HOW TO PRODUCE?

manufacturing WHAT MEANING?

technologies

TECHNOLOGY ART

NEED TO ANSWER

functional
analysis

DESIGN
WHAT HAPPENED IN
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY . . .

τέχνη tekne = “arts” and λογία logia = “to know” in Greek

the practice, description and terminology of the applied

sciences which have practical value and/or industrial use

methods, systems, and devices which are the result of

scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes

the creation of products and processes for the purpose of

improving human chances for survival, comfort level, and quality of life

varied body of knowledge and devices by which man

progressively masters his natural environment
TECHNOLOGY . . .
what is necessary ?
HOW to do it ?
chip the stone
melt the metal
cut the wood
burn the petrol
nail the pieces
paint the surfaces
......
........
TECHNOLOGY . . . what is necessary ?
HOW to do it ?

TIME
NECESSITY TECHNOLOGY

CURIOSITY
& TECHNOLOGY
INVENTION

INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY . . . what is necessary ?
HOW to do it ?

TIME
NECESSITY TECHNOLOGY

CURIOSITY
& TECHNOLOGY
INVENTION

INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY
NECESSITY TECHNOLOGY

the creation of products and processes for the purpose of

improving human chances for survival, comfort level, and
quality of life

PREHISTORIC TIMES

EARLY MAN’S ATTEMPTS TO

CREATE A LIVING ENVIRONMENT
PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES
PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES

the NATURAL tool the humankind had . . .

. . . the hand with an OPPOSABLE thumb . . .

. . . which can GRASP

HOLD
PINCH . . .
PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES

. . . being able to hold elements to work on them . . . to make

new tools . . .

between 2.000.000 and

30.000 years ago
PALEOLITHIC HUMAN:
Food gatherer, hunter and
scavenger. Nomadic.
Producing tools to help
gathering food, hunting
and processing the
hunted animals.
PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES

FLAKING stones to give them suitable shapes and edge quality

PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES

a decisive technology . . . MAKING FIRE

PROGRESSING METHODS IN TIME . . .

PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES

a decisive technology . . . MAKING FIRE

fire provided LIGHT making possible to live in

the dark nights and in caves, thus offering
different living conditions

fire provided PROTECTION against wild animals

fire permitted COOKING which made possible

less time and effort to eat and digest meals

fire provided a HEARTH, a center for socialization

fire-hardened wooden TOOLS became possible

fire provided WARMTH making it possible to move

to colder climates, enlarging the habitation of
humankind
PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES

much later, but eventually

making fire also opened the way to work ores to get metals...
PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES

. . . time moves . . .

end of last Ice Age

between 12.000 and 5.000
years ago
NEOLITHIC HUMAN:
Food producer =
agriculture and herding
animals.
Settlements = shelters,
farms, new tools.
Communal life
PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES

. . . neolithic characteristics blend into the following two periods . . .

end of last Ice Age
between 5.000 and 2.5000 between 2.500 years ago
years ago and 400 BC
Bronze age : new tools of Iron age : new tools of
bronze. iron and steel

with additional technologies for . . .METAL EXTRACTION

. . .METAL WORKING
PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES
PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES

NEOLITHIC life necessitated several new technologies

for FOOD PRODUCTION

for DOMESTIC AMENITIES
for SHELTER
for TRANSPORT
and
for MANUFACTURE
PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR MANUFACTURING

POTTERY

Agriculture required the storage of foodstuff and ...

New foodstuffs necessitated new ways of cooking in containers

use of earth to produce containers >>> mud into eathenware

stages of pottery production FORMING
DRYING
BURNISHING or FIRING

early method
FORMING BY COIL WORK

after 3000 BC
FORMING BY WHEEL
stages of pottery production FORMING
DRYING
BURNISHING or FIRING

open firing – 450 to 700 degC

closed (kiln) firing 800 degC

Egyptian paintings
depicting pottery making
PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR MANUFACTURING

TEXTILES

Weaving vegetable or animal fiber into a fabric – as early as 5000 BC

rope making . . . thread making . . . weaving

woven fabric

reed basket
twisting fibers into a thread – spinning – SPINDLE

neolithic spindles

intertwining threads to attain a fabric weaving LOOM

neolithic
horizontal loom
iron age vertical looms
WOOD
tools, furniture, containers, architectural pieces...

SAW, PULL SAW, BOW DRILL, ADZE, LATHE,. . .

iron age wood-working tools adze

bow drill
WOOD
tools, furniture, containers, architectural pieces...

SAW, PULL SAW, BOW DRILL, ADZE, LATHE,. . .

also
development of GLUE by
boiling bones and skins
Egyptian furniture making
PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR MANUFACTURING

METAL EXTRACTION and WORKING

metallic ore + high temperatures >>> smelting (separation of metal from
other elements)
METAL EXTRACTION and WORKING was very decisive

first smelted ore was malachite (= green carbonate of copper)

then comes copper – 3.500 BC in Asia Minor, Albania, Sumer

copper is soft . . . copper + tin alloy = bronze - more functional

bronze . . .

casting

forging
iron – 1.200 BC in Asia Minor
iron requires more heat (1500 degC) to work – forging is the only way

repetitive forging may lead

to steeling
repetitive forging may lead
to steeling
What does this landscape mean to an iron age man?

?
… following prehistory …
manufacturing depends on resources
energy power
raw materials wood
metal
fiber
dyes
etc
manufacturing depends on resources
energy power
raw materials wood
metal
fiber
dyes
etc
POWER

HUMAN POWER gang labor

slavery

ANTIQUITY
ROMAN TIMES
MIDDLE AGES
MIDDLE AGES
mechanical
advantage

mechanical
advantage
POWER
ANIMAL POWER

development of suitable harnessing

YOKE

development of suitable harnessing

COLLAR
POWER SOURCE FOR “MACHINERY”
POWER
WIND POWER
POWER
WATER POWER
WATER POWER

rotary motion to reciprocal motion CONCEPT OF MECHANISM

developing MECHANISMS

power-trains
transmissions
mechanical advantages
developing MECHANISMS
developing MECHANISMS
manufacturing depends on resources
energy power
raw materials wood
metal
fiber
dyes
etc
METALLURGY and METAL WORKING
DEVELOPMENT OF MINING
METALLURGY and METAL WORKING
DEVELOPMENT OF MINING

application of new methods to solve mining problems:

DRAINAGE

VENTILATION

drainage by buckets
application of new methods to solve mining problems
DRAINAGE
VENTILATION

drainage by pump
application of new methods to solve mining problems
DRAINAGE
VENTILATION

ventilaton
DEVELOPMENT OF METALLURGY iron smelting
(reduction by charcoal)

wood for charcoal

water for ore crushing
water for working the bellows
DEVELOPMENT OF METALLURGY blast furnace
(reduction by coke)
DEVELOPMENT OF METALLURGY blast furnace
DEVELOPMENT OF CAST IRON casting bells
casting cannons
DEVELOPMENT OF WROUGHT IRON development of
forging
DEVELOPMENT OF WROUGHT IRON development of
arms and armaments
DEVELOPMENT OF WROUGHT IRON development of
arms and armaments
 DEVELOPMENT OF NON-FERROUS METALURGY

copper - organ pipes

bronze - bells, candle-sticks, effigies
tin + iron - food storage
brass - instruments
lead - shot, type
 DEVELOPMENT OF NON-FERROUS METALURGY

copper - organ pipes

bronze - bells, candle-sticks, effigies
tin + iron - food storage
brass - instruments
lead - shot, type
 DEVELOPMENT OF NON-FERROUS METALURGY

copper - organ pipes

bronze - bells, candle-sticks, effigies
tin + iron - food storage
brass - instruments
lead - shot, type
 DEVELOPMENT OF NON-FERROUS METALURGY

copper - organ pipes

bronze - bells, candle-sticks, effigies
tin + iron - food storage
brass - instruments
lead - shot, type
 DEVELOPMENT OF NON-FERROUS METALURGY

copper - organ pipes

bronze - bells, candle-sticks, effigies
tin + iron - food storage
brass - instruments
lead - shot, type
DEVELOPMENT OF MANUFACTURING METHODS

casting, forging, making sheet metal, hammering, cutting, punching,

drilling, turning, joining, riveting, chiseling, soldering, …
TEXTILES
DEVELOPMENTS IN SPINNER AND LOOM
>>> towards faster production

spinning wheel
TEXTILES
DEVELOPMENTS IN SPINNER AND LOOM

spinning wheel

still a slow process

TEXTILES
DEVELOPMENTS IN SPINNER AND LOOM

horizontal heddle loom

TEXTILES
DEVELOPMENTS IN SPINNER AND LOOM

horizontal heddle loom

shuttle
TEXTILES
DEVELOPMENTS IN SPINNER AND LOOM

horizontal heddle loom

shuttle
TEXTILES
DEVELOPMENTS IN SPINNER AND LOOM
introduction of FLYING SHUTTLE (John Kay, 1733)
faster weaving
wider fabrics
TEXTILES
DEVELOPMENTS IN SPINNER AND LOOM

different
weaving
patterns
GLASS
DEVELOPMENT OF FLAT GLASS (15th C) window paneling
PRINTING and TYPOGRAPHY
crucial invention is MOVABLE TYPE
and the PRINTING PRESS
to handle these

Johannes Gutenberg, 1435-1450

PRINTING and TYPOGRAPHY
crucial invention is MOVABLE TYPE
and the PRINTING PRESS
to handle these

Johannes Gutenberg, 1435-1450

CHEMISTRY
ALCHEMY
turning base metals to gold
finding the elixir of life

medieval chemistry is limited to the development of

dyes for textiles
gun powder
POST SCRIPT

Stradanus
(Jan van der Straet)

1523-1605

nine big discoveries,

1580
POST SCRIPT

printing press

magnetic
compass
America

silk worm clock

distillation

stirrups gun powder

guaiacum
POST SCRIPT

soldier when
needed

otherwise
working peasant
on the lord’s
lands
POST SCRIPT

stirrups
POST SCRIPT

Battle of Hastings, 1065

POST SCRIPT

Codex Manesse, 1340

POST SCRIPT

knight >> full-time soldier of

the feudal lord

equipped and fed by the lord

may own land - - - and serfs

POST SCRIPT

stirrups

knight

vassal

feudal
lord

FEUDALISM