“Applied Science” (SCIE8020)

Conestoga College
Spring 2022
AGENDA

• Calorimetry – A simple calorimeter

• Water equivalent of a calorimeter
• Thermodynamics
 Thermal expansion
We use thermometer to measure the
temperature.

How can you measure the heat???

 CALORIMETRY
The term derives from “calorie”, a unit of
heat measurement that is replaced in the
metric system by kJ. One gram-calorie was
the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one gram of a substance
through 1°C.

There are various types of calorimeters.

The “bomb calorimeter”, for example,
burns a measured amount of fuel and
determines the heating value (or calorific
value) of the fuel. That is, it determines
the number of kilojoules of heat that will
 CALORIMETRY

• The Simple Calorimeter: A basic

calorimeter design, called the “simple
calorimeter”, is primarily used to
determine the specific heat of a
substance.

• The apparatus consists of a vessel, of

known mass, which contains a known
quantity of water, at a known
temperature.

• The specific heat of the mass is found

by placing the mass in the water and
 CALORIMETRY
Simple calorimeter apparatus, which consists of the
following:
• An outer vessel, with a highly
polished outer surface (to
prevent heat loss by radiation)
and an insulated cover
• A smaller, inner vessel made of
a known material (usually
copper or aluminum), which is
insulated and suspended within
the outer vessel
• A stirrer, which fits through the
cover and extends into theSimple Calorimeter Apparatus
inner vessel
•For
A clarity,
thermometer, whichtoextends
we will refer the inner vessel as the
into the inner vessel
“calorimeter”,
 Using the Calorimeter

• The calorimeter is first weighed, then partially

filled with water. It is weighed again, with the
difference equaling the mass of the water. The
calorimeter is then placed into the outer vessel
and the cover is installed.
The apparatus is allowed to stand until all
components reach the same temperature,
which occurs when a constant temperature is
observed on the thermometer.

• Meanwhile, the substance to be tested is weighed

to determine its mass. It is then heated to a
known temperature, which is greater than the
calorimeter temperature.
For example, it may be placed in boiling
 Using the Calorimeter
• When the apparatus and substance have reached
their respective temperatures, the substance is
placed into the water in the calorimeter.
• The cover plate is immediately replaced and the
stirrer is activated to ensure the water mixes
thoroughly, maintaining a consistent temperature
during the test. Thermometer readings are
recorded at regular intervals.
• Heat transfers from the substance to the water
(plus calorimeter), due to the difference in their
initial temperatures. The insulation prevents heat
loss beyond the inner vessel.
• Heat transfer from the material to the water (plus
calorimeter) continues until all three components
are at the same temperature. This point of
 Using the Calorimeter, Cont’d

• Since heat loss to the surroundings is negligible, it is

assumed that all heat transfer occurs only from the
substance to the water (plus the calorimeter).

• The heat transfer relationship can be stated as:

Heat lost by substance =

heat gained by water + heat gained by
calorimeter

• Since the heat transfer for each individual component is

represented by

“Q = m c ΔT”, the relationship can be further stated as:

 Using the Calorimeter, Cont’d

Using this equation, it is possible to

calculate the specific heat of the
substance.

Since all masses are known, the initial and

final temperatures have been recorded,
and the specific heats of water and the
calorimeter material are known, the only
unknown in the equation is the specific
heat of the substance.
 Example
0.4 kg of a substance are subjected to calorimetry to
determine its specific heat. The calorimeter is made of
1.5 kg of copper. If the specific heats of copper and
water are 0.39 kJ/kgK and 4.2 kJ/kgK respectively, what
is the specific heat of the substance if the following
measurements were noted?
 Example
0.4 kg of a substance are subjected to calorimetry to
determine its specific heat. The calorimeter is made of
1.5 kg of copper. If the specific heats of copper and
water are 0.39 kJ/kgK and 4.2 kJ/kgK respectively, what
is the specific heat of the substance if the following
measurements were noted?

1.5
 Test Examples

Data Given:
Mass of water = 9.22 kg Mass of Copper =
Sp. Heat of Water = 4.183 kJ/kgºC Sp. Heat of copper = 0.388 kJ/kgºC

Initial temp of water T1 = 25.2ºC Initial temp of Copper T 1 = 122 ºC

Final temp of water T2 = (25.2ºC + 7.1 ºC) = 32.3 ºC Final temp of Cu T2 = 32.3ºC
 Test Examples

Data Given:
Mass of water = 9.22 kg Mass of Copper =
Sp. Heat of Water = 4.183 kJ/kgºC Sp. Heat of copper = 0.388 kJ/kgºC

Initial temp of water T1 = 25.2ºC Initial temp of Copper T 1 = 122 ºC

Final temp of water T2 = (25.2ºC + 7.1 ºC) = 32.3 ºC Final temp of Cu T2 = 32.3ºC
Heat transferred from hot body to a cold body till it attains equilibrium
Q = mass x C x ΔT
Heat lost by the mass of Copper = Heat gained by the mass of water
MassC x Cc x (T1 - T2) = Massw x Cw x (T2 - T1)

Mass copper x 0.388 kJ/kgºC x ( 122 – 32.3) = 9.22 kg x 4.183 kJ/kgºC x 7.1

Mass copper x 0.388 kJ/kgºC x (89.7 ºC) = 9.22 kg x 4.183 kJ/kgºC x 7.1 ºC

Mass copper = 9.22 kg x 4.183 kJ/kgºC x 7.1 ºC = 273.83 kg

0.388 kJ/kgºC x (89.7 ºC) 34.8
Mass copper = 7.8686 kg Ans.
WATER EQUIVALENT OF A CALORIMETER
The water equivalent of a substance is “the equivalent
mass of water that would require the same amount of
heat transfer as the substance, to produce the same
temperature change”.
The calculation for water equivalent can be explained as
follows:
 Water Equivalent
Water equivalent is often used in calorimetry and other
heat transfers to simplify the calculations. The specific
heat of the calorimeter material, since it undergoes the
same temperature change as the water, may be
replaced by its water equivalent. In other problems, it
may be asked to simply determine the water equivalent
Example:
of The mass of a copper calorimeter is 0.5 kg
a substance.
and its specific heat is 0.39 kJ/kgK. Calculate its water
equivalent. Use specific heat of water as 4.2 kJ/kgK.
 Example
An aluminum calorimeter has a mass of 0.3 kg. It
contains 0.5 kg of water at 18°C. How much heat must
be transferred from the tested substance if the final
temperature of the calorimeter is 22°C? Use specific
heat of water as 4.2 kJ/kgK and of aluminum as 0.909
kJ/kgK.
Hint: First find the water equivalent of the aluminum
calorimeter and then use the heat equation for the
total equivalent mass of water.
 Example
An aluminum calorimeter has a mass of 0.3 kg. It
contains 0.5 kg of water at 18°C. How much heat must
be transferred from the tested substance if the final
temperature of the calorimeter is 22°C? Use specific
heat of water as 4.2 kJ/kgK and of aluminum as 0.909
kJ/kgK.
Solution:
Note: First find the water equivalent of the aluminum
calorimeter and then use the heat equation for the
total equivalent mass of water.
Course Outlines
 Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a science that describes
the relationship between heat, work, and the
properties of thermodynamic systems.
Thermodynamic principles help Power
Engineers to understand and efficiently
manage energy conversion from one form to
another; e.g. energy from fossil fuels into
mechanical works.

• Expansion of solids and liquids

 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids

Thermal Expansion

• Thermal Expansion is the tendency of

the matter to change its shape, area,
and volume in response to a change in
temperature.

• When a substance is heated, the

kinetic energy of it’s molecules
increases and vibrates rapidly. The
average space between the molecules
increases resulting in overall increase
in the dimensions of the material.

• The expansion of materials occurs

with in certain temperature limits.
 Thermal Expansion of Solids
The reverse occurs when heat is removed from a
material. This is called as contraction. So thermal
expansion will imply both contraction and expansion.

Unlike gases or liquids, Solid materials tend to keep

their shape when undergoing thermal expansion.

Substances with high melting point are more likely to

have less thermal expansion.

Thermal expansion of solids: Solids expand in three ways:

1. Linear
2. Superficial
3.Volumetric
 Thermal Expansion of Solids

Linear expansion refers to change in dimension only. It

occurs in relatively long and thin objects where the
predominant dimension under consideration is length.

ΔL = L0 × α × ΔT

ΔT = T2 – T1
Thermal Expansion of Solids
 Exercises
Determine how much the length of a 50 metre copper wire will change if its temperature
changes from 10°C to 90°C. Coefficient of expansion for copper = 16.5 x 10-6 /°C.

( Ans: 0.066m)

ΔL = L0 × α × ΔT
ΔL = 50 x 16.5 e-6 x (90 – 10)
ΔL =0.066m
 Exercises
A steel pipe is 120.00 m long when it is installed at 15.0oC. The pipe handles coolants and is
sometimes as hot as 215.0oC. How much longer will the pipe be at its highest temperature?
What is the length of the pipe at 215.0oC?

ΔL = L0 × α × ΔT
ΔL = 120 x 1.1 e-5 x (215 - 15)
ΔL =0.264m

L2 = L1+ ΔL = 120 + 0.264 = 120.264m

 Exercises
A circular aluminum washer with a hole 9.500 mm in diameter at 293 K is to be heated until
it will fit around a circular bolt 9.550 mm in diameter. To what temperature must the
washer be heated? (α=2.4e-5/k)

Δd = d1 × α × ΔT
0.05 = 9.5 x 2.4 e-5 x (T2 - 293)
0.05 =2.28e-4 x (T2-293)
T2 = 293+219.3
T2= 512.3K
Exercises
 Summary
• Calorimeter is a device to measure heat
• The term derives from “calorie”, a unit of heat measurement that is replaced in the metric
system by kJ.
• There are various types of calorimeters. The “bomb
• Linear expansion refers to change in dimension only. It occurs in relatively long and thin
objects where the predominant dimension under consideration is length.
 NEXT LECTURE

Thermal expansion Continued