Lecture in

Philippine
Administrative
Thought and
Institution
(2)

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 Introduction
Management and bureaucracy have been
subjects of extensive study and theorization
for more than a century

Several foundational theories have shaped

our understanding of organizations, their
functioning, and the management of people
within these entities.
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Foundational Theories on Public
Administration

 Scientific Management
 Administrative Theory
 Bureaucratic Theory
 Human Relations Theory
 Contingency Theory
 Systems Theory
Frederick Winslow Taylor
(March 20, 1856 – March 21, 1915)
 American mechanical engineer
 Father of Scientific Management

Foundational Theories on Public
Administration

 Scientific Management
 Known as the father of scientific management,
also called "Taylorism.“
Frederick Winslow Taylor
 The theory focused on improving economic (March 20, 1856 – March 21, 1915)
efficiency, especially labor productivity
 Believed that there is "one best way" to perform
a task and advocated for the use of scientific  American mechanical engineer
methods to study work and determine the most  Father of Scientific Management
efficient way to perform specific tasks. 
 Emphasized the importance of selecting,
training, teaching, and developing workers.
 Four Principles of Scientific
Management

Using scientific methods to determine

and standardize the one best way of
doing a job
A clear division of tasks and
responsibilities
High pay for high-performing
Frederick Winslow Taylor
employees (March 20, 1856 – March 21, 1915)
A hierarchy of authority and strict
 American mechanical engineer
surveillance of employees  Father of Scientific Management
Foundational Theories on Public
Administration

 Administrative Theory
 Henri Fayol (1841-1925)
 He proposed 14 principles of management,
such as unity of command (an employee
should have only one supervisor) and
division of work (specialization increases
output by making employees more skilled).
 14 principles of Management

 Division of Work  Centralization

 Authority and Responsibility  Scalar Chain
 Discipline  Order
 Unity of Command  Equity
 Unity of Direction  Stability
 Subordination of Individual  Initiative
Interest  Esprit de Corps
 Remuneration
Foundational Theories on Public
Administration

 Bureaucratic Theory
 Weber described an ideal type of
organization he called a bureaucracy.
 It's characterized by a hierarchical
structure, formalized rules and regulations,
specialization, and an impersonal
orientation.
 He believed that bureaucracy, when done
right, was the most efficient and rational
way an organization can be structured.
 Foundational Theories on Public
Administration
 Human Relations Theory

 Emerged as a reaction to the mechanistic

perspective of earlier theories.
 Pioneered by Elton Mayo through the
Hawthorne Studies,
 Emphasizes the importance of social factors at
work, such as group norms and relationships,
as opposed to just the physical and economic
conditions.
 Postulates that employees have social and
psychological needs, and addressing these
leads to increased motivation and productivity.
 Foundational Theories on Public
Administration
 Contingency Theory

 Fred Edward Fiedler was one of the leading

researchers of industrial and organizational
psychology in the 20th century

 Contingency theorists believe there's no one-

size-fits-all approach to management

 The optimal organization, leadership, or

decision-making style depends on various
internal and external constraints or
contingencies
 Foundational Theories on Public
Administration
 Systems Theory

 Views an organization as a complex set of

interrelated parts
 Emphasizes the importance of understanding
the interrelationships among these parts and
how changes in one part can impact others.
 Recognizes that organizations are open
systems that are in a constant state of
interaction with their environment.
Challenges to the Theory
Definition of
Over the years, various theories Public Personnel
have been developed to understand
and improve public administration, Administration
but like any field of study, these
foundational theories face certain
challenges.

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Challenges to the Definition of
Theory
Public Personnel
 Complexity of the Modern State
 Globalization Administration
 Rise of New Public Management
 Technological Change
 Democratic Participation and
Accountability
 Ethical Challenges
 Diversity and Inclusion
 Ambiguity in Roles
 Changing Nature of Leadership
 Crisis Management
 Evolving Public Expectations
 Performance Measurement TREY
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 Complexity of the Modern
Definition of
State
Public Personnel
 Modern public organizations
operate in highly complex and
Administration
uncertain environments that may
not fit neatly within the classical
bureaucratic paradigm.

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Globalization
Definition of
Public Personnel
 The impact of globalization means
that many public administration
Administration
challenges are no longer purely local
or national but have international
implications
 Theories need to adapt to this new
reality, integrating international
cooperation, standards, and
networks

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 Rise of New Public
Definition of
Management
Public Personnel
 New Public Management emerged
as an alternative to traditional public
Administration
administration, emphasizing
efficiency, competition, and market-
based approaches
 That raises debates about the
balance between efficiency and
other public values.

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 Technological Change:
Definition of
Public Personnel
 Digital transformation, big data, and
AI bring both opportunities and
Administration
challenges.
 While technology can enhance
efficiency and responsiveness, it also
presents challenges related to
privacy, data security, and digital
divide issues

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Democratic Participation and
Definition of
Accountability
Public Personnel
 There's a push for more direct
citizen involvement in governance,
Administration
which challenges traditional
representative models.
 This raises questions about the role
of bureaucrats and their relationship
with the public

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 Ethical Challenges
Definition of
Public Personnel
 Issues like corruption, whistleblowing,
and the balance between
Administration
transparency and secrecy continually
challenge the ethical frameworks of
public administration.

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 Diversity and Inclusion
Definition of
Public Personnel
 Modern societies are diverse, and
there's increasing pressure for public
Administration
organizations to reflect that diversity
and be inclusive.
 This requires theories to evolve to
address these issues adequately

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 Ambiguity in Roles
Definition of
Public Personnel
 The boundary between the public
and private sectors is becoming
Administration
increasingly blurred, with more public
services being delivered by private
entities or through public-private
partnerships.
 This challenges traditional notions of
public administration.

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 Changing Nature of
Definition of
Leadership
Public Personnel
 Traditional hierarchical models of
leadership are being challenged by
Administration
more collaborative, network-based
approaches

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 Crisis Management
Definition of
Public Personnel
 Increasingly, public administrators are
required to deal with emergencies and
Administration
crises, from pandemics to natural
disasters, which might not be
adequately addressed in older models
of public administration

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 Evolving Public Expectations:
Definition of

 As societies change, so do their

expectations of public services.

 Citizens increasingly demand more

personalized, efficient, and transparent
services.

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 Textbooks:

 Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-making

Processes in Administrative Organization" by Herbert
A. Simon
 "Public Administration: The Interdisciplinary Study of
Government" by Jos C.N. Raadschelders
 "The Politics of the Administrative Process" by Donald F.
Kettl
 "Essentials of Public Service: An Introduction to
Contemporary Public Administration" by Mary E. Guy,
Todd L. Ely, and Sean A. McCandless

Journal Articles

 International Review of Administrative Sciences

(IRAS)
 Governance: An International Journal of Policy,
Administration, and Institutions

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