History

1. History is subjective.

Historical facts are objective but interpretations of history are subjective.

Questions asked in history:

- What happened?

- Why did it happen?

- What is the moral or relevance of the story?

2. History is an art.

History must be presented in an engaging manner.

3. History is a science. History is based on facts. Therefore, it has to use the Scientific

Method in studying the past.

Sources in History

1. Primary Source

- A source that is an eyewitness of the event. May be:

A. Relics or artifacts.

B. Written sources.

C. Oral testimonies

2. Secondary source.

- A source that is based on a primary source

Why Do We Study History?

1. To learn from past mistakes and successes.

2. “To familiarize the alien.”

3. “To alienate the familiar.”

4. To learn cultural relativism.

THE ARGUMENTS FOR INTERDISCIPLINARITY

 The intellectual argument for interdisciplinarity is that ideas in any field are enriched by theories,
concepts, and methods from other fields.

 The practical argument for interdisciplinarity is that problems of the world are not organized
according to academic disciplines. The social sciences are an important intellectual resource in
addressing virtually every problem of the day.
  The pedagogical argument for interdisciplinary studies has received a resurgence of support.
Interdisciplinary studies are now mainstream requirements in universities.

DEFINITIONS

 Intradisciplinary – within disciplinary work

 Crossdisciplinary – viewing of one discipline from the perspective of another

 Multidisciplinary – involves several disciplines that each provide a different perspective on a

problem or issue

 Interdisciplinary – involves integration of the contributions of several disciplines to a problem or

issue

 Transdisciplinary – concerned with the unity of intellectual frameworks beyond the disciplinary
perspectives

 According to Salazar (1998), interdisciplinarity is “a result of focal use of the disciplines and their
methods and approaches. Focus on whole (Pilipinas) and problems related to it necessarily leads
to an integrating use of all possible disciplines.”

INTERDISCIPLINARITY IN HISTORY

 Political history is the study of all those aspects of the past that have to do with the formal
organization of power in society, which for the majority of human societies means the state.

o The Annales school advocated that historians should not just have a broader approach
but an awareness of what they could learn from other disciplines, especially the social
sciences – economics, sociology, social psychology, and geography.

 Economic history focuses on “earthly necessities” and seeks to reconstruct production,

exchange, and consumption.

 Social history is the history of everyday life.

 Cultural history studies culture, i.e. patterns of thought and understanding, modes of language,
rituals of life, and ways of thinking.

Peopling of the Philippines

- Homo luzonensis lived on the sland of Luzon at least 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.

- The fossils, found in Callao Cave, are the oldest known human remains found in the Philippines
so far.

- The previously known earliest human remains in the Philippines are the fossilized fragments of a

- skull and jawbone of three persons collectively called “Tabon Man.”

- The Tabon Man was dated to between 22,000 BC and 20,000 BC.

The Wave Migration Theory

 - Professor H. Otley Beyer of the UP Department of Anthropology said that the Philippines was
peopled through a series of waves of migrations. Each wave of these migrant groups had its own
racial and cultural characteristics which differentiated these groups from one another.

- Beyer’s Wave Migration Theory treated race and culture as one. It believed that these migrants
introduced in the archipelago all of its cultural traits.

- The Wave Migration Theory implies that there were no humans in the Philippines before the first
wave came.

- Beyer’s reconstruction of the peopling of the Philippines is one of the most commonly used by
historians in books on Philippine history.

- However, the Wave Migration Theory has been discarded. Historian William Henry Scott called it
“flawed by little evidence, dubious methodology and simple fantasy.”

The Austronesians

- Most prehistorians only postulate two movements of people into the islands of Southeast Asia
and the Pacific to account for present populations.

- The first they call Australoid, people whose surviving representatives are generally characterized
by very dark pigmentation.

- The second is what anthropologists call the Southern Mongoloid, which are thought to have
largely displaced or absorbed the earlier population. They are also called the “Brown Race” or
the Austronesians.

Peter Bellwood’s Mainland Origin Hypothesis – Austronesians went from Southern China to Taiwan

to the Philippines and to other places.

Wilhelm Solheim’s Island Origin Theory – Austronesians went from Mindanao and Northern

Indonesia to South China and downwards.

Sixteenth-Century Tagalog and Visayan Societies and Cultures

 Decorative dentistry

- Sixteenth-century Visayans filed their teeth and filled the gaps with gold.

- Used betel nut or nganga to clean their mouth and teeth. They also used betel nut to stain their
teeth – which was a mark of beauty

 Tattooing

- Visayan men were called pintados or painted ones because of the tattoos on their bodies.

- Tattoos (or batuk) were regarded as symbols of a warrior’s courage. Only those who killed
enemies could have tattoos. The most brave warriors had tattoos on their faces.
- Visayan women had tattoos on their arms and hands. The tattoos were for decorative purposes
only.

- Those without tattoos were called mapuraw or undyed.

- The Tagalogs did not practice tattooing.

 Skull molding

- Visayan Filipinos also molded the skulls of infants. They wanted their children to be “moon-
faced” or with “flat” faces.

 Penis pins and circumcision

- Visayan men used penis pins called tugbuk and penis rings called sakra. They wore the tugbuk
and the sakra for the greater sexual pleasure of women. Visayan women did not like men who
did not have penis pins.

- - Visayan men underwent circumcision for hygienic purposes.

- - Tagalog men did not wear tugbuk. They did have pellets put under the skin of the penis.

 Hair

- Visayan men had long hair, usually shoulder- or waist-length. They wove amulets into their hair.

- Tagalog men also sported long hair.

- Visayan women had longer hair than men. Their hair usually reached their ankles and had it put
in a bun that was as big as their head.

- - For ancient Filipinos, having short hair was a sign of mourning.

 Clothing

- Visayan and Tagalog men wore the bahag or g- string. Upper-class Tagalogs and Visayans wore

- bahags that covered their thighs. Lower-class men wore strip-like bahags.

- - Red clothing was reserved for those who killed enemies.

- - Visayan men usually did not want to cover their tattoos.

 Jewelry

- Upper-class Tagalogs and Visayans wore large quantities of gold and jewelry – two marks of
wealth in pre-conquest Philippines. Visayans called gold bulawan.

- - Visayan and Tagalog men and women wore hoop gold earrings. They also had their earlobes
distended.

 Social Organization

- Tagalog society had a three-level social class.

  The maginoo class was the ruling class. The members of this class were called ginoo. Males
were addressed as Gat (Lord or Prince) and females as Dayang (Lady or Princess). A ginoo
who ruled a barangay or a bayan was called a Datu. The primary wife of a datu held the title
Dian. A paramount or supreme datu was called a Rajah or King. He controlled all the other
datus. His primary wife had the title Hara

 The maharlika and timawa class was below the maginoo class. They were regarded as the
free people. The maharlikas performed military duties to the datu, while the timawas
performed agricultural duties.

  The alipin class was the lowest class. Those who belonged to this class were slaves. The
alipin namamahay could own his or her own house and other properties and could marry.
The alipin sa gigilid was the alipin who lived in the house of his or her master and could not
marry.

- Visayan society was also composed of three classes: the datu class, the timawa class and the
oripun class.

 The datu class was the royal or ruling class. Powerful or paramount datus were also called
rajahs. He held titles such as Kaponoan (Most Sovereign), Sarripada (His Highness) and
Batara (Lord). He had a prime minister called Atubang sa Datu, had a chief steward called
Paragahin and a chief of prisons called Bilanggo. He also had a slave called Paratawag who
announced decrees to the people. Females members of this called were called dayang or
bai.

 The timawa class was composed of the free people.

 The oripun class consisted of the slaves. The lowest oripun was called hayohay.

- Tagalog and Visayan societies were fluid. One could go up and down the social ladder. A datu
could become a timawa or even a slave through debt, captivity and punishment. Similarly, slaves
could buy their freedom.

The Gods

 Early Filipinos worshipped the moon, the sun, the stars, the rainbow, the rivers, the seas, the
rocks, the trees, the animals, etc.

 • The Tagalogs called the supreme god Bathala Maykapal. He was known as the creator and
grand conserver of the universe.

 • The Visayan creator god is said to be Laon, a name implying antiquity.

 Ancient Filipinos, like many still today, believed that all things have a life force or “soul.” These
spirits were called anitos.

 • There were two types of anitos: the nature spirits and the spirits of dead ancestors.
  Anitos were found among all Filipino groups from Batanes to Mindanao. In Visayas and
Mindanao (places geographically closer to Hindu-Buddhist empires in Indonesia) they were
called diwatas.

 • The word diwata is of Sanskrit origin and means “divinity.” The Javanese have spirits called
dewata or djuwata; the Dyaks of Borneo refer to theirs as dyewata or djebata.

 Guardian spirits were believed to preside over specific human activities such as birth, marriage,
death, hunting, fishing, farming etc. Beneficent and powerful, they generally rule from the sky
but some stay in their areas of responsibility on earth or in the underworld.

 Some guardian gods:

o Ikapati or Lakapati – Tagalog goddess of fertility, guardian anito of agriculture

o Dian Masalanta – Tagalog anito of lovers andchildbirth

o Liktakan – Manobo god of sunrise, sunset and good weather.

o Makabosog – a merciful diwata of Visayas who provides food for the hungry.

o Katambay – Bicol guardian anito for individuals.

o Tagbibi – diwata protector of children of the mountain ethnic groups in Mindanao.

o Masiken – guardian of the underworld of the Igorots.

The Cosmos

 Early Filipinos believed that the universe was divided into different regions and levels, with three
being the lowest number of levels: the sky, the earth and the underworld.

 • The diwatas or anitos and other beingsinfluenced the lives of people on earth, making the
babaylans, rituals and amulets indispensible.

 • The Pintados of Panay believed that their supreme deity, Macaptan, lived in the sky. They also
believed that those who died by stabbing, or those eaten by crocodiles or shot by arrows went
to the sky.

 • Maguayen first brought the spirits of the dead, whether good or bad, to the underworld, via a
barangay. It was on earth that humans lived with the diwatas.

 • The Tagalogs believed that evil people went to Kasanaan, a place of anguish. Good people did
not live with Bathala in the sky but went instead to Maka, a place of rest.

 • Fr. Pedro Chirino said that the place of rest was called Kaluwalhatian. Virgins could not enter
Kaluwalhatian because they had no lovers to help them cross a narrow plank over a raging
torrent en route.•

 • Almost the entire archipelago had one term for the sky: langit. It was believed that the
supreme god lived in the sky.
  • The earth was where humans, animals, plants, the anitos or diwatas lived. Tagalogs used the
terms sanglibutan, sangtinacpan and sandayigdig for all things on earth and under the sky.

 • Most believed that the soul went to the underworld, rather than the sky. As one Spanish
chronicler said, the Visayans believed that “their souls go down below and say that this is better
because they are cooler there than up above where it is very hot.”

Sacred Trees and Animals

 The balete – a sacred place of worship. Many anitos lived in it. For the Warays, it was the home
of a diwata and its enemy, a tiny evil man.

 • The crocodile – ancient Filipinos went on their knees in homage whenever one appeared.
When Tagalogs and Visayans wanted to say something about it, they referred to it as
grandfather. Tagalogs feared and venerated the crocodile. Offerings of food were set out for
them, and the salaksak bird was considered sacred because of its ability to pick the crocodile’s
teeth without harm.

 • The snake – ancient Visayans believed that a snake could be born with some male children.
Great warriors were said to be accompanied by their twin snakes on their wars.

Sultanate of Maguindanao

 The Sultanate of Maguindanao was founded in 1515 by Sultan Kabungsuwan, a prince of Johore,
after marrying into the local royal family.

 • The Maguindanao Royal Family consisted of the Sultan, his wife the Sultana, the Rajah Muda
(Crown Prince), the Rajah Laut (Sea Lord), Princes (a prince was called Katchil) and Princesses (a
princess was called Putri or Dayang).

 • The Royal Family was supported by the Orangkaya (literally, “Rich People”), a kind of nobility
with the right to trade.

 • The Sultan was advised by the Pandita (wise men) and a council of elders called the Bichara
Atas.

Sultanate of Sulu

 Tuan Masha’ika was a Malay Muslim who brought Islam to the Philippines in the late 13th
century. He married the daughter of Rajah Sipad, who was the king of the Buranun.

 • Karim ul Makhdum, a Muslim missionary, further spread Islam in the 14th century.

 • Prince Abubakr of Sumatra came to Jolo and married Dayang Paramisuli, daughter of Rajah
Baguinda of Sulu. Abubakr founded the Sultanate of Sulu in 1450.

 • The Royal Family of Sulu was related to both the Royal Families of the Sultanate of Borneo and
the Kingdom of Manila.

 • Islam was beginning to spread in the Kingdom of Manila when the Spaniards came.

The Philippines Under Spain

 The Spanish kingdoms of Castille and Aragon joined forces to get back Spain for the Christians.
This struggle was called Reconquista (Reconquest). In 1492, Spaniards victoriously ended nearly
800 years of the Muslim occupation of Spain. After the Reconquista, Spaniards had a strong
desire to drive away Muslims from other places and to spread Christianity in other lands.

 Spain had three important reasons in wanting to explore and conquer new lands:

o The Spaniards wanted to propagate Christianity and to prevent the spread of Islam.

o 2. Spain wanted to find the Moluccas or the Spice Islands, which were the principal
source of spices.

o 3. Spain wanted to increase the prestige of the kingdom.

 Spain sent a number of expeditions to Asia. The first was the one led by Ferdinand Magellan. His
expedition left Spain on September 20, 1519.

 • The Magellan expedition reached Leyte Gulf on March 16, 1521.

 • The first Easter Mass in the Philippines was held in Limasawa on March 31, 1521.

 • Magellan and his men went to Cebu when he heard there was more food there. Rajah
Humabon of Cebu and Magellan had a blood compact.

 Magellan tried to reorient the datus’ allegiance to the king of pain via Rajah Humabon. However,
not all datus were prepared to follow Humabon into an alliance with Spain. One of them was
Lapulapu, ruler of Mactan.

 Another Spaniard who led an expedition to the Philippines was Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, who
who gave the name “Felipinas” (after Prince Philip, later King Philip II) to Samar and Leyte.

 The expedition led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi returned to seize Cebu in 1565 and after three
years converted Visayan rajahs to Christianity.

 • In 1571 Legazpi mounted an expedition to the north. Legazpi conquered Manila with the help
of 600 Visayan troops and stablished it as a Spanish settlement.

 • The Spanish sought to replace the indigenous religion and to bring the islands under a single
political and religious authority. This process was neither unopposed nor completely successful.

 • The extension of Spanish rule through lowland Luzon and the Visayas took many decades of
combined military and missionary action.

 • The primary agents of conquista espiritual (spiritual conquest) were the Spanish priests who
belonged to different religious orders.

 • Conquista espiritual was also accompanied by resettlement. In a process called reduccion

barangays were coaxed or coerced into towns organized around a newly built church with
resident priest.
  • The extension of Spanish rule through lowland Luzon and the Visayas took many decades of
combined military and missionary action.

 • The primary agents of conquista espiritual (spiritual conquest) were the Spanish priests who
belonged to different religious orders.

 • Conquista espiritual was also accompanied by resettlement. In a process called reduccion

barangays were coaxed or coerced into

 In every town there was a plaza complex. The basic plan was a plaza surrounded by a church and
convent, civic buildings, market, school and homes of prominent families.

Politics in the Spanish Philippines

 The king or queen of Spain was the ruler of the Philippines. The country was ruled through
Mexico via the Consejo de las Indias or Council of the Indies.

 The governor general represented the king or queen. He had blanket authority during typhoons,
floods, epidemics, earthquakes, etc.

 The Real Audiencia was the supreme court. It was composed of oidores (judges) who checked
the activities of the governor general.

 The Real Audiencia gave power to the Residencia to check the governor general. However, the
governor general was also honorary head of the Real Audiencia.

 There was a union of Church and State during the Spanish Occupation, meaning the Church
could meddle in government matters and the government could meddle in Church matters. The
governor general was also vice-patron of the Church.

 The ayuntamiento in Intramuros was the office of the governor general. Malacañang Palace was
his summer residence.

 • Only a peninsular (a Spaniard who was born in Spain) could become governor general. An
insular (a Spaniard born in the Philippines) and a mestizo could not.

 • There were two kinds of provinces: the corregimiento and the alcaldia. A corregimiento,
headed by a corregidor, still had resistance and could not pay taxes. A Corregidor had to be a
man knowledgeable in military strategies.

 An alcalde mayor also had to be a peninsular. Most of the time, he was also a lawyer. What made
an alcalde mayor rich and powerful was his right to engage in trade.

 Under the provincial government was the municipal government. A town or pueblo was headed
by a gobernadorcillo, also called capitan municipal or simply capitan.

 • There were gobernacillos de naturales and gobernadorcillos de mestizos in some towns. In

Binondo, they were also gobernadorcillos de chinos.

 He was voted by thirteen electors, composed of six former cabezas de barangay (village heads),
six current cabezas and the outgoing gobernadorcillo. The parish priest had to approve the
 election of a gobernadorcillo. If approved, his name was sent to the alcalde mayor and
afterwards forwarded to the governor general for final approval.

 Gobernadorcillos and cabezas were in charge of the collection of taxes. They had to be rich
because they had to pay for the taxes of people who went to the mountains.

 • The highest position a Filipino could occupy was that of gobernadorcillo.

Social and Cultural Conditions Under Spain

 Spanish influence made its impact on our indigenous culture. It can be seen through the change
in Filipino names, intermarriages, the plaza complex, fiestas and other religious rituals, attire and
ornaments, house styles, religion and education.

 • Many Filipinos did not change their names. They used names such as Gatmaitan, Gatbonton,
Dimalanta, Dimagiba, Bayani, Magtanggol, Magiting, etc.

 •At first, the Spaniards did not attempt to change our naming practices. Those who became
Christians chose Spanish names, usually the names of saints.

 •Many Filipinos still did not have surnames so confusion arose. To remedy the situation,
Governor General Narciso Claveria issued a decree in 1849 allowing Filipinos to change their
names.

 The Spaniards as a rule did not intermarry with Filipinos. There were exceptions to this rule, of
course. A child of a Filipino woman and a Spaniard was called mestizo Español. A child of a
Chinese man and a Filipino woman was called mestizo de Sangley.

 • Children of Filipinos were called indios (Indians). Technically those who could be called
Filipinos were the insulares, Spaniards born in the Philippines.

Social Stratification

1. Peninsulares

2. Insulares

3. Mestizos Españoles

4. Mestizos de Sangleyes

5. Indios

6. Chinos

7. Infieles (Infidels)

 The Spaniards introduced the type of house called antillean. They are now usually called bahay
na bato. The first floor of the house is made of stone, while the second floor is made of first-class
wood.

 Many Filipinos who had contacts with the Spaniards learned the Spanish language. Such contacts
led to adoptions of Spanish words among many Filipino languages.
  • During the early period of Spanish rule, education was not available to majority of Filipinos.

 •However, in 1863 primary and secondary schools were opened to Filipinos. Despite the move,
many children were afraid to go to school because teachers were often brutal.

 •With the rise of the middle class, many Filipinos were able to go colleges such as Ateneo
Municipal and San Juan de Letran. Later, they were admitted to UST.

 •Filipinos were given a chance to become lawyers, physicians, teachers, etc., unlike people in
other colonies

Revolts Against Spain

 Causes of the Revolts

o 1. The loss of political power of the datus and rajahs.

- In 1574, Lakandula and Soliman, former rajahs of Manila, launched a revolt because of
the confiscation of their lands and the abusive policies of the encomenderos. In 1587-
1588, a revolt was planned by former datus of Manila such as Magat Salamat and
Agustin de Legazpi and the former datus of Tondo, Navotas, Pandacan, Candaba in
Pampanga and Polo in Bulacan.

o 2. The desire to return to the old religion of animism.

- In 1622, Tamblot encouraged people to leave Christianity and return to the old religion.
Also in 1622, Datu Bankaw of Limasawa and a babaylan named Pagali led a revolt to
return to the old religion.

o 3. The land grabbing of the Spaniards.

- Filipinos (indios) who lived in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas revolted in 1745 because of
the land grabbing done by the Jesuits. In 1745, a revolt also broke out in Cavite because
of the land grabbing done by the Dominicans in Silang.

o 4. Abusive economic policies.

- Tributo or tax. In 1762, Diego Silang of Ilocos urged his fellow Ilocanos not to pay the
tribute and render polo. In 1762, Juan de la Cruz Palaris led a revolt in Pangasinan
because of the additional one real in the tax that the people paid.

- Polo y servicio or forced labor. In 1649, Juan Sumuroy led an uprising in Samar after
Governor-General Diego Fajardo ordered that men should be sent to Cavite to build
galleons. In 1660 a revolt broke out in Pampanga after 1,000 men were sent to the
mountains to cut timber for eight months. The revolt in Pampanga was led by Francisco
Maniago.

- Imposition of monopolies. In 1785, Lagutao, a leader in Cagayan, led a revolt against

the tobacco monopoly. In 1807, a revolt in Ilocos broke out again over the basi
monopoly.
  Why the Revolts Failed

o 1. The revolts were suppressed because of the superior military force of the Spaniards
which was reinforced by Filipinos. The Spaniards used the divide-and-rule strategy.

o 2. Aside from the use of force, the Spaniards suppressed the revolts with promises of
addressing the Filipinos’ grievances. The friars played a significant role in these
negotiations.

o 3. The other revolts failed due to the betrayal of some members after being promised
certain benefits by the Spaniards.

 Significance of the Revolts

o There were more than 100 revolts that occurred during the Spanish Occupation. These
were scattered over the different islands and places in the Philippines. The revolts
indicate that the Spaniards did not fully pacify the Philippines. Revolts may also measure
the abuses of the colonial government.

THE PROPAGAND MOVEMENT

 The opening of Philippine ports to world trade in the first half of the nineteenth century resulted
in significant socioeconomic and political changes.

 • There was economic development because of the export demand for crops such as sugar,
tobacco, and abaca. This led to the rise of landed estates or haciendas dedicated to the
cultivation of cash crops. Many of these haciendas were owned by friar orders who hired
inquilinos or tenants to manage their lands. The new system created a new wealthy class of
Filipinos.

 • The educational reform of 1863 opened all institutions of learning to those who could afford to
have their children educated. The reform allowed wealthy Filipinos to send their children to the
schools in Manila and Europe.

 • Wealthy and educated Filipinos criticized the incompetent Spanish colonial government and
suggested liberal reforms in the Philippines.

 • Within the Catholic Church in the Philippines, secular priests such as Fr. Pedro Pablo Pelaez and
Fr. Jose Burgos led the secularization campaign, which aimed to transfer the administration of
the parishes from the regular priests to the secular priests.

 • The movements for liberal reforms and secularization were suppressed following the Cavite
Mutiny in 1872. Prominent Filipino priests, lawyers, entrepreneurs were implicated in the Cavite
Mutiny. Many were imprisoned or exiled. The Gomburza priests were executed.

 • The events of 1872 would awaken the consciousness of the younger generation who witnessed
the tragic fate of their teachers, families, and friends. They would later bring the struggle for
change to Spain.
  • The Propaganda Movement was a Filipino-led campaign for reform and assimilation which can
be dated from the appearance of the reformist bilingual newspaper Diariong Tagalog in 1882 to
the demise of La Solidaridad in 1895.

 • Filipino students and professionals in Spain engaged in public speeches, political lobbying and
petitions, and publication of books, pamphlets, and articles to expose the conditions in the
Philippines and advocate necessary reforms.

 • Among the organizers and contributors to the Propaganda Movement were Filipino ilustrados
such as Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Antonio Luna.

 • The Propaganda Movement failed to obtain basic rights and privileges for Filipinos. The
following factors contributed to the failure of the Propaganda Movement:

1. Political instability in Spain led to abrupt changes in the Spanishgovernment.

2. The friars, whose powers the ilustrados wanted to curtail, engaged in counter- propaganda
activities.

3. Personal rivalries led to disunity among the ilustrados.

 • Ultimately, the Propaganda Movement was successful in igniting a sense of national identity
and unity among Filipinos.

 • According to Fr. John Schumacher, SJ, the ilustrados were responsible for the “creation of a
Filipino consciousness.” It was the the ilustrados’ nationalist ideas and ideals that would inspire
the Philippine Revolution of 1896.

THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

 After Rizal was arrested on July 6, 1892, La Liga Filipina had to exist with its founder incarcerated.

 • On July 7, 1892, Andres Bonifacio, Deodato Arellano, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao
Diwa, Jose Dizon and others formed the Kataastaasan Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan or simply the Katipunan.

 • The Katipunan aimed to separate from Spain, defend the poor and the oppressed, promote
good morality, and reject religious fanaticism and obscurantism.

  Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata and Ladislao Diwa formed the first hasik or triangle. The
system was found to be too slow so that in October 1892 Andres Bonifacio decided that any
Katipunero could induct as many members as he could.

  Rizal was made honorary president of the Katipunan. He also became the rallying cry of the
Katipuneros.

  At the top of the Katipunan was the Kataastaasang Sanggunian composed of a president, a
fiscal, a treasurer and six members or councilors. In every province, a Sangguniang Bayan was
established. In every town, a Sangguniang Balangay was organized.
 • When Bonifacio became Supremo of the Katipunan and when the organization’s newspaper
Kalayaan was published in 1896, the Katipunan’s membership jumped to between 15,000 and
30,000.

 • The women’s chapter of the Katipunan was established in 1893. Membership was restricted to
wives, sisters or daughters of Katipuneros.

 • The existence of the Katipunan was discovered on August 19, 1896 after Teodoro Patiño, a
member of the Katipunan, divulged the secrets of the society to Fr. Mariano Gil, an Augustinian
friar in Tondo.

 • On August 23, 1896, the Supremo presided over a meeting in Tandang Sora’s barn in Bahay
Toro in Balintawak. They resolved that the revolution would begin at the midnight of August 29.

 • The Katipuneros present tore into pieces their cedulas, which were their certificates of
subjection.

 • By August 30, 1896, the revolution had spread to different areas around Manila.

 • The major battles took place in Manila and its environs simply because it was the center of the
colonial authority. But the Katipunan and the Revolution were national in scope and were
present from Batanes to Sulu.

 • In the last days of 1896 and the early part of 1897, Cavite became the center of the Revolution
because of the revolutionaries’ victories. But Spanish forces were able to recapture Cavite and
force Emilio Aguinaldo, the acknowledged leader of the Revolution, to regroup in Biak-na-Bato.
This led to the Treaty of Biak-na-Bato between the Filipinos and Spaniards in December 1897.

 • While Aguinaldo and the others were in Hong Kong, the Revolution continued under the local
leaders. After Aguinaldo’s return in May 1898, the Revolution achieved its aim when the
Philippines declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898.

 • From the outbreak of the Revolution, Aguinaldo displayed religious bias in favor of the Catholic
Church. Like most Filipinos at the time, his qualified hatred for the friars did not obscure his deep
faith in Catholicism.

 • Aguinaldo and other members of the Magdalo camp remained religious. At the height of the
Revolution, the Magdalos continued to display their deep faith. Aguinaldo ordered the people to
pray novenas because he believed their prayers were powerful weapons against their enemies.

 • Even at the height of the Revolution, the hatred of the Filipinos against the friar and the
Spaniards did not affect negatively their faith in the religion the Spaniards introduced.

 • The Philippine Revolution surprised the Spaniards because 1) They had always seen the
Filipinos as a peace-loving people and 2) They thought that the Filipinos were drawn to their
former colonizing masters in intimate ties of affection which no event could possibly sever.

 • Before the Revolution, the Spaniards had regarded the Philippines as “the most peaceful
country on earth.”
  The Philippine Revolution surprised the Spaniards because

1) They had always

2) seen the Filipinos as a peace-loving people and

3) They thought that the Filipinos were drawn to their former colonizing masters in intimate ties
affection which no event could possibly sever.

 • Before the Revolution, the Spaniards had regarded the Philippines as “the most peaceful
country on earth.”\

THE PHILIPPINE -AMERICAN WAR

 While Aguinaldo was in Hong Kong, American officials met him. The Americans expressed
support for the Filipino ideal of independence. They declared that they were not interested in
making the Philippines an American colony.

• When the Philippines declared independence on June 12, 1898, the Americans had not yet revealed
their real motives because of their small military force in the country.

• But by the end of July 1898, there were already 10, 964 American soldiers and 740 military officers in
the Philippines.

• The American military officers secretly met with Governor-Genera Fermin Jaudenes about the
Spaniards’ plan to surrender the Philippines to America.

• The Spaniards wanted to salvage some of their dignity so the American and Spanish troops staged the
Mock Battle of Manila. On August 14, 1898, both sides signed the documents of surrender.

• Meanwhile, Filipino Generals Pio del Pilar and Artemio Ricarte and several others were starting to
suspect the Americans.

• With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in December 1898, the relations between the Philippines and
America would lead to the Philippine-American War. The US bought the Philippines from Spain for $20
million.

• On February 4, 1899, the Philippine-American War officially began as a result of an incident in the
corner of Sociego and Silencio streets in Sta. Mesa, Manila. Private William Grayson and two other
American soldiers came across four Filipino soldiers. Grayson fired at the Filipino perhaps as a result of
miscommunication.

• US President William McKinley issued the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation to justify the
annexation of the Philippines. According to him,

1. The US could not return the Philippines to Spain because this might manifest cowardice and
humiliation on the part of the Americans.

2. The US could not give the Philippines to France or Germany since these countries were the Americans’
competitors in Asian trade.
3. The Filipinos were still incapable of governing themselves and this may result in greater chaos than
during the Spanish Occupation.

4. The Americans had no other choice but to take the entire archipelago to “educate” the Filipinos,
“improve their conditions,” “civilize their ways” and to “Christianize” them.

• The Americans wanted to acquire the Philippines because of the following reasons:

1. The Philippines would allow American capitalists to expand their businesses in this part of Asia.

2. The Philippines’ strategic location would allow American military bases in the country to serve as a
first line of defense for the US.

3. The Philippines might become a base for Protestant missionaries.

• The Americans wanted to acquire the Philippines because of the following reasons:

1. The Philippines would allow American capitalists to expand their businesses in this part of Asia.

2. The Philippines’ strategic location would allow American military bases in the country to serve as a
first line of defense for the US.

3. The Philippines might become a base for Protestant missionaries.

• On September 6, 1900, Aguinaldo and his troops reached Palanan, Isabela where they stayed for six
months. General Frederick Funston was able to discover Aguinaldo’s location and hatched a plan to catch
the president. The plan was to have Macabebes and former Filipino soldiers pretend to catch five
American soldiers.

• On March 23, 1901, the Americans reached Palanan and easily entered Aguinaldo’s camp. Aguinaldo
was captured, brought to Manila and later swore loyalty to the US on April 1, 1901. Other Filipino
generals soon followed.

• On September 6, 1900, Aguinaldo and his troops reached Palanan, Isabela where they stayed for six
months. General Frederick Funston was able to discover Aguinaldo’s location and hatched a plan to

catch the president. The plan was to have Macabebes and former Filipino soldiers pretend to catch five
American soldiers.

• On March 23, 1901, the Americans reached Palanan and easily entered Aguinaldo’s camp. Aguinaldo
was captured, brought to Manila and later swore loyalty to the US on April 1, 1901. Other Filipino
generals soon followed.

• When many Filipino generals surrendered, other Filipino revolutionaries were tagged by the Americans
as thieves, fugitives and bandits. General Macario Sakay was a member of the Katipunan and a
revolutionary who refused to surrender to the Americans. He established the Republic of the Tagalogs in
Morong. After a treacherous meeting with the Americans, he and his followers were executed as
“bandits” in 1907.

• About 200,000 Filipinos died during the Philippine-American War. Numerous appalling tortures were
undertaken by soldiers, such as the “water cure” and the “rope cure.”
• In 1901, General Jacob Smith ordered to kill persons (including boys over 10 years old) in Balangiga,
Samar after Filipino revolutionaries killed American soldiers in the town.

AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

 On July 1, 1902, the US Congress enacted the first law concerning the administration of the
Philippines. This was the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 or the Cooper Act.

 • The Philippine Organic Act provided for the establishment of the Philippine Commission, the
appointment of a civil governor, and the creation of the Supreme Court. The Act also allowed the
Philippine legislature to elect two resident commissioners for the US.

 • The Act also created the Philippine Assembly that would serve as the lower house of the
legislature. The Philippine Assembly was composed of Filipinos. The Philippine Commission,
composed of mostly Americans, served as the upper house.

 • The Philippine Commission enacted laws that demonstrated American intention of “educating”
and “civilizing” Filipinos.

 • On August 29, 1916, the US Congress enacted the Philippine Autonomy Act or the Jones Law.
This law established two legislative bodies composed of Filipinos. The Philippine Commission
was replaced by the Senate, while the Philippine Assembly was replaced by the House of
Representatives. The governor-general appointed by the US president remained the head of the
executive.

 • In the 1920s the American Colonial Government in the Philippines was already well-
established.

 • The Philippine Legislature continued to send futile independence missions to the United States
from 1922 to 1928 and also in 1930. An Independence Congress was convened in Manila in 1930
and approved a resolution calling on the United States to give the Philippines its independence.

 • Nonetheless, Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas led another independence mission in 1931.
The Os-Rox Mission was able to secure the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, which would give the
Philippines independence after a decade of commonwealth.

 • However, Manuel Quezon blocked the passage of the Hare-Hawes- Cutting Act in the Philippine
Legislature because, primarily, the US military bases would be allowed to stay in the Philippines.
Therefore, Quezon went on a trip to the US to secure a superior law. In 1934, he got the Tydings-
McDuffie Act, was basically the same as the Hare- Hawes-Cutting Act without the military
reservations clause.

 • The Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated in 1935, with Quezon as its president.
According to Agoncillo and Mangahas, Quezon “ably steered a country besieged by internal
problems while it tried to survive a government in transition to independence.”

 • The Americans’ lasting “legacy” to the Philippines was public education, which sharply raised
the Filipinos’ literacy rate. Two enduring features of the American Occupation of the Philippines
 were the introduction of the English language and the establishment of the University of the
Philippines in 1908.

 • In the 1920s, Spanish was replaced by English as the medium of instruction in Catholic schools.
St. Theresa’s College, De La Salle, St. Scholastica’s College and Assumption all used English in
education. Ateneo de Manila followed suit in 1921. In 1923 the Spanish-founded University of
Santo Tomas finally capitulated and started using English.

 • There was simply a dearth of priests, even Filipino ones, at the beginning of the twentieth
century. The bishops dealt with this by recruiting congregations of men from European countries
besides Spain.

 • Among the orders who answered the call were the Divine Word Missionaries (SVD) of
Germany, the Sacred Heart Missionaries (MSC) of the Netherlands, the Scheut Missionaries
(CICM) of Belgium, the Mill Hill Missionaries (MHM) also of the Netherlands and the
Redemptorists (CSsR) of Ireland.

 • These priests went to the far-flung places to evangelize and to minister to Catholics. They also
managed to gain knowledge of the local languages, Spanish and English.

 • The recruitment of these priests was also a result of the Vatican’s policy of gradually removing
the Spanish friars from the Philippines or restricting them to schools or their monasteries.

 • The Vatican tasked De La Salle to educate the sons of upper-class Filipinos who were drifting
away from the Catholic Church.

 These priests went to the far-flung places to evangelize and to minister to Catholics. They also
managed to gain knowledge of the local languages, Spanish and English.

 • The recruitment of these priests was also a result of the Vatican’s policy of gradually removing
the Spanish friars from the Philippines or restricting them to schools or their monasteries.

 • The Vatican tasked De La Salle to educate the sons of upper-class Filipinos who were drifting
away from the Catholic Church.

 • Catholic nuns had been at the forefront of education, especially education of women, since the
end of the Spanish Occupation of the Philippines. The Spanish-founded Beaterio de la Compañia
and the Beaterio of Sta. Catalina were joined by other European sisters in the education
enterprise.

 • The bishops in the Philippines sought the help of these sisters in charity work and education.
All of these European orders of nuns established schools for girls in Manila.

 • Among the first-class convent schools that the European nuns established were St.
Scholastica’s College, St. Theresa’s College, Maryknoll College, Assumption College, Holy Ghost
College, and St. Joseph’s College.

 • Catholic nuns had been at the forefront of education, especially education of women, since the
end of the Spanish Occupation of the Philippines. The Spanish-founded Beaterio de la Compañia
 and the Beaterio of Sta. Catalina were joined by other European sisters in the education
enterprise.

 • The bishops in the Philippines sought the help of these sisters in charity work and education.
All of these European orders of nuns established schools for girls in Manila.

 • Among the first-class convent schools that the European nuns established were St.
Scholastica’s College, St. Theresa’s College, Maryknoll College, Assumption College, Holy Ghost
College, and St. Joseph’s College.

Japanese Occupation of the Philippines

 Japan’s entry into the Second World War was due to the country’s scarcity in natural resources.
It needed colonies that would supply raw materials for industrialization.

 • On December 7, 1941, Japan declared war on the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New
Zealand and South Africa.

 • The Second World War reached Asia and the Pacific when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in
Hawaii on December 7, 1941.

 • Immediately after, Japan launched its conquest of East and Southeast Asia in order to establish
the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

 • On December 24, 1941, General Douglas MacArthur ordered the Commonwealth Government
to evacuate to Corregidor. Manila was declared an open city on December 26 and officially fell
on January 2,1942.

 In Bataan, Filipino and American troops remained steadfast in the face of Japanese aggression.
The Europe First Policy of the US greatly affected the minds of the soldiers. Bataan finally fell to
the Japanese on April 9, 1942 – but the fall of Bataan greatly delayed the plan of the Japanese to
subjugate the Philippines quickly.

 Around 78,000 Filipino soldiers were forced to march from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando,
Pampanga. This event became the infamous Death March.

 On January 3, 1942, General Homma declared the end of American sovereignty in the
Philippines. On January 23, Jorge Vargas, the mayor of Manila, was appointed chair of the
Philippine Executive Commission.

 • The national government was called the Central Administrative Organization. Only the
Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI) was the only Japanese-authorized
Filipino political party.

 The KALIBAPI organized the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence on June 18,
1943. A constitution was drafted and completed on September 4 and ratified by the KALIBAPI on
September 7.
 • On September 20, the KALIBAPI chose 54 delegates for the National Assembly. Benigno Aquino
Sr. was elected Speaker of the National Assembly, while Jose P. Laurel was made President of the
Philippines.

 • Japan made the Philippines independent on October 14, 1943. The Japanese implemented
curfews, prohibited listening to radios and confiscated private vehicles.

 The money used during the Japanese Occupation was called Mickey Mouse Money because it
was almost useless. Many people ventured into the buy and sell business.

 A major problem of Filipinos was the food supply. To address this, the government created the
Food Administration Office, the Bigasang Bayan (BIBA) and the National Distribution Corporation
(NADISCO).

 • President Laurel encouraged Filipinos to plant vegetables in their backyards, especially

kangkong.

 • Many farmers became rich during the Japanese Occupation because they supplied the rich
with much-needed food.

 • The Japanese overlords implemented social programs that aimed to wean Filipinos from
Western influence and take pride in being Asians. The Japanese prohibited the use of English and
encouraged the use of Tagalog. Nihongo was taught in schools.

 • Japan also employed religion as a propaganda vehicle. Japan even imported Japanese
missionaries to the Philippines.

 • The Japanese repressed the freedom of the Filipinos, censored, newspapers and removed from
textbooks any references to the West.

 • It is said that Filipinos during the Japanese Occupation had five main enemies: the Kempeitai
or military police, diseases, guerrillas, hunger and Japanese-paid military spies. Abuse of women
was also widespread.

 • Guerrillas continued their resistance against the Japanese. Those who formed guerrilla groups
were former soldiers under the Americans, several groups headed by civilian leaders and the
Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon or HUKBALAHAP.

 The return of the Americans to the Philippines began in 1944. On October 20, American forces
landed in Leyte, led by MacArthur and Osmeña.

 On February 23, 1945, Japanese organized resistance came to a halt after the destruction of
Manila. The Philippines was liberated from Japan on July 5. The number of Filipinos killed or
injured during the Japanese Occupation was almost one million.