Newly diagnosed Hodgkin's lymphoma

Newly diagnosed
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Newly diagnosed Hodgkin's lymphoma

Literature Review
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part

of the body's germ-fighting immune system. In Hodgkin's lymphoma, white blood cells called

lymphocytes grow out of control, causing swollen lymph nodes and growths throughout the

body. Hodgkin's lymphoma, which used to be called Hodgkin's disease, is one of two general

categories of lymphoma. The other is non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Advances in diagnosis and

treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma have helped give people with this disease the chance for a full

recovery. The prognosis continues to improve for people with Hodgkin's lymphoma.

In this literature review we will describe the literature review of newly diagnosed

Hodgkin's lymphoma to highlight the various active studies that discuss mutual interests and

concepts. However, there are some studies that have been established and we will mention them,

which focused on the subject from several aspects.

Dergan et al. World Journal of Surgical Oncology (2016)

This study

This case illustrates the importance of careful examination of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

patients and consideration of additional tissue diagnoses in atypical presentations of new masses

or lymphadenopathy on the opposite side of the diaphragm.

Momotow, J.,et all. 2021

This review gives a comprehensive overview on HL addressing epidemiology,

pathophysiology and current treatment options as well as recent developments and perspectives.

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Newly diagnosed Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a rare malignancy accounting for roughly 15% of all

lymphomas and mostly affecting young patients. A second peak is seen in patients above 60

years of age. The history of HL treatment represents a remarkable success story in which HL has

turned from an incurable disease to a neoplasm with an excellent prognosis. First-line treatment

with stage-adapted treatment consisting of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy results in cure rates

of approximately 80%. Second-line treatment mostly consists of intensive salvage chemotherapy

followed by high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT).

Novel approaches such as antibody drug conjugates and immunomodulatory drugs have shown

impressive results in clinical trials in refractory and relapsed HL and are now increasingly

implemented in earlier treatment lines .

Smith CM and Friedman DL , (2022)

The goals of this Review are to summarize recent and current clinical trials including

reduction or elimination of radiation, immunotherapies and biologically-targeted agents, and

discuss the use of patient-reported outcomes to help discern directions for new therapeutic

regimens and more individualized evaluation of the balance of cure and toxicity.

studies aimed to examine the ….. . In Elhessewi et al. (2020) study, the K10 scale was

carried out through an online questionnaire in which 739 people answered. Unfortunately, 35%

of the respondents - mostly young and unmarried individuals - were found to be in psychological

distress mainly due to the fear of catching the virus and losing their jobs. Likewise, a study by

Alamri et al. (2020) assessed the spread of depression, anxiety, and stress in Saudi Arabia as a
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Newly diagnosed Hodgkin's lymphoma
result of the Covid-19 pandemic. 1,597 respondents completed an electronic pre-structured

questionnaire which used the DASS-21 scale. Results showed that 17.1% of the total respondents

have medium to heavy depressive symptoms, 10% have medium to heavy anxiety symptoms,

and 12% have medium to heavy stress levels. Higher rates of stress were prevalent in females,

younger participants, and health care providers, whereas higher rates of depression were found

among smokers, unmarried individuals, and non-working participants. Besides, anxiety was

mostly found among people in contact with positive Covid-19 patients. Although the two studies

have examined the same purpose, used identical methodologies, and showed similar outcomes,

however, unlike the first research, Almari et al. (2020) study mentioned the different types of

psychological illnesses suffered by the Saudi population through measuring mental problems in

three categories: stress, anxiety, and depression. Nonetheless, Elhessewi et al. (2020) study gave

a broad measure of the psychological distress without identifying the types of illnesses.

Zaki et al. (2020) study focused on assessing the mental health and psychological changes

of the medical professionals in Saudi Arabia. The Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IESR) was

applied to measure changes through a survey questionnaire distributed to healthcare

professionals including questions linked to anxiety, worries, depression, and fear of developing

Covid-19. Zaki et al. (2020) found that the average age of workers was 38.2 years and suffered

from radical increases in their depressive episodes and anxiety attacks. 19.3% were depressed

while 2.4% lost the sense of motivation and productivity and social media was their lead to

Covid-19 updates. Moreover, 27.3% had their practices affected by Covid-19 and 40.6% had

their wallets drained due to the pandemic. Similarly, a study by Arafa, Mohammed, Mahmoud,

Elshazley, and Ewis (2020) evaluated the following psychological changes: constant worrying,

anxiety attacks, and depressive episodes that acutely developed due to the global pandemic

caused by coronavirus in the Saudi Arabian and Egyptian regions. The Depression Anxiety

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Newly diagnosed Hodgkin's lymphoma
Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was executed through a google survey questionnaire and found that

69% of frontline health workers suffer from depression, 58.9% had anxiety and 55.9% were

constantly stressed. Even though both studies have targeted similar psychological changes and

aspects examined on healthcare workers. The first paper by Zaki et al. (2020) listed and

examined a wider range of psychological effects due to the virus compared to the second paper

that merely focused on three factors that were: depression, anxiety, and stress. In addition, the

second paper by Arafa et al. (2020) included wider demographic characteristics where selected

participants were from two countries that are: Egypt and Saudi Arabia. On the other hand, the

first paper only focused on medical professionals at the military hospitals of KSA.

Gupta et al. (2020) research paper studied the variations in sleep behavior and sleep

quality, while Al-Hanawi et al. (2020) study examined the psychological difficulties suffered by

health care workers and the general public during the pandemic. In Gupta et al. (2020), the

effects of lockdown on sleep experience, physical activity, routines, anxiety, and depression were

examined. Hence, an online questionnaire was distributed through social media channels in

which 958 responses were collected. The survey included questions associated with past and

current sleep schedules, current and past routines, demographic characteristics, and working

behaviors. Results showed that compared to the pre Covid-19 period, participants have shifted

their bedtime and working time to a later period, as well as reduced their night-time sleep hours

while increased day-time naps. These findings were mostly observed in working individuals with

exception to health workers. The deterioration of sleep quality and quantity was linked with

depressive symptoms. In Al-Hanawi et al. (2020) study, 3036 respondents answered an online

questionnaire, which was built using the Peritraumatic Distress Index to rate the distress level of

participants as normal, mild, or severe. Collected data showed that 40% of the Saudi people are

psychologically distressed, in which 33% have mild levels of distress, whereas 7% have severe

levels of distress. Furthermore, young females took a higher percentage of those negatively
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Newly diagnosed Hodgkin's lymphoma
affected during the Covid-19 pandemic. Unlike the second paper, Gupta’s paper shed light on

sleep quality and quantity, which was missing from Al-Hanawi’s paper. However, Al-Hanawi’s

paper incorporated a larger sample size compared to Gupta’s study. These variations allowed for

diversified results, which broadened the analysis of the subject matter.

To summarize, the articles covered in this literature review prove that coronavirus played

a major role in negatively influencing the psychological and intellectual well-being of

individuals. Such negative effects were reflected through the psychological illnesses suffered by

Saudis such as stress, anxiety, and depression. However, the goal of this research is to facilitate

in setting a fundamental basis and enabling future researchers to dive in-depth and examine the

discussed topic in detail to spread awareness for upcoming Saudi generations. However, there are

not enough remedies nor research papers concerned with the Psychological effects of coronavirus

on Saudi’s general public Thus, there is a noticeable gap to be filled through conducting

comprehensive and thorough research in this area of study.

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Newly diagnosed Hodgkin's lymphoma