HHHT UtTTHl elTO 3^14
3 UR § ?fe" gu 3 ^ HRlfTO U §"3 e 7 £ I WeetM 7 eTTO e 7
>HHg uVul TOl § 3 ^ ^^H UTO £ fen £ TO S ife 7^ TOl fHH T O
fee feof 3^1" TJTOl, fee? 3el" IUUU7 fTO ft!#" TO e7£l £ I
1849 el: fee ifepg el hthsIto hhhto Mgfe7el TOml fro

iu efel 3 i »fgf el H w e e l hu7U37 £ 3^ uto e 7 eu ?7?h1 hs !
§ hifoe t o '* hto »fgf el hsI § H7fue to fsre7 u i ^ hh! hs!
109
^ utuufef qT^T gsr U7Hl U 3 UTFUl USt fife" *?feu7feu u tfh! U I
Iran Muful H7HU7H H U7U3 U3UU uni S^S7 (National spirit)
U I feH UTUS7^ HM^7HJ-FU feu, H7fUS feu M3 USl
feu tPfapt (uTuiu3) M ût u i feu hh7* feu iwu h7s *? uu7
U^t 3 §-g USt US Ut UiWfM3 H7 USUS7 UHU §3H7 U I S3TUT
feu UU7 U for UtUH1 § §UU Û7? § HUUU MUUl §3US U rFHt
U M3 UtFUl M7USl fsffi USt UrFUl § HHhI us U37§S SUl §SHU
U tFH7 § |
tu i fen
UUUl U H7H7 5 I feH 3" fes 7
UFH-HUTU SUl UtUUf US] § MUSTffe7 MU3 UU fH37 tFH7 U I UtFUt US*}
feu U3U-U3U5U?t t{UTH3 US SUT U'h Im 7 US I UtFU] USl Ht §S 3t
SUl ofet H37U7 cpfeH Uu IM7 US I feus7 H’tUM7 M3S7 H7 frfe7 feu
UH7 U for ufeul USl M7US Uffe ul FFU7 UH H73S H7 H3S UUUl U I
UTUHt, fU H H7 fUUÛ7 Hi HUS MU-3 "-MS SUl tFHl U I feH SUl
fen U ^ feu , UH7ul § MOIS7 UfaM7 ufeM7 3 HUH UH SUU U^fS SHt
M§ S^T S7? 7 3 feU 7U7 S UUHTS UUS SHI UUFU7 ut st^ HUH UJUS
Ofe US I feH Sufe W 33 S Ul HU UUt feH UTS H7 S t ‘ ‘HUH-fHUrlS
U ^ , U7 HUH— fHHUl U ^ ’ ’ MH7 USfUM7 U I
feH HH" Ufeul S MTUS UU7 fHU U3S SUl H S^T HUH U[u£
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U"U US §U UU37 UUU MtUs I m7 HS US1m7 3" S3 UI3 US I UU3

§U HHHl UtFUl UU feu US' U3 US fef^ fe §US7 (STS H MUT3 U
(Prefix) f U#3U (Suffix) H3 § US §U FFU-§ FFU UtTfet U3 I UU
U3 U MH UTUHi H ul US fUUU UUll 3U7 UU fHU UT3 HS I U3U MUT3U7
H SH^ feu US :—■
MS : MSU3, MSUoT
M : MUUS, MSS
H
^ :H
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7
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« 33U3 7
U : UUTU, U-MSU7
110
f5 f5»f33I f53lfeM*
f33 f333Ht, f33#
533*1, 553®*!
f3 f35T3T f3*f*®*
535 5333* § 3 H£ 35 :
3*3 : fH333*3 ((5335*3), §3l53*3
3*31 : H353*Hl, H33*5l
3*3 : HH33*3, 3^3*3
Hi : HH'Tll, HStft
>tf® : fofe®, >tf*3®
§ : W3, 3311
»f*® : few*®, 33T3*®
§Ht HH*H (Com pounds) 55® 1 % 3 l ®55* 3* ? 3 t 3 <gr ft |
5*H 335 5f33*3* f%^ feu *{f333l 3*3t 3 t3 Uf 35 fe e ftft ^ th! 3 I
f333-53t, f3® -55*§, fe®-3*3 » p fe | 35T fa33 >XHfg>tf 31*51®
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feHH®, % »{* f%35®, 3*^, § 533* f%g MH5 353 3#" U fi ^3 I
5 W fg^jTg] ygl, 3*: fyqur, 1*: H3® fifrl f s , MH. >HH.
335 fHUj H3l3, sTCt ^ 3 fHUf, H: 313553 frfui, ferity® H3* frfur §
3* ^3®3-*33I 33 f33* 3 l ¥ 3T3-f®53* fe 3 H53-fHH3l 3 l ®*®H*
3153 35 f^3 f^53H*3 3 3 t ^ I
H3HH 1{5T® oP®
53*5 3*1 tsT 53*5*1 5 ®! § fefH3*H f%3 feof 533^-53® Uf33*

& I 333?-3*3ll
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fen § >H§ fH33l 5® H*3-5®1 § f%35T3 fH5 §53*1 5®*t fcS51
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^ fo 33*5*1 >>f*3®l H®5®1 3*1 333 sTfew* 3" 3*1® 3 f H3»iT$ ¥fa®
f%3 3f33*1 33] ^ f 3 H 3 T® fHH3T 35 533* Hf53 33*1^ f33T § <53
111
tTtTH] H3HH W ^gfe>>{T fg^T § | feg Ucffe^HcS
>Htra f%3 Ul lfd3H3 U feU1 3Ul
After the Partition Panjabi Language is getting

words of Indian origin and is becoming
can easily be understood by the people who have a little
knowledge of Panjabi.
(The Tribune April 19, 19 54)
112
I
to s (tiers), tot ( tot), tot ( hut), tot ( hut) >mfe i uu huh hh
>HH HU MUUH ul ofif§ US : HUH (H: HTOf), feH3T (feTOl) HUU7

( ftothu) i t o £ fan uuuhs feu u^ hI £ »Tuu ‘u ’ u7 ut hutu7
d I TO Ut U7 UU § UUHH ut UUt UUt H7Ut 5 H HHHH ?^ T Ut
HU^TO d : UUS, feUSt, (TOS fHUHt) I
•oTH’ Us1 (Sound) fuuut M7ufsU grunt g ^ t (N IA ) feu
SUITOT HU 5 Uut n’t MH UUTUt feU fUHUt §5U ut m h t u U, §U
feu u/umu HTfuHU unu feu §uu uut u i ‘huh ’ § sth sth
‘HUHH— HoTHH’, ‘uftPHT* £ STO STO ‘UUH7— UUH7’ UUH U7 dU US I
h# feu" t o fe u h h h t uuh 7§ h nut u, s ut uuT§ utput h u uh
‘UH’ ( uh ) HHH feu HWTH MSHU UUH H3T U t US I feH U1 MU
MUU Ut ufeM7 U I
5 W , FrrUUTUT, MUUt MH Uufet feu H— HUH HUH* fen
(words begninning with S) HU (Vowels) HUS ut H uts h\ fuH
S UUUTUTH (Prothesis) M7tf§ US, §U UH TO MU t HHHH fU UTUS
TO UUt 5 I ‘HUTS' £ HU feU MH7 HU $ ‘MHUTS ’ HfHMT H fotUM7
HTUT feUT d I UH MU S fUMUI t HUHH UU ‘HUTS’ (H: H ^ s ) ut
TOHfU7 u | f^H HUT nfUHt (feu fest), HUH (MHUH), HHSt
(§HHH1), HUTUH ( m HU7UH) M7fe HUU7 feu HHHH UUt UT3H UUUt
HTUUt d I
HUT (Vowels) ^ UHU feU U’t HHHHHT UH UUt feHUT-PS UUt
t I UHûffeU fHU•ot MH MfeU Ut M Û MU Ut HM feu" fHUHUt U
UU UH fes7U §UTUS Ui utH Ut UUUHH UUt H7 UUl U : MOTU,
MfHTOH, UfUHTHT M7fUU HHU7 Ut UH HUIUUT fHH f UTUS U : MSHTU
UfeÛH, UfuHTHT I ,
^CÛsImt u1fusr UUfeUTU (Morphology) feu U*t fUH HHH!HT
Ut UUt § UUHS U U US I S7UT feU H^rUTO7UUUIU7§H Hut UHT^l
UHt feU TOt futHU (Suffix) UUUHH US:—UHT,— UH,— HTut,—
MH, Uft (H§UHT, UHUH, UHHTUt, UHTUtMH, UUUTSUtt) UUH feST
H1fUMT H“ MUH HTUUTUU fugHU ‘Hr’ HU S tH UUUH TO feur ^ I
fUU fe§HU HHHH 5 I ufet feSHU7 Ul U7 HU HHHH fu§HU CH7’ fHHUT
113
3 i 'a fe T nt hhehte] § h ss^ t ehh T feu hueh^ ! 33 33 hh
'HHEEt’ u! EEEt3 3 gut 3 I HFrf^H H H&E HUH* O T 3f feHHT
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EHt Hr EUl 3 I Eldfe! 3H3 3E”t EHt f%HH3 ‘£gi’ §
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33 I ‘ UEH^fUMTEH7’ HfUHHo1, HEl?>3T, >tfsrE3T, EEE3T, >HTfe I
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‘ÊTE’ >HEU^H (Negation) HH3 HEt ‘m ’ ftUHEET EEt HfE>HT f^H
SElTfe>HT HTH1 H : >HEH55 ( m +E H H ), *lf3EE (>H +fetfE ) I fHE
Ufe^T EEE ‘>H3' §UHEEf M ^ H 1 Ht I HHf^3 Hr ‘fe ’ §EHEET ÊHl
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114
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» f t a ( huh ) qt§ ulu ( u b I u b I) uqTfqq (uut) uuqu (Hfetuuqu,

f$P4T uggsr, H: UUUU)
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uut u i Hufeu fe q quu s h fthth un h s , unfe] fe q qus •
MS ufe Ho I US feu f s t UHqq, fHUU HHTRT Ut HUU^ 3 fui>HT U I
feq feq ut HHHHd7U T ?UT qutfqqS UUT n I
Hq“UTUHt (Vocabulary) U qq §AHUU? Hqqf Ht Uf 33HH
HUHHUHUUS TP UUUS I feu UUl U fenfe n't U: qfu&t 3f UUqSH
HHUUHHUT § SSHH IU ^ t UUS" feq fe»PU TP UU US, UHUt,
SU" HUUUHHHqq feq >Hfqq tfS TP UUUS I Mfss' ut uf MSS.
MfHS At qr, ‘TJHS, fSHHUTU At qr SHHUTU, 3SFTH U ufe US I S#i
Mfe HUH 3T HUH At 3SHH UA US I
MUqfeqru (Semantics) feu 33HHHT Ht UUt U fuUT A I nAt
nqqT A Muq us sfe? arsn srs tpA h s fauu us hu! u A
UU§ TP UU US : ‘UUSq’ (H. UUHUIU) A" 3*? UUTS qTU?> UtSP UH
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A I fe§" qusfe UtP A frT% ~ UTlfet Ast U* ^fus US STS? ufe»P
qqr At, u s fuq" m u ts u ul uu us ufet 5 § qsfi MTust q^ «
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qst suT qq huhI i Hunts u uut Anfû stfp nT § h s" fsuslMt
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quu mut FPU A I 1947 § " fq^~ qVpqt S § q q t qT fHSS UUU §
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Hqn §TUTS qnsTqTunt A, fen ^st SU" Hqq 04§ US I sui
qqqT nThht qVut nt H^qst ut u huu! A, n hh%s d i fen suT
■* •
feu Onfet ul msusht uTfe^T^ muh u f w nfeT u uu feu ut
115
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RT§ 33 I fHf-FS 3 33 3 33}§, 3 f?3 RH^'gTg f?3 TR3
HfH3l (Anti-Corruption Committee) rt gig g Tg ggig^- g }g T rt^ t
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3 f3WT 3 I f3T3“tH3M, dTH33U3l 3?3, 33T3 Ipfesp, V f 3 Rq
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g ^ T§U US' >tfT feur U MUHU Ut^ t § feHHUf 3^ f$?Mfe
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“ _ _ o v \
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feu 3 fe HU33 U UU 3 UU UU feH HHcS fU F^ feg ‘Hu’ Ul UU3
u^ 3 u fe fen u su sui u?> 1 h^ h! ut felu ’ ( hMI :
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t u u s W u l »ffe u uu 3" fesr ?u T ul hu^ t u i fen uu* feu
117
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BU Rfe^t feB >H^T Bfe^ fele ^fe’U BTU UB I
ipfeHBfef ufetl Ul eUBHTB B^BU efe feU'U UU Bel tel
>>nêi aul" utel i tufe tul t u fuR u ere ub—ultRafe! ufeel
§ 8^1 IfflTgl I ^SUl ife fe b! U^BS SFU fe u ^ 3 eiel t U3
UTf5?HTOl Iffl^l Hi UTOH U^ fHH B~ feB U I VTfeHHT^l ifegl feg
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u af feuuH »ri(u >hrb a tnu t §uul uu feul t i feHeTUTu ul
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fer^ra au f fHBUT§ f u hbu § h eu fû ul ae§ rt au ua, uu
ual»ft (Spirantic Sounds) m 1^ ^ UUUB3 efuaeff»it i ^

UTOjîLftu fBul ut faaur ^ îjg3r^§3JgLa?t 11 feiit ^ »raeaT
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hut irfrulM7§ §UTea feu auof uh7t a h! uya naâ11 \
118
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ÛUl! fuH 37S 33HH UU7 UUUS UUUI7 I
HU7 feU^M7 U?US 3 ^ UUUS3 uu3 u! ^ hu^ t
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?U feHH37 WJLF, 337, UUT, UU7, UUTU §U7US feu 3, UU UTFUl
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§UTUU UU3UT I us! USl HU7U UU tFS UU3 UtFU! §U7US § fuu!
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©UTUS feu UU3 UJU ?UU UTUS ul M7H 3 I feu H7fUM7 g iU37 3!3 fe
feu! feu ‘wuf7’ ‘ui’
— ^ **"
ufe>n7 uferu, fuH feuftuj feu" feu fwl-us!_
fsusui u, uu uufe! feu 'Wiyr' USS i s

1
u s!. 3UT fousu! HUT
‘cTU U §U7US’ U S 3 § U UUU U7^7 U I
fet" fe fuu feu7u offe! u, uura! us! feu ufeu! us! u sra »
37S UH7U! tuUSlM7 U uu! HUU MU?>73 s 3! H¥t^6t u !u ! ttfe! u

fu§1u H73 feB u s §uu s W ul SU37 û uiu! u m 3 uu § uus!
feu" feu^TcS UU7 U UU U3 fe^7 u !m7feuu7 feu §?u u !m7 guusfef7
Ut ggT au3T MHU M^H UUUF I ^ 3 7 g MTH UtFu! UUcSUT 3 USl-
USl M7H USU7S feu fe! ?U3S SUl USUI I*
119
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w fe fu gs ufe feu fefeufHU uu t 4 uufel u s l # u7fBU tu *

u7u u b s uu »{fe u7 1fen uusffs ufe feu uufet ut uuhhts * p?hu7
*{§ UUHH^ IU-UU7 S HU UU^ feH tf HU7SU § ht (Local Varieties)
U7 UU5 sr^Tgj , grrfesr §H 7 £ feHBUS S q §Ut*fS feu grs (Tucker)
‘Vertical Analysis” W7*!^ US fu§Tu feH ijopU £ feUBUS feu,
feu feqt UUt BUfe U U7cJT, t 8 t U7 §U3 H“ 0’S 7 § feUTU Ufe 7 TfV 7
d; »f§ UH HUTfeof #U7 ^ UcBS § "Horizental Analysis” MfUU
us fu ffu fen t s 7b T u ufe}" HBt u7 feu uul sulu § u7ur b h ,
§ feHfelU UU feu feu fSUUS UU7 5 I feu fegSU du § § uub> h7
gt >HTfu»i7 tPU7 § I
fUH HU3U HfeufHS (well-developed) 3 HUUB HBl (g TH7)
fet feU feU *PUHU feflfet § fu fJTU7 USU feFUB UU3T7 *i§ §H §
UBSUrftiM7 Ut felBHt ufet UU H7Ut UUUft I UUU SB! £ UHU \1
feJTBH7 § Uufe>tf7 ul HUBS7 U U^S §H UBt § fet feu HlEPSU
U5B HU7?) UBt ut HUTSU7 § ufefet SU? HUT §HUi fe HHH7 feu ?st
t{U7d U7UTUUUt 5 I Fife § W utM7 fHS>H7 ?1 Û7S U B W us, § us*
Hfe|»i73 HU7feU §U >HUU US »fUUTU §UUBt>Ht US I HU7Sl feu HU
H4 UU UUS UBl HSt U7fet U §H ul»l7 HU HU §UUB>H7 US ‘‘Ufest,
UUTBl, tFS^Ht § UBUt, » f f e I fuut fet UBUTS feu Ut UHl §UUSt*i7
US f o r : rHHUfet, fUUUt, U7UIU, UH37U7, USHt, f t s t ,
120
gufet s 3lH31St I §H 33* W S I HHt 355 <73It
RUTfgg #gt H* ggyfe fe g M ^Rg HBT5l' g I g fj fgggt ugTgl
3 HUTf3 g #gt gr feRHTgggg^ ^3H3 gg3T RT^ T HU f%RT ^ |
mrT fug# fen feg gfe feg g#l § gift ^ gggi g3
? §u g# t uTg HH3T fe g Te g e m 3 gf, fee ^ 3u § g 3 hut^t nfyuH
? g g 3 if ^3oft hh1fe g g u3te 4 f t g i
3ui#l Hi ugl^HTReal fegg^ eu3 Rgrfg
fen uglgTgr gr§ fy-§ mr? fe y gt fg ‘ ‘§ u g # l # g -g Kg 31 3g
RgT3 (idiom ) 3ffTH fe e Rt ijtgcf g # l gel ugjg f^SH7
ftHHl, fgH§ §g Hfgg-ggr rhs3 RHrg g3 m3 faggi ufe^f
1 1
g # l 3T# g g § mV fe g fH#31 g i
¥feA rth fe g feg mth ggrgH 3 fe g # l h r ggt
3’ ugg feR gg#l 3 ergs f^g-ug ggj gl ?>gT g3 Rar M3of
g^ fggg Rirfsg i V § ggfe gg3 #31 3fer ^gfe u3 g# i
gglMt ht gt §g g g 31 HR 3 fe 331 gg ^g3 31 mot Mnfel 3ugl
feg rh s lg g RgnT 3, ue m Per ? ruhh 1 g s gat feR
#H § §UR#1 SglA MTfUM> RT Hggr | gt^ fgg RURgr
13 fe g TH fe g MRg RgrfegT m^ h 3*31 g i
g?5H ^fe feM ggl 31 3 g TaH feg, gg fe g © g g s -tg lM t
(Vocal orgats) feg RUR f°r3 RT g^ fegt gg =) gg| gfeuf gigg g^,
7
fa g g feR t{grg 3 §U §TU31 #gt £ g fe g g g g 33 | fg fe g

RH^g ? , uTgfHg gggfet, ggR fel hh# 3, fe3 n 3 #1Mf gr
MH-TTH, 3 gn #, g g l RTggHl V M fegsl..f g s g s ^ g e t
RRrgg V fefeM g
ggwg?g^T,
grgT-MTfg g g g l g Tg3 g3 fRg 3f 3 HMrgT fe g feR1?? u ^ l 3t grfeM
fe g g ? ifelMt ig^Mt guggr^t 3ug3tMt gfgglMt g^ fg g ^ UHl \
gsl 3lguf MTgrg u^3 srg^ 3#g^ruH wgi 31mt U3
T rrt3 gig
m
t H MTRTg RT l{rgg-6f h
3 ‘ûgstMT’
OC —
rt ‘RUTf3g gsT mtuht Mfeg g rtht 5i
tURHlMT gt Rgrfe^ ggt g| §gg g| RR U3Tsl 3^5 ^ 4^1 5 feHSV
121
feUcS* W 333 33^ 3i3T 3^§3IT >
w , 33W hu33 gsfar ^tgi ggn fenra p issr 333
u | fen 33TS3 feH^3T 3 3T33 U3fet 33l 3*33*1 USfiW 3l»P
^fet tT1 333*3^ 3 I 333 U33 f33T 3 ' >>{*33 33fe 3* feH 3
ygy fe3 fefel (UShI fufet) 3; 3~tf3 fe3 3*333*3*1 S3T3*t 3; 3fcf3~
ygH fe u flfe l 3*1>H* HTH* fHS3l»l* ^ ; UgH-§33 fe3 UH3 (3*333
313*3*1) 3* 3T>M*3 3; §*33 fe3 3HHl3*t 3*1 f3333* 3; §'33-U33
fe 3 f3 HT3 &l UUfel 3?5*)»i* 33 I feH l[3T3 £l33 3*1 feH*H3* 3 ^ 3
*
fe 3 feu 1 3* H3 3 * 3 fe §3 3 3*33 3t»f* HSfetf* feu U3*3l 3^1 3*1
33? 3 H33*l I U33 U3*3l 3*l>tf* §UHH>H* §33* 3 3*1 Kfe»f

f333* fee HUH3 get H333 3Thf3t feBHS-5
fee fenul 3~ 03*3*1 feu §Osfe*l>H* H3lM* 3*3*1^* 3 3
3*: 3ll»f3H3 £ UShI ofefel-SSfufel-f ^33*1 3H*1 H33 033*1 03*3*1
3*l»f* H3 fooslnf* >fel>Ht 33 :— §313*1, H*3*l, 3M*gl, W U l,
3*3*1 3 3f?MT3t I fe33* 3 3*S >XhT 033*3*1 3 Hf33*l ^*1 H*HH 333
3* fe § fg fe t" MR? fife feH0*30333 feeT3 33 »ffe 3* fe §1 3*33£
§ ofet 33 f?33*3 &f33* 3 033*1 03*3*1 3 fe3 3*1 3?$1 H3§ 33 I
3T; 33*3H*1 3*3 33 3*1 feH faofe 3*H Hf3H3 33 3 33 §OOHN t
H33 33 ! fe33* H*3*l>tf* *{Hfefe fe3^*3* 3*1 03 3* feu frfe* f33S3T
^ fe 03*3*1 H feW 3>tf* f^3T33-3aT 3 3 &03£fN* 33 :
HH?e*l, H*§1, 3W3*!, f ^ ( yj^Tgl, sfefel 3* H#3fel,
0<53T3*1, (03*1 HH3), §^33*1 I
333* HT3lMt §U3®1>HT £ efe- 3 ^ 3 333 HU 3fefe 3^
§U3Hl Hq^33l 3f feeUTgSl 5 §u ‘ht31’ ^ I Hfe] 3St § feOT^
122
9Tofi RTg}>M* §UUSW U1feof HU* STO U^ feu1 US tF& tf •
Ht5'| ife Hsêl, uau-uys ws uwcfT, § 3 3 w& 5331st, ^ s t 4
gfeg ?S fgrat, ySH-§H3 ^S USUrg't, l[gH US Sfuu), § U&H-UyS
^ 5 3fe»rel i ût ufe feu ^ 5 fe hw! tuust tfu ^331 (h^hI)
ZZ U3^ HfetW UTUt §l:t^1»ft U]»F fStft feHHU1^ § U3-S-U3
§ H3feut u fr t ffuW £ fai >ht fes^ u§ us i fen sut
RTgW usW £ u^r feu Hfet f§ *3 ^ 3 3 t"u3l urrut s ut yy uy^
gToft §UUSt»T fet USS*, fStft fe§H3^T. ygfe33S § fhJF^THt ’HH
>Hcf3 cfif US I US »fH? feUS* FP3>tfT §UHSt»T S feu feu UUt S3?
Ut | yfust feo^t ut»3 font f%HHH^t 3 T ÛSS 33*31 § fe3 §US* §
fe^3 33S Sgt Û-3'-Û M*U3H HUTO §U*U3S §S UT U3S 33*31 I
H3 3^ ufUS* ‘ HS^gV §33*3* U* feU*3 3l3* U*U* § |
h h ^ hI
UU*H £ UtfSt 3*31 S H*S3* »frftf»fT U*U* § | fen H*S?* RHU

§ HH UT3 3fe" f^HU S*S SUfe >HTfw U* H3U* if33 fefTUt fe§3U3t
HH%3 § ‘HS^3’ (HS*, ufuSg*S* ^333) Hi HSl U* H3Ul 3t I 33*3
ut feu h *s ?* huu ferfe 3 hsV § fen fe s fe ut y*uts hh*s 3* ut
feu uuu3 3P3*ut u 1 u R3u* u fe uufet h*s # »f§ hu3*33 3 h*s #
Ut 3ut fef3U*H3 ru a u t I feu fe s T^ Ut UUfet i s t § h s ^ sY
§ lfe s t hTh ^ t TF3t U I HS ^g) Ut feKrUTUluUUU, gfO M ^. U3Ih ^? _.

ufegt ush! n f e w , s T3T§ H7?uuuht u r h s ^ hI fesr yfe
^31 cTO HUTUl U U33 3U UTH >HS-UUTUl USl 3TUH3T3l (^313,
HWT^t) ?^TH U I feH feH feu uul FTtfe! »fH >HUU U3
fuus uufet Ul^fT U u W §TJUsW feu SU^ I HH^gl feu fe?T3Tt[T
§ ufera § sfet »fe »m yusu us fuu? hh^ u! § feHnuT ufe
US I §U »fe Û US :
§ ‘g§’ y^-ft fuul ^
fenuryT uunugfl >hu hh^h! feu us
u^§ us i fyuuTyr § sfe uTuuûs yu u fut":
123
fa?TTOr 3 fan) 3'ûl u>3t
cW fag 3 <JTH friu 3TH faW 3

flfcP t 03
JH¥ST 3, ITfaW <5,
§; MfUcS 3; ’ UUT § |
gun ul Uc5 yTH 3cl3 oP, °r, ofT h i us hs ^ sI
1. HH 5? 3^5 ^»fSi §3 f !
(ssr gfte)
2. Ludhiana has assimilated all the consonant-groups.
Unlike Sindhi, Lahndi WP. it has treated the groups
stop-}-R also in the same way. B. D. Jain.
124
d4) hrx" (tT & vf) I H H ^ Passive voice (U9Hfe
^TB) feu fsr>HT |U RH3U HU 3 : (^: — <*\6l
w ^ T) hh! ^ fHCf§. (HfcTMT tPHT) uu, fn?; u? (yu, yu, u ?) i
fee c?uft feHHHT a I ty : —Htft (ft* WfyvtfT)
(feor g<F) HU (UHU) UtF ( u#TTt) S3 ( ^ ) fHU (| h ) HsT, f e T
(ftTUT) ‘frfn-T' u =t^t^ 5TU MUlu U ftTH *{UH UUU § HUH UUH
u£ feH ^ ^ 1 tW* ( t ’V ) HUH (»f9T)
wa?5T(»reH)' h s ^ \ h t 3H3* :—
“§fe ggr UtH»F, HTfe>m ge! »P I H CFH ^HUUU feHHSH
H3 st §3; (ufaV §l) UH §" UUf 3H34I H §3 ftfsU fu*T I
cfer-SoR^ (tT^-U^t) M SUHUl 3HF cfH HUH I f u l w ffc W
UU I oTH-crfHH 3 ^H H UU5 U§ I 3ul HUft <?H3' M ^H 5TU3 Ht I
ggrUcT ^H UU3 3 H9T H* HHl, <?H 3 HU HU5“UTT I H M'sftft
(>HTU3l) H3 ^R 3 33-§H 3f U3T UUS I UrT I H3 t?HHt" § f3H fag
t U3 U*3 ufe>H, HT M, 58l UU? FUH W T ,
»Rlt fe^HT yrHtgi | n fw (HU) HH" tT$ §gf 3^ 3f HHT I §3*
£ yg1 oft 33 I UTH 3T3 cTH? '( cTO?) I Uhl-lfal f e 1- Hfat W f H
HT3§ l”
125
gUH^RRH R7MTRSFRRH M7fUMTR^7 Ht I HT# £ R'hrI HRR H7RR
^t feofTH S. K. Chatterjee 'H^HR' HRR H' H?>H7 d fRR §
ijfHU fe M w ^ R o t ?t?> ‘u fes’ 3 rhh u7fRM7 rit fRHR m^ r
§■§ H7^ RS^hIrS HHf^H H7 t{HU t'RR RR RRR 3 feR q^H 7R
^R ^R7^ RRt MR Ho? Rt J-THt fRR ( fPHI UH7gl f?H Rt) MRR
gnjEt MR RH fRRR feHHt R<37HtR?5 RHt MR473 RRijTH ?
MR Rt H7? Rt g??t § ^HtfeR #S1 H°fcSMTR7RT 3 |
RTg) MfHHRR, HRHH7RH, 257RR, RTRtFHUR Mrfe HU7H7 Rt
gst ft i ur thrrI mt rh feu rr RHRTtM7 rI r?j fu§"fR rfrr
MfHHRR M rMt R *TER HR RH fRR RHt §RRT *JRtR gT§^ gTg?
0"Rt f<JRT 5 I UR §R #R §U|3T HR? RH I H7^ URTRl Rt
HHH IJRTR ERH7HU7H7fRR fER fRR7 RS fRR7 ft |
HT5l R RH MR URHt UH7gt H7S fHHR RH fR#i RH MURJ
fRR R7R § HfUR HUH7— UHH, HHH MTfR, fHHH H^^RT^ RMtrI ft
HHHU RR feM1 5— UH, RH M^R I f$?M7 HU7 ?RR RR Hi
HfUH37 d R RU RU fRR f RfaH RR7 tr— RRR" (h*$: RRH^) U7Rt
S4 ( uth) I
HUR'RHft fRR Rl Htr! »fn45f HRR3?t fRHHH7 RURl R'— RF^t
MHFHt ( mHFR) H7HF (UTH) RR7 RfRS7HJ-FH (M W ) U3H7 (HR7^7)
RR (RH) MR7 (fRTMTR7) §RH7 (g^H7) HFR:? ( rRH)
HRREt RTRRR-RTRI Rt fRR )-FHt fs U 7 RU :
ffe H7^ gfHM7 I 5 H7 RTR7RR R# feR HR7RTR^-R?? r } RfRR7
Ri RH H' U^31 ^ 1 I § "S-fRM7fUM7 t" f R5-UR7HRl gR7^
ft^Y RR HRR7M7 I HÛH §feM7RR I R<£ § RH R g§3 RR I 3Rt
RRll §HR M7RH RRH Rl I fRR^R RH § HfR RH), RH f RFRl H7-
H^RF I 1 M7URl R? ^7HH ^-R5T H7 fRRS7 RR ^ I USR7, H5
RH^" § <5R HR RR7 # UsOTO RfuM, §RRf R3l R7MTvR R7RH
R] | ini rrT, HR M7RT MHl" f e § > (?THRt) U W I HA
fRM7 (fRR7) M#1R7^ RH7^ RR? I §R7 ^ UM7? Rt & & r] I RH7?)
?TO RR? I RtR UHt fe?R HHt MTU" UH^RI I
( r : MRg f m U7. R7. MfHHRR RM^7Û^)
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ifpTP ^ ygg f^g g | fgg fe#T^ ^ iMfe} §
U'tffel M ifw feHt ^ I fgR fe^rf £ yfeq yftWTOU, HSfaU
uyuw , tur MTfu us i feu It o w 1- u uhtu 1 ^ uto W h1
H9IH-H^S U I feHU feu life §UTOl HUfet U WH UH

UTH Hfel §UTOl fet feoTUST | fen OTt feu TOfeSf Ut 5 fe feH
U*ffel §UTOl feu tu* glj-gsW-HHUUl t HT5t— U »fe
?U3HTS US I
tPHfel ul H3 3" feuH feHHHT sfe S f i ^fUI TO3T5 I fyf: HU7
Mur rt fen fop uT feu uTHrTSu § ututo fe3T5 ufust ul utfl feu
TO H T fW ‘ ftTHU1 U'Hul UU d 'f e f e ^ t ut TO! fe U T O HTfe>tfT l"
fenu to fs?ff u1 ussfe us f r o ynf^L (y *reT-Hfe^ t o -hsto ! ) i

fjPHT^T feu HHTOl UfUI w f ^— WFUT, UTfeUl ftTU3 U'UUl Uflrsft
feu »p^tuT) uûi us i h^ ^ u! tot feH feu hhuuh1 ul uu! tf I
U3, HU *pfe 1 UMfe] §^gT ftf :
“§£ uluTufew | #UUU §UU >HT I H SfTU HU1 HTO ufe-Ul'U

Ul ufUS" I TO" H3T3UU7 I H §S-MUUF H“ (>HUUr) H5|-Uf 3ut
UUHU! SU? TO HTO | HTO3 §fS»F TO I UU I TO S TO
* U§U M I UUl TO TOS ut §HU W I feu UTU UUfl SU7 3TH S S5UT
Ht HUl TO S WUT W cSfeUT7 I H WTOt tTSU HSl TOTO H7
ufe
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uto i to uT i to uhh! t s u hu 3 uts w fe W i § hu!
uut £ §u MTI iut MthT, MTfe S'UT UTfeUT I
(>HH. §. fefUMTUUt H) HUS few U^fTUT MJUH)
TOT31
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Sffet f e &8W ^ :
R7§ ! 5 f e T Mt I ^ MfeM7 I H7^7 feU1^7 feV
Hi o^ g^R 7 I 3 5 H § S37 3R37 I 3 § 3 H7^ M I H73T-
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i §gt ^ng7373h cfe r1m i feg § # h R‘ g ^ 7feat tn
^ 3Sl uO'BF I MfelM7 f e W 37t 3KR H7 i
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n f e h1 t s l Urpgl f e 3 I g f e stei h ! fee? gug^l 5 i f e ht§
mh? fui ‘iffpgj 3t fgusV f e tfe f e tdi ggg7 gg »p£ u7 i
s fe f f e u7r fHtff, gsgl, uhr t u sfe i 3" f e l ggt t M3
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hhh7
^, tar, hIm7w l , 3Rt aint yf( id 7f e f e # g * t 7 udg) 3
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ore iffl7^ H usk7 fe^t 3 t M§ #g gg s7# ggg3 gg e §' \
128
uh feu3f uTu ?ref feu" sfuu* ut ?TyT y y33 fe y ^ y y i^fey 3* §
fan feu tyuuu ûra* y) y s ) hto u yfet u i
fnt4fe §uu ut3 srfer t, sfuu1 U3Ty) ys) ul ^{fefe 3

fee? (TO HUSl fu y s l U f3HyT UTrat HTfU3 fe y 1
{#H H3 §*
ufasr uu1 5 m§ fRH 3r w u fe) yfusr u tth7 u i ufry) gaft
y)*F pfeuslM H3 3^ uf< fen yst h" u) §ai>feT>>fT
m
U3 I feu w\ fe»3H 3fe 3TU3T U fe MUTO y § yy § y^} gst (fuy))

yT H3S1 M^d sfuur U ftfu MH cfet MU §yy ?TO fH35§ U?>
hfH cfUof cTM ^ 1s) M* UUHUUT I
Sfuu) y s t 3 ) H>TO3 T g y § Mgr fe y HT3t ?TO fHS3) U, >H§
7TO ^1 feu fe! UUUtF pffet fesy) U I feu M om § 3 fay) y T
y*F u UU feH 3T SU3 3UT § 333* M*yy) m \ y s t y^yy) ife t^
?TO u) U I
S fy y ) §U y s) 3>tft ofHt feHHd iu W 33 I y£ )
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ftTU3T ^dU ) 3" f§3 ‘3’ 33 ] 3* fort froy^ y)
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&UTO ‘3 3*t U* 3^ y fe } Uyfey33 33* U I feu
#3*33*3 3*t ¥H M3FF3, Uy 33fj § fHUt y ftFRft feuy) tPH 3IM
fy y ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 )3 U I H M H H U n jT ^ y # ]> tfT u i,
F, 5, U, sf »ffe VTOt OTS‘ ^ fg's ^ , 3 3 3
feu m BH3 UT 3 U 3U^ Mfe 3 l MT^rg H^T^j '^•^f 3 1 fes+
31, U, f , 3 , U, w fe
0 ' u ' U ; U 7 0 '
fefeu
u st TO] yu??3
^ s ^ • U?) 3T3Hy|
feut feu I HU 3 t y 3 l feu UUoT u I ^ HU3T 3 MTfe
feu Ufe 3 33 f3fe u, feu 3TU31' yfenl y^lMt fey
r» =v
Ut fUHUH^ U3T U I
SfU"3 § U33fe U 3 I 3 fe T ( § g r ) (n y r) (§ § )
H3 (H§) Mrf3 §3TUU3 U3 I HfyMt ^ry^ HU3 Wt yyy U3 I
y^fel, 3fe1 (yfel, §ut) U3T ( u _3 t) Mrf3 I U § U yfo»fT tT3TU I
y fu 1, I hI, »n fy fcy t uurfeu JJ3 I fey ^feyl 31
n ^
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ÛT3T3l 31 fU3 U I UU'Ur HUÛ1, feyy't H33F3Hor uy) y ] HUU
129
U3 y 2 is ] U I HUH 3 3U 3 >MTH HS f ^ ^f3>H 7 U^ 7
3 i feH Ouu 3 ] nst u 3 uuu uh h7^ us— wodl ^ I wont
Bfufel fU3 ^H3-UtUH] ul HUH US3I3 U Hiul U I fes[ >>fe ^
»
gTUdl ih ursl hs ] U I US SlU3] &SH7uh :

^ 3 ggT^T gfu>tfT! f3Hl MTI 3 UU UU HrUU US37 ufJti1 U I
— U —
HH 3 gu 3U37U“ ! t f 3 -fiW UU7 u" I US7f " § ^ BU? »fT

HUT37| §3 fguT ofH I feuSTU UH HUHl»i7I UH UUS ^t
3*3] UUll >HW U I feU tut UH cf HU 0, fe§ UH fHH fen Ul'37
#Hf I 3 W S ] UU UtHH HHtS-HJHS HSt 33| H3 UU I 3 ^ ^H7,
3UU? (UUHT) US S3 3 3TU hT ht fw u I § fe t Hi 3 7 utu u I
f3H f3H US ^f^T, W HUIS UTH7 I
(H7: 3HS BTS u1 W U 7 W 3 1
U3U73t
1t i3ut HTHt 3 3U-§y3U-UUHt feSB? § ‘USUTU >tf7f W rF37 U I

feH3 § y3U US H»f7 § 3 US US fuUSH Cr I feu f Hl-3 7UT § fe 7 § 3 feMT
Ufe>>f7 H3TS U fuUH7 3 3 3 ] 3 3 ^ 3 1 feg 31 fn^T 3fe>M7 nfe>HT §
HTH ?fu>H7 ufe>H7 0 I feH UUfSU feufeul 3 cU3 B fUHS UUU1^
UfU'3 US I ^ 3 fen feBTt 3t HS] HSUtuY 3 7 STS yfHU 5 ftTUHl
HtUHl 3l §UHSl U I 03313 ] 3 HSr3-H3U fuU U7U Sflfe] UHSUU
3fUHlS UTHUtre MUU § 3 3 3 3 ]»T HfURlS7 3 1 UH7 fufe IfTHS
HHfe»iT HT3 T U I HHj hI u HU 3 feSTU 3 ] HS] § 3 u] feH3T UTU] M^tU
fe>HT iHUH7 5 I
OUU7^ 3T fUBT^T fefegrHH 3U 3 »13 UTHUl 3U § HU3 Ul
feSHS U I feH feSiU fU3 H7S ] yTfgf3 3]>H7 3 f3 ]>Ht US7 US
fuf3>H J_3^g^-^gg_Ho(feST 3 ] gcSlUcfHU] HU13 yfHH HSl UUl U I
fen su] fe3 iH3I s ] inS 3 ] fHHl^T^KIs""t^pjH^feTH7 HU3t
1. feu^7H3a7Hr UU37MTHTU HTSÛT fynllJS §H7feW rft ^

SH 'OSUTU* (Hfe>H73i3) 3— HHH I
130
5 I feu U7 ut feuut>H7 U7 i{UTH UH § fUUTH-U'UH feu7 ^ I tu US,
Hof; U7HUt>tfU, UHtH, tfUrut stufet, HHoft, >HHUt M7
fu Ufa Ufa U HU§
feu£ HU UH feU7 uW feet UU>W U7 UU-H-UU MHH »f^H U'H7feu7
5 i uhu fth ijrra uW ûustM7 feu^ feu usufet ut 5 fun fee
rjretu >HTux?r ffel § uu§ wh mu ut uu I? ui* uu i ufe' fen u
flf§ feu feroufet USt ^fUUt-UTUHt ut Ufet UUt UHt t UHU feH-
et>tf7 7 ^ feu UU ut ^THU rTHl Ut HU § HH HU SW H^ HUt
feufet feut & i feH uu feu nfuu7 ut uu uuh-uhi §uust Hut
rT HUUt 5 :
^HT-fefHPHfeu HU § USUfe! uW WUUW feet UH feHHUfeW
UH frfcfeW feW ut Ue But HUH HUU7-UHU »fU §UUHit UH I
UUW ^ UU fee UHUrut U'U3t Ufe" uhW wh7 feu fife U I
HH-HU U7# HUU7 U HU feu W-f UH § U^JTUf§?2£_HigI ^
SS “ ■■ ■ !■■ _ _ _ II I ■ —
^T
^
feu HUHT HUH l{7Utu HH“ B~ UU Ufe>HT M7 feu7 BHIU7 ^ fe§1u

HTUWHfel § HTHHH7 ( u ^ t, fuHTUU) ut U ^ U §UH UH utHUt-UUt
UHU-HtHUt feU MHU U fesfeu7 ut HUTHU ufet feu Ut Ufe UUH ut
*{U7 fqnuvre uut t feuut ut ut fe fe t >hu £u ut u7
»feu HUH7 fee HUH7<5 USt U i UHU7Ht ut feu UTUT-UUT§ uet
Bfuut feu ut uut ûbu u mu feHUT ijutu Hfet, hbuh! u>xfet
feu 1{UU 5 feu >HHut U7 UH §UTH ut UUTHT( >H7U ut W UTU fHHU7
5 I Meu §UTUH^ ifeufet feu »W UH : fuu, uu, fuut fue, fUH ue
(uu) §g( fee fee fee, »re)i s i ut w ufe u7ut ûTu d : uufe ut
w Hufe( nfeTut u7 HT U7t nfe ut u7 efe i huth hut^ h uhW urt
u Ut u u ft § uthh feu ut e'unt uefet Hfe" uhu u i huu7
u feuspH H7H U7 ffe UTHTUUHU U I §g H7H7 U Û7H HTH UÛ7 U I
feu e7 §uh7 huu7 feu feuu ufuu hh%h u uh fen7feu ufesr ut
HTH7 U feuu7 ofet ÛUStM7 feU HHHU U feptf7 Uj IfH HU >HU HfePtf7
efe7 1 (h: gu) ^fu i ue § uh7 huu7 feu ul hth7 hts >ht
efe>H7 5 feuu >HTH UH U H"U H7^ HI U'§ UH, UH tu H75 feu HTH7
?fet^ U feu^ : ÛHTf ^ 5 M7fu I
UHUT<ft ut>H7 UHHHHI7 t"UHt Uefet H7Si UUU ut »fe UH I U7,
(
Rl ^ ^ 3* 3\ £ 3l I § R^ Uf gfa t Rl TEjTf I faff RTg |

U33TRl rW feU URR3RF— ?R ^ H— 3Td3 Rl fe3 RHH3
^TUfsR g$tf RTRdfat 3tH R1 fHSFRfrF 33 I g ^ W § ftRTR Rt Ufa 3t
RT3l f3MTRl 3 I fR33f gH'TS URR3RF 3" fU3 f3*tfTRRT 3RJ MUT 33^
3 f3 U33TR1 § RTRRfa} R3* R t 3R] fWr R3U fR3T 5 I 3 R3R1 3 fa
RTRRfaf § 3HR Rfa uf3# ufaFR R ul fsRfat g s § feR § g R* gg
33 i feg rth, rirrtr! 3f 3" ki ^ rtr 3R1 u fa33T fen§
RTRRRT RT giggi gT RRR 3 I
fgg^T urrrrf r s?R33 r! ^ ^ g ? ;?ua1 3 i fa t" fa R to

RTF TRUJ RRR 33 “ H 33W 3 3 ^ 3U5 RÛR ( u rrrrt --RFRfa fR3)
»P § 3 § c^T^t 3T^ g g ] fatHR SRIRM1' R^RT 3 | S3 URffai faR fa§"
33l" U tT I fa#" #3 3R5; U f 3 f a ^ f t , RT# 3 ^ Rf fu»FR 3TS R3t
Ufa}, faR 3fe*F, fu if§ 3T3>, RthI 3T® |”
U33tr1 § UR3fa t l ftfat 33 UR HH3T3l § 3TH 33 fH*5§ 33 :

H3Ttt, Hfal, H^sft, 3fa1, Rufi, fH’Ul— 3Rfa}, § g }f §£, g § |
f^-R U T faR U33T3l Rt 33 3%3HTUS 3 I RR3HT3 3TS H^F

fjPHT^r^T ^ 3 ^ 3 3US 3R1 3 UR grfa URTgt fa g g fa 3 t^ gg§
(3RR) Ut# (u fa ) R%R3 3TH faR HHRfat 3 U^FRt £ R"R § R3R5
«
3 R fW 3 I fH3 RR7 tfR 3 RRf$?3 3^ » { t§"RT R f^g feRR1 RU ‘ lRR’ ’

5 I fe3 3fRR?T3l MTRIH (in fix ) 3 I feH r '-r 3 ^ J|).U33tr1 f%3
3feR3 3TS R t fRW 3 3R1 3 I UT3l URT3l f^R RfRR^rg] gp
HRIRT 5 I fa t" : RfeRl, MkR^ ^R l— RTRRIT, »fT#RF, U^RTt I
f3>HTRT fa g >H3H Rl Uf R Sf 333 RR3R 33 : 3R (3 r ) rt^
(rrIr) I
RH’R 3R § 333^1 faR RRR1^3H3 3R3R RTRl^T 3*Rg|
3F3" RUR 3 I fR3 RRR1T3H33T 3’R-RUt 3^S" f^ -R U T faR ggg| ^ I
fRR UU faR fe3 fU R S l RRf^3 Rl 1{R^1 3 R3TRRl Re! Mt R3t
3 I fl{R|lR? 3R1 fRUf Rl k fRR RRl RH H33 3RfRM^ fH R ^ fR3t
5 : HTRRifa R (faRRT H3^3 3 : 3 Û |fa §R 3 RtRRT 3 ) | gs^ R l
t
Rl RURTRS] t t W fa 3 ^ I U33fRt f^R T g g ;
132
§§.3nf #3 I tUHT »fr 1
r I 3H ^ fu jr I 3 § # f3 »F H1 I tfST-y^T §^ ft 3333ft 3HF
HoT5T I H3uft § fe> tfT 33 | ujK o ft 3H 3§^ H I § ^ r 3 ft ofu3 3 T ^ T
#H T 3ft I fU5jT%T^] 5|ft 33ft 3 §, 3H WU »f3T fVMT 33Hft I H
3# H fW 3 ufeT sreft S I 3 8 3T I 3HHft 3 3 3 fHuf £ ^
331^3 3 f w f | §H3ft fq § 3T 3 T3 t t u ^ T Mgft\»fH 3^33T I W I
— 3T3 U33 frw 3ft 3*1*3* L[T14H—
^3T3l
§3T3ft 33*3 3 f'33 ^*8 UTH 3ft 3U*3ft ^ft 3 I §3I3ft §U3Hft
fe3 uu*^ § 3313 *f*3tr 3 3 i & r 3ft H333 sreft israft 3ft‘3ft 3 i
3*3I3ft ^ft feor l{3*3 3*8 UU^ft 38ft uft 3 U33 3313ft 3 >HHT 3ft3
U3Tgft 143*31 38ft 3fu H33 3* I §3T3ft 3 333# 3Hft §338ft>M* U3,
y33*3ft, ofHHftoft, f3H*f8>H13ft 38ft*l\ 3*3T3ft *I*f3 I foI3ft 3ft 3 W ft
U33*3ft, H83*3ft 3*8 3*3ft HHT33T 3 I 3 3 UTH ^33ft U3*3ft 3*8 gft
U3* §U3*33ft H33 5 I 33 33 i3[3ft f%3 U33*3ft 3* m 1333 fH83*
d I 3H feH3* t^33 t I
^ 3 3 } iftFsft
( HUd' $c{| ddl d I

of? 33*3ft 33ft 3ft*P 3333*?* fefl fe g flTgft 33 gra*
133
“ §fe gfe>HT ! TR5Ht W#. I H 7T3 RH1 fSR 33* RTO
gfd^T ^ R H T RU3 0" I 1 fFRJT r t ^ ' (F I U3 feof §g|
HHTOT 3ut4org R^HT I §fe>HT oTH fHofS § ^H RR§ U3 I §gt
RU^l >tf^RRT U oT375 ul I fecf ^ ^5Pg 5TH § »I3 3 5fg, £r
»{T l^ >HTU UgT ^ |f »{TU^1 R? SSt R ^gt 3* ^ ,
sfug tT1, R3 ^ h ?T fe s R: &R fHuf ugt h » wV ut3 g fw g i

§RRl SScft H1 »{£ h -Rt3R 5 I rTCSHl ^V H >Ht§ ^ t | fe § ^ T
I
J 34
v w w w t f -f k w v
i
(Phonology of panjabi)
^ h!1flf# Utf »ffe UTfe ^thtfefal*PU U feH qut-feUTd

»felfeu UUW (Sounds) HUUt UU B~dj U >HH § fufapHTUcT fejHUt
u" fu^fw ufe u i feu feu uufep ut hhu, uufet ut
(qutuu), uu fey gut u fuuruy »fe, uu fey u feue fuun ?u,
q?fl»P U1 fUSPH, q?f!»P UTUUiUUHU, »fe g^l>Ht ^T fefeiMysy
(Phonetics) »pfe fefe»p ut fUHSHS ytBT ufeT u \ ife a] U uut'
HHU § Ut feH feufet 3" U^y^T § feutt^T HTgT ife fegr Ct I
feu ufe HUHU ut d fe Uufet Ut»P gut»F W HS WBB u t M.fefe
Utft ‘tfuy sfel TPufey HHf^H’ ut ^ ufe MU MH? feU?P UTfuuut-
K S fefTO T?>yt u »PUt y s fe u ‘UTUH-guuT (Indo-european) y s t
i ] ufu HUU Ut I MH? fe u s y^t feu ‘f f y y HHfeu’ U U^t-HHU
§3 feu HUHdt feUPU J-PU ut. MB feu ut Utf »PH feu
UTHT u1*P U ^ P Utft UHt, iPtft- feu, ijrfût feu, MB feu,
feu" ufe UUt»P HcS Ut UU8 uufl»ft HU I feu U^S Vflfet USt Ur ^
3 feH feU UfeU HHfffH ul»P UcSW UUUlt UU^HT UUT ft I
WfoU §rgut UbW ^ ifefet feu Ut cfet tfuU UStw
UT ty?TU 3 | uul^t (^, U, ST, *f) fe, ftf , UH, TO ( U+^)
fUHUU^fa ( : ), fu U ^H fe €feuHTutu vufet feu uut"
fesu W i iîfût feu u u uu1>Ht iut i § iut e uulw ut gufeu
135
0
I
ufe»r R3 §u3f u* ggt fu3 3u1~ d, ira feu t o uu y h ut huutr ^,
feH RH" iffTHt feu fHUUW ' R 3 W UHUH^ Uo f u HU U3:— .
HR :
URy (Short)— § y H (U A i)
ufow (Long)—§ »P Hi § § (U A i e o)
FTRTO (diphthong) —M W (Ai Ao)
»fyU-Ry : ZH€
fe*fR3 .*
or y ui ui ( bi) 5 (u s l)
. U g R 9 (R ) ? (UTHUt)
u 3 3 u ( f ) 3 (watretf)
3 y u u (u ) 3 (u u l)
u u y w (y ) h (uul)
3 H S 3 (3) (Liquids)
3t H, St H3
fey!W " )
fêft ( . ’) . : ,
»{fuy ( w)
( utur)) of 1 Hltf H3 UHUt ( ^)(Spirantic)

(tyfeftft) W (O in Pot) ? (H?g) (M easures)
( rr % h ) UR, yR
3U~(»{T, ? , 3, H, UR ^rfu U 3 W UTO RH U ^ feu U3 fey 3
feu 3 # )
feH §U38 #3# T U37 UÛT d fu iffpgt feu RU3 FPUW
U3l»U Ri HRfÛ 3^ ul WUlW U3, UUl UrI ul UU UUl feUR]
W UEW c3 » § UU UH) U3.1 V oUl»-AU3 f?3THul W im \ ^c3-
HTST feu fu°3 (Symbol) 3Uf U3 yu fiW ut <53 d I feU3f HRfeur
U 3W UT >HUT TTt ygt 3*3 nfU3 U#31T 1
yufel U3l^T UHHteTU ^333 UH3 §" yfu&i iftpgt
U W §3* feRRHTUt ht £y UH33 UH§ Ut fauutw RSl-feu^ £ f^ fe l
136
3 3 H" IfiTO TOd fctft 33 »f§ TO TO * T O 5*? TOHt T O W §‘
>TO33t 33 I 333^3 @^T ^T
— U
cflHT T O T 3:—
(1 ) H55-HH3IH Ho >tf § >tf 3T IfiTO fe y faPH1 3 I
H# 3 M3H3 ‘#TO £ '3 HT ‘3 § ’ 3 TO § 3 T3^ T O 3,
#H T O T O fe ? T O ’ Ht TO?HJ Vtf^l TO tnt u y$H UtTO fe y
‘M + ® ’ Hi 333*! »r^ H j 33? 3 ofet ol 3 I fT O ? WV& 3 fof UHth!
tf 33 HH313 H3 »iKS TOyf fe 3 fH3f33 H3 (M onopthongs) 3l
33 I
(2 ) iftTO fen h ^-u h h s fa T O y t hT O f a t 1 w fe , »i3 3 ,
fe T O , »f33T, feHdTH, MToTH, >HOT, 3 T H3HT § 3 HH ftT33T T O
(UH^) # >H§ ftTU3T HH3yT-3te (nnaccented) t, T O £freT 3
»re-§yTO yfT O § I fT O : tfe, TO, T O (TO -3f3H T) , T O , 3HHqt
HTH, TO I
(3 ) HTO £ »T O (F in a l) § § fe (>?33 f fH3THl) § ufe
T O T O t TOT ^ | f a t " : ^ ( T O ) HH (HfH)
(4) e, 3, 5, 3, Hyy3l?TO\3l TO § feHH 33#
3, ?, 5 ^ 1 y^TO TO, 3, 3 3, TO MTU3 TO 35 33^
i
33 § 3 " § 3 ifTO t f33 »iTH HH § HbT O 3S TO 33 I TO fe y }

HHf^H #55 §" 3t TO? TO # TO uTOl fey f3H3T yy 1{TO tl j
fT O : ofe3T (H: 33H3) 33-3TO 3 ( HyfeH) HTOU ( fe 3 iu )
(5 ) T O 3 T T O l ^3Ta 3 I 353IHHT Ht? 3l f ^ f e } TO Verbal
Basis fen £ £ 3^ 3T S t^ t fj I
( 6 ) 3 u T O 3 l T O 3TH T O 3 TO ?1 H3TO 3 1 f3»HR 3 fy
33 t f3 3 T O W + 3 (L H ) ^ t g ] g^rgl ^y ^ |
(7 ) T O yt 3 l H? 3" T O feHHHT TOHIT ^ yfu?^ 33^ 31 yf
HlHHl 33*t Hr T O 3 I ffl^ A 3 3T gy : ? T O (&o[fe) 3HIS (# 3 $ )
i f^HTO tot T O st i
(8 ) HWH H 3 T ^ (V oiced aspirated) TO£ TOTO TOHir ^

33 MTOT ^ f3HT^T y| §HTg^ # fH33T ^ T O f T O * [ t T O " ?y?T# ,
‘ Uf’ ‘gj ’ 3 3 ? 3 H f" HUI fT O fW I fT O 33l §U tl3 l # ,
vfenl yHTyl § uTO urol 3 §3T3^ fey 333 ti i
137
(9 ) ijfefe fen 9, 5, 3, 3, UP WTU feu UfeugT ^ : ffe r .
ysu 1— yffF , u?u— u s?, tfe— y s , y s s T— ysu 7,
(10) hs H fe fe ^ g oraft um u i ffer unfe ( uhh) sfe

(S?H) glHUTS (tjlfHHTS) WUSHU (wI huhs) huhs (hhhs)
(11) W fe fe ‘fe UP MfeS ^ I ffefe : HUH ( hcth)

(12) S (Soft L ) fe UUSUt 5 I £s gfe Iffefe feu f?Hfe
yufe uuu- u i feu us! ifu y u sl feu fe fug fe i § su n fe s*s
u s s y s t Ou7 u fe fe I
(13) yfefe feu RfeTTSS fe Sfe yfel U MUW ‘fe'£ §• § CT
S fe UUT ti tPH uut HUH U feUT?S U § W S I .fafe ffe§? (feu?)
Ht§ S (fe ? s ) i s (§US) i s (UT^ S ) WfUWU (WUWU)
(14) lifefe 'HUttJt^ t’ t o U UU3 fe |U fHSUT US ! ufe

STS MSSTfHUUT (feut HUT USfe U UT UfUfT g^ ut^ t ^ ; hufu (r to )
few ( feu) I Ufe Ut? TOfe U UHU fe WT^TU feu HUS ufer ^ :
HTWS (gru?) fe*ffe (fe»fTUl) hws (huu) i?l (Û?l) I yfe ^Tg
WSU^TSt (unaspirated) S HfefeS (Voiced) gsT U'Ur d : WU
(feu ) fe (ufuur) I
(15) yfergl feu H fe fe ‘fe fe ofTfe fSTSfe d I WUUT UUT

SUUTfe feu fe WH t U WUUfe fen fe yy fe : HUT (gg) ffegrg
(fen^Tu) 1
(1 6 ) HUUgr FffeUoT (pitch, Musical accent) fe UStuhu
(Stress, Respiratory) fe UUU gufSU t I feu oPUS tl fe y fefe fe
HUH HSU HSfe yrg fefesfe fUH HHUHT ^Tfe fe ^ fgg ^fe fe^gfe^f
(double sounds) yfegl fe feof tnH feHHUT HSt fefe d l
ufefe u s W & fe sith
(§ ) wuys ust sts §uuu us ?Tfe fen uh^ us7 hu-us! d huh
U HU feu fe feHUT HU §UT3S UUT HU feu fe
138
I
I
life 3U3l Hfel 5 I f a t ' : §UHT,faU?l, fu § I

»f : feu UH3 3Sl HU U I ufafel feu HUU^-Ufa HUS V WH 33
§ »{3-§UU3 UU U7> I HU feU H3 V UT UUT § U ^ UUT U I
ufafel ^ HUt »fHUf (u s lw ) feu tl feU fefeiHT ufufaT ^ | for
itfUU, US (u + M W -fM )
e : feu 3TS t l UHU HU ft l HUUT § Uf3 feu i>fTut fe ’ SUT UUT
>H3§UU3 ul ufuul ^ TF UlUUf U Hfal U I HH^3 ‘fu’ ul W t l
fen el §u u uul u i f a t ' fe fe »fT fuel i
uiuui
§ : feU fHUl UUl UlUUf U3l RU-ufa U faHUT §UTUS ufe U fuSS
3TUI U' Ufar ^ | h u feU fcHUl UU§' ufe | fa f §3 (§HUU),
3UU I
w : feu yen' u fe »r uluur t s l
~
hu
«S
tl i f a t ' »ffeu , uû i
'
el : feu Hlfe»fT UlUUf HU d faHHT f UTU3 UlU U MUTS tufa 3 ' ufo
3 I fe e S u l feHUl fel33l MUT-HUT feu U I § U TUU3 : elHUU,
U5fe I
£ : HHfjTU feu feu HUUT3-RU >ff3»TT UfaT t MUUtu u HU*— M-f-
5— 3 ' f a s t U3UT d UU UUfel feu feHUT §UTU3 feufuu HU
sPUT ul UUT U I ifa ig l feu feHHT UHU-fauT UU u l §UU3 UUT d
faU3T t 3 fe U feuUru U I §UU UU, §U\ fe t I UU1- feU t U*
§ U W 33 feUUT^t ^ |
§ : feU t l HHUI3 Ul UUtfe feufeu* HU U fUT»F U I HU feU ufe
ûf3MT HtUT U I §H §, §U §, 33U I
FT33I3 R3
139
snuat t ut di w ^ (>>fT—
j—ut)
âi sut' t o h^t t?H‘d »fe et § uaT y^T y] toM * uferr ^ ^
§ U S3 UUU^t t I W 3 ? ^ ^t ‘*f§ ’ SU^ R i1 ‘»f§ ‘ U ?tgr
U TTU1 U I § W £ : t o , t o , W , WHsfe (fen jto) I
*f?>STt o HU
tout u fy to ft§ at na *i?>toHy ut tuyu uu us i feus*

feu >HSSTfH5fHT§H" §HUS UUt U UU" RtR-U^t ^ t gg ^
STRT W ^ \ fesfs f t o c|h faut § y t o T U fan STO 5ft ?to
yy rFUTu 1 t o § t o n ya^ t o tout f t o t o to t § to t
«
U ay U3 MTH §a § utauf H^T 3T5 t o t ®fet i t o U § UH^

S ^ ^
t o 7^75 to t 1 fu ^ras :
>nafy ‘to u
« , utto, §iy, w
9
(su—uhu §• §* f u t to t sarfet to t u n to fu h1 fyau 1

5T3i to t t o yf t o " eû1) 1
fetors
of: to wipjT^ »furHofst fewto 3 1 yVut ^ to ‘y’ to gy

to to " fto, sfe »rai »fr^ yfo*n to T u i tout 3
fetofya nto to feuorus to § aian uh1 a i wat-
gtot u ar to ut feu yfto 1 to T5 i § htuus : yaw, feaiat
(decree) ofHH (cfHH—» t o t )
y : t o fe»fto t o u, ya Hun^s mu(h ft1
in to feu HHf^fu u ut yT t o t o f t : t o to u to y ^
yj to'U T 5 : £fe (yu —utot) i
^ : feu m huij ^ hu Ih f e » t o 1 1 i f r t o fe u fen u T yafeau?; «fe
ufew u i si t o f aT ut y* fen# gfe>HT § i § u T: ^ I:.
3TH3- (aiHU— urygt)|
feu fewes Hunj^ uu hu Rufe suf 5 s^
(wh) ue3 huh §u?reT 5 i ofet g7u mar e s7^ wur e7 fug
UÛ7 USU gl UmjT *fT§^T u, ofe) ?7H u(Uf Ht W afcfl7»f3 *
ut UTUT Ul afe TFHr § I §UTU^S : WS7 (WS— HUf^d) WH '
HTUH USl § >HSHTU U HUaHl feWHS U I feu WWH, MfFU^TS 11

fefiH7 fU ^ S H7Û H' US UUt fen§ 3TC?t fSTfe»fT^ I UtFUl
fee ferret u7err gl u Tre7 u i fust, ee (se-H:)
g : feu HU^S WWH HUUHl HU5^1 feWHS U I cfUt UTU HH%3 3H

el U7 W7 Hfe7g :— gfegj, ofg (UUHT-H:)
t? : feU WHU^TS HWH fe>tftTS U I HH%3 £ e el U7 TT U TFe7 3

§ gTHFft el § el e7 gl i § e ruas : emu, e ss (eus— h:)
3Uth (eun-f— uT:)
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fene7fâs us nai Oê7 u i Reruns : ?sf htut(Hue ■
UU—HHi^H, ht^ 3)
s i nfe u gam ^ fgwes7el ûrr uuu uuts u7?? 3 sul u i p
fe^t ûas-e-guar e fgwes73~ el eel hsI reel 5 i
l^j^t ^ 9?ue" UrT7ul fee uue u i feus7s huusI efe e US I
rife e f ^ f S S7^ § 3^§ § fees fUH S gus SU5 fees7
§wus ue7u i efe7 w&wjjz wwh huus! fewes e i
fens ee" or? sna? 3 esTu1htree1e 37Urnel et usl s7^7
tTfel ^ i h~f"e e7h “I-h e huhi s7s gl s u7el Oeuel e
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uuu afe"-*? 33- ¥3, g g , y s i
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feu UUT 0uT UU* U I UUS, (feu — H:)
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^ US7 3TH § i . UU1 tj fen H5l feH ^3dT U feMOT
§ UUt TP »pfy»P tPU7 5 I HJT M S W ^ >KlIfH
fetfrTC U I 331 grer § fen W ’& €' Ul U TPU^ U— fife,
frfear (uf^— FT:) UUUa (ifHCfea— H)
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ut afu UTUT 5 — UU^T, ufu^T (ofg^— H:)
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U: HU7^ HUfH uuf fe>>iU3 5 I feHUTUUT MH feafe gr&f ^ jt
afu Tlfer 0 1q^H( ûlA (u fe— Ff:)
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u : us-, 5gya (fetra-u7) unf^g £ 'y uf uf s u] uu7u ua feu
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>HSU^ ^325 3 I fcj fe *fe # t ul U7 u TPU7 U I
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3 : feu Hungry HUfH US'! fe>HU3 5 l o& *ftfU uVfTul § ^ 0 3 3

u^ fug fen^t gt u’ u] afu ufu7u ûaiu]
142
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>H?>?>TfH3 §U trefrn U3 fHUof 3 § 3 ^ f?3 3TFF >H§ HU US

ut ^H cf3H U3 I UtFUl f<?3 UtT M3?>Tf33 feMtlcS 33 : 5,
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f%3 U3l*f* 3 #U3 3" U3* 3S 3* 3 fe HHf$?3 H M H U3>tf*
‘fo ts’ t? SU3 3 3*3 ^ 5 S feMH3 3*1 3f3 31$ 33,
fH3 ^ 3 " T3 M§ ? 3 3*1 HUl M3U-H3 33 I M3U-H3 § 3 33W
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33 33l 3T f5»fH3 3* ofH fe s W 33 3H3 f53
TJ.Hôr Explosion 33elMf 33 M§ 33! fe?H fe3 f H3 3 H33H
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f53 ‘3 ’ f5»fH3 3 fo ffl3 R3 fRH3 § 3 ^ 3 f53 HTH 3 ! 3d1 33^
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HH" H*H-35* 331? 3*H t 33TH 3TH 33fe f33TH3'! 3 3 i 3*3
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ifepg! 3 3 W yfe>HTHT, 3H33 195 3
H: HHTfeu UUl fUMUS U I ffa t HHfj?3 feU §HH t l uffau U3 I
HHf$73 U HUB?t § 3TUUt 3#" ufaM* (§HH) fa Bt BHfa feU
Mm 3U 3 fHU fa UUTu I ffa fa BTUfa UTU UTUT fa U Ufa
U I HdT ( hU) HU1 (HH)
H: feU feu HU^tS M3?UfRU ufa fUMU3 t I Bufa fefa feu feHHT
ûû 3ur u i buu b u s feu tBl u fa u i feHfa buu! uu§"
UUHt ufafa feu Ufa U I f a r : HT^T H°h (HU3) ,
3 : feu feu HUTijr^ tut M^sfau ufa u feHUT fuB3l |U ut
l{UfU3 U I M33TRU § f a f § feufe feuur UUT u I
fat" ; fefe, fe3 (H: feu Bth) 3" I 1
fefa 3 tufa : UU fat" HU MOTfau B3lMT US BU feufe U §UTUU
Ufa fUH STfuH HU fa S3 ufafa U I feet fun HU 3" feU
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BUIm* fat" ufaM* I fcufe uuf UT (%b tH FfH%3 fa M3HTU

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faUM HU1- -qfe>HTUfa tt M3 feut 3 UHU HUf ?UU I UU
feufe £ § utuu feu Ufa UUU fat" UTUUT | ûf fat feu fa
fU3 U1 U tTS1 MfefUTMTSU Sfa" utUTTI HHfjf3 U U3 MSoTfHU
fa gt htU W MScfaHUT fa BT feufa § UUf3MT Ufa U I fat"
MS (H: MSS) MUf (M5UT), HTfuMf I
( w) MBU Bufa UT fus t I MHU feu Sf feu HB fUMUS t
3 S* fa HU I feu feu ^[UTU fa HUUUT (Accent) fa ffafa
t I HH%3 § fU3S U3 UUU US §UST S UUHU Ufa ufafa
ffat feHfa UU§" UUfa U fefafe fa UUU feU fa ÛU ffa fa
f
Ufa U § §H §3 MUU U fa u fa U I
S : feU feU HUUfa MUfH M S lf^ faBU Ufa t I fufa feu fenfa
Ufa ?U3" cSfa" UU BUt feu tfTR UUt Ufefa ufafa feu feHfa
UU3" m Ufa t fat" f (u) fB ( u b )
U : feU MUB^r^ MMHt ffau Ut^ uI B?t 5 I Bufa feu U M3 U
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feu Ufa UUU U I feu UU" BfaMt ufuu HHf^3 feu ÛU3
H?> BU UUTfauU feU UB3 U UlfaMt I tfUU feu feu Ufa
145
f g] gf ^ 5 tTtft h! i yfo gnu fo* fengl gggl 3i
fo r : rot, m u
3 f : Ugfo} ^ fog gfo fecf foHH fo 5 I fog TORSI 33T3gT3

fay# gfo ft i w r# fog fengr h# ^ ut u faH§ fo # 1 fogr
g u t fengr f t i w gV 5 fog t o # d fo ifo g l fo g §
tot » pu fog ^g§ ufgfo g?> i fofo tfo, ys - 1 HHfog ^
Hi yi feg § fom^r ?gggt g i fan arte fo g tfo h "
yfg#t 55T 5 1 fog tot ggr 5 : g r o (ggrg) to
(orgy) fog y^t £ h! g 1to ! ggr fog Tret § to hbw ?g#

TOT TO fggr RfoT U § Hgr^T^gT >)fr gi^! 5 I foH #sl fog
TO! § 3 TOt fofo>HT Hfor 5 I fog HRf^H t g ^ gr
gfo! 3 : 3T3T ( t o ) i
gi, 3 5, g, h ifofo ifo g t fo g to ^ b gB lw
o f u 7 u 1 ^ ^
g?> i ygy!
iforgt fo»fT g?^T w, y g, y g g! yr fou^t ^1 toh" g g] g i feg?g
ggr ifogfofT ^r fou^t y^W g §gT3# fog yTH to§! ggy g i
yyg! y?3>HT feyfai to ?>t# gHt»f gfoW g# ug tfenl y ^M foNr ^
tfo W g g fo f'fo yr fo g mm § gfo g l gygl g y g ! g#fot
fggt g i fog # h! ygyl fog H gn ^gr mttuto g gg ggfo fo g ugl
g i gg g ^ l»r htotb g^ i 3T3wyt feu ! fo g ifew! gfogt § ^ Ife g g T
#gt £g?g g ^ »ft ^ g g g i t o ! to b ! g Tg M d i bt g eg
it f o g ifefo ifo g ! feyt gr n t i
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fegat
foefat toIw fog* ifgTgt g ^ l fog orfot i^gig

to r ! g s W gr
g fgwT ^ i ifo*gt fog g toh ! g^W ^gfeg g?> w fagst gt ^ 3 ^
f g gg g s :—
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fog^T toW gBl>HT £ mm fog g| »{gg| fîfe
ggt ^ foH B'TH Hg-ggW ggt ^ fos gt^^T g?> § fosf fogt
146
usl fsusul u i tp muhI ul ci usl feu feu ufe sul~ i
fen feu hw ul u^t ^fei uuul u§ uVul u 5^5?sts ~ ûft
>HT?T^ 0 ^ t Uul ^ | UUU feUS* U ÛTg US S^fetf* TPS P »f UU
HUUl H^^S* § I fen Sul fed A' ufe feafcST ut ÛSS
cPUl U I
WUliul HSl ^ §UTUS <V& >HT SUl^P gsl^ >tful»fT
US I ufuST UTSfelUTg tlfeuf USl HU U I § U^T fg g s HURir^
r
dT&fel fe>tftTS U I HU UU§ HU S1?? ÛU1 feu SU f >>Hh1>HT UU IJ^3T

>H^H UU*U I
HHfjTU ul UH ($T) USl UUfet feu l|#H UUUl TFUUl 5 I
UrFUl U ddHH UUT US cfUof o?H USl ^'65 HUH UrFU} feu Ul >>fU<ife
u1 uu us i ufus* fenul ur w tf sst uu1 h! u s feH s >huhs
UU feu USS UT I^SS U feur U I feH Sul S#" feul-fus ul
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HtTUIH USlbT U t f^ T H
♦ r
feu UT Hfe ul TFSU US fe liTFHl HSl UT h h feu »feul HHff

U feH feU feuSd U S lw ul HUH ul feWfUUT ytf | feu UHt #gcf
HHf^H Hi I feH HH%U feu §UTUS ^ HUH #Uf § M ^ fc S SHI
HUSH USl»F Ul »ffeu ÛU" Ufel rlfet fe UUS UtUHl feu feu UR?
su f i uhfuI u1 f ut feu^t hh%u u1*f hush u s m * § û û
HUS HUS* u I feu SPUS U fe feus* HUUTU U S W Ul Uf TF
feu ul HH-HTOl USl UrFUl feu U Ufel o t f f f e B UUT S feH HU
TP fe »fe s § u u r ûfe >MSfuUT ulu1 tTUT U I UtTfel feu feu^T
HHfûl HHUI3 Uc^W § UHT U U Û U UU fcSUH fHU HU UU U?S I
1. HHUTd (Conjunct) U UU (double) U ? )^ feu UUU U I

feu msut »isu f uT? t § ' Quuu u s u u l^ u u lw u ^ h s ! mt
Ufe^niT US §U HUUIH US fe#^ H ( h + U ) ^ ( u + u ) j ^ feu feu

Ul USl U HU >HT^ fHSl HSl HSl rife §U UU UcS frfe <1 (^ + U )
147
URTr1 fRR 1{RH? fRU3tMf HR3T? R?>W US §U f>U US :
u + fW as mtIr ) f%MRS -f-s ( h) f%MRS+u ( ut) f%MRS+
H (UIH UTS?) feM R S +R (HR HR?) I
1
HR%? rTmt §U HRUT? qsfrf fRHf Rl Rf URtrI fRR SSlMf

RSImt feuiRRlMT US §U R3-R HU US :
HR : URTRl fHR ? + R ^ CF S URr U : HSU— H?RU, HS—
HSRR, RSH — R?RS, Rgr — S?R,
4 ♦
R? R + ? S R URT U : qq— URH. HU1— HR?R, g g —SR?,

R : R+R R URTRl fSR R UU U RT§ U? I R § ^ M*JUT gf
U RTR US : RRUTR —RUTR, R^ hI - RthI HU HU?* 35P g S
M'UR fgR RRSS RT q I fnt" HMTUI? RTUT?I RUS HUS
R??U I
\ : ? + U »PH ?U ? SHU U RTR US : U?U U^, R?U I

?4-r s rtu?! npgfeor hhI m* fsu r u < Rl URt URfe? UHt
Rt, HU? UT£ RUt fHRRT •MR fR?
RTRTU M? HU-MET ‘fe’ ufUH fR?TRtrt fj feg ^ R
Mf%U?l ufe U RU fRRTUl Rl RRU ^ fR#1 : HR R?R, Rf?
R?R HtR— fH?R, fHUTU?)
— Û?S I
U+R : 's ’ SU1— RRfSR I
U +R : ‘R’ RTR— RTRR | HRT— fe jl
U +R : Rsft— RUUfRRT |
%
RS : H-f S § URtrI f%R MRRU URt 3 RHi Rtg ^ ^ .

R5T— M ^? t— M3THS, RSr—RRHS, gjHfe— UIRSt I
RR : H+ R RT g U RTRT 5 : fag — fRRRof, f t f i4-—rhrt^

i t
CM : V URT u •— HRCT— HT3T I RRCP— % T i q q ^ H — |

R?t— HUM | ^
UR : URt t :— UIRt— qqcr |
148
ftT^ ^ ^ Uoft f^R1?# U fcf @U yy #55 ofF-S-cre SJtr55^}
Hfeul 3 i ^ to ! ut ^ 3 , f^ ^ crasr
Rfgg 3, fesr re t 3 §3 f3@ ^t H5t TFUl §R§ 53T - ^ ^
MT^PHT tF H ^ t, §u MFT55 Myyi g^T R U ^ ut U5PST3 Ul Syf
gfo tTHt, §3 H#3-# h1 g s t Ufu TFUl U I UU feuy] Bo( gsft ^
fH fe3 Uofte333 »F§'rt U I feu Uufeygs MUT-UU HU?
U^T I fen fefeFScF £ yg tfe cftut U § UU g st U Ucffeuus
ntul f e w § yu fe^T u i feg fefaprocr § f<TOH-yu yy u* ut
fHUT U fe UU Û3HT3 UST Ut»P u h &I»F UR]»F U felHH 55%^ § y g t
^ UU^STUU fe»F tfeUT ut fgH cTO >HTyfe3f u yu^
UUUUTUl 55tu U1 fal»F3 U TFtF ^ |
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H55t HT UUfed33 U?>1*F U yyfeUH?> §' H | UUF d I TF feu

#t s te u for y?#»F yr Udfeyy?s ut y s t ^ yyfeu33 ^ i feu su i
SSt U UUfeU3?> § TFSS 55ul U?fe>F U UUfeU3?> | tF?>ST U p t
d i y?#»F ht uufey33 y ifyrg Hr ^ y^s-nfuu »fuyT^
H 3W »f§ M5FUS I MUTUS y?#-yutÛ3?j UU3 W3 yyT f} I gy
yyfey33 fyR-3-fyn uTa s ^ uyj? ut uut y, fay?# feu' srulnfr
yrg^t ^ t ugr sgrur, feu su t mhu uufeuu?^ § » fû ^ ul hs
fe»F Tffer u I »
UTTryt y s l uW y?#»F ^ ffefe 55luf § U55# >H§ §U?F feCD-F

^ >H3HTU ut uufeu33 uifus yfeTd fuu# 3THT-%fe)HT^)>{t ^ gg ^ tht
^ Hyy feu —
U55 I UTFUl HT UUfeU33 feV fe e ^ t
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fecST muW 55y? UUTU §U^T Hr §UTUgSf-HfU3 #U^Tuy fU3T

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149
§ fU HHUIH & HHUU UU HH* nl ‘HHiuU^’ U fR#A
HHfs?H ‘HUTU 3~ UU I HU UT§ U tfe" HHUTH USiM* HS UU U S ?r
§ >HTU^T ui UU f U HHUU UU fe>HT I feHH UUH ui fUTUUH us :
HHf$?H ufeui | HHf^H ufeui
yHUTU HU | UUH UH
HRHU HUT | HUH HH
UHH UU 1 U^ UUT
feHHlofUH (Dissimilation)
✓
USlW § UUfeUHS Hi Ufe HHiuUU H' §HU feHHiUUH d I

uurui s § ust hhuu u s W s fen uu uu fe w u feu uhs feu uu
My nfuHH uui Hi i fun fes uu uus sus fel ufeui s k * usiw fen
UUfeUHS ufHW 5 I fa#4 M3fui HUH ^ f e u ' feu H ufe US UU
UrFUi‘feu MHH UTU S HH feu UHHH US § ‘^fen* UHH US I feu
feHHluUS U I §HTUUU :
HUH— HUH I Ufe^r— UHUt
25U (Elision)
ufeui feu fust HUH* ^ ^rgl f e f e i ^ f a ^ i fe*{T

HUH M W U'UiMT US I UHH #H HUH u lw HtuW UsTW § §
huuut h4 ufuH uuiw us £u get utuI fem u fe iw US I feH uiui
S MHU MTUH US I ‘*iu¥ HUH S ufeui feu ‘u ¥ Ui UHH US—
UH U ^ I WSH— SH I MUTH— UTH I WUTH— U^ I
§UU fRUU §UTUUH fufe UT§ US §U ‘HU-HU’ H US I
UUH UrPUi uni feu UUi MUU Y §HTUUH US ftiu fenfesT Ur
HU fel UHT d funs ‘feMHS-HU’ WfUMT TF^t ^ | fe>HTTS HU
MUHU HHUTH USiw Ht ufuMT U3H1 3 *PH uut HH~ §U HUH H HU
feU US I Y hMUS UrT ‘HUTS* HUH feu ‘Hh ’ tT ^yy y ^jt^ t y §
‘UTS— Ut’ UH TFHt 3 I UU ty :
HHH Hi UH 1HUH ¥ uV I HHS ¥ UH 1
HUHS— HHS l HSHT— SU I
150
U3H-»fT3TH (Prothesis)
§ uuuh ‘hu-# u ’ 3 ‘feMfa3-#u’ § ' § # u ufafet u#l fau feu

ul l{feU3l 3 fag HUU7 ^ H7# UU U7! HU HHUT3 cfi3 Ufa 33 I
tfa" feu HU HUU7 U HU fau H3U U3 §tT feH U3t-UUfau33 Ut
gut 3 UUUTUIH MTUU U3 I HHfjTU HUU 'HfuuV U HU 31# ifafet feu
‘fe’ uu3 ‘feufuuT uu7feM7 feur 3 i feu ul uuuiuth 3 i feu uul
»{TH HU § HHUT3 ^ M 7 U HU fau Uttf ufal 3 I UU tU T O #7 #1 :
HHUt— §H33l I HU#— MHU# I HUH3— MHUH3
Hfau— MHfau I U l# — HUH# I MS7— US7 I
Hftp>fTUTH (Anaptyxis)
ufafet feu HfwUTH ut uul HUH U7# U |faH UUl 3 ufeul Ul

lU UU7 3 H3 W UU UUf#M7 U I H# HHUTU U3tM* M3 M3 UU3
##t fau UUt HU HfeM7 Ufa7 U §7T3 HfUMTUTH M7UU U3 I fai"1§UU
feUTU utut 3 fa UrPUlM7 #ut U UUUW U3lM7 3 U ##7 UU3 MU7
U I fU3* S W 37 HHfJ Ufa7 Ufa7 U 3 U* feg RU UU3
UU UU ufe7 TFU7 U I HHf^T3 HUU ‘H Û ’ 3 ufafa fau ‘HUfafa
uf#MTUfa7 U I UU HR § UU 3 HHUI3 3 Utfa, HR 3T# UHJ1 M^t
U3U UU7 3 M3 ufe7 fUTM7 U I feH Ufa 31# U3l UUfeU33 ffafaM7
U I feu HfUMTUIH U : ' ( '
fe^.— feUU I fH^— fH3U I fa^— fU3U ’l

feH fuuU 3 UUl §" fe3 U rI feu UU ut UUt U : fau U
M-HUUT3 U31M7 fau Uul faMH3 H3U7 U I feu Ut ‘HfUMTUTH’ ul
faU7 Ufa7 U I
1. feu fUMT3-MUT uf# u fa UU feMH3 fau Uut 3 UUl HU fef#M7

ifufa7 U I faH3 MR? Hof3TMUU M7U^ U7, §R fau fafuiM75
^ f^HUt 3" 3UTMUr Ufa#7 U I fau feMH3 fa l ûl Rg ûT
UU7 §U §U U3lM7 RRUI3 U TFHlM7 U3 I
HU HU7U |ftfcUU 3~ t o I ife — |
»lfHH §" MHUU I UHTO— ofcJHjJS' I HHU—-HUHU I
• 9
UH7gU T (Matethesis)
ufthI hW uuhn7g 7uuI uuhu feu fen uut ut ug 75 1

UtlfefeUufHM7fe g H#U TO H§fHU Ul feu U r l ^ U fe HUH
fUH^W gu1>H7§ MUJU-feUU UoU TO feu 7UfeT 3 feR UTO HUB
g 7UU UBS rTUT U I UtUH1 § ' SH UU7U HUS7fug feH 3ul g 7 HU3
HU U I
— oPU 1UHU7— UUH7 I oPUfi?— UÛ 1
guru7
— guu 71uuhtu — uhutu i h w - u h s i
feUIUU— feUTUU I WHHH— HHTO I
g
Htfl (Colescement)
• •
huW g 7uuuu uuuu HHf^H g funpuuglw7£ u i fuHH7u

UU5ufeT p I U3? feu ugl uu to ! feu uul u fel u I TOH US’
ofeW UUi»i7| UUT g fe »f 7TTH7t fun UUU §U UU UU UUfe
?ro ftro g fe l u h f e f 4feuul u gfet u 1uel u7u fuuuuunl u uM
»
«
^tfen7§ ijutuh uugl»u uu >h§ § uu 7 g 7 |u fuui7H g fe fa 7 uu 1

»mut ^fuuul u hu! >HTf w ufe 7u wuutg g fe uu uuhn7 g 7 mtu
fug Hfe>HT tTO7! UTFUf fUU f e j UU7 UU, TTO . § HHU fu g HUH7
huhh u 1uu u § u T u ?ro ugfe! g } hut fuHHH7 u, uu feu t o
>htuuu uu § # tui uuT u g} 1 TO-nug ‘jhuto ’ h 1, ugfet ‘»?t o '
g g g 7u 1§ i uu u u fro 7§■ u g 7 u feu >hu7 § § u 7 gû n u i
jhuto huI u i ‘w ’ t o g fg uu 1nut u :
HUHut— HUH- H§H— HH \
giHU— guu— g§u — gu 1
UTO— Ufeu— UH— UH i
1. HUtUh7 g7H HU : Phonology of panjahi
152
t .
p
\
^cS^Rof(Nazalization)
? fw R^t77 5 fof 3?7 § 3 5 7 f?3 fR337>H7 >>{55^33 53?
35, H ife r ut W>57fR3H7 >M7 3*37 3 >H33T3 fu ^ t ^ 5
t
f33t R7 fût
37 W ? ^ >fe ®gi Cpg7 3 I fen (M^TfHoTHT) ^ t ^ t^t g^»nf
3133 »f?H 33® f*3 35 I fR?^:
3^31— tfe7 |§ H ^ — |MH|— 3? 1q3— R»f7 I
HHTfiHT (Analogy)
«
33 * r 37>tf7 357>H7 £ U37?335 f%3 RRT537 37 337 feet

3^33 3 I >HR? >H3R3 ? 3 3 3* fe HJ-PTyH1 ? S H53 37 fe3
33337 337 3f33t 3 I fe3 337 57 t?25 3^7 f?3 37 l{3feH 33t
3 R3T H53 £ 3^7 3H7 3fa»F, UfaR7?, § fHtf?3H5 f?3 ?7
f^G373133 337 3 I *-l3H 3?$7 f?3 RR^H7 37 337 3E>7 3 337?335
f%3 feoT f53I3 3 T35 3337 3 I feu RH7? ^ 7, *?7 MR. Uffe 3 R337 f?3
>H533T fetJ H337 U37 3337 3 ( 338H1 f? 3 R3S37 3 >H§
357 3t ^>^3353 5 fe3HH7 3337 3 I feR H3T537 3 3^3?
3TP37 357>>f fe 3 ?7 33 33l?3H5 ? 3 3 3* I §33-3? h7 HH?s7
§33^7 f%3 3 § R7 33 t§ 37 3* R31 W 43 35 I feR R33 (335*?)
f?3 RRT ‘ht§ ’ 35?p? 37 RH^S7 333 >HTfe »fT 3 I feR H3T
^33^7 f%3 3335 37 RH^R7 33^ RR5 5 R3R5f f5331£ 37 RHT53T
33^ H3I5 5 R33T5 fai^tf7 d I RUJ3, 333?T3T 37 H H 'W
33of U3T37 f?3 33RB W 3 fefR7 R^R7 3 f33 ‘3* M3T33 ? Ty ^ I feR
3 <Jt £ fetpSR 37 3 fe f3n;§ 35 I fH3 R7^ 37 ^ 3 T335 RHTAdT
^57 337 § R33 35 I
1. ‘Analogy in Sanskrit* article in “ Bhandarkar Commemoration
\r
Volume"
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%
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(Morphology 0f Panjabi)
^3T yfeyt fe y JjigjgpHt §I fen ^

>mm&y yy yy fe y fe ra l ^ § i ^ ^ ■&
RBHy He! "? feoPH tF ycfl<c ddO ^ | yiFyl cS y^ 1»|t ^ y y fe g feH?>T
y ^ '^ ^ ^ H 7 ftlS7 yy ^ yy fe^j | fejq ^ y jfeyj
'rite&s tfi ?>1 y h 7 yfe yTs l y y n yyl yjy] r | y § n hh 4
H7 fen yy fetj fe?>7 yyfey3?> y fcJTM7 y fy y-yfej fe y
H sl y y ^ 253T ifej 5 I feH yy-yyfeyn?j & y] Hy y y ^ tyiyfoy
hs1»f >m§ uraf § feyypyHy y^l w f w y^T a : fey

fe y u l nyy *fe y y ^ + tU R aB T + O T H + ^ ^ + f ^ fe s w fe
yy i{yTy y >nyy ^ c T§ y fe r ?>, fen s y l Ryyry y y l y s y y t
§ R § RyypHHy ( Synthetical) sfefi w f y w yfer7 r! i y y y ifefet
^Ty7fey |H, nfeyy § ^3H 7?> yy? § i£yfyr§s &b! tf ?yy7§

f ^ w y yyyyy Ryyt § ^ r7^ yfe) Ryyin ^ y w yl yf feyae
»fyy y7 Ryy (yyRyyi7) yy yfe y^ 1 fey yy7 & yy y y t yfefej §
1. f W §R wyy tT7 Myyt ^ yfe § »m fe y?> fy y y nyy-
upyy s r I h s h y w t s f e iqfe y?j, »fef§yl fe y affixes >nTyy y s 1
fefe1 ‘Ryy’ cS7^ ‘H7’ Ryyy7yy yi^7t 1
154
feuaFRHU (Analytical) MTfeMT Rfe7^ | feR UUl H
iftFHfi Rt gu-iw RU3 few U I fen § fefelMTR3 RU § ^ t^ 7
Ut R7^7 feH7 U I-
RUR7R~f UU-3BRT Rsfcft MUF 3 MR7 Rt feR&R?> ul |U-fefelM7S
R7U=U-feB7U R7 Morphology U I feHR R Û7S W l US : SfeUU
(Declension) MR ftjWIU (Conjuagation) I S7^ S RRfji'R feu
RRFGTt MR MUIURI feu Noun Mnfe US I Sfe feu U3Sfe, feHRS,
RftWWR RRR ^ fefe TFR US I §t llfUH7 Sfe 1U § RRU feu ul
f e w pffeft Rfeuft I
1
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4
I
A«
r
rr
f
4
& ‘3uufe w f m 1 ?put d i
§ : feu HHf$73 UT foTUUU oTU3ut ^TUU 5 fau^T ‘^r&r’
>HUU tS :
31, H1!, 3*3, UHT§, yUT§
femfe!, >tffel : 3 W U U feuUU 3UU? UU I feffjU feH^l IJ3UU
‘w ’ $ ifafei feu ‘fe»f' ul3T Ufer ^ : Hfe»fT— HU1, ^ffp^— .
Ufe I fH 'fe»iT' 3TU UUH) 3 >HHU US UT^TUU UUfe feHcjJ
fel ufe^f Hfe? § ftIH 3' fe§3U 1{UU3 US : fe»ffet
t
§ WZ\ :
? few t
ufuw l : UUT
Hufet : HUT
HUfel : HU1
»TUH : feu fe§3U SUl' HUT feu HUU 3 ft7U5T HHrfe feu
fe§UU UT cW § | fHU HHf^3 HUE UIUUT^ »{sg
^ E '1d fHH 3UT ‘fe>HTÛ-ÛTUU 1 feH uraSTUU § >HUU feu
fe§3U |U feU *{Ufe3 5 :
huhtus : HUH
s^d'oftt' : UU
WZ\ : fUUU3 feH^f fe§3U fe?%3 UT 33HH Ut 3 :
irfeufel : ifeu
yuafel : HUUl (ofHcjJ)
>HTU : 3fe3 IJ35R ‘cTU' (UUS ? w ) ut ifepg] ^ % :
UfHMTU UUH+ 3*U
HfeMTU : HÛU+oTU
WE, WE : 3fe3 *j3d >HUU feu 3 1 ‘WE (MTHU) Ufr ut
UU '»m ' 5 :
feuira, f e y u : f^llT+>HT?$
fUM^, fu>HT8 : U5P+ »nu
w ^ z : ufe u ^ tuuf feiug 5 :
J ;
156
I
§ ys , MTO. f e s : feu 3 fe 3 f e ig n u?> ^ 3U 3 § fe
feu feiuu feTs’ (*?3, hh) Mug feu tf huuY >nug f%g i^fegt
i s ul ÛfS3 U ufe H3 1 §g" US iftFUl £ MUSfe US 1
s i s . fsu s, fu s s ( s ) : MS
gTUUS7, MUUS7, UUS7 : MS7
H3>HS, HUlMS, MUYtfS : MS
Hugls7, fouuls7, uuuls7 : u ls 7
feu : ‘H#g MUU feu 3fe3 IJ 3 R 33HH i :
u7ufe3 : UUH
ffhYh u : HH*H
U : ‘UUS U*s' MUU feu UU3ufe7U feuug i :
SUU •
; fo g s 7
v*3U : U3S7
i u
UUHU : fUH^T (UUHS)

4 % A A
UT H H fsjTU H U U ‘ M ^ tY UfT it 0 fUH§ HHTHt-ÛUU

U3*t UUfeM7 UfeT ^ , tf feuu-uuuTu7, feu^-û’ i
SUTU7U} s of-{- » futu
U3H+ M*UTU
3 HH%3 ‘h ’ UT Hug? UU 3^'Uc? 3feg feiû 0 :
MV33 MU31+ 3
3 ‘fe’ U7 uu feuuu 5
Fraig HUTfg
UUT3
3T, 3*31 : 3fe3 *{3CR, Mug feu d I feH S7S ‘hY
U7 lj3 W §H Mug feu ul Ijgfe UU* ^ :
hhuu7 ; HUU
MUUI37 muui
/
H33*ul : H3+37+3t
: iu U + 3 T + 3 l
H*3, : HHfsjTU ^3TO ‘H3U’ ^ UU U7> |gfes 5, M§ ‘^ S HUU’,
Mfe^FU’ MUg Ug§ Ufi :
I
157
HU
?=T<!5, ^ S 7 • UHU 3 HUsT? U3 I feu cSUl” HHTFft

HUU ^Pdl ^TUU rP3 U?j •
3u -|-ut^5
HUfe^H : Hfunl+ IPS
U[Sp?y?W : UTO+ IPS
nfe’ U7 |U 3 m3 HUÛ3 I Mug feu

ûf3»p 3, UU U3 ‘Hgq’ MUg rrm 3
*7 * •
U3
V
U3
33t feHcf} fefef feu | U:

r i f e 7
Hi3#3l
?7: ufgu ‘H ’ U7 ddsf^ UU 3 I m3 Ordinal Numerals
fel^HferUU) 3 :
n ♦ • o n
UUH
HUHH
HUr M3 : 3 f e *{dCW feHH^ fH UUU (Comparative) ‘33* U7
3U3? UW 3 I Uflgt ‘g’ § ‘5’ §
UUU uu
I
M3T
>
feu+uu
3 r1 yscnn
UTifet u s) feu uu »rau fuiuu7 m3 huh7 3 t ijfeu u few7 3,,

fees7 h 7 gut hs feu iûte ust feu su? su u 7 3 i muu feiugt £
158
»Rf ^ us £r1 wfW 5, u ruut d uu yu
§" RTU feu?F fe^T feR ut U^ SsT Ht M3 ffe ^Rt ^ R^fe
3U3^ firo U RofS I f U URi feu UcS :
>H3S : feu 3fa3 f ^ ’UoT URi fefeSB o 1 UTHUT ft fe fenut 3U3T

nnf^3 1J3CP3 '3’ 3 UtTOl *{3W* “ife ’ £ RUW 3" UUt 9 :
ulH33 : ife r
U33S :
•
>Ht§ r : grÛST URi ufelH ^XRIR H •
fw & zz, fn sTt u : fHHsr

RtFÛ, RUTf u : RU3T
urguFJ3, ( uirr^ u) : UfRRT^T
uul : yu iu l : U3Ut
uuut : tfe
ufeut : UfeT
MFT : Hfeu § r1 i{3UU :
fH3TR : fH3T
KJ
yUTR : tfUT
RTU : ‘hut’ >huu feu ufeu fe§3u :
fnssRTU : fHHST
UUSRTR • UUS1
UU ; ‘53S i r s ’ »raq fog 3fire n a w 9 :
UU3UM • 3UST
W33UTU •
Uf^ST
ust ;
U» UT • yUfel 3 §3ut 3TU3 u fe T UHfeT feu feUST 3fa3 1 {3 W
U7 UU3 feRHTU ^ | feffUT H® ^ t% 3 t UT uul I j p w RUJUT 5,
Vu feu ¥R H1 HUTR § | UUUttf £ >HSHTU feu^T HT feofTR R:
3* RsP? d TF '3^ 3*7> 31’ :
HUUSr . • HUT
RUryx
9
RUT
RUSU RUST
159
I
-w h 1-^thr1 i{?cnH
>HTHT(>HOT) : fe^HUl»OT
♦
feSH^T
UrfHHTHT UrfofH
JtfTSl : ITOl p
fFtHH1?^ fRHH
nte : SHUlS SHU
HUfe O T
nute m
HHT^— HTO : {HEHHT?) fun
TOfHHH^S hto
othhu uro
HU :
^ HU
tOT : TOUT^t t o
TO1OT T O
TO : , HOTFIX HOT (HOT)

m
T O
T O T O
uft t froi}
HOT
UiOT
huh! HU
TOH
HTO
ftfH?
TO l huto HUT (hut)
o t t o OTF (TOT1)
wz n firoTO fHHF
htfito
OTH
160/
3 T333B : 3^33
3B :
3B*?B : 33
4
BIB : H3T3TB : H3
oPBlBTB : oTB
3T3 : HBH3T3 : H3H

'- n
¥33*3 • 53
3 TB : §>■{1 3 ^ : ®Ht3
H3*BTB : HT3
53 : f5HHB53 : T5H3B
3BH33 • ofBH
4
©UH33T
fe g fu g s st (U3 p w ) '# ^ at, §3H33P

353* 31 UF33
(Pre-positions) H33^-UB3 I ^ fuHBBT ^ 5 *3
£u »ftra faun m 3 H3 fW 3 3 ^ 33, *el nfH^ §* TO
fH3?>i fHS HHi y35 33 : 333^ §URU3T, ^ §UHo3I
fe§H l &UHBBI I
§UH33I
1133^, UB3T, UHfHfuPHT I
V* (U )
M (>Ms?) MBTS (»f? g re ) WHB (>Hs?H3)
* (f%) 5MBB (fe>H33) B33t (f3 3 3 t) i
5 , h (a) huhbI (ny^t) Htftft, n ^ \ i

ub (ufu) 333BHT (ufB£HT) UB3" (ufBBtf) I
MR (>h33) >HtJUfop)f (M B3U^) »raftffe»fT (MBtfHVfeH) 4
3 (f e ) 3BI3T ( f3BT3) 375^ I
fe (foB, foH) fe§H T (f3H3BH) (teBHTl) I
MB: (M 3 ) m ssfa (»m f3 3 ) m bhb (m^ to )
M (3 3 ^ ) mb 3 w
l
•fe ^ ft tuHsrai »
%
5fH : oWolST, *
Bfa : BIB 3*33 3TBH753
161
5* : 5T-H533, 5TS Tfec?
33 : 53D-P3, 33oT H
i : HUT h*5, fa3H
33 : 33U31, 3333 •
§3333 §3H3fo]+ (M3I33) M3 l{ 3 ^ t § 3T3F 3T331 §

33^-#3T3 B l 335T 3 3 l 3 I 333 fe35+ 333+ § 33333 HOT §
335 S3l ft?3 3 h3it3H3 3Sl ‘HHf^H’ f?3 3T3o[l lJ3TnM
(Case suffix) 35 1333 HOT 3 l 3TfeMT 5TS fen 33/ 33 3+§ 35 fof
fe3 13 Ul 1313 33 35, § 3 ^331'3H3 3Sl 37P31 f^3 '§35+ OT3l
l|HG}TtfT Ff 3+ 333331+ (Post-postions) f%3f33 3 31HlM+ ^3 I 33'
HHf$*3 3 oPcoH' M333 3351, 3Tfs?313 3 M33H+ f e feM3
3 SU 3 5 333 33333* gpT 33 3+ §H H3H33T 3 l 3331 SHI 53T
333t f35+ § 333331+ M*f3MT 3+3* 3l S 3 33l3 3Hl f333 33
3*33l M3fo3 3 S l 3 MT35 M*35 33T 5*5 fec3 333331+ 3 3t3T 33*
3l3T I 33*3l 3l fe5+ fO T fH3 3 f3H f%5 fe3o+ 333331+ Hi 333*3
3 I 333331+ 3 M ^ ^M * ^ — 5+?V 333331+ (N om inal post
positions) M3 fjTM7'?! 333331+ (V erbal post-positions) 13f35 5+^1
333331+ ti* 3l f%3SH5 3l3* 3*#3lT 1
U3H33F
?re-33 § MH3T f%3 335*333 M3OT § ^355 335 3^ fOT

33HT S 33333 333-333T§ M3+ 3* 3135 3135* M31 fj I 333-333T§
M3 333331+ U5 f35+ § 31*331 % ^1 fan* fit 333?* 9 I 333 33+
f?3 f333 fS5* #3 3 fe 3T33l ftfo 333+ ^ 5*S fHS 3S 3f(J'H U5
33 333331+ §35+ 3l M33+ f%3 333+ §" ^3alM+ 3faVlM+ 35 I ?33
^f3S ^1 1{3T S3133T 3T3lM+MT3fe3 3SlM+ f%3 3, 333 133 fSTR
MT3fe3 3Sl f%3 333331* fs3 33313 3 33lM+ 35 ftl3 5*S S3*3t
3333333 35p MT f33T tt I
33333+ 3*33 §1 33 3S l f%% t{3 fe3 35 I H3*5l f^ 3 5*,
HT3l/ 35, MiH; 33331 f%3 3l, Hi “1 f e s O T 3, 3, HfHSl
162
fe3 ue tfdHeeiT 3l § ur uef u fee
ifefet §URcf3n ^ offet feiSHl t I HHfjTB 3 feUTR 3TS SfT^Bf
>M3 TO fHR <5Ht ul ftfc R3 1433 fe?33, RR^33, fHR^T fofe,
Vfftrar, SUHoT fed! ^ 5fdt feefe fefei H 33 #3 R3 ! feR 3dT
sJ U
HHf^3 fe3 Hdisrer 3^1 5333 ! fefe HcS frie‘5 irst, i{Tf^3f f%3 uj33
eie 3 §3?r 3 I gT143*1331* 31 § uh eel u i 3T fegrg 3 fe
163
§ i H W l U HHf$73 UT 3U #t 53T33I HU Ut Ht I HU 3
feu fe’ 3 — 3 7?8 HHUI3 U 3fet d I tÛoPar feH3 ‘UUUt
orrgor’ >HTy^T § i
HHt : ofUH UT3U UT UK feu U3H33T HT3Ut 0 I 3T^ § »fOTU feHUT
fe3fTH HH-UT3 'SSI’ 3“ UUT U I feH3' ut HUfet feu ‘5 T3T?’
U3H33T facTHUt d I
3" : feHUt Û§i WUTS u w ufet uut d I HHf$*3 £ cPUUt
fefe<J ‘HHT3 ’ § >tf3T >HU3Ht
^
fU3U fed' 3" feHUt —
Hs!
?FUt Ct I feu U5te Beams ut § | >hth 33 3 § A UT
§ A ( ~A) ut UfU Hfer 5 frTU3T HHU § 3^ Ut fH5 Ufer
d I U3fet Ifflfet f%U 3" U) g^ >H§ g? gt fHSt*
U3 fuui feu 33 § ‘HHT3’ 3^ ut feUH UTUU U3 : feH 315 W
3Ht § 3 >HTfe>HT Hfe>HT oPH34 3TH UUUrgfai t — ÛHTUU I
H + *r= H *T U33fe >HH #t Û53 5 I
3 fe? 33t : §U U3H33IT U3H 3 HÛT3 Ut ut UH U3 I feu?P
UTfe^TH #t WUHt ‘§fu’ Uf ‘3fu’ 3" ut UTirgT u I 3fe U1 H3
HUg33t ifafet UT feUH3T U ‘HUt’ § ^ «
‘hUU7’ #t *{Ufo3
feuT U I Hoernle U >H3HTU ‘Ufe? 33? Ut feum *013 H 3feu,
~ + N 1
3feu »i§ HH%3 3fe§ 3 ' UUT U I

♦
H3t : feu U3fet iffpgt ^t U3H33T >HfaU33 BpUU U »f3U feu l{Ufe3
d I HH%3 %»F feHHH ‘HfU3’ Ut HfeU3 |U Urg^T g |
HUl fU3 HUtf 5 Tfe>HT— UIU Ufa I
S '# 4UW § f s ^ Hof RHt,
HU 5 t|?UT gtgi ûta hW — gTUH I
fH§", H" : WUT3 § HT{UT3 5PUUT ut W gU3l>HT Ufeft»P U3 I fefe

5 uiut u fe feu H-f-^r (3") uT H~Huit uu u i feu^ryT § u^fet
IfflTUt ^ UUT |gi § HH3I 3A UfeMT U ‘ feuy ut gTfe»(T fg f"
UUT BP#— <JTU MUH3 l’
3TH, ?PH‘ : MUTUT3 3 »ffe U 3 Ut W Û3t»fT ^ | §u feof
33t U %»fT feHHH U3 ftIU3 HUT3 ut ^33 t § ^3IUr§^ U3 I
r
feu# R^ fefURUl ‘fURU’ U4ûfe URl 3 I ^ RT3, 5,

U Rfe* U7^ U ^ UA 75 UR7U I fHH UU7 fc5R?— foMU— 7W75—
ETC Ht §UtI URi R7RRl 3 I O T + § a (3") c5^' SUU7 R ^ 3 I
^ t ( H^r, R R R 7 : RRR R tU r I RURUUT ‘R7’ R7fc5R7R RUU HR R W 3 I
UU7Ut feR RR7§ RRR7fHU UR Rt fH75R UU I iÛRTU feRR7
H75 f$T3 R7i HUR7 3 fRR RURUt ^7f$?H fe^ ‘^R* 3 tFR7 3
MU of HT75R U 3 ‘r ’ ufe rFR7 U I Beams feR r1 §3RUl
‘RUU— RUR7— UR7— RT HUR7 3 faHcT ut UUUTdl U7 RUR7—
MUR7— MU7—U7 HUR73 I Rul R: R7 R7^ U^ feRR7fURTR HUR
UU I ifoigt Rl feu §RHUUI feR R] RtH feHHR7 3 I
R75, TO4, : HRTU R7ut RUHUUT UU I feHRt §RH R: (§375)
u^ urI 3 feu u Rt hhuru7ur! 3 mu u u 75 u r7rt 3 f e r
yufel r] mth uut U I r a i feR U" R7HU U, RH feR MfRRUS
r7ur r! 33 i
U, § yu,: MfRRUU R7UR} RUHUUT UU I feRR7H7? HHi$7H §RHUUI ‘§U*
3 fRRR7 MUR ‘§RU’ 3 I *§’ feR § R7 HU oFUTtf UTO U TFR7
‘§fe ’ feR 3 RR%U RTMR 3 I feU RUU7 MTRRUU 3 I
R: wfURl UR7tt Rl RUH R7URl RUHUUT U I feR R"t R7 MR §R
UUUfe ?F75 3 §H H75 §AM7feM73 fat4 MHR75 Rt fURl-§U^
feR ^R75U of7, R RTRR7 MTfeMT3 I feU tt HUR 3 fe 75fUR7
3 feR R't U" Ut fURl R oTt RT fe^FR ufeM7 3 I feR oft 3
TFT* RUUl URfet Rt &RHUUT ‘u’ R7MR ‘§ A’ U775 HR felM7 3 I
ffeR R-R 33 RUHUUT7( h7UR| fRU7) §" fe^7tufel feR UUl MRU
RRR UU fRUU R7Uofe MUR7§ RUUIU^'fe UU M§ RURUUI7Rt
UU7 Û§ R+R UU :
MfRRUU : R7R, feR7H, fee Tr ,§3/3 MRU, Hfe (RUTu! URTrI) MUI I
RUU : UTUfe, RMTUT, R’ufe fRUfe, H7U7 UR!",
y — ' » j »
MIFRTU : f e f \ RTR, /
R^RRS : RTRU, RRofT,

RUH : R75, l{Ut, RTU (UUUTU1)
165
166
ifafe} 3 HH%E fSET-#E TOS fREES7- & »]§ ^ gt
?tos7 oftHTht reee! ut fsEr-iE tjEfeE u feiMTm§ feR
ETMHE §EEf f^H^T § Rifi^r faE ^ F HR TO I fen t{RTg iJrtr}
fro (fnfet, § ee fro ¥]) fs?MT-tfeE mee fsET §e et f^sfTR r fg|>HT |
fa#4: 3e fETM7( § e eie! i $r ete! § few e fsfei to i hr^ fen
‘R METHH EE7 EET feR f<jjTMT E RES fREES ETO EcS ElS^fe
EIHTOY I
(1) MTH TO § rV rI f?E Rfsfef SEl— MT tR-_ M ( hr^ t Mtfg\
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feuHTslH £oT3 TOTh 3U? I
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‘u-urer ‘ufuuY w fe huh fu ’ ut ^%t fuH§ uuTgl £ ggr
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uttF »ffu fpu ut w ut gToft u, uuTeu? i uiu^th! fau U3 ^t u ut
gf § ut ûfeu U I
fu?j : h : cSUHU feur felfe’ Hi feu tffgw d I feu?f UT H3 Hr
uu ‘fufe § I H: UT 3 TUT »fe ^t HTUt >H§ #fuut UUfet feu
fHHUT 5 fat »ft ^t fife ut UT ^ gHU U3 RTfeu feu ^ ‘^tfe’ T
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>HU UU HTIJT3U d I
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^ I feut-t^l § fUU3 H3UUr MTfU5f UU U3 §U^ t
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178
MS : R:— MRS — MSS U^S? ufefel MS M^SM*
5 I MS*UU, MSfefe MTfeaT foul SU ifefe} USIS
US I
S4 : ‘S ^ ’ RR%3 RUU $ 3" UrFRi ffeSH U MSRrS M feg
feu UUSg ‘S ’ § #S S4 feu |U §3U S UfeMT i | feH feu fefet
(Nazal) RT^r feu feR grRSB MRS W fRST5 I
UR : RRfoTH ‘UR’ U* SU U I ‘h ’ S ‘r ’ feu gHSSr URûl
ul *TH SUl U M§ ‘R’ S ‘U’ feu UUHST URTgl ^ feuH3rr ^ ,
feR BHt UR § 3U-3U H UU fHB§ US : feufeg’ RRfes U1
SU i I fs i feu fsUH STH USRT u 3 UUS* ( H tH U3t )
feu I
felu’ R S U U— R: fefefe I ufe tft ^lu— R: f^ gfe | rt^ I

tU U’nsfe—R: U3TfSR3 I ife s j J? UUtR3 I RS— R; RRfe |
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Rfe* U I MR? — mrI u
S^fe fl # R3 U feRR
SU RM, RCT U I feUS* HURT feu r ul URfet ut
HtrfeoT d I
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SU d, f*U U S ^ UfeMT U f e e MUS— M^S— MS— US I R RT
MSU Rfe3 M§ UTR RT MSU ^ Rgi fufe | mut r : MSU Rt SU UI
US7— R: U fes (UTU-§S) Rt gufeM T BU ul UTR— U W l fURT
§S MSUtr life | ufel, feu URTgl SU RRf^3 M S U + fe^ fe ^
SU US I tu S + U R%' fHH^ u feu UHS R*R US I SU W 3U
R: feejuu 'R1 SU i I
jTH^tuU feRRSt feu 'Ufesr* feR |U ut §3U3l RURS SU?

i I feRR fUR RRlÛ 1{UH § ‘l{g’ MR STS fHSUT 9 I
UTF t;3fe
R: fe 3 fe R: , feusf feu URTg} U MSRTS
tSiR S UR7 UfeM UR^Tt ^fet »|Tfe feu fefr MR R: ‘H*
^3W U1UU ^ feU3T HH?g] §ugc5l feu UUH3 U, URHf, SlHf,
R3Ht Mife l
179
t
f^mTfeen s
f^»fr feRRS fe»ft^hft U* f^cf M^Tft fRUT»fui U I RRf$>T5 %
fe>tfTRHUUTU feH H^t ft '>H?w' U ftTH ul feftU Uft I §UftT §
tyftRTR fe>HTRHS UT §U RRU RHU U fRRU ftT? f, U3ftT?f
>Hrfe £ ?tgi fgfc feft hu ^ RftU, fRU3 UU R* HRÛ § ftTS >HTUUT
feu fauT ul ur ur^ uft fuuu Uft murtr fRU3 ws-fegu#*
Uft I MUUU § feu %>Ht feHR5, *RRU, feRRU § RRRU, RR%3
f ? » W ^ U >HftHTcf, fal£ Rfe Uft I HRTRt >HTfUU R S W feu HHf$?3
feu RRU U ?R uu RftU ul UUl ftuT U feR fe»fTU3ft UT
§ feU^f’ ?r®t h UUt RUUl MT^RU ftU? U I
UU RRTr I f%U f^W -fegg^ URR] Ufe URU Uft I fe ^ H ftfe r
§ >HftflTU feUftT U UTR §U#U Uft— RTSUfel, RRTftÛl, fUR^fel §
UlUÛt | feHî ^ t HUH1rUtR ^ ftS ulftr RT#3F I
URS^fe! : 3^ g g f UHJT, US US MTfe I RU, UU, HU
»-fTfu U fftofR feu U Ht 3UH ftuT 3 I fHU RRf$?U U %Mt feRHft
UUr, UUT, UUT, §" feofRH US Uft fRft* £ HSU MUR feu USl
jgUoT ftU? >HTfe»fT | UdR" R: RU +R: Ut HU^? UR 5 Ud^° WR
feu feRU^H »fT fHTMT U I US R: USU Ur UR d I US R: WlfftT T
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RURT ^ | feR HUf RRtr1 RSl U f ^ — ^feRRS § HUU
ut ft# uft fug fuu1 »rfe gsl*F feu guu ug^ §ufu»f7 u frfe1ug,
ug, hr , »iTfu i
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RRf^H feu RgTftUfet f^»F feRR^ U 1^ U^t »f^, U^
fHS§ Uft I URTg] § §UHUU HRT UT feSRH feUft1- ul fftURUO R5?
U I RUU ‘^ ’ Ut Rt ‘r ’ UtURl Ul UUl RTR feRRUT Û? t I ‘RU’ U"
i
RT ‘g’ RT§ ÛS3 u fRt" URU— UR, HRUU— HV, ^R^— UR »rfe
UU 'gu’ UT UU ^ fRR ftTS >tffguu£ UTUU ^ fe^ ST suft t I t § u1
RRR ‘§ yUU ’ fRRRT »fHR fu S 3 T RT $RUS t W fe t , ??& 5ffeT ^ rrut
^ I feR§" feftr UU ^ RUU RRTftUTUt f^HT feRRS Uft : >HRI —M3T,

flfe-RRUTR, UftT— mURUTR, Rtr — r tUR MTfe l
180
\
: truu, § ub, fauB fauB >xTfe feBBT f$*»{T-
feHHSf £ feB^ HT qg} ^ 3 faq 3B? BBT I fUHl § §BH feu
^ ftTBBfuUB, §UB >HTfe fHHt* HS?" BU fH*$H BB I
u lB ^ l : frpr, fof%-f fet", fet", §#" »fTfe I Uût UBB feu
% uTB^rgt f^>HT f%HHSf ^ ^ Iq TJtJSB BB I feB UfBHT |U § HHTBU
HS^bI BWUt >HTfe uVut §1*3®^ feu TjHSB ft I §B fef" t frlH'
fofH', fen", tH", §Hi »fTfe I feoBT BUT ^ f%§3UBt >HU¥H £ BUTf
fflfH, forfn, fefH, fefw, B~ fHU BBl ft I UUB HHf$7B f?B feus* BTHH
BBf fHWBT I USt iftPUt §UBSl>HT f%B BBS, BBS, BlBS, §BS MTfB
!
P
BU ^t fHOT US fBST BTfeBTH >HH UH BTHBBTH ft I
i
THtToT
i
r
~ . ' V
HHf$7B f%>HTBBBBTB fBBB* TBBBF & ^ UbI >H^BBT feq Bt fBIS^t

BB I f^ T feg fa#4BbI IpTB BT ^TqT Bfe>HT B, STBBT f%B fe fi
T^dfe BB? BBt I BT ftTBB HU HU BBB BB §BBT Bt BB #B^t
fSB § :
H : qrfB— BfB— Bfe— B I
BT : BBfB— B+ I «
BU : >HUB— M^B— >M§B— BU I

^t : >*fu fB— >HfB— Bt— ^t I
»fe : fBHBT feBTH MfenfUB ft l
HUT" : feHBT feum MfenfUB ft I
HUUBT BT fefuPtfTBB BUB thhF fu§ ‘UBHUBF TO fe"H feu
BB >HT$ BT I HUUB feU ^BTB BTH UBHUBF B*t BB fBBU fBH B fBH
BTBof § >HBU B HUB UU§ BB I
r»i
MF?}4fu§ H^B BB Wfe Bf fe BU f%BTB ^ B ^TO TO BB—

B ^ iU (Dcclcnsi#n) § %>HT-BU (Cojugation) I B^BU § gT§
Bcf feetg get 5 I BS TXH? f^rMT-gq § gr§ feBTB BBTBT I
fef3TM73l HT3 Ut fHH 315 § 3 fe3H3 TO fa MT31/33 qstM7
fag %MT-3U7 g l fifal H35-IU37 M3 33^333 3f3M7 H § 3 3 7 3fa-
|ir fag suiAI m V fui #y »fTH 37fa hh%3 i s f^rer ^ fatf
333 ! iq -3 5 3 h! i ctw 3 h m §37 § ^3H5 5 3 I 5 3 *3 , 315,
MT3H3q3, U3RHU3, r 3 , ^fjTM7, fe3T, ^33 MTfe %S fefa 3l37 TO,
M3 fe3 H# 33 H33T3H3 |U f%3 Ht : U3 feu 3fa 3 5 l 35t fE33l
33 3TUl 3 fa 33 MTgfe^ TO^M7 f33 f?R3 333 ufe M3 3T3l 33
33 I iffret 3 %MT-|U MTU5 M7U H333 fiflRJ 3 33 33 ftT37 3T
H 5gst 375 H33 §U37 fa37 ^ 3 TO7 3 I HH%3 §" f%3FT3 3 t
UHfat-f^M7 3U7 ^ ]»{i ^ fefft fagTO7? 7 TO §3 3 7 3^ fETO7 3*1 H333
3”3 U3l WB faq 3 3t d I § 3 faHR3*?7 gg 33 :
(1 ) 33T3^ fjjTM7?7 TO3F3H3 3 l q7 35 feH0T73H3 3 3131m7
33 I
(2 ) ifafat ^ TO37 MtH 33 § H3Tf33 f^M7^7 § 373
3l 33t tf I
(3 ) qfafat f^M7^7 f%3 fa3337 3*1 ^33" 33 5 3 7 3TO 33^ ^ I
(4 ) ugfat f$7M7^7 fa3 foT33°37 § *{353 3 5 333 fH3T-f3
fUM7 3 fa337 HRf$?3 fag § 3 7 ut 33T Ht I
(5 ) UHT3l %MT? 7 f%3 3^33 (f3?TO ) 3*1 M 53fa 5 I
(6 ) M3 ifafal f$>TM7r 3lM7 333 FF31M7 W ^Hl rPUgfaT
33 I
35 MHl" f^MT-IU7 § fE3 fc3 M3I § 3 fa373 333 3* H7 3 fE337
3*1 333T3H3 HSt 3 7 f3TM73 3 H3 I
373
f^M7-|U73Tm M73T3 ‘qT3’ ft I M3I33I fag q7^ § Root M7tf§

33 I qT3 f$TM7^ §R MR 3 f337 373T5 fa33T§R qT3 3i TO 333
3U f%3 ?33H73 3f3373 I f a r f337, f^gr, %%W, tTO, W &,
M7f3 R337 fe3 ‘3 7’ 3 7 3 3 7 MH fHS3T ^ I fe3 ‘H7’ 3T3 3 ftTHE7
M3q 3 5 r 3 fEH 337 33 %M7-3U M§ 33 H33 H7 HH-MTqT3 3El 3
182
sret TF3 Hut UT aHul 3 I UTgssft (H oern le) 5 UTiMt Ut fea^B S
STUffeM* fefefMT 3 for qT^»jt »fTH § fefe 1J5T3 hW uu i ifufe}
feu feu IJoTUfe§^ UU :
1. ?>TH CPU, fa^T— ‘3h’ Ufe t oTHS1 rF ^HTST
2. aaaru u7! , far— 'ipb ' 3 'ua’ uuf r uâ^11 - 7
3. asra utu , fur-au ul feuyu' t ‘yuyu1^7’ i
1HUrfeoT fgfMT
>hhT u 3 ut feu aau sru mth uf fe uafet feMT-|yt ut uuuT

fâ auTfea f ^ r ut auu Mfau ûu" uut u i aurfesr % m* auus
f^»{T §U MU U faU3TI^qr^ %MT§ MU §3 UfuU1 U m3 fe[UUT
fe^ feu w § avau auu feu auTfeUT u"uTu i uufet %MT^t feu
ijpTcS auTfeu f$?MT ‘u^r’ 3 fau3t muu uut feu ûsu u, mu faau7
fe^Ta aa%u rnu “a ” t ufeMTu i u ^ u muffu fea auifeu %m^
u uu #y :
ÛUHTU 5US
1. U* UT
^ ^ •
2. U" u
3. U UU
fu cph
l . Ht, at at
#% ^■ "T
>•
2. a" a-
3. Ht au
ufeau uTs
1. U^W U^fef
2. UHUI urur
3. 33UF uût
5fT^
i. 4u t uu
2. UU* u3
3. 3 ^ u3
183
feBSf § uu^h hut ut bust ‘us t’ fen nuTfeH f$?>tfT H" uul
^ I HUW |UT fe§HUHl Hi HBHfe HUH? ul S3 feut U :
Tji— >HU: U4— H: WrfH
—H tHf3
HS— H: >HTH(S
HU1— H: — i{T: ufe
uufet f f »n?t ^ bust feu Hurfen § <rs ara feu^n*

Ul HUH HUH1? U I feBUH HS feu fjPM^r sul4 US HUT HS U ^ ^
STS 1{HCW UHH US UU fjjWfet Sfe HS I UB HH‘ U utHS S*S feus*
Hi ^BH4 USl USl ÛSH U BTUl I ofSTHlHS HH%H # S ul fHUSt &
f^H^T ut UT ûfHMT TFST »FB3 U fUPtfT Hi I USt USt ^BHHS
HS>HT fe g oUS-BUST § UU feu feus* ut ?BH' U p ! U Biut I ufeut
feU f$7>HT § STS >HS ? TS feBUH U pFB £ US— ^BHHTS cPSt
feUUH § f3HTS} foTBUH I
?BHHTSUTs l feBUH HHf^H U ‘Hf^’ 1|3W H4 US U§ US fife4 :

UfuT—H: fllUH: (feu s)
USUT-H: USH: (USS) ,
fHcPSt feBUH H: § ‘fSHSr’ S* § U i(3 W H4 HS§ US fife 4:
UfS»(T— u fs § — ufSH (:)
HfBMT— X — fHH (;)
oPS-BUS'
HUTfHH-%>HTHT »f§ fjfe^t § HHUI § 4 U W ut UUST UUt d I

feUST UUT H‘ US Ut UTS fHS HU US— ^BHHTS oPS, fH oUS 3»
^feU3 ofTS : feus* HU H'S* % S*S HU feHl»P (M oods) h ) US :

** >
»pfuI»iTHUU, HHT^STBUH *{Tfu I ÛHHTSUTSl feBUH >H§ FEPfeH f$WT

t HHBI h 4 us u£ uu iu :
/~ \ ^ "•
§U H UT U
184 /
§U HfeTh!
§u
•••
h *3t uâr f . W '« '« • # #
RofU §U HfeTU#
HKU §U Hfe1UBT
feu?^ § ku^3 te ‘h^ t’ ;uu3ht?>kt^ feu33 5 i
feu HR%3 ‘HK3--HK3:’ 3TKtTOi UK U I feH § cTOScfT# § tet #
>XOTU U, Hi, U#9Tt, Ut, 33*, HUTfeof U<S I feu?R 33* §
RRcfT3" ^TH-»fUU U?> feH sfet Ktte 3l*F fjPX^ feHUFSHS?
U3 I
f 35(TSl fetU33 § HUTfeSTf^MT^T3THHUI iti : ■
§U H3T U
§U R3T Hi <
§U H31 U#UIT
HKU §U R3T Ut
H3U §U H3TuV
feUcSf fÛU^T feg ‘H3t’ 33STS ^t»fgg §5 foTU33 U I
feU RHf$73 fete :’ 3TKHfet UK U I feH
% ^ Hi XiTfeoT HUrfe^f
%>XT^t H5W U?> feH 3Uf HKH #3*
o [€ \335^ ^ >XUK of^
TF§ U?J I *
KTFHl § f^XÛUT f%g HRf^3 § gg Kg fg§ t e § U?> :
353 355Tfk
3H 355
355?> 3553
hhh! ufeRClfe
feH 3Uf ufeHl feg ofet XiHU UK UcS faU?R f%3 HH%3
§ H3 u£ WH >HH Hfet U?> I
ij^TUKof few1 (Causal verb) HHf$73 t e XTH3U 3 fe’ tp t
KSHl U fHt;— feTK te, HKTKdfH I 3rt i cfet ufel^ KK1?>uf H33TI feH
185
33 3 f §3 §3733* 3 f-HH § 333T 3" 33*31 3lM* ^33*333
ffTM77?* g^lM* 33 I frit" :-
f33*— t?T37 t?*3Mfe
§33* —§ 3 ^ tTHHSTVCTfe
3tT3l fe3 ^33T?5H1 OT7^t 333* 3 f33' : 3*3* 3" 33‘3* 3l
5 M§ g s V 3l 3 I
3TH3T3 f^M* (Denominative verb) 3* *{3*3 33*31 fe3 3*3t 3
M33*3 *{333 3*3 3" M3f #3 f^M* 333 3t 33l 33*3l f?3
§3? 3*3l 3 I feH *{33 3t f$7M* HHf^3 fee ^1 *{3^3 33l 3 I
§3*333 i*5 :
33533 H33*33T
fifM*3 f3M*337
3I3H 3T3H3* I
fe3373" fe * HHf$?3 f%3 feg*33g fjjrM* (333 *{%M*) 333W
f$?M* (gS3 *{fs?M7) ^t fjTM**?* ê#3 33 33 §33* 3* 3Sl
l{3&3 33 f^H3l3T33 33? 337 I 33 f^M7*?* § *{H3I fe3 3*31 fag33
3* *?1 *3333 333 M3I 3 f333 33l M33* f%3 33§ t?§ 33 M3 font
3*3 3^ 3t 33§ 33 I
Absolutive fe333 33*31 f%3 3331*333 33? 5 I 33 “ "
33 3
O '
fH3 f3333 § 33*31 33 33 I f333* hh ‘3?^ f ^ 7’ 333 f$T3*'

d I feH fe333 3* ‘t ' 3*31 ‘f^H7’ 3" f33feM* ^ j
Infinitive 1?333 3 U3*3l 33 33 : 333 set, 353 SHI I fcj
3t f%33I*3H3 33 I M*3f33 3*33l 3^1m* feu M3 *?1 3331*333 33l
3 I 33 *43*31 3 ‘<53? M3 feH M33 fee gg foM* ft I §3333
fg333 § 3 3 3 3 33 : 333, *jf33 I
Potential f3333 3* 3Hf$?3-MH Ugfet feg ufe 3l feifHt 33*
d I 33%H f%3 fee f3333 § ‘33l’ M33 fee f3 3 33 33— 33333,
3f3slM 3*33f I fH337 SHI U37s l 33 333-33F, 33333I7 I §3 g133^3
3* get M3 eroft 33? <t I fan 37 g e l g e l 33 3 S 3 7 3 fa#6: ftferi*
(ftresta) i
186
fgWttcr (Verbal Nouns) UtTfet ^ fe^t ^ Wdisidf Fp-^
U?> I ftfg fafel f?3 ^JcT W , UU (Sfe- ^ W 3 § 3 '?>’ Ut ?fUHT ^ §-g
w g ] f%3 WH Hcf 3 ‘3 UHT U I fHHtff fU H HH%3 '3 ’ §" ^ ,
W f%3 W (c?3) 3 1 l£T3 3 few U I 3#?>T # y :
TO^T— : 3H
H3ST— :H
U33T— US3 : ife
I * •
1
*.\/ «
.
4^ < F
f
V
/
4
'
; f
»
I.
♦.' i
* i
t -. 1 l *r. « r •*, ,
I cf . r
\ J n
V- i
.• J1’
i
t.
(Vocbulary of panjabi)
g T H T -fe fe p H T ^ $ n ? f f - f ? ^ T g f g i f - f e g T g § f if g 1
t o n p l ufai § i fen sisft § hsht $ hku § tt h#
a a ^ g - o ^ f e w § 'n g ^ - s t o ’ w ftr^ fT 3 t > x y g t( q w ,
\f3U\W, §UHOT, >HW, teoTHt ftRf >HTfe ^ HHÎ H^T ^ TO
toro us to ? wtot »n to t? torn 7P& w§ ^
?W t o TF§ US I >HHU t o Ut H to S HHU HU §
‘a a t o t o t o t o 5 i
188
spcfi mV ^ fefeiMâ MftiM3 f3333 3 §g Hg^t ^TfensHS §iroft
^33 333 V I
uVrgl 3Tggs-t^rg 3^ g ^ t 3 Hgig^ § fgg fe g w
ul 3 f a t H ^ §" u! 3TH 3 l3 a M3f333T33l 3 M § fg3 ^fa' 3 3 3 -3 3 ^
f%3 ant £ ^ -U T 3 3 § 33 33 I feU3* 3TS f a M 333- 33*3

f?a M*3^ f e t ^3T 3 T& ul 43253 3 3 T MT f33T 3 I M3 33" MHl"
fen 333-33*3 § 3 fe ftlM ^ a fedIT3 HT33 3T 3* HT3 H3 33 3 U3
*{3T3 3 3 3 3 fH S3 33 I f? 3 ^ l* i' 3 f33 3c5l 3 333-33173 3
B 3l fH33f 33-^3* 3 3t M3cifrf3MT 3 f333f 3 3T3l" 333* 3I jjgff #3
3T?] tTfal 3 I § 3 ^ 3 T3 33 33 : 333H, M33-333H, 3333, 33l

§ %33l I /
3HHH
‘333H* 333 3l 33^3^ H^M* ul 3THT?tT3T)-ff £ 3H3^

3f33 3313TH HW 3t Mdf tft 3fH3T f?3 f e f w
+
» —
t fa ‘Tatsama
words are those which, Consisting as they do, of letters which
are not liable to any change in those language, appear in the
same form in the Prakrit (and in the vernaculars) as they do in
Sanskrit’ 3T3TU3 ^35 £ t l fef3MT t fa Tatsama are words
33 :
3d13, f33, a gf 3HH, 33,

oT35, na?, f 3T|,
gg, 3333, 333, ^13, H*?*,
189
^3, H33 fy3T, 3*33,
y=i.
3dH, Hdld,
HT^<
fife, ydH^Hh H33t,
ddl, #dT, FdHdff, Mdy,
H3. 33, dH, dy,
>tfd3-33HH 3f H33-33 3 ^ ' 333 3 1{? t^ 33?

cfl3t yd 3dl 3 fen H 3l 3 H33d H3 3 fSH3t ^ydl ul yd fe^
33? 33 >H3 §33Jd3 UH 3d3 33 I 3TdT yd 3 ‘>Hdy— 33HH
yrg fe^Tg ofgfew fefyo-p tf fy These (Semi-Tat-sama) are the
Sanskrit Words borrowed by the Prakrit in the Secondary
Prakrit Stage and, having become naturalised, these have come
«
down into the Vernaculars— Thus the word 3tT3f is a tatsama,

but 33 is a Semi-tatsama” ifrrat 3 §3 H33 f?33 ^ $ 73* 3*
33 yd 3^ fd 33? 333 HTd dt W33 —33RH 33 I >M33l
fdl33l ufe 3 I 33 fHHW fH3 H33W 33 : —
33 ---—H63
3T3— — f$7H3
33*--- —»WH3T3
§3d33 dTHT33HTHt 3 333? 3l UdldW fe§* f33't t

“ Tadbhava words are those which are derived from Sanskrit
by the application of phonetic changes taught in the different
Grammars : Those words, which show some change in their
letters When they pass from Sanskrit into Prakrit are called
Tadbhava. 3TdT yd ? W 3T fa? 331 fe33f ?1 333— 331 3 1§H3
H33T f?3 “ Tadbhava are words which have come down from
the Prakrits—words which are ‘derived from that (i.e.
190
\
S a n s k r it )” . 3030 § 0 HRO 03 fa o i ? ? O fd t 001^033 §
3TH (HHf^d) T 5? U?5 ! UTFdt ot HH OSft RR%3 ft I
fed hoI feH fe o r ô o at mho rro 03 f a a i ifFFat, 3t a st-a a t §

<
afT03 O? OOJ5 03 U0 tF ROO 03 fa fO O ^ if: HOO fOO§ H:

h^ r h " >xTfe>MT a i feu at ifflTot hoo 330 ot hooo r st ft :—
0T3t < UT3iO, 00 < 0H3

UOH < M.H*
f%MTO < f3?T0
O W < 33 <3 3fdf3
OOR^ < UdH-, 1
HtdT<
hV < ROOT, >Ht0 3 < >HH333
0td3 < Old, 3013^ ^ 30f3
§H33l < Rdfo, HTd^ IPOT
UJO < fOTO, fefe>HT< fo s 1

030 <3 03d, efo^f1 <3 H0T
fOdOT <3 fooo, f3d3T<3 13030
Hfd < 030, UddFH <3 c ua'TR
W 5 T<3 MdIOT3, at *< OT03T
33Et <3 3fdT3W3, roth1 <3 :tPHT3 T
00 < U f3 t < uifesp

OOt < f%0, 03 < 003
OHt < 003, yon < HUOH
tfl3 < foo?T, HO < HO
^nt
litrat HH^-t^r'd fea oat roo mro ijo^ h 03 ffra?^ o* h#

oat 3aT ftra**, foua faR cpos^ h af rh733t orat § ur
at 03, §03f 3 5§Ht RRO >HTfaMT TTtî ^ |jJ aTHT3iRRTHt £ fefo»3
0 fa ‘Des>a words are those which do not appear to have any
connection with Sanskrit in accordance with the rules laid
down in Prakrit grammars, .....are underivable from Sanskrit
191
but arc current in the language from time immemorial'
foT ‘Desya words are such as cannot
be traced to any original Sanskrit words’ tyfad HSfH7 tl
:
f e n | s t H o T fjr, i r w ,
9
H ToT, U ^ ,
fc&at, fix * . «
? 3 T T, f e V r
o •
U S T M Tr e ^ i , f ^ T S 5 T, t u ^ T,
w s T, § u £ , W U 8t
W dJr H S TU t T r , j f e t H ^ H T ,
s ^ f f , O T , U f 5 T,
W B *,
fS.
r e i 5 \ ? > u iH H U 3 ,
I T S , xirss1, H 3 ,
\ r a t , J W ^ t ,
i r a , %
f u u 7^ , § S T d r > * 1 ^ , f % ^ F 5 ^ T,
\j \
« * , X r l %
? R , M T< 7 3 , » r e t r .*
ife , 3 T C ,
u f a ,
f^ 7 P r f e r e , 3 ? r r f e 1,
192 f
ottuhh, RfeT, ^ 5, 3RTg,
feRRR, Rrqf, fHH^t, r trs .
fRR3f §VRR3 fe t M fRTRRRT t 1 f e t URtg] g s t feR RfeR

MRR RRR R?> fHR3 feunt RHS^RT ^ cTO RR M§ iforyt RT
nrar rr sit i § r?r § fotfe sr I »fe § a ^ r! o t fefHunt sst
R#R3 RSW § felM^ ^1 S3 § I UR feR ^1 fRR 3f ijfgg r] ^ fe
§URR3 feffet Rsl»F S URtr) feu Rfe) ftflU ITfew ^ I
Ufe*rfe--HU3I
fRR?R §URR3 Rtr~H§r1»T g4f e i ifcpgt HRR-33TR feR fRR RR

RRU-RRÎ f^RRl BIRR RRt d I IfFPUt feR HRR* ^ RRl MRR HRRI
tF rrth ^RR3 RcS fRRSf feR fRR uf MRR R RRR t W §
R?> tF feoT HRR Rl dHRl sfel RRt §UH^tr} Hg^ RRSTR offer RT^t
R feH RRt § >HRT 'ufwfe-RRgi' RfRR RT | ^ t: rrrr ! £ polyglott-
ism ( rr ^ h^ tr) ^ fRR^g RR MrrI HRR n i^ f § Translation-
Compound (RHTRlfc5gr) >tfTfw ^ |ira fen feR MH? fesUR §25R
Rt ttV S t HRT URRl-^fel § f UHrUfel ^rfe HRR ^ 7&S r | RfH^R
oftt R^ I feR ETR'f UtFRt Rl fRR RRI § ‘ufa»{TfR-HRRl' fRR*
tFRT d I
fRR UfRMTfR-RR3T RT ?gx Rg R ^ rI-R W I g^l feR ^ R
RfRRT R I fRRR RR1 oTRR feyfe) fe"R RcS l fRR R gfef fRR ut
URRl offet tFUt R| RURRRT »f r f ^ R; >tf&cFRRRV §l|RRf 5;
feR fRRRTH f m w 9; M3 HRR-t^R r! §U|RHt 3 I fRR R ^
d fR fRR RRl RR Htfl-HUrgf R^l feu ^ fHH
IB ! f 53HS US; Hl33-Eft35 (u a ^ ) fsS-f3S ( f ^ - f a ') m 3 -
fe>HH3 (fq3-ara3, fy-feW -U i3W ) I grgjfl ^ ?an-?aa, ^33 S -
S333, H's-aa3 »rfe HHW'aaa uh-hto as i nraftft fea wl >naa
Baa7 V aaai fHH§ as : Sumum— Bonum, Hotch-Potch
Humpty-Dumpty i w h I § aas-tîa fea fea aal cpbI faisal
0
193
%
‘
feu fHSHl U:—
UTU H3, (h: utu u h ) UU HU (A: FTUU HUU)
pW V
UH UU7, US UTUU, Ufa UfU»PH, fUS7 HS7,
UUS USH7, u s fns, HU Ufa, UTU fu»PU,
UU HUH, HUH UGPf UU UU, t^PHU U7,
FPU HUU7, UU UH7, 6 U7 HlH, fUUP UU7
H7 UU, UU7 HU7, HU H7#, HUTl FPUt4
f
US7 UU7, HU UU, U W FPU, fu r hut
HÛ HUU, UTH7 fufeT( ST’S UH7, i M |u
U W uu, su l uu1, Ul fU>RT^t, UH u»pul
HUT HUTU, UfU HTU, u s fuui, HS UTUl
HUP US7, UU UTH, U^ 7 UH7, HU7HTU7,
Pr> r* n
TUUT HT3UI, US UTS, U7H ul"H, >H7UH U7UH,
u s 7 h s 7, fuu fejTH7, fFP^TS7 fU»PHT, #H HU
p* *\ w
fuu hth, US US, UU u§, fHUT U[UT(
US7UTS7, su ! felfl, UH UH, HTU7UTU7,
§UUt UUTSt, HU fH, fsU7 HU7, UU UU
UU7 UU7, U*U U7?, fuu UU, UTS UTH,
HS HH7, HU FPF, HTUt UH, HU7 HU7,
fUH #H, UftPH7 UfrPtf7, fellS >HUU,
tft UH, ftTH TPH, MUS FTUU, HU, UU !
feus7 §UUS HUUP fUU UUt ÛTU H HHUT UH 1fUH U7 H#"
ul HFlfjrH HUS 3i >HT£ HHUU UtPUt UH I frlU^ MTUS-fUWlK’ I fat
feu HHf^H § HTP UtUhI H5 HS-HH7- H S R : T § H?
UtUh! §" I fuH feu HHf^H § FTP ^ h! : fHUt-UTU7 f^g fHut (fHfHU7)
HFTfjTH T § UfU7FFft I UH*} HU Ul ^ h] : I UUl *fflU US
ftTH7fUH fUU HUH ÛHT-TRUT (§UHUf) 5 § HTF §UFFH 5 ft& UW
UU, SH3 UH7, HU7hIh fUUH7fUU UU UH7, hTh tUFPH UH I
fSH HUT UTPul HUH HH7? Hi UUH7 fUHl ÛTU fr ggu-UU7^
HUUT H" UH! U fauul fUHHl m ul^SH7 § f^ U H 7 h! SUrfHU 5 I
194
V
feu 'UTU 3 AspirationM§ Voiced aspirat

US I HU^SS £ ^TfeFPtjGT # MUTU §3 § HH" ‘U ^’
§ §Ura3 gig ^ fg w 3 fe feu g s t (Sound) feu HUfH H>>rH
(Voiced breathing) ul §ufel Tffet Hi I uul Urfet Rut UUU stFfet
feu infest 3 feH ul §UTUS-UT 33 ( rW, guttral) uul d
>H§ TOSSUt feRH UHS ora f feH 3 HUÛ (aspirated) nffew
0
3 I g life f> fen g 7 37 HUfH hutch! Voiced Spirant t]»f3

oft3T 5 I
‘uru’ § g 1U fesfe 33— fee? H333 § 3H37 H33T3 I gg, 33H
eg^r f^ e oT37 H333 5; gl, i g , g g g 7 fe g nggjg 3 f37 9 i feH gl
quul ggfg>47 HcfsTOH t fe fg g 3FH3’ fe g gy?> I 3 3 7 u fg u m t ( §§ t
(aspirates, surd and sonants) sf455 4ftf3 33 fe37 feg UTC7 5
ffl^ T ^ grai fe g g r g 3 7 uiutT g ^ g^g7 5 § Tfer g i j sro
fj^ ^ T 5 3 7 g t 7 4pfg 1 g>g 3th HgHcS1 3 H g^cT# g l g?5l g 7 fegg
gefe>H7 fe fg »fT 5 fg <J3Ts : hh ^ h fe g g g T, wm\ M7fg HH3I3 wtc

uuf H3 hut fefe g7 § g w feufgg 4fe3 ^fer 3l gg7 h! i 43
fen hh g l ynul u3 gut fe g 7^ ?ju? 3 3 gj i h feu t ig gl u^g7
5 fe ^ 0 ? HS T 4fUfH 3 FfWH H37y fe >443 43: 33 feH g 7 H43
»rcg! t 3H3 fe g l»f7 g l fgufei7 33 i >H3gl fe g w fe y g

hh ! ‘g f e »f§ 4u ’ H3313 3 3 t ?33 g fe 3 3 t 3H3 feg
§H § 3H3 s s i K y § H fey TPt 33 I t l 7 t fe3
gst 3 3 i
U7U 3 g 73T t ^ fe fe 7 gs>4 i feg feg 33 fg3 U ftIH § qrfett
t ‘feHaHtfa’ 3 7 •f%Hggr’ 4 p f w t1 hh% h fe g feH gr (:) feu
fg 3 f33T 3 I gHfeg! n g g ^ t l t feH feH33I 3 (voiceless spirant)
3T37fe3Tg 1 ulife ggn71 fen § Mufe hutch! fun7u 1 hu^tch
3 ‘3f3g|g yfesTwr’ g> fe g g g 3fgup feH33i7 g g r o grc gfe^p 5
feg feH 33f f g f g g gg!4ft H3 fg 4F ut ygggiTHt (preceding) ng b7
4f3H7 MH g! tpggl4f7 H3 i ‘^ 3 h 7’ o f e f w d fg ^ u ' 3 fenggi7 gl

§ 3 733 g f fe g g ug fe g g g g g fe ^ 7 u fg fenggi >hu} h g ^ l (voice-
le ss sound) t 4f§ ‘utut’ hwh (voiced sound) I feH33I7 4ft
4
u7^ 3 g ^ 3 fe g fe ^ 7 t g g fg f^g tfg g gn! § HHf$?3 fe g fe^7
g g y g fg?s t g y g ! g g § " gut fj, § g fugsl4ft

U 9 —
gsl4ft fe ^ feu gt"
« •I
ut fe g fe g g g g g g " fe g 4f7 g f e V u 3 i 4f§ feH ggr t g g g fg3 gl

• i
3333 gt 3 uT 3ul I feu U3H43 g g fg § g l g g l (Intercbangeableness)

f gut g l fe g g u u 7 g W f e n w »rgr fg 3 l»f7 g Tggil4P i u ^ fe g ’ t
I
fe *g 7H
• g T g g ^ g g g g f i
2
'em’ el e 'e fsfel yefet 5 ftfel. g ^ l to Im * et 1 egm
ttM* to Im* § h s W fee tîeM* eTgr fefe^rsW t fee gsem*
et esy?e oftnl e fe g e W ^33 eegfce »Ffe gm* fe ge
fee— etefet t fee-MTetM3 e gee^-ye^ gm* ^ |fen fee-elefet
gnp el 'M#g3 7' § teelM* gaiestMi' fee ‘ufe e T feseg § yeene*
gel el fefeee e i
M^g3TTF fge-M^gef tfg5T gsl ?es yfeW fee, gge-|yf
fee (Declension), feMT fee (Conjugation) M3 ggeT^sl
fee gee el ggere1 eyel e i ute 'em’ e feem e nee fee fTO
er gee el eee e i M^geTfee gs-em* tfs^ fesr ^yet fegH e 7
‘eefe t e e 1- e i TOee eeT&ee 3 efgMT e fa fee-tp u te g #
emT^ hr (S) et w, fee^T ggf$?B fee fn^-cF-fet^ f e e t e,
elefet gslMf fee 'em’ £ gfe set e i gg%e e gg f e gee gfe
nee M^ge* fee 'em’ f e ge et fgse ee—
ggf$?3-gy3 fgy, »feg3T-ee3 fee (ueêl g t fee)
g . — gggg 'm — eeeeg (if t e e — eeTe
g gge 9
(m . - Mee (u. Mge, erne
g .— gH ‘m . - eg (y. eg)
g. - gu3Te M. - eu3T (if. eeer)
g . ~ ggT ‘m .— egT (if. gfe. g Ts ) MTfe i
M#R3T§ § h el geiest g sl yfes^l fee 'em’ t gg el g1
hh el set gl ye t e fe fife' 'em’ el if fee ?fef eel ‘e ’ <z) êe"
fee M1 eiel gl I B. K. Ghosh t feg £ Spirantic Sibilant »rfyMT
t i fee gwg (eje ^ w ) gfa el e i P. D. Gune £ fefyMT e fa
ttefet esM e* fa' gg%e e feV ^ mm et yfefeyeT gee* e i
feg e Oto to ee —
ggfff3 e fee gee r,ege, Meg, gm, fe, 3ge (sg:), gfees
eeelg ?es mtobt § yfes^l fee “ege (ege, eg), Men (g') t o ’
el (el), OTe, Hfegs (gfag* ? w ), to e t yeese ee i uefet
TOgt § Mmfee eTeel fee ‘efe’ el fee seeul e*s e s e l eel e yee
He gfa fee 'em’ el w fat fat ‘e'er’ fegge efeMT fgse* e i
>
I
(3 3 ), feH a 7fesr ttrure a I
tfeor RH%3 fifa —atantf’ at t?Hal H7^ a I fen HHt fey
fey yt 'fayR7 af a' § 'iffemw' fi?a are’ a §area^ § âa" yr§
sgxx ftrere1 a Ua feH at MaSreHHt afe u& yyt *5yjyr § |
Woolner a l fey afe a fe tfa a RRfeR fe y fe y 7’ MS - RTyT fyfe.
tfyyfefS a (sonant aspirates) (ujfe 59T yy^ 3-31) gt
?afe»tTare7a 1 mmss, (fea y nfe) a ^ s, (§ r £ h^ m7) fey
‘ufiip’ h^ y fe a 7 yl y ya § r a s (R oot) fe y fe ant % » p fefe'
(H7aa a s ) la y fe y f a fa a 3T ’y y 1’ yfeta7 at 1
tfeof yfe fyfe fefe’ feyaa aat ^ 1ataal ant fey h. *ea
3 Mrefefe are—afe §§ fa#7§y yayfe as faas? Ry7sa §yyfefe
al aai^ s7tf fafe afe yfet fey at as 1§s7fefe §aa y^fe yare
a a fasfey —HTsaa7§ afayre afet—are a feyre s ay ayfafe
aafeyas as 1a7#" afe yyyfe^ fan #s at arefe yfe s yre!
saT yfaa a Mafe yfet a7s7fay as ya §a rh" fey yaasa
a ayW7fireayfe &y§fefe a7fas7fe faiM7s Maa aa7a 1 fas7
^yaaa aa7faafey7faa a1a’ al âfe Mare a 1 mr at feast
4
§ A feu uts fe# uus uur 5 fu mmh § Ruiu HUfeT^ (w t - UfU,rT'
sgr, 93T »pfe) fe^r ‘ufe’ ul ufe ufu uul ^ ^ ^ (mute
element) ( u Ut, mur Mife) tfR U feUT 01 UT 3 fe* sTUT (treat
ment) tl RU3 ut f O T S US I feR UT H fSR3 UT ÛSS 3dfUMT
' 3 fa The
ÛUU f s s u £ fefRM 1 aspirates, kh, gfe th4dh, ph,
bh, between vowels are generaly reduced to H (u ) in Prakrits
^Tf^3f feu ‘T O 1^ fen UUt U UU —
HHf^H RRU HR, Htft, HM, l^ R t fe u 3UBfeTO HU, RUl,
$
HU RS ufe US frfUU RRtr1 feU HU, Rtf), § hT u US I fe u g f

RR% 3 Ht»P feHUUF HU 3 RUUS3 S t U Roffeft |
Mrf^RT r " fu i" WJ|Hf HTfU3 U HRU feu MHUNS UU^M* US I
fe s f feu ‘u fe’ 3 mtrs t{?T? s uut r th fnsTfuMT ^ 1 uul w$r feu
fUH MRU, T fsU S feuT d M§ UUl RtuT foTH MfeU ST8 fHS f HS-
MRU U UR S HUSfoUT U I feu R RTR RT fotfe MU3 UU* 3
§U HR MT ot RUS3T S UUTU3 URT U I MHBRt feu ‘UTu’ § feUTR
UT f e u g g T t f f e u feu U for RRf^H § HR § r t r t r fer»{T U I fe u UUt
ST fRUU HSl § HU HU TOI, Sfe, RUS^t f-,g R^ fuRfef fRRl t RUT"
USl U UUST3HU MHT -RgBU, UTU fes* fegoTUt, RTR UR* feu ^
RUUTU UUf U I THf^RS UN'S U 3TU T £ f e f e t f t t fU M R U W fe u
HH%3 t HR Rf H* U T UT HSHUU R ^ r r! | Pischel § UHS
UUfeMT Woolner s ufRM 1 U fu i ^ rt % r sibilants ( h , h , R) S
‘UTUT* M Ht^ t feu Rt UU MUU rt feu feu ^ rtrut (transformation)
U3T UU UU fuiMT d I UsTTUUTUUT fsUUT ^ fsr feu ‘utrt' RT RRT-
Û u u f U fRU MTfeM1 d ROT" U ul rr ^ t ,> r feg S H H t r r t
(analogy) UU^ ufeM T l'UTMT U i UUl UTt ^ r r ^ (b^se) § flfe u u
S RUS SU f ‘UtUt’ fe u TS ufeMT Rtrt u | uu W fe u ^ S Rtf SHt
Uf ‘U tUt’ w f e M T Rtrt u I MUU fe fe u ‘u fe ’ r fe^t urt § r^r jft
O »•
§UTUUS US I feu ST^T( RUST^T, 'f$?Mr — URT feu RUTO

fHSU US I
Sfe (H RRU TU ) FSU RUS3RCT '
(U. UUS3 U1)
5
: HU, HU Ug, fHR; fUR; (FT. THRU, HHU, UHU)
f^»J UU : HUJ (ugR UUr ) HUtU (HUH UUR) HUfu (»fe
UUR) Mife,
muhrt g 1 g ig »i^gfHu fg-g fû iH u W uh i fe^t
u
fen ^1 ‘utu ’ u T feum h ruuuht ggl hhuhh u i m hu! uihutr!
feu UMT u f e fHURrg feu gfetyT gigT U I HTRTUaUW gT >HTtf^T 5
fa UfUUTHl-UTTR U3U MUUH HU— HR § UTUT u l UHH UH : HHHf ’

HUl 'U H H l’ ( to understand), ‘R ig ’ g ig (truth) W HUl ‘ufe
‘HH# ’ HUl ‘UHH’ I
fUHl Rtfl Hi feHHHT fen fep feg § fa feH 3 HH%H HW
fe w u r § UHH-Hfen fUHT U MUUt-j fa g ] fa g feu UUUHH UH yTg
HU ^ HHHH HHHT fe u — MHUUUH (WH: HUH), fe; S; w f u I
frful feu Ul F .fju l Unfa] R g # r r ?UH ‘UrUT’ gfHMT Rtri
d : fUU3 (fe u ) UHU, U c » r f g I
MUH HR' H~ UUU RTU UHTgl fe g ‘UTu ’ H UUl UU UU UUnjU

U^ UU I UTU HU HTfUU Hi RtU-^Tyr fa g fuRUUF Hi W Utu ’ Hi feaHU
UUH^ fe u n l uu fe u offal u i ‘h u h u u ’ h u h h h r h u u fe u ‘fpuhu ’: d
UR HUT ‘r r '; ^ I UU UU YJ5 feRUUF ( :) H fUU ul UU I tufa Hr
ffaTg^ ufe" MR? ‘U 'U ’ U*UI ul HUH UT I
MTgfuH UtUUl fe u HH UTU’ U UU RHHU HIM* Uul Ufa* UU I

( § ) ‘utu ’ UTH HU" fuul HUTgl d HT feu Unfa! fe u ‘w ’
UHUT ^ : fn X Rupu — fife HUTU, »fTfe I
( m ) uul HUUT fa g RWR § MWH HUTT{TH nfeut fg g 4 fgUU
‘UTu ’ HT MR ufu HTRT ^ >hr (mute element)
HU U HfeT U I MHUlMT UUUllMT fe ‘uTu ’ U l feRgrg^f HUl
§ fHUHluHT § H TUTU UUl d
8— U; HU ( h u ), HU ( h u ), fHUUT (RUUU), UHH HUB1( h UH t) |

U|— U: UHT (HU|)j Hl'U (HM), RHtuht ( r H tu|t) i T{tUH t (ip iffe u ) I
g — U: u u h t (ug?>)( uu\ uu (ug, uut ) ( u lu l (u lf g )t gu fet (u gr^ u ) i
g - u: hu ? (n fg ), g g (u u ), uu (u g g r) rr^ ( r u h I), ru ( rutu),
UH ( m UHt) UHUT ( UfUgru) ûul (u u u l) HUHT (»m H g) gfU3T
6
(?fag) feuu7^7 (feuiro) ufuu?>7 (ufetro) i
5 __ 3 : oRJt^ t ( o[3t^) Kulter (Latin) Kulutos (Greek), ) I
g _ g : euU7 (?5T?) eU7UT (e U W ) UU (t^T)
( h) eefeu eUU73 HU7^1^ 37 fÛ"1 'utU7' f3us3 33 eUU
feg ut g£ mhu^ MUU § HUfeTS f337 3 I tF 3HHH eUU7 feg
»fe gl f w gfg>HT ‘U7U7’ 33 3 MSU i{7S nfau § HUfe7^ US7 fuu7
g I feu 33 fofHH 3tM7 UUtM73 UFTgl feu HU3 §UTUUS US—
g-j-gi=uf : MU (feiu), UM7 (cTUUTU), fujHHt (uTUeut), uiot
( hs 3fp) I
g - f g = g : H7U (efau), H W (HUHfe), UUU7 (UU3U) U^7
(HU7^ fUM7 (Û-fee7) I
u + ^ — ^ • 3iu7 (^reuu), (ufuu7) i
g-{-g=g : fo?7(fc^Fj), f s (efU3-3fel3t), s ^ 7^ (ufelS-
U7S), ufe (fau^7) I
g 4 - g = g : ifgTS (UUU73 - l{feM fefUTMrs) I
(H) UU7st MUUHi — IJUUH73 MÛ §3 ifafet feu HH § HH
3 M§ cerebral S 3 ‘Û 7’ UU7 3 :
SU7# (teÛ7#), foUUS (fseUH), E7U (eê), U7^
(MH7^), §U (ese7), ÛU7 (?3H), fuS7 (|hs7, §U+f^H)
feu (fe^H)( UU (fee) I
(u) fefeuu feu’ 3 ife 3" fes7 uefet feu ‘ufe’ 3 feu uu
|U Û7feM7 3, feH § S7. UTFUel ^ th US 3 Tonic effect
of H ufu 3 uefeut fus^st feu fee 3 feezes fe3 us i
U —•
ifefe! feu UTU U7feu tonic effect (eufet ijsrg) ueufe

ut est s 7^ e s uu5 3! 331 feu mth fesu7 3 i Tisdal l
3 ufe 3 fee UHTut f4 3t fsutf (observation) 3t3t 3 m3
fee foue 3 eeu ^3" fe e w fustM7 us i §e u7 uus 3

fe ufet U7a U7U7 fe.3 t M M^TU STO fufeu UU7 3 fe
euuu feuu |u feu esfet ut sufe fefe7 1 ‘feuTt feu7’ 3
mfr? feu ufeet ‘few fern7’ 3s3 U3 i uut gfet" feu ‘ufj7’
fue »feu 3 3fHM7ut 3 fuu7 3 3 M7u ufe e s s feu »f7§"uT
7
3 I ‘feuSTW feu^T’ ljw3t HRTft feu" ‘tMSR, f »R5T* RU3
fftRS3 3ft I 3ft HTfUH ft UfHMr 3 fa ITFP^! £ HUH* feH
MHH ‘UT^JT’ fRUU Tone ( ru) ul Ufa RTUT3 I RU ( rURt)
Ht tfflfat §UTUH tf 3, feR HUf 'UTU’ HTUT I feftT 3" UtU
— V
J o U u
Hi uft fen rhhh ul uul uuntf 3 i

(or) #f3ul litre! feu 'UtUt’ RRH 3 HUH HU 3 ftTH HH 3 RHU
fen mt§"ht 3 i feua! uul trrI feu ul 3, fen ht mru
UURI ITRtrI feu 3t 3 I HiUHI H UR R §H W ^ Uft—

‘feu’ (feu) 3u (mu, muu) uhtr (§ thr) uhu (mum?)
UH (MHU, MRU) fUH (fUR, 33) 3ft (§Rft 3"ft) Uft3T
(»fW u ) UHtU (&Fd) I
fen HUT ‘ut3’ ^ feR RR—Rlfl UR5 ^1 UftUH feuUTftT £ ofel
3 MH UR UTUH 31 HR Uft I HsPUUU 3 ‘UT3’ Ht Ulfof feftU7 H7UTcJU
Ethnological nfRMT3 I MURTR feft feft W3' 3 HU ^ fe3ft 3
tFH Uft HT f ftt 3 RM fe3" uel feRH H7 §UTUU UH B31 {pHt 3 |
H?>tf feU ‘RHft HUH Hi UUl 3t U§, MU} MTfe, MRU7 feu" ‘utu’ ft
URUT UUft ul HHUTU 3 I RHH feu UUJH 3t ‘^ 3 ’ H URT § g ^ 5T§-3 }
C4v CJV
I RHH feU Rtf HUl 31 ‘UTUT UU3hMt H7HT 3 3 ftTH RHÛM1Rfe7

I MHU ‘ur3’ §*3 MU HU OfeT 3, fUR HUl MHEfT ‘rt^t’ MRS!
§UTUH ^ fuuT 3 !
A 4>V 7^
f c
W W f e f e im P Z V
Accent (FBTure)
Stress accent
Pitch, Musical Accent
Active (voice)
Adverb %>Htf?HH3
Pronominal adverb
Agglutinative tfdF3H3 (gsW)
Alphabet
Alphabetic sound
Analogy Hft*33T(HHr33T)
Analytical f o r e
Anaptyxis W d H33T, H3-»fT3IH3 ( ^ T;

Aspirate u-sfr? i nfnz53 ^ i
Aspirated Consonant HUn^ (y W, 5 3, w fe)
Aspiration '
Assimilation HHfo33 M33U3T(^gT; OTJ 3" tJtj)
Auxiliary verb H^fe^T %>kt ^ Hi m )
Archaic (Language]p ijfofo sreft
B.
Bi'abial 3 U3t
Hnjt
Breath 1
~
W H
1
R T B
1
Breathed, Voiceless W U f H ( U -5 d f d d ^ d < 5 ) trfS JT;
Ef 3 1 , t T M Tf e
) 1
•
c
Case
Nominative Case < 7 c J 3 T
Instrumental Case ^ c J H c TT d o f
Dative Case < ? T <3c?
Ablative Case
Genetive Case
Locative Case o T B o f
Vocative Case
Cardinal Vowel
Case Termination ( W : ‘F R S w )
Causative, Causal (Verb) h t h ( B r u ^ T f h g T ^
Central Group
(w:
H H d
Cerebral H d C f H l ^ ^
Change b : 3 l ^ a 3 ^ ,
p O p o w
Character f e U T - f e ^ ,
u 7
W 3
Class
G uttral ste*! (or, y, 3if uf)
Palatal ( g , S , t T , 9 )
Cerebral y g i r t f ( e , 3 , s ,
Dental i
ast (u, 3, 3)
h h ! ( h , y , e , g )
Labial •
35,
^
Semi-Vowel *
(oTT35-^h)
W g H d f a 3 , ? )
Chronology
Classification
t
^gftoras,
Close Vowel H f ? 3 H 3 ( s f e H U )
Compound H H T f
10
r
Compound Verb
Conjugation fs?»F 3U UT3 3U W : TTTHTt fop>iT)
Conjunction
Conjunct Consonant H33I3 h W tt (^33H) W ^
Consonant (§ J U7jl*P 3313 U* t
UcS)
Consonantal Termination fu#33
D.
Declension 0 ^ T, s -#, §)
Denominative M f^ T ( ^ : 3" U3Tfu»-iT§^T)
Dental 531 (3, H, q)

Dento-labial 33-RSt
Derivation %
fooPH, fe§3U3l
Dialect
Diphthong H33T3
“ H3
Dissyllabic (Language) (Ûp)
Duplicated Verb Hfe»TH f f W , 333*1 f$P>P
* KJ KJ
Double Consonant 3 3 >HU3
E.
Elision HU
Etymology fe§3 U 3 l, feloT3lt fo3?33 focPH
Exception »fU ^T3 (#£)
Element WH, 3 3
Experimental phonetics U filfefSIW i, § 3 ^ 3 f%f3P>TO
Explosion H#3, U ^ fT
Evplosive U3l
F.
False analogy M W Rf^H3*
Family (o f speech) uh ! W3t3 t, u h ! t o , shht t o , s h ! uui*^
11
Foreign Words
Formative affix B33T3Hcf tit fiiHdai,
BU-upf, gi[-HTU3
Friction HUfBH, W
Front 1 *s
G.
Genealogical Classification SHTSJFB ^BBlto^
Genealogy
Gesture Language HtHST ÊT7
Guttural ifcft
Guttro-palatal
Gutturo-LabiaS
Back-Guttural tfte-tfsft
H.
Half Close
Half-open ° MVtfH, nren-fef%3
Hiatus HQkrl33T, f > H H 3 B I
High-Vowel HTOt HB
Hierography felft
Hyphen HHTH f33, U3B
4
V
J7
i tA.
Inarticulate Sound ERF3

Indo-Aryan Speech 3*33l >HW( sret
b
Indo-European (Family) gro-tfgift t o , grgift to
Infinitive are (e, g. 3B3 B3t, TO3 ^m§ u)
Inflexion f%3o!3t-|U
Inner
Inscription mI to #y
«
Fillar Inscription *.
12
%
Interjection
Intermediate, mediate
Isolating (Language) *jfOT3Hor, fesr mW I,
- L. >
Labial
X
(/
/
Labio-dental •
Language WW,
Language (Regional)
Law felK , feÛof
%
Letter
Linguistics
Loan-words
Long »
Low vowel TtW H3
<*
M.
Mechanism o f speech t s t >hbi g s t

Medial aspirate HWH HUnj^P
Metathesis feiratet (e. g. H38R §- H3HR)
Middle-Indo-Aryan wr-oirat 3133! (sret)
Mixed Vowel fH'H R3, fHRH
<5 7 K H3,
7
Mood fe3t,
Mood Indicative ISHR HRH3S
Mood Imperative >HTfdPHrggg
Mood Optative
Morphology (R T H -| U -^ ) fe w
Mouth Cav.ty W tR IS
R
Nasal >HTOTfHSr,
Nasal cavity H1 W 3^3T

Nasslhed HTOffHof
Nasalisation (e. g. gpf4^ )
Neutral Vowel §HTHl HU, HUHU HU
New Indo-Aryan
Noun of Agency ofUHUl ^ (hW , ÊTcf)
Number
Numeral v nftpHT
Numeral Cardinal
Numeral Ordinal $>THHf w
Numeral Fractional WUUS HftPHT^T^
Numeral Multiplicative HHHUf H 'fw
O.
Oblique Form FFUTUU FFHOT UK
Obsolete &)13
Old-Indo- Aryan tJTglcS W3d) »PUH
Onomatopoetic >H?>ora<5 MôfU<iT3Ho{
Open Vowel m HU
Orthography
•
Outer grUU^
P.
Palatal (h , H, ?, h)
Palate 3^
Paragraph o o
Participle fotUHH
Participle Present Û3>F3 tfHT)
Participle Past 33-WB] (qufeH, HdTfe3)
Polyglot HU-3THT-fm>HT3t
Penultimate §UTqT
Person uuu
Person First (ufoun) §3H uuu
14
V
Person Second (t|tP) HOH UPtf

f
*
Person Third (3 k T) UPtf
ii
Pitch-accent
s Philologist
Philology
l
Phoneme
Phonetic
Phonetic Law feCTH
Phonetics
Phonetic Sign, decay . — u 1
Phrase
Place of Articulation
Pleonastic IJHGTR
Post-position yPRHPI ( w : H+§, HR+§§)
Practical V’
Prefix — ?
Preposition §14H33T (e. g, fe -f

Primary-roots
Primitive
Pronoun
0
Pronominal
Personal Pronoun
i
\
9t Demonstrative 4
• %
fcSHR^sf
M Relative
Interrogative 1{H3
Jf Indefinite ô[
>
„ Reflective
Honorfic
Pronunciation
Prothesis % *frfe-H3TPIH (HfgHl H4- feHfast)
*M
> t ' - i
(4
•
V•*
/- -®iw
• ».
/
■■.■ i-
i > .w .i
<■ •i
I
t
Quality of a vowel
Quantity of a vowel ops
R.
Root qTI
,, primary HS
,, secondary , HUdTH, t^faioF, TF3
l . denominative
„ compound HU3IH, HHHH,
onomatopoetic »f?>UU?>-HSU qT?
Science of Language
Script fsifl,
Semi-Vowel »f<JU Hd>
Sementics
Short UR?
Sibilant
Simple Vowel
Sound Uttf,
Speech si'H1, USl, ?UcST?sl, ?tdS
Spelling HU^-UU, fu-R
Spirant §HH ( h , H, Cerebrals)
Standard Pronunciation
Stem HS-¥d<£, TH?
i —• 9 O
Stop, mute HUUR

Stress US, U3
Strees Sentence
Structure
Sub-branch
Synthetical 1.. t
f » •
c
■\
Sub Family
Suffix Termination
Syllable HSB MH, w r a
Sentence
Mono-Syllabic
Symbol Ht3, fB3 HHtof
Syntax ^ f%Brg
Synonymoue
1
hhwbb^, ufBMfe
T.
Tense W 8 (fB, 3f%¥3, ? 3BHT?))
Tenuis Aspirate MMH HUT^T3 (tf, S, 3, B, ?)
Tongue rite,
Transliteration Mfifelft, feul MB a, BUBB
u.
Unspirated (g, 31, g, Tf, 3, 5, 3, 3, U, a)
Unstressed
Unvoice. Surd, Hard MMH
v.
Velar
Verb f^M*
Transitive
Intransitive M^BHct
Verbal Noun (Verbal Basic) (e. g. STB3T, tF£T Uf
Voice
Voice Active
Voice Passive 5TBH31
Voiced Sonant HMH
Voiceless MWH
17t *
>
Vocabulary
Vocal Chords,
Vowel
w. j
Word
gfe?T:, 1
^rsrfjT *TT |:f^Tc^ W II
"
--
---
-V
18
I
e » f a ’3 r t 53? s te l 3IH? H # WW 3 TT5-3U q t f
s a -w , fa#' fg cfcret' 5, »re’H ^

fHH 5»rat itCH »TOHl *fu § ftfi-w g fe^rgt ^ ^ . n g , a"
§ ^ e ^ '^ r efuuT u 1 Sof-^RT fe ^ ^ trt fe^ ufe uu hu su ? s
gig? @3 nfufl 3 } Hgefa rr§ 3 5 1 ug feg fw s-iggr gfe fee 9

p _
____
_ • ^ • o . ^
fa B* m
efUUl MTHHT, >McfH-R5fSU M-UUS ufcfeT Jl I UT

'Maufe eue, use, use, >nTfe sjsl |u utuut mt fauTd uu
A^SU-fU^ §A W T O - ^ T fgfg3 g | R f^ctfw ftfeW Si'S*
M§ ftft fft't H^-§trt £ yg tfg-£ ue I Sfe-3TBTfeu 5THT-
>4UV3THU'feMU ufuul ^ I SU-?tRt fee ofe »ffiU MU MTH UfUU U^
19
U3THH3 HUH U* I
^HT H UR |U § WHF Rffiffeo? ^TgT »iTfy>HT a I HTfu-f35f
^TgT HW SlU* ^T ff^T Hof-^TgT f ^ g) JhW 3ft |HTfo"'fe5f RTRT
^ H?>H-HT3l Û- UTHTUl U, If3 Sof-^TgT 34ggvjft U $ HTfU“f3o?
HTHTWHS ?v§" U'§ UUHl Cj »r§ S^l^T ‘5lut §sloTUl U I gq|HT?j
ST?U* g£T §- 3 } feg fg^jr ^ fof offUS ft ftT ^T§- ©3 ^ 3 -3 #
ul HSU § feUH US UU MRS] fekfS %& §U HTfU'feof 5THT
ufu'3 US I URH? Hul U fefeJXTU3l s HU feftPHTHi :
§fH25 U»fST HU US fHST I
^ 3HS Rif© »i?UUT II ( uM h H3T)
MUÛ, HHf$73 SU-^©"©! Rfsl SU?, 1 ^ 3 #51* © HU) HUH
§ SUl- *fef RUUl, UU3 ©Hi H#1 RffW S fHSl HUTUl t; feR
* /
U3R Rf3M
§f3M fHH°33 fRHTg I
>HggTH, HFff^3 FI 3f§HT 333 (tf3?l) 3Fl 5, UTfsre Fl 3HS I
^ jt fe g § 3 333 3 fR33T H3F § M33 feR 3 F r 3 I § t 3TRHtf3
>HTUS F31 Fl 3 3 - ^ 3 § ?f§M T f33r 3 33 5f3T33 f%3 §R FlM*

g^ r^ i HH%3 3 H" W l 33? I
gT^r o?§ 3§ §5?-§h 1 IT 3F5 RTf3?35? R tfl M§ RTf3“f35?-gSl
§ ■&& 3 TS 33 -HH? R 3??? TO f I mt 3 3 I fHR F T f?3 3^ ^ 1 " fa
33 H5f-3THT RTf3'f33-3TRT F l R P^l 35? WU3 RSTSl ft I 33?,
g 31S 3 RH33T fao?fR3 5?33l O'rI 3, 3* § 3 f5?§ RT ^ RTf^fes?
3THT F l § y3 3 T ^R R5?f 1 3 I MH'§ feR §3131 fHR 31W FT

^5?^t § ^ 3 3 3 3 I §3131 MR 35? 33TF ^5?-RTRT 3l 33l 3f, — R§
H3TR3 3U f?R, U3 3 ^ §R 3 f?R F31 £ §1^3 f§R RT 33
35 fa RTf3"f33 3TRT Fl RF?1 3l33 MU5 r3 I
3S3T3Kc? fFR3l §" HTf3"f3R 33^ ^ST-Rtrt ^ R<J[H3T( R3T53T
«
§ Rf3R-R3Tfe33T§ R3tr£ f V§ RfeH, ^ S F tR § 3Fl 3

faQ'fa fc3f £ fy-§ fR3§ ^331 fa>tfTHlH 3f3F 33 §3* Fl 333 F7 — g
33R33 .333 3F* 3 | fe3 3* MR? 33? 5?f3F fo? §®1 F MT3T3
MT3 f e 3 3 3 ^ 3 3 333 33 R 3*25 7333* R33 f5?3T RT R5?FT g fe
21
§ yR RET RR31 M°7R TP yj E'R' '§
HE-HRTRE E fESrfHR REE TP, foERT-UR3 3
TREE E?5TP EfRST§ fER HE*t fERRUEP ^ feofRTE5TTjf RSpÊR RE!
EfRE*} 5 I H fEt? Rr1£ fof 3 R-R3l RET@r} re? er } yg RTfE"f3E
<ET<3l fWB EEP^-fREPE E MR MH RJT-REU fjffRRRT MTiTTR 5EffeMT
EfRRT ^ Ri feR ETc5 RE'eI ^ yr^ RR? RRgfi , feQj RiSHSft §U§UE
T* MR MTt"R tPE EfRE RE I
UE fER afe TTEEl R fR RTfafHor Rtrt *jt ^ tr^ t H^R r M§
MTU3l S3 U, fRR §' RE! RRRfjTH TP R3GT RRifRR) fEERTE ?RJ? RE
HREI I
RTRTETRItP EU 'fefETMTER ETRT' R |fefETMPER Rtrt §- >hrt^t
HHtfR fefaiMT^ El ^RT 5, fefSTM^R, MSE^3 fRR ftf JT3 ETS R5t
REl 3 TRT5 R? I fER H3BE HEl TER 1{RET %R MR? ‘f%fEIMTE-ETHT’
REEÊT I 3THTRT fey Ry feV HRE-UER EE? fo?RTTP rrr^ fR?f
RrfEiER EU E, TP fER fEEET RUHR EE? ftfE' R RE gy RE; US §S
fER iU e W R9 1 UTR feRREî err fER ÛE' ^SET El HSI
REET ft I
fER ‘fefSTM r MfUR TEU R UE fER R|mt

RtP SR-3TRT § R'fRE-ETRT §' RU gslM* RE I
MR? MSEÊR ^31 E $3* fe^feRT HTRRRT^
3TRT RUH Rt^t r ] rh! ^ fa'fEE fefsi-
MTEE 3TRT fRER RUl
fER §USSl fRqtfRoT ESTP §' §USE MR? RS UTPUi £ giy^
Oj 1
K 2 2
RU7 ^ fsfeHS7 UR^R U7 I UTPUt ufURP SU-^H7 U HRi? H7fu"f3U *
1
1
I feu Rt^t § ^ UU3 URfet, fe3 sl URSt fu R feu §

WW S7 ^1 Hufe^ 3 7 MU3H-HUt R3U HS SP?7RI I RR7 USH7 MURHt
U
S
RU7 U3 :
rrhu§ HfeuR§ nu nfe uus s R7fe i
R UTiSRlfe H R 3§ H U7UUl RH7fe lit ^11
UTUU ^ HHHH7S Rfet MURR RfUH7S £ U7fe ‘HRH RIRcft feR
feu fURU"-3lf7ut STfeu7 M7URt ft fu U HR7feR ! ‘BURS7 feRUTg ^ t® t
d, UR HU' feuT 5U? R7R 7 I U& fRUUt §'Rfet ut HRRt H*t MR § U U7U
Hut ^ f feu S7?? HRs?!' HR! Rt MU3H U fuH fe?T fu ti R73t
O “ ~
feR HHT
UR7ut 5tu gut U# I R UR7Ui Rt URTRSH7RR 5 I feR HRt feu ?RU-
^R7 UfUH7 ^ | HU-37R7 § fefUU RlS U HU§ US §U R7R R H7R
^RTRTRt oTK feR feu RR3)-PS US l t
UR MR fen Rt URRl Frfu'feu u Rfet u i fen § §fe UUt RIM7

URS77?7 pT hMuMH U3TfeM7 TP fRU1 5 I feu USl feR Ufe37 ««
S7R8 STUU U, UU7st U I feU US 3T3 fe'R7R7, fefRTM7fsU fHUT37

MR H7fu~f3U fe lM 7 ut RTRU USt UUt U I feR HUt feR $ RR IH-
fu'fuu feR7H-feHRR *{TRTR|of f7
ul fRU € =
oft oft US7 R UlRT U ? MRU i • :/
i •*
uh ! MR HT§ -H7UHS US I ut SUR-RRTR 3S" HS" MU<5>

fRUTU fu fe t' f u RlM7 Rf RTRRR rI m7 feufRR R7RT^f Rl RRt.c
' r i F
feR URTRt S U3T UR Rl RtH7 MR UIdfe feR

•i * 1
R't RS 5 I HURT Rl SUU RTR553 U RURT^ I §U

A
mhIr J mhI r R^t feR RUHTS UR HURT U MR MR? feR
utrI uI UPR § MSR^ URR U7 I ufRS7H feu U fu 0 .
§ MTSRU Ut feR o>7R mhI r urs ? tH§ RR,

feH hr! HUR-fSRH7S § HRR-M3RHS R, l{f^M RUtM7
US I >
ut Ut HU-HU7RR7 3 Ut ;y-fnu
US I UR feR H ^ T
§M3Rl7, feR ^ fefeT"RSU feHT^
RR 3' ufeS7 R7 THU MRS UR7 ^ fRUU7 U3T RRI^t 3
fU ifR7ut RT <|U feH U7R ^55 RU URTul Rl 3tU R?Sl 5 I feU U$
23
iffR? H5 § »THH7 HRpgB-RT? g7R7 3 I 33 R3
§ ~§ £73R?»fgRl tJ7 >HfHH >HR3 5 I feR 3 ? S l 5T3 ^1 3337 3?S
Fn&3o[ i^R7 B VJR'gi UT r ul fg3Bt 1? sfcfof ^R7 3 333 f?3 33? »
fen °?3of fen 31s tH f3357 snl 333 R73lfcr7nft i ^ft 3isl G3
UOTl f3337 3T 33? 3fe»H7 B3TR7 U3 lj? 7Rl RTf3RRT3T § ^HSâ7
r}>? ^feg^lM7 3" feu M3 HT3 HR Ul 5 Tfe*J7 H7 R3H7 0 fa §3 H&'
jg t RRfaR €5 gy gy§ 33 i [hr f335 Hi hr fen 5?i wuh ) 3
fa ffa 33 W'qf33 ^R 7 § 3 3 %3 fan oTS'HlofS WW T R37fe37

55) O'tft 5 I tyfaft H R fe 7 33 M7qf?3 R5ft 3 U?TS t- §U
f33l 3 , *f3T3tft 5 HT § 3t? | HTdV? 37H^ 7 £ >HH37 3 S? 3 t 3?) HH7
fffaT3 g fe 7 3 i 3 »fR? ifafa) 37 H5-R5? RH%3 § : R3WR73t HI
5J3€ 37 H7 RSI 3"f3»iT Rl gfe 33?, 85fa ftfat, 31h3R?
mTfe »PgfecJ ^33) R 5l»i7 3 HcHR^ § y3 qH7R) R7 HR%H §*3
#7 »ffqq73 3 I fHR »ffqR73 r) fe »i? q »i7 H) 5 3 33? fa § fa FEP
fa% HR 3R5 33 URfql fRR 315 3 3Sl ^373 H75 5 7 d I
U3 f?R R]%3l H7 feo 3^ 33? fa »fR? URtrI 5 7 Rq)q33
<?337 3 I feR f a t A S 73R?M3Rl $ RR3 3 3 3 5 t R 3 5 33, feu 313
cJHHI 33? J oft >HR? ‘37R f?337 >tf3R) 'H7W 3 7 iffPRl 3U 3,
'tPRlR7’ fR337 *T3R) ‘qPH3? 3 7 Ifflfat 3U 3, 3 3 3 3 T373I ? 5T§ ^ 33? I
•fH3 lTR7Rl 3 R3RT3 5.33 33 I fa? 3] M5 f3I53 33 HR3 33 I feg

•ife 3 T5 RT3? R5 33l RrfU'f^S? R 5l fa3 HU7 33? qt3F >H§ R33-
flUdft >HHl3 R31 333ft I
24
I
ul d M§ UR URTq1 wu ^1 feu U3-UUUTS UTRT ^ I feR 3UT

»
rsu*, i ^SUl. feu U3S, w hsu Hq
us iran §3U3. UfUR, §S3l, fesUH

ijr^qs' MRU US I fecU U Rtjl UU Ul *{Ufe3 3US UTUlU US I
tjufeu u uu MRU uu uus utu1u US I
UU 3THTU HSU-flUS feu 3? RUU HH 3" UU55 u£ *{Ufe3
UU US, 3%Hf5 U HHT S M-RU# ufu§ US I UfU55 ?UUI S 3U3?
M3 UR S 33RH foTUT RfeT U I URfeV f?U feU U?" W ^ tUS I
URûl feu 3U3? g~M3 US UU UrR HTU 33RH HRU ?1 US
M3 US UU ut eft3 tT UU US I r! 3 U3U feu
feu H25 HRU § U ? UU, MURT3 3U3? fef 3 33RH ?1 STH-
St® tjufeu US, fa?" feTs ?1 5 ‘IKY ?1 5, UU Û3" feu UUf
§ MUR* feu 5 I ufa§ 33?? feu t?55 t‘qU3l, RRIs , fR, 355 §
MUR US UU UU 33HH feu R US US MUSTfeMr fUTMTU, cfe feiR^
3 UT3^-UUS MUR US, fepr feUS-|'-fl, ffeUT »i3 Ud I feH 3U*
‘UhI m 1’ 3 ‘ufRU’ US, UfUSR 3 HUTU8T 33RH ^ I ufecS U*
0
fesTUfel U UU UR UT R’fUU-RTfuRRR%3
feMRUl hT Enjoyment of ufus I ‘RTfu3
UTHMTu’, RU3 ?uf3MTRTS UUU URU 34
3* sfe* U fUTMTU I feR
Rffeu, Taste § l|UT3T§S 55ul ‘RMtu ’ Ut S?t gy T U, fRU3T
<MTR?TU ’ RT ‘MTH?TU S ’ U RUUT U I
feR §UUU3 fe?US 3" feu fe RTfu*f3U feu
feR % Ul MufUMT UUl U fe si Rut fens u1§
Ult HURT feu UTU?' 3 §fe3T ^ 'SUl §ST U UUf RTRRT of S^-
UUS uuufefe 3T R UTSU-UURUT R fuUU-UU3> t '3 MUTUU 3 t
fu'feu MUU UTfefe § R W u RU I ‘USS’ UR feV

^ 1
?13 feuui4?1, ‘rThm ’ ^1 § 'r 3t’ ?1 ‘uiu’ ^1 3 'ufuT ^1 | r m f

‘uiu' ul ?U3' 3 ul M3 uufe M3 UTU
o f
( u fq l) U T f3URofTU ofufe
3f MfSM7^ utuu fe ^ fe Mental complex HSUIU ul HS9TU1
HUU ?U RUT?f 3 RTUUof RTURt 5 I UUfUMT RRST ^ RRRR^’
£ feRf3U UU §S tS feu fefU3 SUT U?UTT f5f HU3 R?
25
?th§ urtr! me ‘Hdar’ u i qo al ‘a3 hoa7’ mV qa7e eVi 1
30? I a703 3H? V e R7^ Rad d i
gr§ UTH srnl concept 03, U0 MORR [ RRR 30? 03 I
m V fea m e wad o f rr7 sad 07i fe f* fa t fe e o7Rdte1
0TSH R3 R*Rl d I Sentimental, Supernatural, Subjective,
Objective R7 HHT3T00] URtrI qfOM7fe mV 30? HR HO I
duoâ, qo7Holoa, Mdowl, R7OOHql, hs g s l r 7 rfoTg1 ?1
quo! msh^ wed 30? r 3Ts fe?7 d mot do hrr ee7§d dtr
03 i R7# oTR Rofjro d tea hrr ‘HHTfRa’ d q^d rt m eo
aol hrr ? foR feR ire a ,
3 0 § q d fd d ol fefe? aao
rohr
fea RRR RM707 t{3137§ TT§ 03 f MOf r! a 7feM7 q7R ‘ofRO’ R

qfOM7fe 30? §0 Man of taste afa d d? S u p f'd 03 I fed 3?
HOlfORlM3 M§ HRfoalCTO R 3Ta a78 fea foa HRR R73 qTH30T
OS Rt f
w l Hrfd'fea ow fee feM7aofea 3 7 H Mynt7T
ORjI r 03, tffR 30 § y§ fSOT ^ W 3 I adt ^ 0 R7 H3 3 to d o
g a ol 303 uoo i?ol d i f¥oToT ff%'RTgr rr ^ don 3s t ofea u,
fSR 3 fHRqt fSOF d 30 § *§ sf033T ROHR a el afeM7el Rl 05
30? I ‘HOl feRTR 0, §R 3 feRT0 a l3 ?' Rl R7 ff07 f^RTg d M7feO
ÔR^RTOld 03 1 fed 307 ‘RH7R, feM7a03, §RT003, RrfOR qfei
qnRTdl fee fad1feeqi fedr ooTd oid ? feo mrs1foe7a^l ofe di
‘ qaTR3’ al qfeOT a7^ d, feR 3 RO aR3 #8 feR^l fsdl HH93
‘fearer;r!m7qa7R37' fey37 RTfodda ww el 30? oof a7H7et
f3Rr3l d 1 feR OORT feR feo f s q 7 3J SOI R7# fa MR? lR Tql feR
’do fRO 3 ' qa7fe 3 RRR7 H7 Rqla03 a037 SRR O7, feo OIS 30? 1
feo feRT0-diRd RRR R7 fRO^ f d dt 03 f003 3HRH OU feR MR? »13
03 ot MURTd 03 I rhoI oisr! 3 dfaM7 R7Rao7 d UOR qa fpt
=J
o7§0 dor fad d ad R730? ofed71

w m v •
iu o a Tol aoR od 071fdeT i o R7fT f3 a d R a o 7 d i mr ? MTe fos

%
3 f RRR 00 O7 R7 MU3T 00 O7 I fR37 3 0TfO3 a0 3

U
r IM-7 }H-r?
r» *
fat* ht§ us \ ufT fegl§, fuH u7 >ngg fe ^ g 7 uT
fssrau7 5 ? *fa -^h s ’ § ‘gFisu7’, ‘^ fe w s ’ § ‘^feiwsu7’,
‘afa?’ § ‘urugu7’ gul § fegl u7s 7 HTfu'feg nag §
"” <8 S=
huh
*
§ Ffe
H7US7 5 I FiOfeui7 UT HUH7 i ^ 7 HHS7 i I w fe t g ftt3 Ul
cfe7 t |
RTfU'feg lffiTUl § HUH U ^H3I feu >HHl‘ ife?5 §H HHU-HTUl

U7 fitu s gg uu u7 faun* >hhT must fe^r g | Mgsfel uul
HgU-U7Hl H7 HUH-huh] U7 Hut UU fei' F[fgu ugS7 ^ | iffSM7
§§ feu HHlHMT ul UUU7 gH UU FT I US WUISI HH'fH^ 1
§*"§ feU7U gUS7^ fe Sfe>tf7 feu737 § Sfe>H7U7?7 ®sl gl >»hI' H"#
cfe §U7U7 ul SST i U7 fsul HfH»i7 §' i l 7573 §S7§S7 i I Hfel
UTU, MHT HTfU'feU ifrlTgl £ Sg-fsUFPS feu srul U3 WHS7 fsul
WT gun HU^ U7 I H73 f W 5 f%U f3S ^3 US : feg F0 UTU UTU
FFfUU tfl U7 >HHU HUU-tHTU, UU7 5 UH7g| ul>tf7 UUUl § ifenl
§Ugsl>>[7 >tft Hlu7F[3 d VUfel £ MrUS |H-feU7fuU WFTHUUT3 UU
i si' HHU UJ3S ul UU3*I I
fuir 3U ^ Tfu utu ul Ffuu^sl u7 3»feg i, ©yg f w s -
UtbI § S7& S7# HUU-U7h1 U3l uluui § MSLTH 5 I §H § M7USl ?UT
feu fe»fT i UrTUl § »iHlu US7H3§ U7 I feg UU 37HUl fegFTU7
feu i fe Û-gil>H7 3 33HH HUU7' S, f# t HUgfHM7, gufel ul
sTOUl UU7fe3 >HSH7U U7<3 i l fen-f7 U I fe§' gufel khI fuwu-uu-
f3>HTU Û3S-^3T HSH fHS H^§ US I
3IU FnfuUT3 ^ Agentive Doun UST§S SUl feg U3l HUSl
27
4
JT31 ^ I §3 W33 f%3 ' ‘^3 * SF *JOT 33 I

§y:
fen f<53 tfl>H3 HHTfiiKf § W
••• ••• •••
FfeÛ^T fHVralM
f33 ufa 31^3 HfuST fHH33 fH3t?§UT3

33 3?S3T3, 3333*3, fH3333T3 g3 ul fiP>fT3 H33 3£ I f3H
t fes^T H33 ?! gg 3*^333 3 3 : »*3th, 333ih, Mara,
K3H 313-33*, HU 3*fH, fgtfW, f?HH*3 333 ut H33 H*f3"f33
gg3 33 fas* $ w fr litre! H*f3'f33 3*h* f?g nfun ut ?33
U S
HoT^ 3* |
I
3 3 * qn 3 y^re! 3!>h* >htus1»f § y-gsfaft i fs?)* §ygs!w

f?3 >H3 33 H33 US fas* § MH? fe u l-g y 7^3? 33 I cTs! *{3*3
h !»{* f^HTî HHl 3*?* HSt, ?H3»fT 7531 33! 3* R33 H33 H33
53! fH SS§ I »ffl3l 3331 H33*?®! § HH33 H33* § M3? WfS*
t H*f3"f33 y 3*gl § H333 333 f?3 H3*fS3* 33*31 I
#
I
i
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*♦ ♦ i
4 f. * * « i
*
4
4
4
MH5T 3
W § ft? ? T H H V
RR%3 fi?3 feo[ l{ftra §331 3 : “ 33ll 33* HHfe»{T M3 §f33

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tfe?) f%3 3TH' 3 l foTst H333* 3 tRR 3 ' 33 gtfiH'S 33fT 33* ^
•“ u s
tl I Bloomfield £ fttftfM* 3 fe 3l?3 fe3 3*H* 3l fRctf S3 3 fast

*TCJ 8 3 3 3333 333 3 l 3 I 333 fRR 33* H33 3 fi?3 fefR-
383, MSHTRS TF 333 3* 33* §R Hi HTf3R3 § MT33fe3
3T RH§ 33 § §R V\ Rf3M3T 3 l f3H*5l 3, fen 33* 3*H* § RH*
<3
f?3 fe*i*33S 3l fe3 fR3l 3* 3 I feM*33S 3*H* 3* fe3 M3HTR3
3f 333 5 f333T fe3 33* 3*8 §R 3t H33* 3 § y3H3* 3* R31
H*3-H3 33* 5 H*fe3 feR 3) ft*R3l 3 i H3*3*H3*3 U3R81 3 f?MT-
338 § ‘R33 t3RtR3 ’ f33* ^ I 3*H* 83l fe»F 333 3 l H3*33* ^ t ^
3^ 33feMt Trench 3 feM*333 § 381 3* 333H'R^ MTftfMT |
1 9T5?: RTipT ITT3: srg^: ^ ^TT% ^TR3^ R3f3 |

2 3*H* H33 3l §3331' RRf$?3 ‘r FT’ 3*3 3 a 5 f3R 3T M33 5—
388* |
3 Language by Bloomfield, Page 1.
4 ‘‘Grammar is the logic of speech” quoted by Mareo
Pei in Story of Language, P.P. \ 14
30
I
3 a3T3 f?3 fHH HR) al fRR W3 a p t U* ^ I
feWSTHS RR3 RRf$?3 ^R* a T r r r 5 fan £ nTunt w h u US
foy3T> feHtfHS, #3 , fe a u s »lTfa I HRf^H 3 fs?R3lRTH (Etym o
logist) feu at fsUR3l fRR M°fT3 °ra f u?> : “fewfsjWU

^ f?>HTf$?a3 ^§31^3^3 RTU RR3* W ife fe fe
mw3 fe R1R ^ Rf R 3 T f? 3 RH3f ^ MUR* § f e fe u M 3 T8
RH5Tfe»fT RTt Rf fRR RTRR. f?R RR HRRf at fa@3U3l MHUT3 fec?TR
afRW RTt »f 3 Rf fRR a w a T RU3T at fa§3U3t rM RTt,
§R § ‘fewsraa’ WU3 l feWRufeR f^HRt a4, fRR a 1
fo$3T fe§" ufe TTRT U : f e + W + % ( W) ^ I+ ^ C R
% W R R S I ‘RH?u’ WURR fa RT3 ?RR> f% § WT >M3T3H (tURUHl)
3 M fUtt3U (tJ33a) 33 R faWRUS HR3 at fRRt Uat 5 I

(sqnrf?) RTI RT ^ r R RfRT ^ : fe ^ H R R3ST, R3
«
y s u T, fRR r h u £ nfen § a u a~u r h r t, mua" g a * § *is fj3 T w s fu a i

HH ? 3 I ‘maiaRl faR fRR § 3TTH3 (G ra m m a r) feu* iF fe 3 l aRRRU2
a »f3TUat RR faU RTrHU RH3 3* fef3U TO feoPH § fel5?f3R feRTR
33RTfa»ir U I W RfeR w aifat a Gram m ar RR3 a 1 HRRth 1 >tf3TUat

HU • G ram er a f Gram m ere f e a T U 1 WRfccT a u '3 fa a fRR a 1
HU Gram m aire § HTat<5 f?R Gram ire ^ | §R RRa a t §3-
U3t HR3 G ram m atica 3 HllR Grammatike § A d I fRU
HR3 a f R a G ram m a RR3 ftTR a T »{HR a u a Rt letter a T a u lw
p U, fRR at UT3 ‘feu^-MUUR, G raphein t I
4
RRf$?3 FPfU3 fe a fHR fefulMUSR R®t J f ^ R H S ’ 3 f 3^ fe?3€T
‘RHa-RfuT»{T’ ‘Rua-R^R^’ § ‘HRRa-HRR^’ »pfaR ?r ?5 cna rI rt
Râ1 1 i f^wRuaRTUT sat ^RuaRTH’ 3 ‘RrgfaR’ R ua at a u a
1 cinf^ZT% R2TT ^H, spro«% RT^ RS^T Rf^RR 3fWa

»
SRT^TRR— |n1?TR: I
2 Webster’s New Internationl Dictionary of English
Languages
31
^HTB U 3o f >tffq>>{?> RTH H Rl I ofUt fofHrR 3 <JPR3 ty fftW
RT^ ’ U ftTR feu fewqg^ UTfeu RUut l|STHl feu f3BU3 offer rife1
a I fen RTfHR W v3ST U *far W ^HT § 7=] g]TH^ wftMT ^3 , ^ 3
({UfeU Wnjul Ufo^RT >H3RT3 3FH3 ^TRT-fefgj;^ fH5f § 3 gTyr
5 fUR feu HSU* U* ^gftsras (Classification), §31 £ gy
(Inflections) RRU* U §U MH 1UU3 §3* ^ ifcfRUUo? Rqq tfcJRr^^
33, WTfu *ran § 3 fe u ry U H 7 3 I g ffe g g i fe g gjjHU U T Rqq
fetfH ^Ht 3TB Ut 33t Rl fat" fe 3JTH3 HUH Hi fetuqfet 3*
431? 5 i4 335 us 3 gui feu fetfe] § hs I'h!' 3uf ijcpg
^HT?f 3 3TH3 feU HHfeU offer ^t^ t ^ , M^Rq^LffeV fqJfocP
fe u f e f w U fe ' *RTq T3S fe » fc fe l H u t gijH U §' 3^ f^ t 33.3
-U? UBfeu 3Hf UTR3IU U fa$f Ht IPHSt 333 ] § r BUl »reR3
1 India known to Panini V. D. S. Aggarwal P. 33
2 qURSl 3 RUU Ul qfe^H* feul 5 fsf “fUR § fu ^ S T u]

^RU 3 RU3S R3U (qfe, qq; fFfor-gi§) & fgpyr^
fU RUU 3 I H U W I
3 Webster's New International Dictionary of English
Language P. 1087.
4 ‘Grammar’ literally means, that which pertains to writing
------The story of. Language M. Pei. p. 117.
32
5 R33 § 3 m 3 HR fetfS F T MfePTOt u t l” 1 Henry
Sweet M3RT3 Rgg-gTqrg^ (General) 3 gi £ fhrt ^ F
5 I HHH stesT F t 3 fof “ feH 3W f&a f33 f33 foTRRT 3

H53T F T RT3R3 1{RR Ul 3TJH3 3 I* 3 3 ^ 3 3 fen feMTR33RTi
HtMf F 1 333 R3fFM' fefHMT 3 for h t§ mrrt ^ F 3i 3ts
R3l HUt f?>H3T R33T feMT333RTg ^ t R3H 333% 3 M3 §H 3 SjR
§ RHTrT FT ^3% F3H3 § 33 ^R3 F t fotft 3 T3 3HT F tu1ft 3 I*
fHR Ft feMrfRM1 33fFMT ^T5jg? JH3RTO F t 33 fe § A R t3 3 fa
feMT333 T%H HT3 M3RT ^ t fe§3 R 3 ] HS 3 T|f3MT F T M£?f3FT
MfoUFT HRHH 333T, MTfF 3 § 3 3 4 I 3THBT 1{R tf 3T3 £ fofRMT 3
fof frtH RTR^ § HR 3R § ^ 3 3 ' (l{IR3l) ^ fe^H* F T fe|U S 3 F T ^ t

§H § f%MT3 3 S odFF 33 I 3 T3H3 f S T 3 TR f3?fat F M3RT3
‘'feM T3 3 3 fan 3 rHT Ft HR3T3 MHR3T %& fo ^ ’S 3RFT 0 ...fe M T333
W&\ 'off FT § 3 3 fF F T 3*’5 I fHR § i{3 3 F3FT FT feu 3 R ft fa

feMTM33 3TRT RRrI fH3 faf3IMTf33 3 8 T 3 fFR f?F HHFT Ft 3F31
PRFT F 3R, HHFT F R3HR3 HRR, HHFf F jW MTfF M3F § 3 f?FT3
3 F 1 3 M3 HR-MHR 333" ( ^ 3 l ) F T f333T 3t3T tTH7 3 1
%
fHR 3TS § 3 HT3 f?F3T3 Rf3H3 33 fa f3MT333 (HTR ^ ) F»

qgH § F 3 T33 feF ut 3fHMT 3 I T. Burrow, ft fe ^ R 3 fc*
<rHHf^3 F fHf33TR f%3 f%MT333f Ft H3T3 3 T HT3 fxH? feH MF3t
§ »{3UH 3 M3 §3T FM T3T ofM 3'RHt feH ^R S Ft RR3T ¥t R3HH
- *
1 Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol. 10 p. 609.

2 The meaningful arrangement of forms in a language
constitutes its grammar—Language P. 163
3 sqTSFTOTT^ t^T^RTT I 5TcT$R9TT

— R^mT33, FSlPT *T#, 43/36
4 India known to Panini. P. 9
5 ‘^rgT fefgiWTft’— f^3 i&r ?>T^ f3 ?T3t U3 T 9
33
ifHRTH 5 r\ M 3 ufefepu ofte* t fs? feu ru 3" iifes
(hr feM rr-urt fHHHr 5 § 'fefR U R^ UR I2

\
1 1
fuRf ul UURT U3l RUl el ufel hrI ul u 3 feu

feu ipfefR 3" ufUHT ?1 ' fe y BT§ RR I fUR UT MHT^
afe u" fel mur §u § ruru 3 fe #u* u mV feu" fewsrau,

U3UH1 U ofUR MRRTcT, feu HUU?-UUH M3f R> , fHR
*
u l MTUHU37
tu-Ûf 3 tU-RUU7 r hj] MUU RH33 HUl UUl Rl > RR%U feu
MR ufRR f e M ^ ^ lM 7 3 §RT U R^H* RT U3t THHU7 5 I fefe U^
cfTR%3RR, <?HT3, H^RTRR, RUR?3, MUURH, 3 UTfefR f?U
R7 HRUU fe»P6K R^feH 5fl§ fefHU RTfe>Ht
fe§" UTfefR Ul ‘> ul ’ ul uyul m 1 uul uf i J UTUR

$ MU7U3 feMTUUH fRUTO (P Normative) U7 MTU3H
3*3 § feM7U7^ ljtuI r gOn § u h feu fel feMTsra
§U fel fRUTHof 3S ul ul rur! feu fefe u fe feu 3

q3IU URT R fe 1{7u1r RH" §" ul fe»iTUUR ul UHT?fe feu^TRTUT
fa»fTR feuT5 M3 fUR ul HR MU fel U§ 3U 3 HrI Ut UUl 0 I
»
fyfe mr !" offer Mfe fef feM UUH. Utctt R RRtU feu feU
HU3?-UUH MUT (fefUMT) U fe ^ fu feMTUUH r V m7 MRU HR7
Ul UU3l cfcJUT d M3 §R R M^3f (qM UR) §U H UR I feMTUU3
1 The importance of the Grammarians in the history of

Sanskrit is unequalled anywhere in the world Also the
accuracy of their linguistic analysis is unequalled
The Sanskrit Language P. 47
2 A R3 means an aphorism, a sentence highly artificial,
enigmatic and as brief as possible— Ghate's Lectures on
Rigveda P. 4 i
3 The first known Grammar is paninfs Sutras— The Story
of language P. I 17
4 #Rt # § MUI UR : fRo(RT (Pronunciation) SUR (Meter)
feMT5fUH (Grammar) fRUSfR (Entymology) ‘ Ut^f3R
(A tronomy) § UHU (Ceremonial) \
34
?Tgr^t ^ »fTy^^§us a aq 3 faa fe^na7, fear f^crfHaa7, § fan 00??
5?TfeH c?3aT 5 I MâfBH TT fH3 3H7? 7 a HOl Hut »ffa>tfS Bal §H
3 ^H7fe a f?M7a3B 3" faB7^ gg H3HH35T aRtB7 aU? His**7
H7 H5TB7 | “gHTg Ht»f7 fg^W at U3T3^ ObI ^ fecwfe fW 33B
al >HBfra qg 0 §qa]»f7 (unintellegible) g aiatty7 g^ ”1 I U3?TB]
5 HGTspacr feg fewaas »i§ § r a uaa-u7aa § aal tjrcitia
3a I( t^T »fggTH qB7HlaB 37R7 ^] gfq^r. 5JBUa7 (§ g :) aw a 7
»is-oRr fear feâal MTfe al R3; Oat fnaaa a73T eaa7a 7
fefar»i7aa fai»i73; faarn a faaaal al f^Ral a1Haa7a hh , u iâ,
âraa »pfe ^t faaOû nat sat fewaaa al aaa B3 u2 i uhrb!
?> faa7 3" faa7 gg ^1 qal faiB7t g?j I Accent nfaa rT
^33" 3 3H 37B HH3I3 Haa HUl 33? § HSfH7, f3H SBt fe»F-
3 7 »ifq>H3 »f7?Hq d I HUt HH3 3^ yfet Haa7 a 7 33 rF
U3 b b 7fanaa7fea s® d faa aa7afarw a7BB Mai a 4 faa7 i f l o r a s
V
J C
J *J — U
at H3Tfe3T a7B HHfe>HTMaa ul Haa a T37hh73 aa Haa7d i3 feMâa

^ faiM7fa»f7 Bat Haaa ^ a 7fan aa7 mtub a Oh araat 5 fan aa7
faka uat sa t hh! faa^t i fan a" fas7 Haa7 § fasro (Origin),
fe^PH (Evolution) m3 fe§g03i (Etymology) ^ 7 faiM73 f?M7aaB
at HUTfaaT a7?? at a t? 5 i hhh7 3 faa n s a ^ m 3 s? faapHt
Ha^ (derivatives) f e w a s a>HTa7 ut w £ a7 a a ^ aa fan a ; faai
faa faa h b a" §a0 qaa >n7a7a f#a fHBa-HB^ aaa7 ^ Maa7
f#% aan 5?fe>H7 afu naar ^ i f?>n7aaB §ual a7^ a frw s Hat uat
Haa faa 7 5 i Trench a fa^sraa a a7^ a 7 logic (aasr nnq^)
Hrf?a fan Bal fau7 d fsr f^M75raa aaq-faaas? \[Ha, Oa-uaa7B,
fsfa »f'fa aruT grgT ^ gg MaT-^faMgr fe#4 qTa [Root]
uaa7aiH (Prefix) HfoâTH (Infix) nfa7aiH [Suffix]
* ^
.
i u7fefa-aTBla aTaa-âe fâ a T O a Has m ar?T# Oa7 i

? T ^T an srat^raa i a^mFaa ^
3 aatfOcmfaara faa?aa i sraâTfaa ^t
NO
a aâafa
arf^faa i a^THP^ra
35
?33, fegr, uuh, Hfaw1, f%RH3, nq], ?gs-335, R33
jTW h! 33 3 Hg3T-»igq3T ^ fe n fe ^ qg^r 5 i ^3 fe§'
§R Ht ^HHT ?fl RUt HR^td f33f33 qgqr 0 I 3 rHT ^ W3F 3 W
W HOl f e 3 5 ut 3TBT ^ »{R5l f3WT3 3 fan ^ 3T31" 3*3 • § RTqT33
General feRH §5lt R*§ u?J fa33 fepqq gq q w 333, f e e d s ’
^T ^T g j f e of3^ 33 I f e f H W f e 1{IHR3T 3 5*3*. § Htf su ffer
yT^}^ hh1 §* 5 f 33 33 fqR-3-feR gq fe fe/»pcr35 3 3 f3 T
f33T t i
‘feWTSfa^’ § >tfH3 3THT £ facV »T3F Hi !%333r 33t 3 §3r
W3F f e RH~ HH" ?*q-U(Tg q q l Hut 5 I 3*33 f e R3 3 '
UTTR5? igr ‘feofH ’ (531 33* :>?T Ht?l U3q-3lH?l) 3 ftlH f e 3’H1
$ f?3*3T (Parts of Speech) #5 H3 3’ qf35* R33 3?i3* fdPH* O'
»f3 faH f e R3 H1 qf35* fe»fq33 ? R^*5 §'3 feq R3R ^31 3TH
qf3H qM ft I ^3333’ f e fe>HTqg3 3 3*3 fe3T3T (Compartment)
3 3 R*§ 33; 3*H, *H*fq*H*3, §UR33T, f3q*3 12 f33q3 f e fe3* 3*3* 3
qe-RTHW >H*fw 3 I ‘3TH ?R3-tjq*3 3 I >HfqmT3 fôp [3*?] tjqT?>
U i 3*H (Noun) >H*fq>tf*3 (Verb) §qR33T (Prepositions) § f3U*3
(Participle feft* 3*3* f e RRf^3 ^ h*3* Rqq-RHg ^fe»h f3(>tf* 0 I
f e § i H3I^* g fof uTfefe 3 §3*3S-fe*3T (Ortheopy), ^ 3 3
(Orthography) gq-f%3*31 (Morphology) § f$73-3tq3-fe3*3T (Word
formation) fes* fe r *3 H33-H3H 3 #3 5 * 3*f3»fT q I rr
3l fe *3 H {5 *5 l § g33* HRf^r § iff^H 3 Tpgl dfq»iT
Rl >H§ fR33l 531 331 »pqf3ot RR" 3 q l{3 f5 3 33l 0 I USHI f ^ q g q
§ fef33'R f e fePoI35 § »fTH 33 § fe3 fe^3T 33 33 : Ortho

graphy (RRth Rq f5 q THl >M3q ^ Rqf53l) Etymology w Inflexion
(RH3f ?J\ 3 U^t^ ) Syntax ( ^ >^3 ) Prosody (#e-333T) 3^
q3 fH3T ??& Ortheopy >H^W3 R R ^ § HU § 3^g^ gig] ^ gq
»
1 The Sanskrit Language, *p. Burrow, p 48

2 qq qTf^qrfq ^c^Tfle qqqrqifq grqfe' ^qqqfqqrpmq—
Nirukta III chapter
36
fUd1 tFU7 Hi I *1313Hi fewUUU? feu HH1 fe?U §UUU3 %UW f^g
u
ut ufe»fTfeu7 U U§3 >H7UF3U HH" feu UjJHU f feu f^Tgj

H?j ; Phonology (u3s-feu7u) inflexion u7 Accidence (|if fuB7u),
S) ntax (u7U fee^) ofB Etymology (HUE BTfeU7Hf fef3UTH) u1
c^S BU fE3TB7t 7 Ul 'l
U7U3l U7 fUE feu sTH' E UU Mol @3 UUf U^luufel
3 HUH fcjHUt 7US Bt^^ t yT§ 5 gT f^fgi>HTfo^ M3?S fejHUH7?) UUT3 |
feu UU Ul UB7?fl-U?SU TO 5 for feu HT§ U7 Ht37 M33 HU3 Hfeuu
§ iu gu H^j fuu fef^T 5 i ufecufeu huu fuu fefe^T
5 fu *fa1 HT^T (Mora) ul HUH § U^-tT^H El UhI §
3 S HH3E US2 I UT33l feM7U3S Ul»F HUl»I7 HUl»P fUHHEigi ^
UU3?S EB §fU3 H^H7 3 I
ui fUHU fUB HU 3" ufas7 H3tft HW 3" fuulM7 HtuW UBl»iT
(Sounds) § E 3W-HUU § feMES-feu UU U @H 3 §B7US HB7ft
feM3 Ul3 m3 §BT3U ^ fefe'vTT-^r }-fe £ >K?>US HTUl»fl U?slM7 §
feo feu UEUF (Classes) fuu fe§"3 fu ^3 I feu ME US t Phonetics
Hi HU fUB feU HUU-lÛH § §3H U33 5 I UUUFm7 UtfuN7
UTS HUB EE" UU37 ^ HU| fefe US US M7 EB§ US 7 —-
§37
— <
J
^M 7 Usl»fT feB Ul Ul EBtlslM7 Utl»P U?S. feH sfe ?1

HU3 HBH37 c57S fgHTU ufeM7 3 I HHf$jT3 fUB feH UfUftT §
'HUff M7ftf>>lTU m3 WMl?> HUsTESS fen 3" Euphonic Combination %
o f Sounds ufUE7 3 M7qfeu Phonology 3 M§3 t77 feu BU3 tjfefe

<SH^T fUU7 Hf HUBT ^ I fen 3" UU HUB (Word) §
HUlu H" UUlU fefe>H1 fUB UT §UoW ulu^ ^ I >>13^3 HUB
B7 War feuu uafe^:7 g| qTg Root § urfew7 5 § §h §
feu 3" gu yUU7UTH HTfe»fTUIH >M3 »f3TUTH >MTfe UUlU >HH
U §H § §H B 33UTSl >MUU cSTS Hfe>h'T5 >>13 §H ^ UTB § H§
1 Webster s N. I. Dictionary o f English Language.

2 3TUBTUT UTH%3 JUTcBU (qfeHTH^
^fe^TTHT 122)
3 tfeu IHUI § ^ f 3 H>UTUf § >HHUTUdTRl fen £ fHStl HH3 U3 l
37
9U RfetyR 3U7 (inflexion) § UURrfew 5 I RfepH7, feRRS R?3STH
(Noun Adjective Pronoun) ^ R9 U feu H9U ^ ^feufUcT (Stem)
S7# feuuul fuS7 (Case-endings) S R3^ UIU^ ulul W 8 (Synth
etically) 43RU3JI Postpositional) w g us I feR S Declension
3U73I ! §R HU7 fjPHT^t £ gU 5333 UU-UUfR37 S7# fS|V3 5flu
US I f$?»l7 ul U73 ^ ^ §R <9S §URU3T, feRUS, IjRClGT WÛR R3S
ul feul UUl 5 f fefes R78 7 U »fSR73 §R U fes fes UU ^3SS
ul§ US I feR § (Conjugation) o?U73I I »fUgt »iSR7o M5 TUIHf (Suffix)
( i{3CTGt) S U R7^7 f$7U3 (Primary Nominal Suffix) § R'fau (Seco
ndary Nominal Suffix) feu tfe>fr U i feq§ fetfe RRU7 S fecfs
R3S U foOTH §&fe US fRSt § 3733j feWRUSI7*7 S ‘RHTR’ U7sl
(Compound) >HTfe>HT Cl I R9U »ftf37 feu" fs?R »fqu §3 MT3 '45(9
R7 US? US7 3, feg § ^Rfare U7ff37 MSR73 foUR-RU oTUS U7 *333
ufe7 5 fRR § ‘R?3-^feU7’ ^ S7 US fe^fe^T ^ >>fR of& >H3I§r|feu
feR feR R1 U (Acce it) ul 3T15?
RTR7 ^*31 tfeof RR%3 »lfeHU HSl R7Uj 3Ul U ftTR Ul §<5jfe]
(UIHUI) H9U feu >H3U U7 >^SUU UU7 o?3 U S ul RR7^ S 7 U4Ul r! I
§9 fUU RUS-R3I UTS 3 fU 3T7H3 u l feu §U3RH 1{S7h 1 IR3I73HU
(Synthetical Indo-Aryan) RturI gj$l>tf7 s fHU t ul §UrI r! I
tUUUl 925l>H7 tfTjq R33 sTÛ-iRUUl (Indo European) R&fyf feu
«
f W R 3 S Ul feRR ^ 78 l (System) UT feRR l{U73 U §R UT 33

Ufet ^ S 7 >H?H Ul ^R3T-MSR8 U#3F I feR ^ S T®I ul fU-Utf7 t
feR £ H4 f%R73I US Morphology u7
word formation >H§ Syntax | Phonology (ûs feuTu) feu RtfeH
ul>H7 asl^T § usl RR3I7 ^ fRU UU7 U î§ RU R9U-
Ffe H3 T95r; tu ^7 ^ fU37 tPU7 ^ I Morphol feUT3)
feU RRU7 $ UU7 RRUl fRUfe Rfed Ul§ iUU US I $R RfeHU ^ m
^ f e T3l’ »fTR7§
fHR feU S7^ R7
HfUlM7 (Noun), ussfe R7 R3?S7H (Pronoun), f^»p (Verb), RtRRof
(Conjunction), RRRof (Preposition), feRH~gqsr (Exclamatory),
RTRfS UU US I feR feu ul ÛS (Number), fe"ai (Gender), U3H
$
(Person) ZPS (Tense), <fu (Voice) sr§ ^ fecjH HH TP§ US I
(Morphology) U* Htf fen* §H Ht HOT (Paradigm)
5f3(ST aUT 5 faU3l UU HHH-M3T 3 f^*P->>fal Ht fefel, *£US, fe333t
§ UUH >MSHTU Hûl § 1fe t ul HHU TP f$OT ^ TP ^R3I Hi
H3I ofdt fas 1U TP H3OT (Forms) HûW OS feH S HUHU ofUS1
feH fesPUI TP Hefei o?H U » Word Formation (HUt?-ferPS, HHU-UUST)
f¥u §S* UUHT91HT, HftOTdP-P § >H3T(J1HT TP ^dSS UtP d fricS1 t-fi
HUTfe3T STS S1? 3‘ ^ T, fj7>HT 3' Sfe >»PfU3 Ul dUSf Ufel TPT?t ^ I
ufes ufes Syntax T? WTfs ul Morphology TP 3TdT UTP Hi UU3 HU?
f%H Syntax (^sr feOT) feu HTU feufe1-& M.H33 ^3*
TPTP ^ | U
Htf f??W fÛ Waf tft 3PHU tfe»P ufUH1 5 I
—
- ^ ^
3SST3Ho? ftJHUl 3' ^dd^ qTfeS fe>>fc?OT, § »PHfeof fe>tfT5?U3

(tPH 3d § Hi) feU felP M3U feu fUHHT 5 fe ufas feu HUUP fe)
fe£?3U3l TP fsUUUl (Etymology) §3 3Uq3 #U ?5Tfe>HT 5 I HHf$?3
fe»PUUÛTfe HT MTH H3 feu feUT U fe UU HUT? TP feHSHS ofU $
§p utH TP HS sfe»P TP HUUT d I feH HUH feU TPUUP^ §
3FUUM W K'H^dd1 HU3 f UH3ll § UUU 5 fefe feu H»PH U fe Ul
Hfe 3fe (Nouns) uth § ' ofe (Derive) tit rsjb US TP SUl4 I HHf$73
fe*Pcres feH OT fe33U3l-HSU fe»PUUS (Etymological Gram
mar) fs?uT TP HSfUr r i
?TRH^ feU HT31»P UtHt^ t § qH3T feg fe5? fe»PUUfe5?
q^T^l feefuu SU? oftdft HT HUUl for^fcT HHTU H^P § ^ t§
?¥U US 1§U fewsfUfeU Mdl fflU3 feu 3rHT feu »f3l PfT^H^f HS
TPU US TP §H ^H1 ^ feufHU |lf feu US' TP§ US' I
ofe? ?TU fe^ Ul 3Uf § ?t^ rf f w s S TTTfeu UUS && fes fes HBt»P
feU feS fes HTUS >Htffe»PU oft§ HT^ US feH feMTUdfe5? ft^fel
3" S^f H ^ TP S^T war §UTIS T?f feUTS Ht S3 UUT ^ ^ I
HH%3 feu >HfeU3H (Superlative) Sul 'HS’ >H3TdIH (fesfe >Hdfu]
St as in Bravest) UUt h) ffl#4 ufSHS, (H3 34 H ^ TS), aifeHS
1. tHTO f$re ffsU5l3’ I
39
33* RRf$?3 3 T 33H3 fe”df (Neutre gender) »T3f33 iH>H* fey 33H
3 fgiMT # i -fen *{3*3 t?BiT3Hof 3 w 333 nfeW fe>nT33fe3
f e t e T?T »{-tf3IT3H3 3 3 > T fe g RT 3* 3 3 3 3 3[3felT 33 R* a s s
arsl>HT 33 I 3R HHt fe»R33fe3 fR3*3 Rf33 333 SHt 33 33] 3
#33 § 5333 § ft[R?l fe3 3W3T IT3* 3 I # 3 3 fe3 >**§"3* 3 fcf
fe# ut 3THT #3 #3 1331 fe'3 #3 #3 t{3T3 l 3^ ] 351
U# ] H| 3 R*#] 5,
fUH H3l fe^T5f33 ^ ft?# 333 RT3 fe^TH Hf§ 3 »f?H 33 §3 333
E*3 *fH 333 3 fw3# afo"§ 33, fen ^H3I fe3 fe>3T333 3 1fe3 R33-
13331^ H33 feef33 333* >3HBi MR35? 3 1 33 33 fe] 3#] 3f33 R3H-
^ “
t?33 33 Rf* R33 33 I

V
H- Sweet >H§ 0. Jesperson-1 3 feBT3* ST3-3l3 33#
■f33HT3l333l3l>vlT fa^f?^*2 feR fe>HT333-3H T 3 R33 (u*33) 3 R33*
(H 3 3 ) Rl f3H3l 3 i tT*fRMT 5 I feR f?R3] 3 M3RT3 R33 3 T oW 3*5?
§ H*33# 33 3* >H33T3 R 3 W H* W 3 * 3* *133^ 33 RT3] 3*3 R*
§3H # 3 >Ht§ 3 t o m3 fHR 3 3 3 3 T (^ 3 3 ) R t #H M33-1 >H3S*3
3*?* W feRT3* 3*33 M33*3 3*R ^ 3 3 ’§ 3 331 RH'€* 33
» f[§R* 3 I f3R f3H3l §" fe>MT333 ^ R33 RRtfi 3 H3 fR3*3 (fe3*3l)
f3R3 cft§ 33 : RUJ33-fRR*3 (Theory of forms) § R5TC5U fFfq'3
(Theory of notion) 33* fH3T3 T 3* R33 fe>>tT33f33 »f31t tfl f e w f w
I
l
3333 3 333 33* 3 W f#3 333 # I
1. A new English Grammar : Logical & Historical 1892.

The Philosophy of Grammar (i924)
2. p. 613
40
gijifUS fjTCPU (|U futnu) feu UrgT feu ^33^3 US* 5TU3^33l
htt;Rt uT U3T 3 ftTU3 ¥THT 3 feMT5?3fe3 feH 5H3 SUt 3H
^ 3 TO I §U US : —
(! ) agHf ^ t¥S 3U3lq |fa#" ‘3TH-3?s’. § ‘3?3-Uth’ I §5
H33te (£ h) 31s u e te l s T& M3u 33# feuT d i w S3-uTu
§ 3 T?t-sra i gist 3tht 3T feMTuafea' H3iss §h §
w qifen U frIH feu fH3 H33 333^ 53H, f$>rMT M3U Ufe* 3
U3" s?h 5 3 3 f3feT 3*3* 3 i
UgU H33 M3 5*3 § U H33 fa s* 3* MT53T 3Ul H333 M35 31
US fu # ; lfe T3l U3H33T 3 T, § feu, MTf3 I

\J33r3TH ftfe" Htt3l’ feu H M3 ‘fecfe’ feu fe I
HfeMT5lH 5
M3T3IH fat" ‘q5TS3T‘ feU 3 T M3 feSlfe feu
U S S #55 55fUU, S 3 H3-33T@' feu UUfe33S § U felMT
£g 33 3f # HMT#lMT fecRT. (u HS ^TU) 3l I *§U

faiM §e fearet
feM US-UafeaSS f o r faSS*, faq* (ifrru l) I fUHf3-HT3 3 T ^
(7)
•HTfUMT (HPffÛ) I (M3I3U1)
■qufeaSS fa#4S3, S33l (iftTgl) ?MT5fg^ °3T^”3T
(8)
#C?T33S ) feMT33S3T3 fa fe fe q . tfeUM -
man men (MUtafa) I
(9) HUTfe3 H33 fa#4, 3, US, fa, HS, fe§HS H3Sl M§ 33^3*3
fafel I
H3SU fafau (Theory of notion) feu § s f fe»fforafeoi Maif 3*
35S 5 fau# M°3UH 3T?t (H3S5t) S qaiU^S 31 H3 S H5 35 #
fag feu MTU US I HU 33 3 §fa 3t #3t?t feu 5 :—
( l ) 3 TflT feuT3l (parts of Speech) | MTH3U 3 feMT<?afe<?
f^jiul 3 " H33f S US feq feurgit feu #feMTfa3T5 :—
(§ ) HfeMT— feM53l, ?H3 M§ 3^-^TU53T 3* HUcf t
( m ) feuH s— are, ^ uu5 i
41
(h) H3USTH (UHSfe)— FlfaW u1 Uf HTS UT8 HUU »
(h) f$ptfT— UUUH, >HURqT»f§ U W U ^ HUU I
(u) f$jWTfeRHS— fs7*fT§ RUTfeU I
(of) U3RUUI— HUH* § t-RRUfeu RUR* ^ RRU fa#' 5,
UT, feU I
ruru— fa#1
, jjfariisl of from i
?
(y) I3UU— qqi fireToP § U3S UTST I

(ur) feRH URU— U3TSf *P?T§, feu HR U*U Z f 'ttH ul
UfUH US I
(2) UUS— ifuls Û3? HsW feU fes UUS RS : feU-?U5,
gu uus § fa uus i ugn »fa u s uftrs u ut us i
— ^ = W
(3 ) RUR— f yHH, HRH »f§ »fS R3R I
(4) fear— Ufefe feu^, fe3T, »f§ Slf.HU fH3T I

feu Ul SRRU fear ul #rb1 ufa aui U I US Uf Hf »ffl6
hurt s feH^f fear uf yfear feu rth s u )ht few7 3 i
(5) WHH— UUH u4 S of feu ^ >HSFPa UR} H^R7?* #R 1^
URH^7 US I
(6) URS—»fTH UU § fH, ufeu § UaUFfS feu fus UTS ut H?>
ufa us >hu hu ugfel h MRgfel, r u s 3 »i\NS;
UTR Rf ^*3 UTU; RfeUHT H7RUfeUHS ÛUfl U^S-t^ Hi?
sul4U Ru1 fauul %>HT-UUt feu ul l]UTSfet TT R# I
(7 ) HSST— »ffau, »ffqUHU H »ffenfHHU nf^RU1^ H7 feRSHS I
(8) HHtR— H U U7fes fus HRU7 t H3Tfe MUR^ HBUR I
(9) RUTUTHHUHT H SWHHUH1(Affirmation Negative) UhW
fe s 7 HUT fRR7H7— RUfUS fRRfe H RUSR fRRTH— feu UUU

u =
/
%
Hf HTUUB UU *f§ 3 ^ Hf MUUB UU fe»FU3S u W

Bl»F gi H|U §'§ UTS5T Ut§B U1*H3S U I UU3 UU'fUU
fen h t feg suV fu feu ht8 ^ uui uu feu 3tht § y§
BTUI U§ US I 3THT^ t H HWSS § |U ÔTU fe»FUUB U
ÛUT H feUTUT ggB tf Ufufe US I
fe»FUUS H H|U f fe s f, STH7 H fefeUTH feu fe»FUUS H fes
fes 1{UTU fHBU US feHH UU U fen fefUP>T3-I53T feU I fe^FUUB
§ fe s f l{cput ^T HUU-HÛ S *{STBl-UU UUST fe3ST SU?
ftTBST SW UT feHBHB § >HfUMS I
(1 ) WHUH W fsCTH-fU fe*FUUB— MUIUU) U feu ^ TS feH M?T3
H UTJHU S Prescriptive TF Normative clFHU ufeu US I
feH ijcUU H few gu s feu eFgT ggq] UU »FUUH (Norm ) H*
HUH (>HtUH) fsuf3 u1§ HfU US fuS* S fHUBT § fUS* fe)
UTBST UUSl UU feH UT UUH US H^HT t I feH ^ ^
Ust-USfel ^ H 1 S B t §H U HUH* § § S * H UTUUT
tions) >HSHTU ?feu feuu ?UUf (classes) fstUH fe§ rFH
US fHSf U U7B S - W B S §fe S’HT Hi HU3T-J T fsusu
ufuul HSl rFHl o I Hi M. Pei £ fe fe »iT U fe »fTUUB
fewuus fen utb stb hhu uueTd fe but J fefe' ubs1
Htu1ut 5 I1 feH UUTo feu BUT »{TH UBl 3 3U )t HT
HU3T f W B SU? U‘fe>HT tFHT UU HUT UUl HUU feH §' §BU
HTo't ufufer ufe>HT HU UUVHfe
37§ H S feu feUBU (Exce
ptions) ^ §U § HS fB>HT HU?1 5, tu UBl UBl §U feu
fUHH UT UM UTUB UU BÛt 5 I UU ^HiF ^ fe^TUUB feu
>MHU feU B U WH fHBH US I UBl H feUTH U HU HU USt?t
§ yu feH ^ utu u fe»fTUUB feu mubthub ! uul ufuu! d I
(2) fe»pfu>HT3HU fewuuB (Descriptive Grammar)—fen ijoFU
S ?UU fefUIMTSU H'fSMT HtHt d I feH feu ‘fU#* HBB7
/
1 Prescriptive Grammar is concerned with how people
should speak------M. Pei P. il7 .
43
I
5T feR RRTfe ssr ‘for#4rsh to/ fen try ^t

tfR R*TO gftfgr 5 I 3353S1 q3fo3 3*RT tf] § ^ t | lf 8
3 §H fefwfesr fewfyw ofiR} tft^ 5 fe |y rt
^gar fen 33f ipun ^ ^ *fH5rt Hist ^ ^ fe§" t s # to i
fetyToTTOoPcJ feof 33RR fe-MTOl trf 3cT S*3 TO ^ sTTRT Hi
fogy or^^T ^ »f§ foftf f?>3te £ § §R Hi feMTfy*fT
toht ^ i
(3) 3H3T3Hof f^TcTTO (C miparative Grammar) —fER 1{3T3 §
fe m w E ht fie fTO fro 3RT?T 3 fe w T O fe ^ e*
»{fq>TO oTHcS7 33* 3 »f§ fs§" §3* Et*f* RHT33T^f §

RifER* fe>HT rPET 5 I fER 3 TR* ^ 3 T t ? S t{TU3 >HH
u3 s i E*§ TO R3T §3* 3 oPTO # ] | feR § 4 3*3* £ flTOS
^ 3T3 33RR33T 3 T3 S T 0^3* ^ I
(4) fefHTOra f%*tfTo?3S (Historical Grammar)—fefeuTR3
feWTOS 3l r! ht feRH 3*RT 3TRHRT fooPH i |3*HT £
TOH 3" S 3 § H H feff f33 U3T3* § ^33HT3 W^Rq*
w fe RT§ ut 3U* 3* SH 33 § (Vertically) >tffa>TO cfi3*
3*3* 5 f e f " 33 RE3 § HE3-E33} 3l 33H-oTq* M 'f e 3
3*3l d I
^5) E*R33 fe^TTOS (Transfer Grammar)—Oscar Luis Chav
arria Aquilar £ feH Hi f%RR c?M 51 I fEH
f%»f*333 3* H3^ fesr uf3S* fR#i 3El ESt 3>tf*3T 3ttf
MsftM gsl 3l fen* 3if3s E33* u i f e a g 3R*?* 3t feE
TO33-3&3* d fiFTR fe3 fecT 3TR* £ qRgi i^W 3 r1 3*3* §
TO33 ->HR 33H*§ 3*3 33 I fER Ê*3 t fe>H*or3S H1 3 S -3 3
t{3T3 3 f33T i I
2 feRS^ Sh1 #y Lectures in Linguistics by AGUILAR

Daccan College Poona, 1954$
44
%
WHoT* 8
huh-hs * h 1uunfeteus fey gifyy ufelu fen 5 i huh us* h *

h$u fen feul s^z? yuT ^ w t feul feH gst s tz? n g t e uul u i fen
?rel h^h - ^ t^ i^ngj feu ynl, § h h huu , § h ^ feul sth huu >
^ Tfe f ufuz$»p s fe u ^ s1§yqgrl utgiT i

§~ufeH h suI u sW & h u u h hhu d i tp fe t^ fu z fe I
•V
HSU ^ M1U feuTUT >H§ sT1?* ^ t j j g ^ l f ^ (vocalised form ) %
Ul 3THT U I UtHt HT &UUU3 ufuZ?T zfeu HU3T3 HZ?1 7F& HUfU3 d »f§
HUTU'S7 UHÛIU HSl StS I H MHT HSUl f e s § fUHTUI S feof UUFFS 4
Hsl£ B7 fHH UUHTS WUU f e s § fHHTUT Hi yfef$7»P §- ufuS* t
wfufeu (uncontemplated) feu7u §Uf3U US' I »ffufes W fUBS f

#
&W Hi ufus-ifesl »Puh7f! \ fen S H >HFll' Mfufeu 3 'Hr (uncon 4
$ «
•
•
templated Language) h! HUH yfe SUl§ 3f MUHU? gfe SUf utuil I

••
»•
4 4
hu y i uf feu ufusl * p?hut ul >hhsh1 bth7 h! sTu u fey ^ ht h * 1
\
ftfesUUl UU^fe 3f fez? HofHTU UU fen HT >>fHSl HUU SUT I UyJFS
£ uuy feu fen huh s ‘uut >h?hut‘ î srfu ny§ uf ffey »ra fefyw
k
U yfel UTt ul §Z?fe H7U US 1 I
»ffufe3 feH’U HH" fuss UTfen Us£ US BH* HHl »rUHTHT f
*
^ gmT §3737B'feU7U7 £ H'fgvtf7 tFB75 U7^ feu Hq?HjfsWT fgfi
fBH7UT b! MSfUtf UUH7S feu Ul USB! ufuu! 5 I UU feu l{f$>W7 fc|R
Hufgs htht b HfutRui b » fu7 3 } hb? u hub! u i feu qt utb >n3
>H3-§yu fe3 (unarticulated) ul ufufe! U I feH § tyu!' 'w s f e
&THT’ (un lingual Language) b! >HBHU7 o[fu FfUU U7 | h h tu!
UU7s ! »iy 3 >tfSH7U HU JHhF ‘H3 37S dfs7 UUB UfUB U7’ I HU feu UIS7
R7§ HU!u B ffeTUS-tR^7 3U SUr >HU5Ul>H7 fH"U FFUl»F % j ^SUSIm7
UTS7 U S S -3 ^ M 7 B»FU7 HUBTfeHT3 U HUS I feH SB ! ^ th7 B 7 feu

RUU BUT!7* 7 £ 'M?FU3 H7 MSUB THU' B HUH B 7 HHUU U fUUUB7 U 1
<• C m #
UUH7S B UlfU feu feH HUH § >HUBU frffUM7B »ff3 H |U HUt HUT
H H W (M aterial) B HUTfu uI b
7 7 fHSB 7 UI
'3^33 ^ H 7’ (Articulated Language) 3 7FF b ! b I h! WUH7
§ I HHi »ff# f3 3 feUTU f u s s B 7 feH USB U§ FFUfBU fu u 7 U7U? u
§fefeH UB US § B " sFH B HS3 (b e a rd ) >H3 HUSHUU ^ U

7 7 7 3 UB 5 I 7
‘Urfe ^ H 7’ B f UU UU u! 5 fHH b! H7? ^ HHTH § FTUUB 7 HU UfUB! 3

>H§ fHUU S W S tfS B HU 3* f e t USB fUU U 1
7 7 7 7 H B W HSUt H3 Ul
UUHH?. fetT Ulfu>H ufe»F feu frfHU fHU d fHUU » if# f3 3 UU
7 7 7 7 7 ? 7 fe§"
HW ^ fu~f33 BH3 BM U UU U j f e HUB ufe 7 7 7 > > { 7 BH-U7S ^SFFU U7HUl

§ FFHUl HU3B B U US! US H7^
7 7 ^ | § 3 U7US 5 fu HTU UtFUl
HUTBS HUT3 feB *£H7fsU UH7Ul BTH S 7 'UUH7^ ! UHtuT H t ^ f s U 7
■
u h ! § buffs! u s ! » fu^ h s i
sFH7u fen §VUU3 HUH 3‘ fes7^7HUU ? ¥ B7, H^^-FFfH

^ t{HUI fefe Sy7-HH7 fslufe H7 feHU u! 3TFF b! >H7Us! BU HU375
.'>h3 feH B7 feu tFH HU73 U I feu f^jj^ §* o^H7 feu ‘fFH^HU HHU7’
(Social institution) ^ I U§ § u^ TFH, ^ s ! ^ § BTSf77!7 c^TU5, ^H7
§ ^H7 c^TS H7^ UUB7§ST ^FF ^T yf^HT Ff7HTfHU UU3B 5 I HHTH
§ sTFF B >HfeyU § »ftfe »f3I U^ | U7FF §' u!s7 HFFH feU7 OT U
RUB7^ I fu^'fu HTHrfHU H^HS (Social Communication) H fUH
fefui^Ffeu § q.UH bh! s 37S ^ Hf §u ^H7 u! ^ I HH7H ^ feH
t{HUT f?B sFFF feof HHTH! FTUS 5 fHH B>H7U7 H7HTfHU H7HtH (aim) b!
hub! ub! 5i
I
t HHt^ oT UkJH §; Ul 3U? >«tf5PMT

\
H3T FPPtT $ fHof M3T feusfel H *{HdT fed fen 3TH3* RS
5 i TPH§ ^13 3 T ‘fe^HHldTR Her?’ ^fh HcT§ Uf I f% »R3l foTR <ST? 3
3 T dfdF u w 3dfe u H ^ T H3T feu 3f ddlHdt ^T feof 3Tfe^ t
fen # g^T feg ul ?ôr t? zb \ dd *f§ nt nfeu
^ l feu Hdl *fe>Hor3l UP<? inHT (Individual minus Language)
fddHRU fddTHfR-f)-fe dfe HT#3F | fo§:fg feSFTO >H§ U?T3
3THT Ui fe g fted^T ts -d t(T o I Bloomfield £ ^Tgr ^ fen HU3
§ §iTf3Td ofufe»{T fggi u for The effects o f Language are remark-
able, and include much of what distinguishes men from
animals —LANGUAGE p.3) fOTTo>HH § UR51-T 3dT§d §'
feHT?T RgfeH 3THT 3 T feof U'd RHdT qgH ?1 t I 3 "^
feoT RTff § §-R ^ W3d-TTdT3 Uddr3 3^-HdIH c5T$>
3331 0 »[§ 33 ITH HiUd-RdlH Md^3 HHT3 dTH fH^T§"3f U I feH §
>HhT 3 d 3 t e Td 'H3HH 3dI3 *P*f R33 Uf I 3THT 3 UfUH ofdH d fe f
47
(Symbolisation) i fas' ft?HT3T W &3US >tfHSH ST? ^THT fea >HTct
Hua|u aa as i faa §u a s f a Tfea ? T a uaa *feT h t s a l' i auat-
aus n f$ w hs?h a ua wf^Ra ft fau âtaas gfsjW1 a ua
fees a i
fa st *raaT \{3\otj afet" agar a T w as faa waaT 3 wu3T a a s
5 i ufas* 3t hsu a hut fe w § w fa 3 at nsfe waa a hurh
WS3 3ra* £ auaTfaHTS aaS feu WRH3U U I WRj WRU § WS3 0^
as faa§ aua w§ ust a rth a" feats at afa afa as faf'fu Hsut
gst ustw* wa asl-aat a aaT3T-3at afe a s fe at, hs fea aa u s
uaia aa a ^ t § feaTaT s sa" a" s r HTufau r th £ s a 1 wanau
ft 1sts rhr w w a T aaa (a a a a ) au a* sal" faa 3f §sf at ufs-
faa snas a fa h su fan a a s s t " fr s i
afa a (gst 3 ijata tt fac
fasT s wr!" fsut wafer, § s f at s a s as > fa t"
U =
festal *a as i ^ a t
(Symbolising Process) s a s at s a s a i 3THT a lw RTalw U slw
s uslfe fea »ffof3 aasT faa au-fafer faun ^ a a a, aoT
%
fea usl-fefaTWs a uaa fea fen nsau at fa at sa t international

Phonetic Script faa §u aTs aa w aa as 1 uaa s a s wuauTa
i
s a s a 1faa saas a fa feat fewaalar3 u s lw aT w au^ feu t
fewual a lw u slw a T âfeluas sat1 a usfu fan feaa TPst a|

fewaat-RHU a lw u s lw a T fa a w a al mas ft 1
ualus feat 3TgT uaaa u aa§
a afet a s w t fsut aa u la a lw u a a a lw ^RT-ustw afaitw a
aralw as 1 sal^p fea 5 fa feut at âs-^sTst faa otrt J> nat au
fâ ua aasT mut ^ t fe^ sat huht feg( aaa-aat fea, aaa-
>nauT fe a aia-aaRTst MRfuaaT a T a s r fas? Rfaa n a ffe a a s 5 1fast
*
RT^RTSt S TS fe u t-»fa s a#31T §3St RU3T (accuracy) STS ¥TRT

aTau ua a aa^ i fan sat rurt § ijHai f?a htrt § fsut or R|u
uar Haa-uas
« =
ft i .
•fsut w fast otrt sarat 5 i faa s ta ft fa u a H a fa a ^ rt
fsut-ats at Ht >h§ r h tr atw* g a a rtrI ^ t a Ta T€T a f §u-3TaT? f mr
48
%
fen feut t?MTqTfefeq |u su? qifqs srq Hoft-tf i u qi id feq

gq q for 3TRT 3T^THTfeoT H|d foTB felft qMTdTul dHfas U H^qTq I
ijTHTfesrHf § i q fel s?TRr ?>qr q Hcrql i fsnft € nfqMai &&
grgT ^T ggy ^T^gT^j] g g<5rqTq I Bloomfield £ sfe feqr 3 fof The
art of symbolising particular forms of speech by means of
particular visible marks adds a great deal to the effective uses «
of Language (LANGUAGE p. 4o).

3 feH 33(5 qTq? HBH-STB1 § fe3 Mqrp HTtJ?> (^ r]s t)
q'fHM1U fnn 3*HT-^qF feq 3i ^q HH3qT§3lfe qq] U I
fen HSl feHH WTHTHHl fe§H fed! ql M3'<p$3T qfe U3T3HT d I
§ y3H feulw tf §q q HqqW qs fqq^M* Frafqq
q W gslM* M3 ^31-33^ § Hut nql fesfes fq'fe33 orq m~s i feH
H3q qf U33l HH1 qqlMT feuW 3 Mfeq-fqfe* fefe upqT-^TqT g^r
qfqq* q 3f q feqfH3 q qqW § qq^feM1,qr g^ i
feift, tfe 3 W l qTBHtft MTfqsr feiiW feq diacritical marks qfe]4
?S^-fe5rfH3 qfeMT§ M‘fe3 5?q3 q H#gq fi-lSS HfHMf 3^ qfe-
urfe q^ mt qq q^s i qq fen q* ^ <50? fe q<tf & mth
^qqlfel fe q l Hfeq q1 M°'fe3 orq s fe l q 1 ^3fe »ry q q Tq g q fe q?>,
mhb ?sqT 1fen *fej feq^T tjqfe fen mhs I 33 q T gqsr q feH q ]
qT^qTql sfet q^l qr qqqqT qt nfeâi mhh" sreTqr fj 1 %ut § sfe
qu M3
— '
£ qTss hh! feiil-q^l q T fqiMT?> q ^ r q'l mt^H3T q 7SdV
•• 25 U v
q^l-HS 3 qqor qT qgi dl H^qT i feg sgl feul H#fq3 3TRl

ql H^H5-H^3l (Communicability) § Htqqfeq^ (Standardisation)
f^q fesr qq>i3T qrqrqr^ ^ Horql q 1 3tht h H|q §, qTH qq^
htfqf3°r ^ ht q qqq § Hfqq § qorHrs l q i{Hqr feq fenn feu]
qr fen 3 MfqM?j M3I qqqt 5 fq ^q fqqi h ^t g g te § tht ^
M ^ S M§ H3Tq Mqqq ^ I gr§ feqTg_^jg§ f^g qqTgl ggglfj^t
qTi{HT^lqq^ (Standardisation of Punjabi spellings) q t|qgr feq
m§ fen fe q fe q 3 Ts ^ f^ q ifq 'q l ftht m 3 fen ql fe 'il (q t fe ift^ t)
feqqtg Hi5 ferjfl § Ug^T ^ ggi-fg^ ^ ,
49
^ uguug tju1? ud uhut ufed ^tp'j Cj i gignuJ-ugfet ^
m
ngi-RTg hi
FFud ggfe»f Newton fefu»r which is
spoken with some variation throughout the Punjab and henc
called Punjabi, is written in what is known as the Gurmukh
P A N J A B I G R A M M A R -in tro d u c tio n ).
fU§UU U7 ^ § fsr Uflfel 3 ^ grew! u iw feu ud feud
^d Cl i feud fefgi»TO 3 d fugnu feu HioHud feud
ud feud ^gUTUHU (Alphabetic) uud^ fe#4, fu gWo feud U I
feu feu ne §g § ufed »fue uu ^gsre Ofed wig-fuu uu i fen U
feeed ^ >hutb § ud fen feud ud ^g^Hw u u th ûrd “ufed" » pu

sfe uu i fen feud fee » w eg § huuu uge ue »feg uud"
uu i ?d ud feu feu Rg-nfuu § ng-gfuu wug ud usTu u nuud u i
hhu eg § giuyud feu ngs ‘feud’ u uu nuuf feu simplified
script u i ue feu hmt5> uuTuu1 Cl fu grgyud uTug^duge fuH
ud uu7ujg u w feu H°nfeu meet Cl ? fen hmr? u t feuT§feg
uf §u u#gp fu gfgHud uT huw gu ufe ud ugud êd feu
>ht^hu uue 9 i ug feu §feg ug fetue ud Hfe uguTu i
feud fun uup 3 ufewUHU gu § ugnsd fu<f (Visible Marks)
uwgT guifeu uge u1 Heud §ugTs T § i Hufuu ud^ uedw
U #U HUTfeU WK ug 3 W4^f (Character) ut MTfeRUTg UUTCl I
gigHud feud ut MTfeuuTg »ph uu § ufeud Cfe] 3 fufeu ug?> sed
*" C U
ud ufe»tTfuuT?put Cl t uud huu ufeud § 'uuuu-qqfe >htu§ uu i
idgd ufe ufeud u 'Hg&^HP1^ ’ npufuu uTgud M^gtg-g^H' w ueT

Hfuwud u uug u#giT i fu§'fu tfuu ud»p ufes
uudMf hf§ uud-Hugif f ufet, >n§ >hu?h gTud\ fewnd
3 5otî 3MTUT If^g] tyTg HBS3T qm3 USl
ft fen uusfeus 3i ^feuui 3 3 feus nquu q ^ t feu hut feuu-
hIm * feu, f$?M t feu m3 u
uu mef feu Mq f ufeBU*
O • T>
ul uT Hy §3q"s cffet ITflfet 3n?T feg HUt

H3sl%3 gy, MyfeMTg 5f3t 35i g i fen Hg5UT-^qTs iruml sut
HU5 feul uigHyl 3T qqgr uusf MU^fet gfe 3 # uu1 tf huu!
fe f'fe irufet 3 Mfer oPB feu feu HS f5M* faiW U#UF fe IfUfel
§UT35 feu ufeoTH USlM* Ul Ufe MHU? 315 3 I feu 3rU5 5 fa 313Hyl
felft feu §H #5 S3 ‘gfe’ 34 uu gul H^R3 Myg fsys u* f33Tu
SU? Ht I
3 MFfe HUU-UU* 3l feHUt 3" ifafet f5H3 HTfu3 3 1 MU5US
$ ifufet 3 M 'fu-uufe m 3 s^-qgffe fsyu -sife fu l qu3
HHHTfSU 3Ul" ofU TP RcfU I feu 3T5 §* feS3Tg SUl" offer TF RoTtF
fa ifufet § H3sg gu feu uus-fss 31, fefeuTHfeu sfet gun m^hu
sut faq -3TqT3lMf Mq3H-*{qT3 §"UTgs-iI5TBlMT
3i ifafet M3 Hof3 U HHUg U 3 feugs ut 5311 Ffl fa UWt-Mgyl
3*t HUU^st 3* l{3m fe s f3S ^q fggr hth orat yrral 5foT5f
RTfUH feu ufe4 fHH q3H-HTf03 feu qgfet S#cf5t qfgqrgl U53t
gut i urgRl-Mgql uT uTul ut r! fo? Muigut feurg-qigt 3 s ts
cTO Mugul iruT?5t 3 m5 ust hu u gist, feu Ufa 3 fa feu^l

sut' fast j^gfe huu^ bI i U3 ifarut 3#" qgi feu ug gul t
f# g H3f^3 3T ugT^ nfT fggT ^ | fefeurH 3 lifegt § HUU-tffeS 3
ofUl^fT qgr^T f%f fe»fTt I feU qfU5T >H^H3 d Tf3" qfegl 3 ^
‘ ’ .n-'?:- t ~ : nfo.JalfdMT ofU?> 3 ^ §f%3 U3H U5f UUt U I
i3feuTH 3 qgTd5 3‘ qfeqt 093-33' 3t gqgi'UT ^ ^
%
sfet ^t 5fTg3 fegfe, qg uufeu feu 9 fe fen ?>u§ §" q V g l feu

gifur ggl 5 i ‘>HTf3 gfq’ §" fes^ ifuml HU3 U3f § ijjufe gfu 3H^
TI3H Hml^r ^H5qq U?) I feUUHl feu ?><53 offel
UUt <U3T5l»ft Tf3H FFqT feU^ fe^ ft fuH fe u »iifeat
fe?uul»iT § gu^mu^ fu5 ^fe^-feurgl § gq feu mu fes^ us
u
m3 RqofU HgT (Diphthong) 3t U* feufeg HU (Monothong) ul

l
51
fe # ^ UU fife ' ( h) H§Uul (uuul) )H7fu :•—
‘’3t H7HH U7fe >Hify>HT tft UU H§ UUU 3HTU ufo U3
W7U3 <§U 37 UTU ufa>H7 HT®H U7fe if] H #UlU 37
*relu i ufu u§uul ufu>H7 ul H1 u7 3 } fu §u # 7&
U7 fu HK 35TO U H" §" feHH7U ufe UTfe»fT l”
feu iftra feuA §feu u gut feu ufe yfe rat (fret) *3 uu
um Ufefet U7UHU75 feu £ ‘yfe gsT (feul) U fuUH75 feu
u7u? uu7fufe uTfe>HTsuru7u i feu uhu7 hh%u ysufeu yjulu
ufefe] U7 ^ :—
1fe u7ul §i fuyyfeuu uu? nyfeuu d i ufe ulu7wu h'
US fe UU? UU HUlU3I7 $ HTul uufeui7 1 § uh u^y u
HS1? UUl Ufew UUl 5 ! HUI3 t #U U »l7S7ufe UUl UU
ûus w w uTuu f ufe»n §uul i fun ufuw £ ul utut
?^?>U U§ yfu»f feu Ufe ul ufe>tf7U UTHTUU UU I H ufe»fT
UTHUU fe w fe ^S7 i”
*5
feu uhu7utu uth uuTs fey wfeuuiu ul feyl uuul HTfuu ul

ulur feu'd I feu HH3 feu fey] gfe] h] I feu UHU7HHf$?3-
i^feu ufeul u t u75 uu feu mu-uhtu] uul" i urfuu §yul fuuru
tys 3i feu sfey7H3S U I uu H3 3" fey ifofetlJS feH feuufe
ul s 7u-ferTU7feu Cf »fe f ^ - u f e fe unfefeH s u t ^ uuT feu u i
'UU HofttuFT* UH7ul srawfe S7U (Passive Voice) U7 UU d fret W
y?l U55] feu ‘UU HUTufeui7’ uu] tyfeur UU ul HS HUUI7 I 'yfu»f7’
UH7ul UT |3 %U3 U fife1yfe>H7, HTfUM7, yfeMT I feH U7fuul UU
'û7’ u huut d i 1feyyuus hh%3 'fenyuH^’ u7uufe] uu d i y^
UU § Hufeui SUU-ÛI UU l ufen-p (U'GT7) ufe»i7U (us^rs) ufe)
(?fe]) UUHUUI HS3T51 U UT UUS UU ^ fefH § HTylUTUt ^ ^
si fefy»{T ^ i
UU uftfe UH^ U7H" feH feu nfeu d I ufUH UH^ feu H§ fRq
HH fdUT HTfufey UUth1 Ut yrulu UU §UJ3 fuur feu UUTq] uu
*»{TUUU[U’ u] UHfe] U1^1 HUH UU7^7 5 | HUfeui Ul f^HU] Hry]
ul uufe] HUHIUUU ul yf^M7 (Process of Simplification) feg
52
5 I f e r 'R§’ HU-Rql fet Mfsp^ S3 few fen 3U7 cran
cPUof (Accusative case) ul RUST qaRUUl ‘q § ’ ^ ‘g ’ u uiul d I
feR feU*g t?r frfei feu f?SUOTT U fa U*RT § Rqu-H37 feu fe??7
u
RfH»T W U fofel 3 U 3 3 7 § >HHfaU3T UHUft UUl U i

fc6T§U*UU3T§" wfe 3^1 3’3 #tj R3U U* fa ifaTql £ »ffe
HU UTH feu 3T HUH-R37 fe u g g l »fflfqU37 U35Ut UUl ^ I
fefe HUU IfU fa §
"* S t
H3U, RUUI
— r —
-
§ f a t RUUI
^
U7, >tfU ^ 7UI FP?3U U7
7 r: *
■> 1 *
RÛUl 3U? I (fu fe fuu ^H7 fe3T3I ‘ufeTg’ HTgl oftt ?jfuu »fa
ruuT u^ t (Rfefejj Rufete^) feu uuul uul %yl uiul 3 feg ‘R331
§ RÛ3T’ UU7 gq7 £ fesfeT uut ‘RÛUl’ f e f w tl feRU7 fe ’ MUUT3
U3TT Û3T TUfel ufe3 feu 3 f3 RfUR ut t{TU3 U U 7 d ) UUT3 3 qfa7q1
feu ufeTUf ofus u l tjf^H7 SSUl uul 5 UU RUU-U37 WE5Ul

f%RR fq^TO 3UT fefe7 fel»fT r! I
UTTr] RUU-U3 7 ul feR MfecrfHH qS7^ UT W33^ ofufew qfefel

^ tggiifefcS fe»rauûTU Hi E. P. Newton £ feftW d fa ‘The
system of spelling in panjabi is a good confused, the same
word frequently being spelled in different ways UTfegn for U'H317,
§ for 3§, >>ffeuT for »{T§feT( gisro for felWcS, UUtU or ofufe for
5T3GT & c. Also theie are certain letters which are constantly
interchanged; as fe with its cognate semi-vowel tg; § with q
^ with H; u with s; ?> with &. This is no doubt due to the
fact that it is an uncultivated language with 1 little or no litera
ture worth speaking of so that each Writer has to some extent t
spelled the words as it struck his ear (PANJABI GRAMMAR,

1896) fe§U S H7fUU £ §U 7UU37 ifefel RRU-U37 fel tyfe^Hq7
§ tnre 5TU^ ifafat M fes-uqul ut H*J3 q q TfcU3l1 feutfq R ^3
qlu7 d i uu feR uus § i uuqTs fe ifefet Ru-ucslm7 ^ ura-3qRTsl

feRR 33 § fiftf UUl 5, fe>HH3 Ut §3cSl EUT I
RU-q^W feu UÛ >H3q-R3 (Semi-vowels) fel RTfH^J ofU^ feu
feuTf3^ afa sfufe 37 ^qg tgqul-gsru ufaft i fussl ru! § >H3^
feu § RH' f UU^3 fe»l7qg^qTg feu feglqs § feR&RS SU1 3UI
53
US ^ W U U Ijufe UHT d fa^fe UflTg) § |U feu feWTSi
^ <§y5-U3I ( hhU-U^t) cSfe^ HU* ^ feu Û§ M^THTfe^HT
#tf1 Hfe! 3 I
W U t HHE-H3T fet >H^THTfeof3T ^ ^HUI feu »fH ^ RUI ufaf*
s^t>HT fefeulw ^ arte uy Oh û?p nfeul ^ h1^ ust utuiT i
feu fesf fHU WUU tl foj MHO yfefe} SUSP fe#4 ggu HTU
f e f Ut UHHor feu, fegi 33 fof W ife ! UHUoT U feO Ul U'3 §
feH ul HHU 2fe1 »fe » f e Hufeui fe y j f u U3 I feH 3ISH *{feU 3l
HTU cfeW feU W * life" sfet ^ TU feu §UUH3 yfe Hsl UIUl tt feHUt
UHUt H* U* U UUl Ch f5H §g ^HTS-lJHU §U tUU5 fe3 HT UU U5
3+ H HUU-H^t HHUl feH Ul ufefe HH"fe>HT ^ HUl HU) HTfeur
rF H t I
>tfrgfoo? ofTfj g 3T13T cfe} 0.: UH?> frnw tfop feyu f feu HHU-
ul UU1U3T feûl 0 f#g f e w ’ 5 § ‘f e W ^1, f e w ’ 5
§ fe w i #y :—
‘UU3 feof fiptfT #u, UrP § 0 feu7 UU3 Hf U IPHTU £•••
fefeut ggT fg?> gig feu UTHUfe ......
f i w u ^ ? s l fuwu ut fe s UT3
3TUt fuûTu feu I

HT UT fq>HT?> HU?>T few1 U HU h1 SHImt cStZ5 I *
h w ]
t
fif§ feu >HH. §. yu lfyw uW u Tu W f e r h h u -u ^ t ul »f* -

gifenl u t e hhI mt ul ui^lu rctey u fHHT# f # y ^ »ru]»fT u^ i
§ u feu U?> :
f?JUfr (feunu)
U§-HU (uuu)
»ffe H 3 T-W feH3T (MTfUH3T)
FTUU (HUH)
(H ^ )
aigluHT (UI§]U3t)
HUH'5 (huhh)
54
fn?r
1 W
»fTH t e w r§ s
*
RRHf 3 w a s
ggR-RR fHS3 33 I H uV r! feU3* t e WT§3 ^fe IU

i u :— ■
f33H
f333
f333T
f333f
fARA*
f3R3*R ^ '
feH HR* HRH-H3T ^
O
fe^HTeHT Hi UJTR fe r 3R fHRT# 3 i itft
vr rrh! 3 ftri fete Rufefef RRt w§ §R3tet g^HR ©rut fee?

R33 § feof RRR3 RU § HHH-tfe t e 3 33 :—
fetl, W5, fe f* , f o r , fen,

fen h r *, t e r , fen \ fesrat, £ 3 3 , n te i
fe3* fHHW §Afe3 hhI Rfe firo rh* 3 for ifRigt fe t e HTt e
U
t e hrh-rh* h! t e hr* 3Ts? w r w h * uh* 3el 3 i feR wrtrrht

U
feofTR-HUl UrPRl s h ! RRl fUWT3 Hi # 3 3 I

HRH-HH* HRRt feR W3H3T § WRfRRHT 3 5fe] cPRS 3 RR§
33 I
r. h s w m TR-RU R s f e t e r h W 3 trh1->hru ] ( h r % h w Tt e f h!
HfURl treSTUf o t e R H -H S ^ ^R § ££ HRH WofRR 3T553 fe u H fe 3 3 I
»W?HR § f e W R , URTRT ( s # Hi R 3 ) § ^ HHTfeW T § H 3 W , HR1

§ fHHT, RRRR § RRHR H* RR3R WRRR fe u R*§ 33 I
3 . teiTsrgfeor h r h ! r h i r ^1 h r h * § 3 3 w§ §3* 3 ^ a i
RTH3 3 tfeH 3 3 I RHS 3 RH8HT, RIR^ § RfR^HT, WfRPtfTA 3
WfeW^RT fe g ^ r feR RHl H 3l fefe US I
3. 3533* H8-RHHR WRRTH fe§H U 3 l (E tym ology) 3*

WHRT^HT ^ HRH-H3T feH ftffe w * HT feR 3R RTR3 3 , $H-HHl,
f3HH-RR, f3HH-RR, f35TH-RR »ffH5r W^R 3 3 feH UR Hi WHrFHH 7
^ ^1 f^RRT 3 3 fe f'fo f RH -^RRl W§ RR ( R3: ) RRf^H T “ fU R H

t e RRTRl »fui 33 I 31S3 association RRt 3 trt URTRl Hi
55
RUH? ft I
d. § y3cre1 § fe te 3l >H5§3 cttt UflTgl 1333-35*
ter 3or 3t u? as Hofi § s'tfl4 33] t e n ul te ! u i
D. 3I3Hyl feul te fo w ggjt t e 3TRfeyl 3Ul" 33l 3* R t e
feul § yR, RofHH § fefew fsq s^dl-ntH* 3 H3I3*§5 ?55l 3
3Roi sra^t uh! fen nte ^HTfeq |y § w f e w sra Roft i
t. tJr 3si ^Tcf 333-35* 3! got*fs33ft fen §y* fuHT u* t e *
5 i o?h! w-srai i{R-33H3*3l m § »raa rhr t huI § sish gs»t
ftrttcf! s*u fet? 33 fau5* fu 3& ufe* 5 i fsR sysr 3l fs3 uhhr
§ t t e t e n ‘te *R ’ § nfenfe] 'feoru' (sh) g»y ^ fe»r d i
tf. t e 5g ys* fin ite 3*3^ §33 »t e * t e 3H3 fetfl t e
* t e 33 § fe y u§ H33* § srenyt t e feifW 33 ^33* ft i fen £h
t e 331 33T 33*31 fetpgl 333 qtfr yT ^13 ^ | HRf$7? 'w ' 3 HR
3H3 Hufefe yajna 3?j far# diacritical Marks grot4 N s ? =
t" t e o
»fte rI h* 3 *3 * tf t e 'R r+ ^ ul ?r 5 i 33 rsI ur*31 £yy fen §

ifrT’gt >H33 ‘ST33*’ ul fe y 33 urgtfor 33*31 3* ^3 33*^* *tf*3S*
MtrfeH H£3 ‘CRT 3* 33T' H33 t I HtS^GT 3* H*stetf*, »{Tguf
»f*3l>HT ?1 fSH § 33l3 33 I §33 M33* f%3 fe3 3 t s - 333,
33, UR 31 3J3-HR33l1 f%3 3?S33 § fytf33, H3fH3 3 H3H3, fS3S*cf
56
§ mRU^ fey femTTffe- 3 I fe@' U U RRU-R3 U fSRSU US I
UR mRU cfet o(T^ #sfe Rt Rsr# UcSfRST RURTyRT
U
y) RRU-
RS* feu feURTURT fefeu UU 35f mR Hof ?>uf »fTH5f] I feR yfe fesfe-
UR3 THUS33 Ul US I RUU-R3T £ ^ ^ hth1RtS f r f u i
& WUT RU H4yfe^T few rt HcfUT^ | fj^T £ vtfufe ‘HUts-UR'

7 ?
a
# rrss ts fen iph othI ^TRT-fefewfeof § fey]-fefe»iTf6of eg thus

ul3 us i au § wur § ‘UTus m'feu of^<s sul aTUHyt fen st4yuai
tt oftt § US I §R §4 RTH RUS* U3T^t §AfegT^r f^tUH §RT
feW Rl UTS* femT RTRRUtUfeS* £ ifqrgl fegTgj £fUR # Srfef5fH3
US ut URtmU feR c?3 fSSTH Tl(3 RS m3 RPU feu WUSl URHof 'URTRt
fort4feyfe’ feu fen fee ufe feR^y-yu^y uguTytut i feu thus
foHU ul U3T RSUS U3T UUS U I UU fR#4fe yfeS-ySS U3Sf feU
huu u fworafeor &yfetmT ufu gfetm* us i fyulus Rrfuu fey#
z b z
US fe ‘WH §3 § feRRST STS fRUfe) mfefet 3 fet4 sfey, ijffeof

yu ‘R^fesr’ s fuusTfe§RS 5, ‘RUT?5f’ ut uys ut rstu fuu us
feus! uisu 3 i (uRfet fet4feyfe, us* mr) i
feR l{H3l feu UTRTfeSTgi yRTR ^1 g] gg gfeu STS few RT
RUUT 3 f,fy yut feUUTSf ut fesr RHSt S feR yTR C?3S UfeTm3
‘yRTRt uslw u fe»fT5fUS-»ffe feu fs f S l|5fTfRHyfet Ifugs H5
feu u1ST. ¥TSt RU few r] ut RUyRUt US uVut RTfUH W S’hI
sfy^TST ^S‘ RRU-RST u UURTSfeUS sut UST fefewfssf CT3S
>HUfeMTUfe»fT # »{§ fRRUT RTÎ ‘uVut USfeufRUT ^S" tut ul
Z B
gy^ >HTfeuT^ I
fefeurfRof SR3 u4 yRTyt RRU-RST U feST TRUSTfifi fRUS
feuTR rh uu# uu us m3 us uu yu us §sf s rû feytH uu feu
uts # tyfe 3Tuut URJ fRyfe rtRuu us i §u us :—
r. RUTus 3ut fey i
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57
UBH fe3* RTf3>tfT fey- WR US?! fet WR3* fgqi^ ?fa|- fU3T?P
R337 ftTR3 Rfa33T 3 g?T33l! fH3> R^! I R Wifely 3TS3* wfea
fefaiWrf3U Hltf § §RTfe*(T gfew 3e! fefefe 3 ] HUUS 3 H3 3 T 5 I
feR fejHcf! 3 fef3[WTf3U fell! 3 f3H3-fsfU 3 WT1
IP3faq gr gojg ^
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RT RU3 3l R3*?3T 3 I
1. 333-33* § l^HT^fegs R M HWtS 3 f e g ^ yfogt feq
#UST 33* WT^HU 3#3T fa US'! 3l HS oil 3 ? uRfe! US'! 3*
HS RH* Indo-Aryan US'!*** 33 U3 fe3 Indo-Iranian w § Dardic
s t»W ftoal 3H! 3 S'! W* 33! 3 I ftfei fHU 3 fa qfajg} g fa i
g3l>Hf fe3 ¥*33t gfefa US^H* f R3 yfR§ 33 33
RSlW* ^ gsT*?? fRsfa 3$ 33 I UfRSlw* fe3 HRfjjTEJ 3 gT^3 W§
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gf^3? 3T H33* £ ffe fg s >H§ qq fell! R3* § §
U3R33 afas1 feuH^fecl U133T ^ fan 3 *ruA£feS 333* feel
Wfef3TW*f3U gfe u#aft I
2. US! W§ §H 3*S HUfU3 fed! fe% U3BU3 UHS 3 l 133TH*
(Capacity of Communication) 3 HU3-R3 f3Hf33 U3 3 t gR3I feR
#u sT wars'! R33 d i wau^ 3! u s! 3 § fe fe 3 U3l-»fa w a g au
fa3 feu! § wuat 3*3? wfa3 3 RU§ 33 I feR 4HS-HU3! 3! Wc?3
H3U* RU3-R3* fe3 U|T3T-?T3T 3f3S* HHfa3 3 RU3* t I
3. tgar 3! Har W3R*a feul-wua* 3 fsHfan 3 nnau ay fefe
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Wfe3 333 3T HW*S feR RHIRW* 3* feel 33 W3T 5 I W3I 3TS WU3-
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f e f '3 3R! W Rof3l 5 I
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3' R333 3^ U3^ R^fuf3U Ru! US'! 3 ^3 33 3f3°3! 5 I ifflfa! fefe
fey UdH-RTR^, 3lu, ^Rt, Hfy!- HTf3H, 33H3 WR3 fe l 33 fel33 ?R3
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58
flof^ 0 i
5. 333-331 53ft R3 3^ >tf'T5H3 »nirTB <53 WRFH 35
H3 uuft H33T55ft 3ft ijfjrnft § ijf5U3ft '5i ^ysTfeu 5 fa oft RHR^sft
e w fed sa-gife fad aw -ireira fe ftw f tpre tre?g 5 a* trfe’H,
folTO fad precise § accurate fefen* § #13' S'H f?H33 33S' d I
Accuracy 33 ’ uft MT R33ft 0 R HUf®3T feR 3Rft f5 3 3 y 3 UU
^fjrnft (Nature) § yu-ferU3ft (creation o f other) feR RR >H333T3
533 >HT RT5cflT I TH33 33 U3* RTuft3T ^ fa fi^T 3 3 feuft RH33 U Ht
r Ofe>3F 3 3 ^ f3R 3H 3 3ft R3T5 3 T ufe 3 ' WU 3U I
6. fe3 3TS 33 3 f3 3^3ft Rf >M33R3ft RRR^sft § URTu1

fetft feR fe 33 55 §3* H5 g s W 3 §R T35 Uft 5 5 RTUft§ 33
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— U — w /
(yTUlFFU ftu f) USfewU (Flaubert 55fe>HUU 3Uf) I

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f^gyTfgg 333 5 5 R0fy3 35ft 3ft 333* 3 33 3 U33 >H§
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3 5 ’ 3 5 ’ S TcO 3ft3 3fefe5 3 fysT* fe u 3 ^ 3 3 uft >HTy 30 3 3 j HTfuf33
tfOR § feR ^ R 3 33RH Uft Ry R*33I I
59
fret ft i oreft v § a hh g g W g s i hh^ h ‘ st’
*fgigg] ‘A ’ eretf (>HSg) gpor Alpha feH V qst 3 Ul fef&S 377? ^7ff
fu g?> 1 gg btht f^g 1>h’ g^T ^ ^3 wgs ^ qfg^g^cs §
f%ciTH f?g fsH ht ujai 5 \ f?H set gfgs7 V si ^ycS-gln qT§
feg*g c?g§ gt | ■ *
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S
wjhtc g#gp § » ihhi?5 bt >ngq >h+ hht3 =B-ggTgg 1 V fgg
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feH set feRBTq^gi ht^^tbI gt H°gi srat7 d i
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(3C) (>HRq)
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>*?7ti,
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W&3. »f£g, sg
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sFgBl-tygTGT sstw ^t fgg f?RH3T ggl 5 for g ng feg (§*#* fgg
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fe w♦
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y^t ygt d i fuuTut ul u ? feu feu7^ w ul ^luufluu^ 5 fen sst
feuTut ul û§" feuTul few uT ul feu nfei &
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feÛH (assigned) ufiXHH ( s t e ulufel 5,*fug

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fefeu7# tyfeoTO
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feuUTU JHUUTU, UU7U
feoffee7 MUiUU7, ufau7
61
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feugu feMuuu, §uuu
feHB7R feM337H, §HB7R
ftjU l{fe, 1{1m
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fvIU3! RRtrI gut MSRS ut 5 I
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fetfl Rfe, feR R7H offel gfU3l US But U I ©HUBS ^ mrY HRH*
Hi M3Sl (Terminal) fHUUi § R7 37feu7ut feu g g s fu§ U7 feg
faufet § fstfe silent RH3§ U7 ffPT Rt ^B ufe R^fUR feu Mr§
3fe 5 3?§ cftufe 3 ulaH §U73U U7 1 'UftY 3 ifufet feu ofet, Hfe
| H5l MiH f MHt US7 S"f U7 I UR R MRU feR7B73 RRU, HH7R,
(hBRH) feu M7@S 37feu HR75 fe cfl §R feu7BtUt R7fRUUt Ut
bu i hb r § u 7bs ul fîul 3 ' #yl§ u7rrh § hr feu Rfun ‘fe’
HTMR? Ud] 3H7u'icM §uus 3U? RB§ I §U RUS 5 fu HS fRUUl
I feuu! feu 3uY RUSU I fHRTS ^ Rfe7, ?f337, RfH37, Rfel,
4[UHTI
feR RUB3 f £u 3iR utBI7 fe H S feR7H73 RRH R g 1 H3BH fey
tTS 3* §R fRUUl 3 fguut RB fU3t RTt RB RU" HHR3 ( H 3 ^ ) HS

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B7 MRSl UTS U fe u fRUTSf UR S e t Rfe I frit4 'Blfe' MS H7 RR7Rl I 1!

'Urn!’ u t RB HUUR fe u 'BlfeRls' HU I fR^TR MR? RfUS7 ‘Mfe'
RR%3 HUU § M3l US1 S U U7 UB R3R RUU1 fe u H3 fRUfel RUrfU3
‘MTUMfe’ fSRU U7 I UtBH1 HUH7 ^ HR fefe MTHUl RH § ^
fRUUl ("RS M*fe3 UU ^S7UtU1H75 fiFTT 5tTUfS-fHUU § U7gfSHfB I
feRTgH s e l S 7 Hi M UU^T ?>uT 5 I € y a T fHUfet f e s UR7^
feus # s fsu s 7 uuuTsfe <suf utBi7 1

HU-fe
(feusu)
f
(hr) (HR%3 U7or!

MfeM"3 MB
fejufeafeu ftjeuteua f^Hfe
fqnutes f^Hfe (<T)
MfH^H M3feTU Mf3
aifuute arutete aifu
HHHfeaT3 HHHUtai3 HHHfeuiU ( t )
feMefeai3 feMHUlaiH ^ anfe (5 )
Mf3H M3H MfUH
sWar stelar <s!f3 (utfal)
S '
oTSfo 3*afe opgs 3ra1s

foua uau furra
fe ^gfuaiu feMuulaiu ^TUf3
M3-fe
Mf3H fnufe! (Terminal i) § HU3 f M3 t gss* ifnfe^

^fuM* hu ! Mya* d 1 feH sn! feu fRUral rT 3T MS-§ufa3 foul
afuul u h* fguTal feu gu s fuu! ?ru! d rF fea §ai fuul tFu! § *
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cf?l cffe
M%f3
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M3!, M3 Mf3
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5 i *pfe-§, hq-§ § »te § i ifrpsft fen § w& ant ^ ^ >hh wnna
(Semi-vowel ? & rijhtbs §-aU ^t i ^33" tn fsH n n ay on §
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fcfOTte? wnwel, wnwtel, Mn^tel
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>nnfen wnfon, Mn'fen
Mnô wnnre
>nn$m
w>nTfa3 Monrtea, wnnTRc?
>HnaTai
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33 fa37 BSl H3 3* Ul ^ 33^ f e t a
HTfU3 f?9 srel M93-f33 (character) ^gfew ufe>HT33T fHSi5Tug
gtf g r o fwtf fe37 3l tjHtel >H^r 3 3 } d i tte, wr? feyTtl w ftql
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facF § RlJHT33 37H5f MRS M3R79 fe f?3 rl1^7 ^ ^ 3 f%3
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f^ f^ - ^ g it f^g UST n tP£ S3 I fn U3 ( l ) RUfH fe»fa<5
(Voiced Consonants) (2) Hd1^ few's?) (Aspirates), (3) MOTFroI
(Nazals), (4) M3RR (Semivowels), (u) §HH (Sibilants) I Hujg
fe»fa3 U3 : m-Uf-R-F-^n-H-tJ-3-3-1 HUJH H U ^ 33 : —uj(
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67
feH H3T orst ^ HRHJT^ £ MSR^S ^
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( hr) ( mrr)
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3RR 3Rc?
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RR3 RR3
MRf3MTR
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MURR R7 1{RT^ R I MRR1mt UfRRfRHlMf MSRTR R3 fHRW
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R^1 Rt^-t
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RHRRc^ RHRRS
ofR?> RRS
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fU^SlMT q<st>nf MSRTR RRS RtR R3 I fHRTS ^ 33 3 ifefef rM rt
RRT RRR RR^TR RSUT Rt hr 5 I §t UiRSi MR § RRTRfeW
fRH § #R t S3T Mr RRS falMT ■ MRRTR RR r! RTRRl Mr &?>t
cSRI" 3fR HRRT h! feR SRl g fe[MT I feo cPRS R M 3 RtT
foRS § §RT3S Mr 3RH §3U3 R3§ R3 I FfRR M r feR foTRTRT
HRRt fl M r"r J HrMrs (assimilate) R3 3 >r§ gfgf § SST
HRR-MrtR RT latest R3 t ^ r RRTRl r! RhM rS § RR 1{RT3 RR^ ^
HtpfeM 5 Mr sr ! §'R t3S Mr (Phonetically) ste ul I §RTR3S :—
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7. HUHH HfaTHl : “UHTH Hd§UHm UHr 78
8. H§H UTHof, UH7 2 (HU7 2)
9. *lfu’ HU IfHlul 3~ d fUHH7 WUU UUH 5 I
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R3l 337 § 00 3^ MU3R f%s q slM 7 S (1 ) R33lq33 Si
10. ‘faVI 3TRT q 7 §S31H S fs q 7R’ U3T 126

11. Historical Grammar of Apabhransa pp. 15-16.
90
ufecfol UU ?'T35’ BUl ^ frf«c* I
HU flJET, MU fUM u. uI m , ulw
u.
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H. HUd, MU. m WB, H5
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H. HUt^l MU. HUS#1 U. HUtft
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U-U31 HTU5TfUMT :
H. MUH3T3 MU. MUUSfe U. U5T
R. HU3 11 If sfecS
H. feH3 M UT7>U ,, op£
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U^H3, UM3,
33 %U3 >
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R R ÎfO T 5 I
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H HUfH>KT3 33 mfTTUT RH* m^R feUT U#dF ftTR fe u UUS (uU^-Û3l
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m ^ U U RT n r e q ' 5 fe U T d I
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12. R3Th1r yRTH offRof : "¥fU3lH mTUH 3TRT§ i ST feoTR’' lfeT 142
92
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(HUH S^HU : O T 1 6)
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3 ?H3 ufu*l »F?U5T (ufeul ?53T-fHFUfT U3l)
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fe w t §cU feu 4 us fe t fW § b u -U3I U3 :—
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“HÛ UTj}§__19”
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rI^JT^R S ‘^HRU^ RRIR’ ofiHTd I

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hsu 's HufFfgf Hfacrfo H'fewfe (65)
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fe a tFal aal § h s ‘M aas’ a fa s al a s l s a7al § fa a 3 i feH ,Maas
3 y ffea t a al s 7anl asat i uhtu1 a l Maafe a 7 fe a a l §u h3 h a ^ a
fe a afeM7 a 7 n aa7 a m § faH§ m s s fa s aala a7HT m § ^ M a fe a
ara a7!?7 fe a al nua a s m t§ a s i irafet a l feH Maas § fafaiM7fsa
f^Hst a" f f al Maas a fa s 7 a 7a la T ^ fa §"fa fea a 7 a f s l a l aaa7
^fâ-faMraaslM7^ al alal 5 m§ feH a" fes7fef3U7Ha § fffe a
a s § h s u 7s a 7^ ifewt uh 1a s a f a i{ § h faa7 Fra7 faa7 d i a t s l
ht§ ufasr a l "u afet a s i a 7fs a 7H § faam fa a fe s 7H3a7 § s a a ^
95
u sW §u3W s Ts feu fjW3 m uI ht r! fuHRl urb!
hus fifui, ST. UH^ ^ ubI, sb. ht. ru few, y. ST. skis ftfui w3
fURl 3 hbts! 3 uul feRgTs ub f t us i fen sul uuul yrf^ ttsl
Ortr! 3 srs s1?? u331 w s h 3 utul wûu 31 s 7hubs u! ht rt
hurt 3 i feu fugus! fey uulu BrRTs u331 »f?uu 3 fus* gvsl 3h1
URTul fefUT rt rurt3 i
ûte g reT § u 3 tu1 s t § h
UBIr Rtrt ^ >Hfu>HS UBS HH" feu UB HU 3 rtBTB U 3 RTHS
>Ht§ ^ t ^ fc ^ trt fcg uflTUl 3THT 3 §3 3 HURS 33 US I gfe"
‘h3 h btru’ 3! §usuul 3 hrhbiI sts wruhtb: rt 3! vfpu! sts
BT3TRRU HUTfuH U RTRT 3 | UBH WHUHTH S ifflkl W¥UU RTofel

Hfs»fT Rr^qg RUl 3 I WTf3 UHTul RTWTf3-u31 UTRT£b]r ul -rtru
ufu rtrt 3 fRRRl uusT urtuI gTgr rt § 3 hbh1hts URt 3 I
»pfe URTg) £ §35?TB SB1r Rl S iHU US feu U31 UB W §*
UHUl i{TU3 331 fRRRl 3 I fefuUTH 3 UST-$?H WSRtu (chronologically)
sbI r ufus u3 b ok! us i i^ fs u f p u l 3" ubI r 3! fs^TR-|Hl
HSHTS US UtPu! R1>HTfu- HHT3 I BTRT-fefBIMTSU UU B ~ UBlR Ufel
feu uVu! 3 UHU ^Rtfeu 33 hrr us fuus qUH UST 3! HTHT 3
huu us i bbI r 3! strt f r nfu3 3! s fur rt ub^-bu 3 fuR feu
urtr] rrt^ 3!^fr wusl 3 fsiuslw * feRHHfelwT »fe 31 hbfewn
US I feR su3 3" UbI r gTRT k g 4 u! URtr] fiRt rt § 3 U5T HfS>HT

RTHURT 3 I
feu feu uhts 3 fenuTu 3! bis 3 fu URfe! uTfe 3! ub es! uT
p H *rfuH u3! hsht^ i Hfuut 0rt3! feu ul b u st ubrt 3 i r3r
uTfe rs! 3 ufus u3! m3 uht^ , hu ! 3si 3 ufus u3! uTuT ubI u r!
fURT 33! 3 ufus ufe) RHRB, feu UTfe I si 3 ufus ok! BIBSTSU
3g Rl sfuul URTRl RT ^ B I UB3 US I feH 3" P TBSB STS feH feufe
s ub yuuBil urfRS urI 3 'fe urtu1 ( h3 pul urtr! ifeHl urtr! 3)
RTHS RH7ifeHl URTR3 HSHT S 3 feBR-fBIBR 3! RSRTSl 3 h1 StRt
ul 3 fRRS STHUBS 3! RUSH gRASfu3! ifafel feur rt R^gt 3 ,
96
313 3 1 f e f e gT§ ^ o r fe b! w 33 T, f e 3 Bl fen r t§
fBRT3Bo f?BT3 f *H3T3l -5^ ] RT3I 3I 3I Rtb 1 3 I
sate w bW yy* :
§ 3 U 3 l § f? 3 fR Hi fen f^Rf^B fU5|Hl B ' 3*»fB 33lB Bl R Sl

1{H¥ feHHBTRl>HT H t f e d 333T 335? 3 # IF I f e * f%RR3IBl'>F
u
f%3 i f e l MU3H TF H t s l »f33 3 B BTR^BB* Bl T B , 3f3B l UfFRl B

W Bl B 3 tR, Bt3r1->v{3 r1 M m Bl R 13^31, R3l 33, 3U 33,
R3BT^ 3 l, B*3-H3l >H*fB B333 §31 33 I f e i u
f% § 33lB Rtb 1 f e
MUBRl B'R'-BB* B t f e d § 3 3 3 fe 'H * ^ t g 5 Jtfgjs y f e ^ F B*
f33U3 3 3 3 3* I
(1 ) 3 f3 B l l f f e l BTRT-MR 3 al3-3*3* HS3*3 3 §f3I3§ Bl
HH3*£>1 3 3 3 13 l 33TB f e p l f e l l Bl 3?3 § 3 §R3l 3d! 5 I fSR

B T HB33 f e d fe 3dlB 3 3 l 3* R*3* B 3 (basis) fu3* (structure)
§ *3*3 R 3 l (stylies) 3f3°Bl f e l l 3 T3 l 3l 3 I 3B" ^ rT 3f3B l f e d l
Bl 313 333 3* 3* >HRl" U3dl u f e l , U 53rdl >HTfB f e l l §113*3**3* 3"
f ? f e § 3T3R H 3BTBl §U3*R* .3 ME B 3 TR 333 B T H33R 3I B 3* I
fe 3 3 § B 4331b 3 3 l f e 3f3 B l MR 33 fetf »f3RT3 ^ U B 3 3 33 :-
^3lB 3 3 l f%3 3f3B l UR*3l h! 3-R bI IjpPS H I 3E1 frfal

33l B r Bl >HR3 HRB 3f33* dl fS3 V 3dl R* 3 R 3 ‘3 f€3 sfl
*1
B 3 B l3 3 IBM* 3 :
MW : 3 § , 3l33*t #3*3131, i f e , f e , fit (3**3, f33*3*, 33*3131,-
M em\ B l)
U 3 f e : H3*, H*, 3 § , H f, H, 33l, 33lB*;
'• /
R3R33T : 3, 3, 3, HBl, Rl,

f^nt* : t # , Rl»F, r!£ , g l f e , § f3 3, H3*fB, B5*. ^ 3 ,
3fu, B3*. 31*3*^, 3 l§

B f e ^ B l : 3Rl, fH fe H fB , 33Rf3, H3TRV:
#
33 % B B : HBl, fH W , f e , Hf33,
f e B l f e R S : fe f* (B R *) %
d f e l 4H3t : Bfe§fH , f^HTf3§3, 3l§fH, HBl>HTR
97
hot , us^rera, (ys fHTO), Bain) 4
B?fiMr, Mcffe OTIf, H5Tfe, yr^

gBS7, MOT, S3, fs?^ (fos^)
S3, HTfeg, HHB1?, HFTfeBf, MHS>
H3Tfe, HHHT (f33l), SIS, MOTete 3SH3?,
?y3, fo^tF, HHlfe, §rj, H33, B33
y>OT, HOT, HTHS, TSfgfe, 3BST%
H§3, B33 Basra, HOT® H§3,
%HS3^, feg, fm&, y^T, egg,
Hrasl, ^Bffe
Hugfe, fHHor, bIb ^s , ua?BSira
«
uot, yyHBsft, ys, hsTb %

(3) gglB 3raT: n^l 3 3
gslB 3T07b! y'cSl-^S7^ BTgsl-fetsiwOT (Phonetically)
3l MfqMcS gl37 tFB75 qsl-ajrfaor uy r (Phonemically) fctft4 f
^ w°ft>-sl3 srayyl feul feg b b srssr 33HH y^lM7 b t y$5
99
STO* g W UcSfrpgHU feuBB^V US :—
BHlcTUS (assimilation) : 33 ( bo c?gs), 33T (ho UU3, WS-UUg)
g% (BO guu), ■?? (Ho ?B3) U§ ( bo
UB3) HU (BO H34, UfO H i), fH3
(n° &q) k . ‘*
«>
,*
feBHfuUS (diss'milation): fug ( bo UB) **'-

»FfH feWHS HU : HH (B. HUH), HB1? (BO HHB’S), fqg
(BO Bfeu)
fe>HH3-WH : UU3 ( bo §5[H, UO U, feu)
HU BU7UTH (anaptyxis ) : Bo+fg ( bo 3rf3)
ÛS-ÛÛUT : UciBHTB (MO yH-rH-fB9T3 ). f t (^ q g^j\
UU ( bo UUB, UofBl) UT§ (BO UIHS MUo
UI^S)
UTUT-UUS : Ûul (B ?UUl), HU (HUf), BUTBIsl ( b.
HU f e l )
hu/b^ u s : BTUHt ( bo ugn), fug (BO BU) STUP
(BO ofioT) HBIHT (BO HUH;
HU UstuBS :
s tuTursl ( uuh! ubmI- u u w I) ( bo gg
fesT («'• f^BUH), ftp ( bo
1 : w ), UUT ( b . ffu) Bf (»{Uti BBr=
>H7Û)
(4) Ua1g-rBT : dU-33
Qutt3 U'ctf-HHU S’H M§ §UUU3 USl-SHT ?UH UB ut UUlg
?TBT U BU3T g] gU~UBST ljf^fg»^T m1H gg § UUUl ifflral <9H Bf?l
t UU3 frT^' fguul t, UUlg g^l B UU-33 BU'fsU HH3T?>1 §utH)
?TH ut US, M§ § U UtT' tt ^ §U3 TB15| feWUcfeu MB 3U BT
HUB US I
uu1g ?tbt g “ uu” (feMTuufeu bub-ubs1, uu) oph-o^ h g
UU' UU UU*S US UUU UHTgl Ur UUTul (luul) M?U? 3*
US I UH HUU MUUcft fe»{TU3S g gug-Uug MU HUB US I
fHBTH ?B“ ?>T? HU g M3 feu MU WU-M'Ur? g'U3 5 :— ftfu, H3S
100
I
/
H3I, ,l t? WUS1 MHU ^ • HUS1 U W feSHSl
qTHT I f^-g HpfpH U UU WUU HHS1 U I UtUs[r1
U3ST^ f U* RT£ R<£ >H5fH ft , tfTg otfH qUH UUR ‘U§’ 3§, H'fe, Hfa
>HTfe i f$rw |U »itra h ! u s s t ^ fe us i feu § u Tuas fug w ft"
SR w t U* I
>HU5Hl ^ § 5 ^ e a te s w feusfusl Hfe
HOW ^HUHT e ■ U§I fHH U3T §3 ^ Hi M e
fe*) quiTHHsr (< ^ V ) uui 5 yTR ^ f5™T-!ut ^ ^ I yf
fgu ?1 orel effort fe*raHl fus hh!" ul us Mu§ »rau1
ifnfel feu fo*3C us I fWFFH ^ : UTUIU (sg-UUTu1 UTUI S'),
USfH (RSH feu), HUU:U (HUS §0, ^ (>*UHl : t t = cfin feu) I
fewsrafeor iwAfe^f <^-33* FT Rû ^ T ^ :“ "
sre, Ms, gH ^ S 1 cFUH feg
gus,) uui (fRû ifew— UUST oUUU, HU
gus)
q r *. erf, S, HSTRUlW, STfe, ^3', ftf,
fa§, R?l HTfe, H-f5, cF, &, 33, STfe,
>tf (uWVtf)
Uf, 3§, HT, H#, 3§. H. ?U, HH, H#t HUl,
Hi ful (feR Hr), UUMt (M r S*) Mr , S,
feSHS/u^Sfel feHHS : R, §, fSR, tfef, § ^ f , 3TU1, feufs; H, M3,

3 h 1, 3 . f e s l , M , 3 , r , w us, M r 3,
*3rH : » fU
f^»fT-feRR^ : 3 , M h t§ , f e u , M u u u , f e u u , w r , h S,
M hu , 3s u t, M f u u , »fi,
f$?W-SU : , i f u f, w f u , U Tf e , R ^ lw f e , HUl>H,
Sfe§fH, Hl§fH, Sgfu, HUfa, UHT, TTSUl,
Hufsal, u^q, >htu , uurI, fRVuufs. hs W h,
SRl, Hfeul, Tffe§fu, Mt? h1, feRfe^fu,

Hfus, fes, SU, HSl, u1s t J
101
(5) sate Ste : gaarSHt
gea Mag at uaa §3 gst at sat 3 " sat fegTst ^ 1 %^t W
gggt aThhu gg* Tsst 5 1 fen gga t ^ a s MHar saar fsa sars*
aft saaitsas a 1 tea saaftgas a at 3 at U
sto ate ate 5 i fat'
3 3 hh, 3aas. Mag-33HH, 3ga, fsggl te a 1 ss-ste-fsfawst
g g g t a saaiteas s uuate § s s TaT3 MTfg saan fsa s s s at a at
agg as 1 sate gst at gagrsst fsa ate ssyssar a 1 sate
gga 1sst a 1 uauate M â § 3 at sasT1 ^ 3 5 ate1 ate 5 i
33HH (HH STH1 HH%3 3 HHTs ) ga3 ufe a I RHf^3 HH 31

m3 sragt-Maat hh *
§i *r3 Harsai aTa gga 3 3 a^te HH3 Tst gst
a Saâs, sfaaT, gaagr 3 gfasaas ate 3 mshts sn g (agate
%
a 3) a w 33 as 1tea nst sate tea 3 3 rh gga gas ufe

as 1 gg g 33hh ggaTa f aâas gg as : ng, ag, gTfag, aa,
H3u, ag MTfa 1 gaa fag 3 " fsuate, sate at tet tea 3 3 3 s gate
at sagâ 3 i
aass ( hh 3fgT3" Mat fsafga) gga f a as teas Mmst hh
gas (ag) fsa aa ggatel ate a rs ga3 fsais ar3 as i tea fsfjre
at %gi3 gas? gga sate s w fsa wh as i w h fsa tea 3ass
gga at utegtea gga as faa3 sate 3tht 3 HH-MrqT3 as i sh 3
ste 3ass gga sg :— /

♦
fas (go cr^), faate (go'fasg)gs (»fg, as), sal (go

fs 3 ") fogte (fofg3H), HHg ( mo HHgH H3), fa (tea)
srst (aas) gste (go g^tte) na (yg) tegte (tega) Mte
(MTaiM3)
ga3 tea ate gTH §ng Mar 3 fg sate stht aT ggaTste
a aa gga aThh mhht hsst aaat saT 1gatMf ggat at as sa?
Hst a1gggt 1fag a* g?as fea a gggT 3 fg Mfaa gga gaTfsg
gst fsa at h3 fgg 0aT33 as aT gag yaTstMT Ms-gntegn
gntMt te gts ggtsT3a m*3 as 1 s^gx fsfarMtetMt s fast s “agg”
teaT3 MaaT3 ant, ygHt, ggTfsg ggg 1 sate at gnt fsa *Hfaa
102
HUU ¥1 tu S U y US l ftlt4 fe s l OtfTtY) ( ut# ) feS ffe fe?5Tfe,
Uy (UBT), (feu ) UH (UST) MTfe |
U UTU ST8 #yl£ 3* UUlU HUU #3tU feu HHf$T3 ^fUgl-U^Hl,
tylfsfe 3 4 f e ^ T faql (^lUS*, 33, fÛTS!, H I, U f) HTU^ryT, (§ ,
y § , HU $ grgf, 3 §, fe § feu UyS eft >HTH) >H§ UHTHUTsI U ?1 HUU
US I yul HUU »ffeu US f?TU3 UUlu § i »fUT (HTfUHU 3tRT S 5 3 ^ )
»fTH UHUTH feu SUY HHU U1 frfe^ tffe s (HUS) US (uusl),
sul (s u l) I
uulu ^H t : ^ fe l—
uulu ^ ht ut ^ Ty fesl uT fe e z e s y Tul w u i fey 3* fen
HUl fy ^ - 3 3 3 ul *{forfy»P UTU ^THT fefUTWS feu fefelWfsU tfe
H^HS SuY U, tSH SSl fSGTH fSHfU3 33$ >W US I U tT feu fy
UUlU ul g fe l ufeUTHUl £ I cffeur fen ? T5U U >HH5l UTSS Ur le t
SuY ?5UT HoTUT I H&l gfe feu fyU* RT HUUt 5 fe uulu yrsl u l ^ Ty
fesl o?TUl UU 3 y “ HHUITHHU" £ I feHUT HUSH feu 5 fe fey S?Y
yfeTy| feu s?l*p yuHuuiT, nyu* fe u s g g y u s s ^ fe tuhu » t§
fs7*p uuf feu HUTfeu uTs u uruW us f y uulu ul sfel
feu nyuf § s T3> fyguu (yy-*jf3w) u y t h s huu £ »tuy u sto
s t?5 >HUTy-fy^y nyy ul ?1 h u s * fe u us i §u fifeuu nyu* u g|
fUH UU US >tf3U fauU-HHU SUY u£ I fHHTS ^ UUlU UT fey
Tfey 5 : —
UUfeT HH^t, H f uife
fe fe yrul UT3 ^Tfe I
yrfufu feH UTSST
fefe >H'fy»{Tul UT3 (50)
y fs u t >Huy d y s feu ( hu feu w hu § § ) h h s* >nuyT
3 uusl i
fey ‘5 ’ fjW Hfuu »fT§fel ^ i h y y g § § uu^l u i ‘y fs ’ feu ul
nrfyyus y Tuy ul nuy feuTul o t ! uul ^ i ^yuT y Tuyl fu s suY i
*" u
H i, Uife, y T3l fe fe , ^Tfe gj3 §y-^ry- us I feu HTU ul HUUTTHHy

us i u u huut feu yuuT y Tuy § »rfyyu s y Tuy u usu fsnrs us,
^ y u l^ yuHUUiT suY us f e t 1 fy »fu y l yuTg] feu fy § fy § »rT
uuW us i
»
103
\
fee ea fa r m s i : “ gufe f t few it feefe f i e i ” (5 3)
fen e l w e fe e uVsl ^ e i s l fe§^ eiafl i ‘ 'sus fe e e e s §" i t
eian fees fin fe a r e g ” i fun eiree fee fee, §\ eiT, fee, an,
feeaFene gel £ fe$ as uae ea1e en^ fee ^tri s e ? as i feH
se3 safe ^ ht e l est w e ea § eeaiT3He (are^l* e s i f ) el a i
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ft

____________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ]__________ J _ ; .» ^ 7'

? trr1 s & W fefar^fTcSor urI rih «

H & l w ' e v*w d

RV r R W HSl»F § t r e §" RH* OTRT ^ fa fe^f § RhI qspg

hM feu HBt ^ HU f tfUMTTTH1^ UHB feHHT HU *#

MTUU I § st u feu feu uI mt Uth1mt

HUU (S>ntactical relation) ^UB HUUf U HUUS U1 fSH§H t I

UtH^t feu »fe H33F HUH US dfU'H US l” feH ^UTU Hi USl ul

(2) ffefeus (incorporation) i s Ud ^feg u feu tf h W ?t &

ul U^HT t I UUSl >HHUlUT Hi Cherokee UUUl 3 ^ ^ feu G^'OdS

1. “ We get, interweaving or amalgamation of mearely the

would, in most other languages, stand as separate words’*

Tucker “ Natural History of language.”

feof 3 33?** § §31 §3* H^dM* § fe ? ul 3*3

e* m s '-hh 33? e e T i fee feg*3’ elM* 3*h*?* elM* e fen ee^ * 33

Muller efel H*fe3 3 33 § t{HH* cftef 3 I §e*33^ #3 :

1. The purely lexical element...... lies in the consonants, the

HFFU ut»F HHU ffe W § fes fes feu ^ §US*

p i feu nfesi § ffhs ugs1- §feu fj | fe g ^ w ^ fen fen1 u

ofet ^FF-gufeTg es i f u guu feH ^u^ us i ( l ) »tHuiuTg^ (2)

RHTU ^t»T HSfotf*

i{ I s h , fenns f Frfnn § ih f § H fs»F nfe1- 5 i nt»F i^nts 3

( l ) feH fnfe-^nuf ufenTn nfer fe?t»F % HU (inflection)

huh snY n§ feH sfe nsl hshh w q nl sh Y nun i fen fefes mh

ifesn ns mhtsh snl1 1

(5) rbbt ij b w fey3 t H}-rH (Compounds) BBS b!

‘UTBU3g’ = UTBT B1- UBU I ‘b Ih RB’ ‘bI h MUB^B ^ » { T ^ 1 # R?B

fUBUprifl ^U-BTHT uufeTu

UUTUT g] htS qfUS feUHB UUl fufe-^UUf HSBSi ^ BSSUfe

RRTBB^f U MTUTU §B fefeTMTBlMf-B H^BU § feu fu-Bigr ifefeTg

ufew u i ‘^dtfqr' tew ‘uh§ ’ § 'fr o sY *ffe fegqtf § ftfe

fg S sTO3l »fTaCT 9Bi oTS uf U friH W ‘UiFUT § TO *pqfecf >HT9UT

?5 t^S-Ug^ TO6 3 " fug" ^TOl-^fYfTO TOJiMT 3T HfgHdT9

ggg->HW-gsl>>F w H'feuu fe#US t t fefeu TFUUT U I1

ufeTt fe m # hts-utu ul g s l § h uufeTU ul iFg1 u fug feu s u

1. feRf^U ig -# s tt #g : “Linguistic survey of India’’—

fussy uuts, usu tau feu y s ul slfe? fe yu uu-yu sfes ta fe

us i ‘uscft, ysy, y t a T, ytaT, § ugg gst»p ytat kst-u s s ts

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