Integral Calculus

APPLICATION OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Technological University of the Philippines

In this chapter of this course we will be looking at Applications of Integrals. There are many other
applications, however many of them require integration techniques. Because this chapter is focused
on the applications of integrals it is assumed in all the examples that you can do the integrals. There
1. be
will not Integrals
as muchasdetail
General andintegration
in the Particular Solution tothe
process in Differential
examplesEquation (Familyasofthere
in this chapter Curves)
was in the
2. Average Function Value
examples in the previous chapter.
3. Area Between Curves
Here is a listing of applications covered in this chapter.
4. Volume of Solid Revolution
5. Centroid
6. Arc length and Surface Area of a Curve

Integrals as General and Particular Solutions (Families of Curves)

The first-order equation 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) takes an especially simple form if the right-hand-side
function f does not actually involve the dependent variable y, so 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥).
In this special case we need only integrate both sides to obtain 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶. This is a general
solution, meaning that it involves an arbitrary constant 𝐶, and for every choice of C it is a solution of the
differential equation. If 𝐺(𝑥) is a particular antiderivative of 𝑓, that is, if 𝐺’(𝑥) ≡ 𝑓 (𝑥), then 𝑦(𝑥) =
𝐺(𝑥) + 𝐶. This equation is the General Solution.
The graphs of any two such solutions 𝑦1 (𝑥) = 𝐺(𝑥) + 𝐶1 and 𝑦2 (𝑥) = 𝐺(𝑥) + 𝐶2 interval I are
“parallel” in the sense as illustrated by the figure. There we see that the constant C is geometrically the
vertical distance between the two curves y(x) = G(x) and y(x) = G(x) + C. these parallel graphs are called
families of curves.

1
Figure. Graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 for various values of C
4

To satisfy an initial condition 𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑦0 , we need only substitute 𝑥 = 𝑥0 and 𝑦 = 𝑦0 into the
general solution to obtain 𝑦0 = 𝐺(𝑥0 ) + 𝐶, so that 𝐶 = 𝑦0 − 𝐺(𝑥0 ). With this choice of C, we
obtain the particular solution satisfying the initial value problem 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑦0 .
Example 1. Solve the initial value problem 𝑦′ = 2𝑥 + 3, 𝑦(1) = 2
𝑑𝑦
Solution. Recall that 𝑦 ′ = . And by using some algebra 𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥, integrate both side of the
𝑑𝑥
equation will yield to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝐶. This is the general solution. To get particular solution by
substitute 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 2 from the general solution 2 = (1)2 + 3(1) + 𝐶, thus 𝐶 = −2. Substituting C
from the general solution will give us 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2.

Example 2. Solve the initial value problem 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 − 1, 𝑦(3) = 2

𝑑𝑦
Solution. Recall that 𝑦 ′ = . And by using some algebra 𝑑𝑦 = (4𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥, integrate both side of the
𝑑𝑥
equation will yield to 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝐶. This is the general solution. To get particular solution by
substitute 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = 2 from the general solution 2 = 2(3)2 − (3) + 𝐶, thus 𝐶 = −13. Substituting
C from the general solution will give us 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 13.

Exercises. Find general solutions of the differential equation of the following and find the particular
solution using the given points.
1. 𝑦 ′ = 1 − 2𝑥, at point (−1, −1)
2. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 , at point (1, −1)
3. 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 − 3, at point (−2, 4)
4. 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 + 2, at point (2, 3)
5. 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 − 5, at point (−3, 5)
6. 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦, at point (1, 1)
7. x𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦, at point (2, 3)

Average Function Value

To find the average value of a set of numbers, you just add the numbers and divide by the number of
numbers. How would you find the average value of a continuous function over some interval?

The problem is that there are an infinite number of numbers to add up, then divide by infinity. One
approach is to divide up the interval and use n left or right samples of the value of the function, add
them up, then divide by n. If we take the limit as n approaches infinity, then we will get the average
value. The formula for the average value of a function, f, over the interval from a to b is:
𝑏
1
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏−𝑎 𝑎
Example. Determine the average value of each of the following functions on the given interval.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 at interval [−2, 2]
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 at interval [−3, 3]
Solution:
Exercises
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 at interval [−10, 5]
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 at interval [−2, 4]
𝑥+1
3. 𝑦 = at interval [1, 4]
𝑥
2𝑥−1
4. 𝑦 = 𝑒 at interval [−3, 2]
5. 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 at interval [−𝜋, 𝜋]

Area Between Curves

In this section we are going to look at finding the area between two curves. There are two cases that we
are going to be looking at. In the first case we want to determine the area between 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 =
𝑔(𝑥) on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]. We are also going to assume that 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥). Look at the following sketch
to get an idea of what we’re initially going to look at.
The formula for the area in this case.
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
𝑎
The second case is almost identical to the first case. Here we are going to determine the area between
𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦) and 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦) on the interval [𝑐, 𝑑] with 𝑓(𝑦) ≥ 𝑔(𝑦).

In this case the formula is,

𝑑
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)]𝑑𝑦
𝑐
Now the two formulas are perfectly serviceable, however, it is sometimes easy to forget that these
always require the first function to be the larger of the two functions. So, instead of these formulas we
will instead use the following “word” formulas to make sure that we remember that the area is always
the “larger” function minus the “smaller” function.
In the first case we will use,
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫𝑎 [𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]𝑑𝑥, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
In the second case we will use,
𝑑
𝐴 = ∫𝑐 [𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]𝑑𝑦, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑
Using these formulas will always force us to think about what is going on with each problem and to
make sure that we’ve got the correct order of functions when we go to use the formula.
Step in solving area between curves.
1. Graph the given function
2. Identify what formula should use
3. Determined all the functions and limits
4. Substitute all the values/function from step 3 to the formula
5. Solve the definite integral and don’t forget the units

Example 1. Determine the area of the region enclosed by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = √𝑥.

Solution:

2
Example 2 Determine the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 = 2, and the y-axis.
Solution:
Example 3 Determine the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 10 and 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 16.
Solution:
Example 4 Determine the area of the region enclosed by 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, 𝑥 = 𝜋/2, and the y-axis.
Solution:
Example 5 Determine the area of the region enclosed by 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 2 and 2𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1.
Solution:

Example 6 Determine the area of the region bounded by 𝑥 = −𝑦 2 + 10 and 𝑥 = (𝑦 − 2)/2.

Solution:
SOLUTIONS

Exercises

Volume of Solids of Revolution

In this section we will start looking at the volume of a solid of revolution. We should first define
just what a solid of revolution is. To get a solid of revolution we start out with a function, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), on
an interval [𝑎, 𝑏].
We then rotate this curve about a given axis to get the surface of the solid of revolution. For purposes of
this discussion let’s rotate the curve about the x-axis, although it could be any vertical or horizontal axis.
Doing this for the curve above gives the following three-dimensional region.

Method use in Solving Volume of Solid Revolution

1. Circular disk method
2. Circular ring method
3. Shell method

Circular Disk Method

If the axis of revolution is the boundary of the plane region and the cross sections are taken
perpendicular to the axis of revolution, then you use the disk method to find the volume of the
solid. Because the cross section of a disk is a circle with area 𝜋𝑟 2, the volume of each disk is its
area times its thickness. If a disk is perpendicular to the x‐axis, then its radius should be
expressed as a function of x. If a disk is perpendicular to the y‐axis, then its radius should be
expressed as a function of y.

The volume of a solid generated by revolving the region bounded by y = f(x) and the x‐axis on
the interval [a, b] about the x‐axis is

𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

If the region bounded by x = f(y) and the y‐axis on [ c, d] is revolved about the y‐axis, then its
volume is

𝑑
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [𝑓(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐
Note that f(x) and f(y) represent the radii of the disks or the distance between a point on the
curve to the axis of revolution.

Example 1: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by y = x 2
and the x‐axis on [−2,3] about the x‐axis.

Solution/Graph/other example

Circular Ring Method/ Washer Method

If the axis of revolution is not a boundary of the plane region and the cross sections are taken
perpendicular to the axis of revolution, you use the washer method to find the volume of the
solid. Think of the washer as a “disk with a hole in it” or as a “disk with a disk removed from its
center.” If R is the radius of the outer disk and r is the radius of the inner disk, then the area of
the washer is 𝜋𝑅2 − 𝜋𝑟 2 , and its volume would be its area times its thickness. As noted in the
discussion of the disk method, if a washer is perpendicular to the x‐axis, then the inner and
outer radii should be expressed as functions of x. If a washer is perpendicular to the y‐axis, then
the radii should be expressed as functions of y.

The volume of a solid generated by revolving the region bounded by y = f(x) and y = g(x)
on the interval [a, b] where f(x) ≥ g(x), about the x‐axis is

𝑏
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ {[𝑓(𝑥)]2 − [𝑔(𝑥 )]2 }𝑑𝑥
𝑎

If the region bounded by x = f(y) and x = g(y) on [ c, d], where f(y) ≥ g(y) is revolved
about the y‐axis, then its volume is

𝑑
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ {[𝑓(𝑦)]2 − [𝑔(𝑦)]2 }𝑑𝑦
𝑐

Note again that f(x) and g(x) and f(y) and g(y) represent the outer and inner radii of the washers
or the distance between a point on each curve to the axis of revolution.

Example 2: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by y = x 2 +
2 and y = x + 4 about the x‐axis.
Solution/ illustration and examples

Cylindrical Shell Method

If the cross sections of the solid are taken parallel to the axis of revolution, then the cylindrical
shell method will be used to find the volume of the solid. If the cylindrical shell has radius r and
height h, then its volume would be 2π rh times its thickness. Think of the first part of this
product, 𝐴 = 2𝜋 rh, as the area of the rectangle formed by cutting the shell perpendicular to its
radius and laying it out flat. If the axis of revolution is vertical, then the radius and height should
be expressed in terms of x. If, however, the axis of revolution is horizontal, then the radius and
height should be expressed in terms of y.

The volume of a solid generated by revolving the region bounded by y = f(x) and the x‐axis on
the interval [ a, b], where f(x) ≥ 0, about the y‐axis is

𝑏
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

If the region bounded by x = f(y) and the y‐axis on the interval [ c, d], where f(y) ≥ 0, is
revolved about the x‐axis, then its volume is

𝑑
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑐

Note that the x and y in the integrands represent the radii of the cylindrical shells or the
distance between the cylindrical shell and the axis of revolution. The f(x) and f(y) factors
represent the heights of the cylindrical shells.

Example 3: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by y = x 2
and the x‐axis [1,3] about the y‐axis.

Solution/illustration example pa
Centroid for curved areas
Taking the simple case first, we aim to find the centroid for the area defined by a function f(x), and the
vertical lines x = a and x = b as indicated in the following figure.

To find the centroid, we use the same basic idea that we were using for the straight-sided. The "typical"
rectangle indicated is 𝑥 units from the y-axis, and it has width ∆𝑥 (which becomes 𝑑𝑥 when we
integrate) and height y = f(x).
Generalizing from the above rectangular areas case, we multiply these 3 values (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥) and ∆𝑥, which
will give us the area of each thin rectangle times its distance from the 𝑥), then add them. If we do this
for infinitesimally small strips, we get the x-coordinates of the centroid using the total moments in the x-
direction, given by:
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 1 𝑏
𝑥̅ = = ∫ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝑎
And, considering the moments in the y-direction about the x-axis and re-expressing the function in
terms of y, we have:
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 1 𝑑
𝑦̅ = = ∫ 𝑦𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝑐
Notice this time the integration is with respect to 𝑦, and the distance of the "typical" rectangle from the
x-axis is 𝑦 units. Also note the lower and upper limits of the integral are 𝑐 and 𝑑, which are on the y-axis.

Alternate method: Depending on the function, it may be easier to use the following alternative formula
for the y-coordinate, which is derived from considering moments in the x-direction (Note the "dx" in the
integral, and the upper and lower limits are along the x-axis for this alternate method).
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 1 𝑏 [𝑓(𝑥)]2
𝑦̅ = = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝑎 2

This is true since for our thin strip (width 𝑑𝑥), the centroid will be half the distance from the top to the
bottom of the strip.
Another advantage of this second formula is there is no need to re-express the function in terms of y.

EXAMPLES SOLUTIONS

Centroid for Areas Bounded by 2 Curves

We extend the simple case given above. The "typical" rectangle indicated has width ∆x and height y2 −
y1 , so the total moments in the x-direction over the total area is given by:
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 1 𝑏
𝑥̅ = = ∫ 𝑥(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝑎

For the y coordinate, we have 2 different ways we can go about it.

Method 1: We take moments about the y-axis and so we'll need to re-express the expressions x2 and x1
as functions of y.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 1 𝑑
𝑦̅ = = ∫ 𝑦(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑑𝑦
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝑐

Method 2: We can also keep everything in terms of x by extending the "Alternate Method" given above:
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 1 𝑑 [𝑦2 ]2 − [𝑦1 ]2
𝑦̅ = = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝑐 2

Example 4
Find the centroid of the area bounded by y = x3, x = 2 and the x-axis.
EXAMPLE AND SOLUTIONS

Arclength
The next application is to compute arc length of a function. To determine the length of the continuous
function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏].
Initially, to estimate the length of the curve. We’ll do this by dividing the interval up into 𝑛 equal
subintervals each of width 𝛥𝑥 and we’ll denote the point on the curve at each point by Pi . We can
then approximate the curve by a series of straight lines connecting the points. Here is a sketch of
this situation for n=9.
.

Now denote the length of each of these line segments by |𝑃𝑖−1 𝑃1 | and the length of the curve will then
be approximately,
𝑛

𝐿 ≈ ∑|𝑃𝑖−1 𝑃1 |
𝑖=1
and we can get the exact length by taking n larger and larger. In other words, the exact length will be,
𝑛

𝐿 ≈ lim ∑|𝑃𝑖−1 𝑃1 |
𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
Now, let’s get a better grasp on the length of each of these line segments. First, on each segment let’s
define 𝛥𝑦𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖−1 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 ). We can then compute directly the length of the line
segments as follows.
|𝑃𝑖−1 𝑃1 | = √(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖−1 )2 + (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖−1 )2 = √∆𝑥 2 + ∆𝑦 2
By the Mean Value Theorem we know that on the interval [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ] there is a point 𝑥𝑖∗ so that,
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 ) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑖∗ )(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖−1 )
∆𝑦𝑖 = 𝑓′(𝑥𝑖∗ )∆𝑥
Therefore, the length can now be written as,
|𝑃𝑖−1 𝑃1 | = √(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖−1 )2 + (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖−1 )2 = √∆𝑥 2 + [𝑓′(𝑥𝑖∗ )]2 ∆𝑥 2 = √1 + [𝑓′(𝑥𝑖∗ )]2 ∆𝑥
The exact length of the curve is then,
 𝑛 𝑛

𝐿 = lim ∑|𝑃𝑖−1 𝑃1 | = lim ∑ √1 + [𝑓′(𝑥𝑖∗ )]2 ∆𝑥

𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
However, using the definition of the definite integral, this is nothing more than,
𝑏
𝐿 = ∫ √1 + [𝑓′(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Thus, the formula for Arc length is given by
𝑏
𝐿 = ∫ √1 + [𝑓′(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
𝑎
Or
𝑑
𝐿 = ∫ √1 + [𝑓′(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑
𝑐
Note that limits were put on the integral as the limits will depend upon the formula that we’re using.
Using the first formula will require x limits of integration and using the second will require y
limits of integration.

Example 1 Determine the length of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) between 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋/4.

Solution
3
2
Example 2 Determine the length of 𝑥 = (𝑦 − 1)2 between 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4.
3
Solution

Example 3 Redo the previous example using the function in the form y=f(x) instead.
Solution

1
Example 4 Determine the length of 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12. Assume that y is positive.
2
Solution

Exercises

Surface area of the solid revolution.

The next application is surface area, but before that are going to look once again at solids of revolution.
So, for the purposes of the derivation of the formula, let’s look at rotating the continuous function 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥) in the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] about the x-axis. Assume that the derivative is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏].
Below is a sketch of a function and the solid of revolution by rotating the function about the x-
axis.
The formula for the surface area is the same as derived the formula for arc length. We’ll start by dividing
the interval into 𝑛 equal subintervals of width 𝛥𝑥. On each subinterval, approximate the function
with a straight line that agrees with the function at the endpoints of each interval. Here is a
sketch of that for our representative function using 𝑛 = 4
.

Now, rotate the approximations about the x-axis and get the following solid.
The approximation on each interval gives a distinct portion of the solid and to make this clear each
portion is colored differently. Each of these portions are called frustums and know how to find the
surface area of frustums.
The surface area of a frustum is given by,
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑙
where,
1
𝑟 = (𝑟1 + 𝑟1 )
2
𝑟1 = radius of right end
𝑟2 = radius of left end
𝑙 = |𝑃𝑖−1 𝑃1 | is the length of the slant of the frustum.
and from the arc length |𝑃𝑖−1 𝑃1 | = √1 + [𝑓′(𝑥𝑖∗ )]2 ∆𝑥 where 𝑥𝑖∗ is some points in [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ]

Before writing down the formula for the surface area we are going to assume that 𝛥𝑥 is “small” and
since 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous we can then assume that,
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) ≈ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ ) and 𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 ) ≈ 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ )

So, the surface area of the frustum on the interval [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ] is approximately,
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 )
𝐴𝑖 = 2𝜋 ( ) |𝑃𝑖−1 𝑃1 | ≈ 2𝜋𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ )√1 + [𝑓′(𝑥𝑖∗ )]2 ∆𝑥
2

The surface area of the whole solid is then approximately,

𝑛

𝑆 = ∑ 2𝜋𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ )√1 + [𝑓′(𝑥𝑖∗ )]2 ∆𝑥

𝑖=1
and we can get the exact surface area by taking the limit as 𝑛 goes to infinity.
𝑛

𝑆 = lim ∑ 2𝜋𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ )√1 + [𝑓′(𝑥𝑖∗ )]2 ∆𝑥

𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
𝑏
𝑆 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑓(𝑥)√1 + [𝑓′(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

The formula of surface area for rotating 𝑥 = ℎ(𝑦) on [𝑐, 𝑑] about the y-axis is given by the formula.
𝑑
𝑆 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑓(𝑦)√1 + [𝑓′(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

Example 1 Determine the surface area of the solid obtained by rotating 𝑦 = √9 − 𝑥 2 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

about the x-axis.
Solution

3
Example 2 Determine the surface area of the solid obtained by rotating 𝑦 = √𝑥, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 about the y-
axis. Use both formula to compute the surface area.
Solution