GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS

SEMINAR REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

Computer Science and Engineering

of

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

by

RENUKA P R
Univ. Reg.No. TJE20CS037

( AN ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION )

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Thejus Engineering College
Vellarakkad, Thrissur - 680 584
( http://www.thejusengg.ac.in)

DECEMBER 2023
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Thejus Engineering College
Vellarakkad, Thrissur - 680 584
(http://www.thejusengg.ac.in)

Certificate
This is to certify that the seminar report titled “GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS”
is a bonafide record of the work carried out by RENUKA P R (Univ. Reg.No. TJE20CS037)
of Thejus Engineering College, Vellarakkad, Thrissur-680 584 in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science
and Engineering of APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, during the academic
year 2023-2024.

Seminar Guide/Supervisor Head of Department

Mrs. JYOTHI P JOY Mrs.VINITHA A V

Asst. Prof., Dept. of CSE Prof., Dept. of CSE

Seminar Coordinator
GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Acknowledgement

I wish to record my indebtedness and thankfulness to all those who helped me pre-
pare this report titled “GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS ” and present it in a satisfac-
tory way.

First and foremost I thank God Almighty for His providence and for being the
guiding light throughout the seminar.

I would like to thank my guide Mrs. JYOTHI P JOY, Asst. Prof., of Computer
Science and Engineering Dept. for providing critical inputs in the preparation of this
report. I also thank all other faculty members in our department for their guidance.

I am thankful to Mrs.VINITHA A V, Head of Computer Science and Engineering

Engineering Department, and our Principal Dr.VIJAYAN P, for their sole co-operation.

Finally, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to friends who have always
been helpful, in preparing and presenting the report and in the discussion following the
presentation.

RENUKA P R
Reg. No. TJE20CS037
Seventh Semester B.Tech ( 2020 Admissions)
Thejus Engineering College
Vellarakkad,Thrissur - 680 584.

DECEMBER 2023

Department of Computer Science and Engineering i Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Abstract

The internet of things (IoT) has a significant economic and environmental impact owing
to the billions or trillions of interconnected devices that use various types of sensors to
communicate through the internet. It is well recognized that each sensor requires a small
amount of energy to function; but, with billions of sensors, energy consumption can be
significant. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on developing energy-efficient IoT technology
and sustainable solutions. This contribu to support the implementation of eco-friendly
loT solutions by presenting a thorough examination of energy- efficient practices and
strategies for loT to assist in the advancement of sustainable and energy-efficient IoT
technologies in the future. The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm that has
gained popularity in recent years. The large number of high performance and sophisti-
cated devices connected to the IoT system consumes huge amount of energy. Thus, the
issue of energy consumption in IoT based systems is an important research focus. Green
IoT represents the issue of reducing energy consumption of IoT devices which achieves
a sustainable environment for IoT systems. This paper presents the current state of the
art research on energy optimization in IoT.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering ii Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

LIST OF FIGURES iv

LIST OF TABLES v

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 SMART WORLD 3
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Towards sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 VISION OF INTERNET OF THINGS 5

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Elements Of IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.1 Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.2 Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.3 Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.4 Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.5 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.6 Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Environmental Impact Of IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Department of Computer Science and Engineering iii Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad
GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

4 GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS 9

4.1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 Principles Of Green IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.1 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5 GREENER SOLUTIONS 12
5.1 Smart Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.2 Smart Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.3 Smart Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.4 Smart city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6 GREEN IoT LIFECYCLE 16

6.1 Keys Enabling For GIoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.1.1 Green Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.1.2 WSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.1.3 Green M2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.1.4 Green Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.1.5 Green Data centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

7 THE FUTURE FOR GREEN IoT 20

8 CONCLUSION 22

BIBLIOGRAPHY 23

Department of Computer Science and Engineering iv Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

List of Figures

3.1 Internet Of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.2 Elements of IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

5.1 Smart Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.2 Smart Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.3 Smart Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.4 Smart City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Department of Computer Science and Engineering v Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview
We are living in a smart world and the internet plays an important role in our daily life.
We need better communication with everything around us. The communication may be
between people and people, people and things. Internet Of Things helps to provide better
communication by using different technologies together. But by Internet Of Things we
cannot achieve a sustainable world. Green Internet of Things helps to enable a sustainable
smart world.
Internet of Things (IOT) is an integrated part of future internet and could be defined
as a dynamic global network infrastructure with self configuring capabilities based on
standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ”things”
have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities. They use intelligent inter-
faces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network.
In IOT, billions of objects can communicate, recognize and respond without human
intervention. IOT may be explained with the following example: When a car goes to a
petrol pump station, it will refill petrol in the car. A sensor at the pump will read the
registration number of the car, and pass the information to the credit card swap-ping
machine, which will deduct the amount for the petrol filled, automatically. Similarly,
plants in a field may communicate to a sprinkler system, when they need to be watered.
A runner’s shoes may communicate time, speed and distance to him or her. But IOT
does not ensure the sustainability of the world. Green Internet of Things makes the IOT
environmentally beneficial.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 1 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

1.2 Background
During the past decade, the energy consumption levels have reached distressing rates due
to the large scale of digital context, number of subscribers, and the number of devices.The
rise in the number of connected devices will be up to 50 billion by 2020 and 100 billion
by 2030. Therefore,scientists expect a tremendous data rate and a huge content-size
(10,000 times more in 2030, than it was in 2010) at the price an exceptional carbon
emissions into the environment. It has shown that the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions from the cellular networks will be 345 million tons by 2020 and it is expected
to increase in the later years.Due to this tremendous (CO2) emissions, environment and
health concerns, a renewable or green technology is becoming an attracting research
area in the evolution of technology. In addition, current battery technology of devices is
another major concern which leads to a green technology. Experts expect that the fifth
generation (5G) of wireless communications (5G) will be available in 2020, and it will be
able to handle about 1000 times more mobile data than todays cellular systems. Device-
to-Device (D2D) communication boosts the reliability of communication between the
users by latency reduction. In addition, the UDNs involve dense small cell deployment,
in areas with enormous traffic. Besides that the massive MIMO supports hundreds of
antennas and providing a high data rate. The role of spectrum sharing is to avoid low
spectrum utilization efficiency and the role of IoT is to connect billions of users in a short
time.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 2 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Chapter 2
SMART WORLD

2.1 Introduction
With the rapid development of science and technology the world is becoming smart. The
world is entitled to be smart because we are using smart devices such as mobile phones,
computers, watches smart transportation such as cars, buses, train and smart environment
such as homes, offices, factories. For example, using a global positioning system (GPS),
a person’s location can be continuously uploaded to a server that instantly returns the best
route to the person’s travel destination, keeping the person from getting stuck in traffic.
In addition, the audio sensor inside a person’s mobile phone can automatically detect and
send any abnormality in a person’s voice to a server that compares the abnormality with a
series of voiceprints to determine whether the person has some illness. Eventually, all as-
pects regarding people’s cyber, physical, social and mental world will be interconnected
and intelligent in smart world. As the next important stage in human history, smart world
is receiving numerous attention from academia, industry, government, etc

2.2 Towards sustainability

As worldwide concerns rise around the impact of climate change, resource depletion, and
unplanned urbanization, sustainable and smart spaces are becoming increasingly impor-
tant. These spaces are designed to minimize environmental impact of human activities
and maximize the efficient use of resources, while ensuring a high quality of life for all.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 3 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

• Minimize environmental impact : A sustainable smart world is designed to reduce

the impact that buildings and cities have on the environment, through the use of
renewable energy, smart traffic management solutions, smart waste management,
smart utilities, optimized water usage, and a reduction in energy losses.

• Enhance resource efficiency : We enhance resource efficiency across city opera-

tions by improving traffic, enhancing security, and optimizing vehicle movement.
Leveraging cutting-edge digital technologies, our sustainable smart world offerings
help minimize the need for energy and raw materials, its positive impact evident
across the project environmental footprint and both the top- and bottom-line.

• Redefine health and well-being : A transition to a sustainable smart world can

improve the well-being of inhabitants, across both mental and physical health,
through a combination of latest digital-powered enablers, including smart lighting
and building solutions.

Sustainable smart world,therefore, is essential for creating a more robust, reliable,

and resilient future for all. By designing spaces that are environmentally responsible,
resource efficient, and promote health and well-being.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 4 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Chapter 3
VISION OF INTERNET OF THINGS

3.1 Introduction
IOT allows people and things to be connected anytime, anyplace with anything and any-
one ideally using any path or any network and any service. This implies addressing
elements such as convergence, content, collections (repositories), computing, communi-
cation and connectivity in the context were there is a seamless interconnection between
people and things or between things.

Figure 3.1: Internet Of Things

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 5 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

3.2 Elements Of IoT

Figure 3.2: Elements of IoT

3.2.1 Identification

Identification, the first requirement in IOT elements, is considered proof of identity infor-
mation for each object in the IOT world. Identity is usually used to identify a particular
person, device, or entity. Moreover, it is considered a key factor in creating a connec-
tion or relationship between individuals and critical for IOT system success. It enables
us to identify billions of heterogeneous objects and manage remote objects through the
Internet.
Identification also links objects to information associated with the particular object
that can be retrieved from a server. It enables the object to communicate with other
objects through the Internet in the same or different scope. There should be a way to
coordinate the identities of all IOT objects in the scope to allow secure inter-object com-
munication. Identity management is required for three main parties: the user, object
identities, and relationships, depending on

3.2.2 Sensing

Sensing is gathering data from the environment and then sending it to storage and use
media, such as a database, data warehouse, and cloud. Many sensing devices gather data,
like actuators, RFID tags, smart sensors, wearable sensors, etc.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 6 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

IOT devices’ limited data storage capabilities, which make the processing of sensed
data, are very important. The processed data is base on the requirement to take appropri-
ate action

3.2.3 Communication

Connecting a huge number of heterogeneous objects and exchanging information to pro-

vide some service is an important issue and requires communication technology. Com-
munication in IOT is an essential part of object connection, but communication is per-
manently restricted by object characteristics, such as battery life or limited range of data
transmission.
There are various communication technologies used for the IOT, such as Wi-Fi, Blue-
tooth, RFID, NFC, IEEE 802.15.4, Z-wave, zigbee and Long Term Evolution

3.2.4 Computation

In the computation step, the information collected from various objects in IOT applica-
tions, must go through a processing procedure. The information is filtered to specify the
useful information and remove unnecessary one. Several hardware and software plat-
forms are involved in performing this task, such as: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Friendly
ARM, Intel Galileo, Beagle Bone, WiSense, Mule, etc., and software like: Tiny OS, Lite
OS, Android, etc. These operating systems play an important role in processing, and
also offer light weight OS that is suitable for designing IOT environments. Furthermore,
cloud is considered as important computational part of the IOT. That it provides facilities
for smart objects to send their data to the cloud, allows big data to be processed in real-
time, and enables end-users to benefit from the knowledge extracted from the collected
big data.

3.2.5 Services

IOT applications can mainly provide four types of services; Identity related services, In-
formation aggregation services, Collaborative Aware services, and Ubiquitous services.
The Identity related services are concerned with object identity information, whereas In-
formation aggregation is used to collect, summarize, and process all the information from

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 7 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

objects and send it back to the application. Moreover, Collaborative Aware services are
used to turn the collected information into a decision and send appropriate responses to
the devices. The last service is Ubiquitous services, which are responsible for providing
Collaborative-Aware services immediately to anyone at any time and place

3.2.6 Semantics

Semantics is considered as the brain of IOT. It is used to extract knowledge smartly from
devices to take appropriate decisions in order to provide the desired services. It discov-
ers and uses resources and modeling information. The Resource Description Framework
(RFD) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL) are examples of Semantic Web technolo-
gies

3.3 Environmental Impact Of IoT

It was well predicted by a futurist in 1990 that ”Everything will be connected to every-
thing else”. The growth of IoT has resulted in improving connectivity amongst different
devices worldwide. It has contributed largely to reducing energy waste by converting
normal devices into smart devices, giving them the ability to collect energy data which
can then be analysed to boost delivery and efficiency for environmental resilience.
Thus, IoT has resulted in building Smart Technology which promotes environmental
sustainability by optimised use of conventional power sources, making reuse of materi-
als, and recycling products; thereby further reducing waste and carbon emission. The
sustainable solutions range from smart homes, smart healthcare, smart agriculture, and
smart cities, to name a few. The positive impact of the IoT is improving the quality of
life while raising environmental sustainability initiatives.
There is also another side of the coin. Billions of IoT devices produce and send a huge
amount of data which require significant energy cumulatively as it passes through the net-
work. These devices mostly are operated using batteries. The more frequently batteries
need to be replaced, the more batteries end up in landfills. These have propelled issues
related to environmental sustainability and challenges to use resources more responsibly
and organise processes in ways that reduce waste.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 8 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Chapter 4
GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS

GREEN means anything which is ENVIRONMENTALLY BENEFICIAL. The aim of

Green Internet Of Things (GIOT) are Green design. Green production, Green utilization.
Green recycling etc.
GIOT is basically IOT but it is characterised as energy efficient. Since all devices in
the smart world are supposed to be equipped with additional sensory and communication
add-ons so that they can sense the world and communicate with each other, they will
require more energy. So the green IOT focuses on reducing the energy consumption of
IOT a necessity, in terms of fulfilling the smart world with sustainability.
The Green Internet of Things can be defined as ”The energy efficient procedures
(hardware or software) adopted by IOT either to facilitate reducing the greenhouse effect
of existing applications and services or to reduce the impact of greenhouse effect of IOT
itself. In the earlier case, the use of IOT will help reduce the greenhouse effect, whereas
in the later case further optimization of IOT greenhouse footprint will be taken care. The
entire life cycle of green IOT should focus on green design. green production, green
utilization and finally green disposal/recycling to have no or very small impact on the
environment.”

4.1 Objectives
The carbon footprint of electronic gadgets, the internet, and the systems supporting them
account for approximately 3.7
The escalating usage of IoT enabled devices, equipped with additional sensory and
communication add-ons, consumes huge amounts of energy and results in carbon emis-

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 9 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

sions. The need of the hour is a methodology that prioritises resource conservation and
environmental governance and intensifies efforts to decarbonize the atmosphere. The fu-
ture challenge of IoT is to develop processes and policies that make sustainable use of
IoT to reduce the greenhouse effect and further optimise IoT greenhouse footprint.
Green IoT (GIoT) represents the energy efficient procedures (hardware and software)
adopted by IoT to facilitate reducing energy consumption and carbon emission of existing
applications and services, as well as IoT devices to achieve a sustainable smart world.

4.2 Principles Of Green IoT

(i)Send only the data that is needed, as data transmission, especially streaming videos,
consumes quite a lot of energy. A one-minute cell call has a slightly larger carbon foot-
print than sending a text, but internet video calls have a substantially higher carbon im-
pact. Predictive data delivery based on user behaviour analysis can be used to provide
only the required data to users.
(ii)The length of data path should be minimised using energy efficient routing schemes
and architectural designs for wireless communications, e.g. using relay nodes to overhear
the transmission and relay the signal to the destination node results in energy efficiency.
(iii)Trade off processing for communication with the assistance of various wireless
sensor devices, the IoT produces a variety of massive, multi-source, heterogeneous, and
sparse data sets. Data fusion is primarily used to reduce data size, optimise data traffic
volume, and extract valuable raw data from which IoT services can be enhanced and
intelligent services given.
(iv)Advanced communication techniques like a cognitive-radio (CR) system which
is aware of its environment and can change its modes of operation via software and
hardware manipulation is able to improve spectrum-usage efficiency and minimise the
problem of spectrum over-crowdedness. MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an
efficient transmission technology used in wireless communication for transmission and
reception.
(v)Usage of renewable green power sources like wind, solar, water, geothermal en-
ergy. Using renewable green power sources will have a positive impact on the environ-
ment by minimising the emission of CO2.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 10 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

4.2.1 Characteristics

• Power efficient hardware and software design techniques to reduce energy require-
ment in IoT based applications.

• Adoption of improved encryption and decryption techniques with minimal data

path.

• Refraining from continuous data transmission avoiding data redundancy.

• Eco-friendly techniques in manufacturing process of IoT devices.

• IoT network powered by renewable energy sources as an alternative to conventional

energy sources like fossil fuels.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 11 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Chapter 5

GREENER SOLUTIONS

Different industry verticals use IoT technology to build greener solutions by opti-
mising their operations for greater sustainability and lower energy costs:

5.1 Smart Home

Figure 5.1: Smart Home

Energy efficient homes by monitoring appliance usage in homes through affordable

circuit-level electricity monitoring, real-time reporting, smart alerts and remote
energy controls.

IoT devices are necessary for keeping costs and energy usage down. The demand
for long-range, low-power IoT enabled products with indoor and outdoor tracking

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 12 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

capabilities has increased as it facilitates the homeowners to track their energy

usage in real-time.

5.2 Smart Healthcare

Figure 5.2: Smart Healthcare

Smart healthcare and alert services for senior citizens to help them to live a safer
as well as independent life.

IoT solutions for the care of elder citizens revolve around health monitoring sys-
tems, home security monitoring, and interaction with the caretakers. During Covid
19, the usage of smartphones and Telemedicine services was a significant help for
senior citizens.

IoT-enabled remote monitoring systems are important towards building preventa-

tive healthcare services for the betterment of society. It uses Big Data and Analyt-
ics for quicker diagnosis of health issues and also decreases healthcare expenses
for hospitals in terms of system costs and for patients in terms of actual visits to
hospitals.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 13 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

5.3 Smart Farming

Figure 5.3: Smart Farming

Smart watering of plants for irrigation applications using sensor data analytics.

Smart irrigation involves the use of low cost IoT devices to create cyber-physical
systems that can water plants based on analytics and data collected in real-time.
The sensors keep track of different parameters like soil moisture, humidity and
temperature, in order to provide the right amount of water to the plants. It sup-
ports environmental sustainability by saving upon water as well as manpower with
unchanged quality.

Researchers have applied a hybrid methodology combining agile methods and IoT
methods to smart irrigation as a case study. It resulted in reducing total water
consumption for irrigation and improving real-time tracking of the condition of the
plants

5.4 Smart city

To fulfill goals of smart cities and sustainability, green IoT is a key technology
to decrease carbon emission and power consumption. Smart cities can be defined

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 14 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Figure 5.4: Smart City

where people have smart homes and where traditional appliances are switched by
energy-saving technological solutions to reduce the use of electricity by increasing
the consumption of solar panels and eco-friendly materials. Smart cities can be
the place where everything is systematically applied through internet, it can be
smart airport, smart water supply, smart offices, smart health care, smart garbage
collection, smart travel, smart predictability of climate, and various other ways
through which energy can be saved. The cities can get smarter only when looking
into the major concerns like citizen’s livability and security.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 15 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Chapter 6

GREEN IoT LIFECYCLE

Greening IoT refers to the use of cutting-edge ICT technologies that use infras-
tructure and storage to make the IoT environmentally friendly while allowing sub-
scribers to collect, store, access, and manage various types of information; in order
to save energy used for designing, manufacturing, and distributing ICT equipment
and devices. Eventually, the emphasis has been towards making IT hardware en-
ergy efficient and environmentally friendly.

But, software also plays a crucial role in environment conservation. Algorithms

and software being developed are more complex and impact hardware’s energy
consumption.

The green IoT life cycle primarily concentrates on green design, green production,
green deployment and green disposal or green recycling to have minimum nega-
tive impact on the environment. In order to achieve the sustainability of intelligent
everything and a smart world, green IoT entails reducing CO2 emissions and en-
hancing energy efficiency. It involves designing and leveraging green aspects.

The design components of green IoT include developing energy efficient comput-
ing devices, communication protocols, and networking architectures. Green IoT
not only involves Green in IoT, but also Green by IoT. Greening in IoT means
green design of hardware as well as software products. The green design involves
software design which minimises environmental impacts and should be reusable,
with minimal computational and memory resource requirements.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 16 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

6.1 Keys Enabling For GIoT

6.1.1 Green Tags

RFID Tag is one of the promising wireless systems to enable IoT. It is a small
microchip wrapped in an adhesive sticker that is connected to a radio for both re-
ceiving and transmitting the signal. While passive tags lack inbuilt batteries and
must instead harvest energy from the reader signal using the principle of induc-
tion, active tags feature batteries that power the signal transmissions and extend
the transmission ranges.

RFID plays a significant role in applications that help to promote a greener world
by reducing vehicle emissions, conserving energy use in buildings, improving
waste disposal, etc.

The tags are difficult to recycle, further making it challenging to recycle the items
to which they are attached. Green RFID focuses on reducing the size of RFID tags
in order to use less non-biodegradable material in their production. Hitachi has
introduced -tags that have dimensions of less than 0.4 mm2. Other green initiatives
include producing biodegradable RFID tags, printable tags and paper-based RFID
tags.

6.1.2 WSN

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), a major enabling technology for the develop-
ment of the IoT, is a result of the fusion of sensing and wireless communication. It
has been proposed for a variety of applications, like object tracking, fire detection,
and environmental monitoring. Green WSN for enabling greening IoT focuses on
increasing energy efficiency, reducing relay nodes, extending the network lifetime,
and improving the system budget. This can be achieved by adopting battery-free
wireless solutions where data communication can occur at ultra low power and
utilise energy harvesting mechanisms which generate power from the environment
(sun, kinetic energy, temperature differentials, etc.).

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 17 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

6.1.3 Green M2M

The world of machine-to-machine, or M2M, communications is growing rapidly,

and mostly invisibly. The network of smart objects that range from light switches
to refrigerators, utility metres to parking spaces, are all equipped with sensors and
capable of communicating with one another, taking measurements, and making
decisions. There are billions of connected devices worldwide that consume a lot of
energy.

Green M2M focuses on using energy efficient techniques to intelligently adjust the
transmission power, design efficient communication protocols, do activity schedul-
ing based on workload variation, and employ energy harvesting. Ford worked with
ATT to equip their electric vehicles with a wireless connection and dedicated app
that allows the owner to monitor and control vehicle charge settings, plan single-
or multiple-stop journeys, locate charging stations, and pre-heat or cool the car.
Wireless-enabled fleet management and telemetrics help truck, and logistics com-
panies reduce the number of empty or under utilised trucks on the road.

6.1.4 Green Cloud Computing

Green cloud computing strategies reduce energy consumption by IoT devices with-
out degrading their performance. In this regard, production of low energy consum-
ing hardware and energy efficient software designs should be done. Greenness in
software is emerging as a quality attribute.

Green coding and low-code development along with Automated Software Quality
Monitoring are evolving as the next logical step for technology providers which
minimises the energy consumption of software, thereby limiting the potential envi-
ronmental impact. The choice of language, AI models and software development
techniques also contribute to developing greener software.

Green coding is based on architectural principles of greener logic like zero-waste

code, benefit-driven visual content, low-footprint resources; greener methodology
involving Agile and Lean methods; and the platform being used to develop and run
the code. The developers should focus on removing unused features and inefficient

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 18 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

loops in the code as well as limit apps’ computational accuracy as required for
operational needs and to monitor its real time energy consumption.

6.1.5 Green Data centre

Green Data Centers are more energy-efficient than conventional data centers. They
help reduce the cost of heat dissipation, they have high service proximity, and have
the capacity for self-adaptation or self-scalability. Machine learning can reduce the
need for data centre cooling by a significant percentage.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 19 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Chapter 7

THE FUTURE FOR GREEN IoT

Green IoT will transform our lives into a greener, healthier environment in the fu-
ture which is socially and environmentally sustainable, smarter as well as safer.
Currently, the most exciting areas focus on greening things such as green network-
ing and communication, green design, and green IoT installations, green services,
and applications, energy-saving techniques and green localisation. Energy issues
such as energy harvesting and developing low-power chipsets are central to the
development of the green IoT.

Transmission data from the sensor to the mobile cloud would be more useful. The
WSN is integrated with mobile cloud via the sensor-cloud architecture. This green
IoT technology will help cities become more environmentally sustainable through
IoT. Additionally, a green social network as a service (SNaaS) could enhance the
system’s energy effectiveness, service provisioning, sensor networks, and cloud-
based WSN management.

M2M is crucial in saving energy and harmful emissions. For automated systems to
work, smart machines must become smarter. In case of traffic, machine automation
delay must be minimised while taking immediate, appropriate action.

Green design of IoT systems that live up to their potential as ”greener” technologies
is imperative for helping organisations meet their sustainability goals. This can be
achieved by putting efforts in meticulous planning and designing of IoT products,
and IoT projects and solutions, by using the combination of remote connectivity,
low-power and low-cost devices.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 20 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Research areas include development of novel and more efficient, compact energy
storage like batteries, fuel cells, and printed/polymer batteries. Also, development
of new energy generation devices coupling energy transmission methods and en-
ergy conversion is a topic of concern.

In order to green the IoT, it will be necessary to use less energy, look for new
resources, reduce the negative effects of the IoT on human health, and cause less
environmental disruption. Then, green IoT can greatly contribute to a sustainable,
intelligent, and green environment.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 21 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Chapter 8

CONCLUSION

Environmental issues are acquiring more attention as the general public becomes
more a ware of the consequences that the environment degradation causes. There
are many things which need a great focus in the areas of standardization, security,
and governance for the smooth functioning of Internet of Things that can benefit
the society on the whole. This paper also emphasizes on various associated tech-
nologies and concerns regarding green IoT for a smarter world. IoT represents
an important paradigm shift in ICT that will smooth the progress of smart cities
around the world.

The Green Internet of Things (G-IoT) is expected to bring in noteworthy revolu-

tions in our day to day life and would facilitate comprehend the vision of green
ambient intelligencel. Within a few years we will be surrounded by a massive
amount of sensors, devices and things, which will be able to communicate via IP,
act-intelligently, and provide green support for users in managing their tasks.

Finally, future research directions and open problems regarding green IoT have
been presented. In this paper, green viewpoint of the IoT have been reviewed.
Recent developments in green IoT area have been identified and discussed along
with the future scope for green IoT. A great deal of interesting research is expected
to come out in this area.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 22 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

Bibliography

[1] K. Shafique, B. A. Khawaja, F. Sabir, S. Qazi, and M. Mustaqim, ”Inter-

net of Things (IoT) for next-generation smart systems: A review of current
challenges, future trends and prospects for emerging 5G-IoT scenarios,” IEEE
Access, vol. 8. pp. 23022-23040, 2020.

[2] F Jalali, S. Khodadustan, C. Gray, K. Hinton, and F. Suits, ”Greening loT

with fog: A survey,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Edge Comput. (EDGE), Jun,
2017, pp. 25-31.

[3] Z. Ali, S. Henna, A. Akhunzada, M. Raza, and S. W. Kim, ”Performance

evaluation of LoRaWAN for green Internet of Things,” IEEE Access, vol. 7,
pp. 164102 164112, 2019.

[4] H. A. Mohammed, H. K. Anabi, K. Sunghwan, K. Imran, K. Jeong,

and H. K. Jin, ”Enabling hardware green internet of things: A re-
view of substantial issues.” Accessed: Apr. 28, 2020. [Online]. Available:
http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/id/eprint/13065, 2020

[5] I. Batra, S. Verma, A. Malik, Kavita, U. Ghosh, J. J. P. C. Rodrigues, G.

N. Nguyen, A. S. M. S. Hosen, and V. Mariappan, ”Hybrid logical security
framework for privacy preservation in the green Internet of Things,” Sustain-
ability, vol. 12, no. 14, p. 5542, Jul. 2020.

[6] L. Chettri and R. Bera. ”A comprehensive survey on Internet of Things (IoT)

toward 5G wireless systems,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 7, no. 1. pp. 16
32, Jan. 2020.

[7] D. A. Bashar, ”Review on sustainable green Internet of Things and its ap-
plication,” IRO J. Sustain. Wireless Syst., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 256-264, Dec.
2019.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 23 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS Seminar Report

[8] S. S. Shankar. R. Sneha, and N. V. SanjanaRS. ”The green Internet of Things:

A review,” Int. J. Adv. Trends Eng., Sci. Technol., vol. 5, no.5,2020

[9] R. O. Aburukba, M. AliKarrar, T. Landolsi, and K. El-Fakih, ”Scheduling

Internet of Things requests to minimize latency in hybrid fog Cloud? com-

puting.” Future Gener Comput. Syst., vol. 111. pp. 539-551, Oct. 2020.

[10] M. Maksimovic, ”Greening the future: Green Internet of Things (G-IoT) as a

key technological enabler of sustainable development.” in Internet of Things
and Big Data Analytics Toward Next-Generation Intelligence.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering 24 Thejus Engg college, Vellarakkad

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Thejus Engineering College
Vellarakkad, Thrissur - 680 584
(http://www.thejusengg.ac.in)