Research I (Grade 9) - 2nd Quarter Reviewer

Module 1 – Steps in Scientific Method

 Scientific Method - A systematic approach to problem solving that involves observation and
experimentation.
- Involves a series of steps that are used to investigate a natural occurrence.
 Steps in Scientific Method
1. Statement of the Problem/Question
 Heart of the scientific research, the main reason why the researcher will conduct
the study.
 The fuel that will run the research to solve problems through experimentation.
2. Observation/Research
 To find out what is already known about the problem
3. Formulation of Hypothesis
 Hypothesis- An educated guess about the relationship between the independent
and dependent valuables.
 Variables are identified in the hypothesis
o Independent variable - Manipulated variable
- Will be tested in the experiment.
- Intentionally varied by the experimenter.
o Dependent variable - Responding variable
- Depends on changes made in the IV.
o Controlled variable - Constant in the experiment.
- Standard of comparison where “no treatment”
or an “experimenter selected” group may be
considered by the researcher.
4. Experiment
 When the researcher tests their hypothesis.
 A procedure based on the research design will be followed. (They may modify if needed)
5. Collection and Analysis of Result
 Testing of hypothesis continues as the researcher collects data from the experiment
 The researches may represent the collected data in tables, graphs and charts.
 Once the data is organized, the researcher can then analyze the data to understand
what it means.
 Confirm the results by re-testing.
6. Drawing Conclusion
 After analyzing the data, the researcher can then proceed to a conclusion and
decide if their hypothesis was accepted or rejected.
 This will be the summary of experiment results and specific answers to a given
scientific problem stated previously.
 The researcher can suggest recommendations for further study of other researchers
 Possible improvements may also be added to the procedure done in the study
7. Communicate results
 When the researcher will present the study to an audience, expecting questions.
 The researcher will communicate the process and the results found in the study.
Module 2 – Scientific Report / Parts of Research Paper
 Scientific Writing - A technical form of writing.
- Designed to communicate scientific information to other scientists about
some specific data that you have gathered and what you think those data
mean in the context of research.
 Characteristics of a Good Scientific Writing
 Accurate - Information given is true.
- Vague and ambiguous language is avoided. (Such as: about, approximately, almost)
 Concise - Communicate to the reader in a brief and straightforward manner
(Without excluding relevant materials or information)
 Clear - Devoid of ambiguity.
- Easily understood and well-organized.
- Stick to the facts and avoid unnecessary commentary.
- To achieve systematic thoughts and ideas, an outline before writing a
scientific paper is recommended
 Objective - Avoid biases in presenting, discussion, and evaluating findings.
- Select the most sufficient and important evidences to arrive at the
simplest explanation of observation.
- Consider information from other researchers that disagrees with yours
 Comprehensive- Must contain the essential part of research provided each component
contain all the prescribed content and is written in the following prescribed
style and format.
 Components of Scientific Research
 Title - Provides the first impression to the reader.
- It must be brief, topic-specific, and informative, clearly indicating the purpose of
your study/research.
- It should focus on your major variables to be studied and their relationship.
- If possible, limit the title to 15 words or fewer
 Abstract- A short summary of your technical paper about 150-200 words.
- Its main purpose is to inform the reader concisely about the objective of the
study, materials, and methods employed, the findings, and the conclusion.
- This part of the study must be both interesting and easy to read.
- The abstract is always the last part to be written in past tense.
 Introduction - Provides the background information necessary to understand why the
described experiment was conducted.
- Describes previous research on the topic that has led to unanswered
questions and should cite important previous papers that form the
background for the experiment.
 Subsections of the Introduction
 Background of the Study
-A compilation of adequate information based on the analysis of the problem.
-It is where you described the events which lead to your research and state a clear
reason for pursuing the study.

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  Statement of the Problem
-The problem is divided into main and sub-problems.
-This makes your task at hand manageable for planning purposes and leads to
defining the data that must be obtained to answer the problem.
-A sentence form or in a form of a question that identifies the IV and DV.
-It provides a brief description of the problem that has been raised.
 Significance of the Study
-Justifies why conducting the research is worthwhile.
-The findings from the study make a significant contribution to new knowledge,
facilitate policy formation, and help improve the quality of living.
-Describes a certain group of people who will benefit from the study.
 Scope and Limitation
-Describes the samples, treatments used, and existing limitations of the samples.
-Includes the sources of the sample, quality, and seasonal nature, if there is any.
 Review of Related Literature - A review of related literature is an important survey of
the relevant researcher in a certain field of study.
- It involves a connection of past researches with the present study.
- Composed of articles that will establish the “narrative story” of the study.
- It should answer questions relating to other researches about this topic.
- May identify the gap in the literature which provides a rationale for your
research and supports your research questions and methodology.
 Materials & Methods - Explains the details of the study.
- Describes the design of the experiment, apparatus/equipment,
methods of gathering data, and the type of control.
 Results & Discussion - The result is a concise, tabular, or graphic summary of your findings.
(Interpretation or conclusion of what the result
- Present only the result of the study. means should be avoided in this section)
- In the discussion, the researcher interprets the data in terms of
patterns that were observed.
- Establishes the relationship of variables and include explanations
of how the results differed from the hypothesis, or how the results
were different/similar to any related experiments done by others.
 Summary & Conclusion- Summary is a review or brief statement of essential
information made in the discussion of the result.
- It contains the major result of the study with no new
information or ideas.
- Conclusion simply states the answers to the problems
mentioned in the introduction.
- It is based on the results of the investigation.
- Both must be objective, explicit, well-organized, and relevant
to the present study.
- It must be consistent with the rest of the paper.
 Recommendations - Based on the result of the study and indicates the specific
measures to be done.
- The other aspect of the study that arose during the conduct of the
study but was not given enough attention by the researcher.
- Suggestions as to whether the product is recommended for
commercial application or under further study are also here.

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  Bibliography - Contains all the literature cited in the research paper.
 Appendices - Provides supporting materials to your research paper that includes
relevant letters to participants and organization, background reports, raw
data detailed calculations.
-Appendices are placed at the end of the report

Module 3- Types of Research

 It is important that you set your aims or goals before you choose the type of research that is
applicable to your investigations. Examples of the said goals are: generating new knowledge or
information, finding an application for the new knowledge, verifying existing knowledge, and
developing the investigator. Several sources of topics are people, places, and objects around you.

 Basic research - Also known as pure research

- Its sole purpose is to gather knowledge for knowledge’s sake
- It is when the researcher focuses on the truth or the development of concepts that
make it fundamental/important.
- It is to improve the understanding of a phenomenon, study, or law of nature.
- With context/knowledge, it can test, refine, modify, or develop theories/concepts.
- It often creates a foundation for applied research.
- There are theories made and developed. Theories are subject to change, and
evolves through time.
 Applied research - Done to find an application of knowledge.
- Used to find solutions to problems
 2 Types of Applied Research:
 Descriptive research - Describes what exists and may be able to help uncover new facts.
- Observe and record the changes as they happen in nature.
- Helps the researcher get an idea of what hypothesis or questions are
worth testing.
- Answers the questions “what” & “how”.
- You can’t manipulate the changes.
 Experimental research - When you put or alter factors that interfere with what nature provides.
- Considered as the most effective since it can be statistically analyzed.
- Answers the question “why”.
- You can manipulate the variables and changes.

Module 4- ISEF Forms

 ISEF - International Science & Engineering Fair
- An annual science fair in the US which is owned and administered by the Society for
Science & the Public, a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C.
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  ISEF Forms
 Form 1: Checklist for Adult Sponsor- Must be accomplished by the research adviser, adult sponsor-
such as teacher, helped & supervised you
 Form 1A: Student Checklist- Info about student & what the project is about
 Form 1B: Approval Form- Required for your study to be approved
 Form 1C: Regulated Research Institution/Industrial Setting Form- Where the experiment was
conducted (DOST, UP, etc. (Not home nor school))
 Form 2: Qualified Scientist Form- Scientist that helped analyze or conduct your experiment
 Form 3: Risk Assessment Form- To assess the risks
 Form 4: Human Subjects and Informed Consent Form- (in vivo)
 Form 5A & 5B: Vertebrate Animal Form- (in vivo), vertebrates- animals with backbones
 Form 6A: Potentially Hazardous Biological Agents Form- When using chemicals, etc.
 Form 6B: Human and Non-Human Vertebrate Animal Tissue Form - (in vitro)
 Form 7: Continuation Projects Form- When doing a continuation of a project
 Abstract- A short summary of your research and completed at the end of experimentation

Notes:
 In vivo- Research done on a living organism (like lab rats)
 In vitro- Research done on a sample of a tissue (like blood samples)
 To test on animals, you need an IACUC (Institute of Animal Care and Use Committee) permit
 If you are going to do an anti-microbial study- the bacteria in your research must be BSL
(Biosafety Level) 1 or 2 like E. coli, and not BSL 3 nor 4.

Module 5- Planning and Designing

 Methods/Processes:
 Scientific Method - This method should be utilized if your project involves making
observations and performing laboratory experiments.
 Engineering Design Method - This method should be utilized if you are trying to make
innovations or designing/building something.
Scientific Method Engineering Design Process Both
 You have to ask a question  You are looking for a problem  You have to redo steps to
 You are making a hypothesis  Make a prototype get accurate results
and not a prototype  You have to make multiple  To find or make
 You are doing an experiment solution and find the best one something better
 You analyze your data and  You aren’t doing an  You have to test your
draw conclusion experiment experiment
 You are testing your prototype  You can share your results

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  Steps:
Scientific Method Engineering Design Process
 State your question  Define the problem
 Do background research  Do background research
 Formulate hypothesis, identify variables  Specify requirements
 Design experiment, establish procedure  Create alternative solutions, then develop
 Test hypothesis by doing experiment  Build a prototype
 Analyze results and draw conclusions  Test and redesign as necessary
 Communicate results  Communicate results

 Graphic procedures

 Formulating Scientific Questions/Problems

 Research question - A question that a project sets out to answer
 A research question should be:
 Clear - Provides enough specifics that the audience can easily understand its
purpose without needing additional explanation.
 Focused - Narrow enough that it can be answered thoroughly in the space the
writing task allows.
 Concise - Expressed in the fewest possible words.
 Complex - Not answerable with a simple “yes” nor “no”, but rather requires synthesis
and analysis of ideas and sources prior to composition of an answer.
 Arguable - Its potential answers are open to debate rather than accepted.
 Why is a research question essential to the research process
Research I (Grade 9) – 3rd Quarter Reviewer
Research Paradigm
 Research Paradigm - A philosophical or conceptual framework that your research is based on.
- It converts the title into a research design
- A research paradigm is a method, model, or pattern for conducting
research. It consists of ontology (a set of concepts and categories in a subject area that shows their
properties and relations between them), epistemology (the theory of knowledge, with regard to its methods,
validity, and scope. It is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion), and research
methodology.

 Models of Research Paradigm

 IV-DV Model – Used for studies with a variable (IV) that affects the other variable (DV).
Example: Note:
IV DV IV DV The arrows indicate what variables
affect the other. Usually, the IV
affects DV as symbolized by ( ).
or On the other hand, IV and DV can
both affect each other too,
symbolized by ( ), It is not
unidirectional, it is reversal.

 IPO (Input Process Output) Model – Used for studies that have an output/product.
Example:
Input Process Output

Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1 Kinds of Research
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population and Sample
3.4 Sampling Technique
3.5 Data Gathering Procedures/Method
3.6 Data Collecting and Analysis/Statistical Treatment of the Study
3.1 Kinds of Research
 Basic research - Also known as pure research
- Its sole purpose is to gather knowledge for knowledge’s sake
- It is when the researcher focuses on the truth or the development of concepts that
make it fundamental/important.
- It is to improve the understanding of a phenomenon, study, or law of nature.
- With context/knowledge, it can test, refine, modify, or develop theories/concepts.
- It often creates a foundation for applied research.
- There are theories made and developed. Theories are subject to change, and
evolves through time.

 Applied research - Done to find an application of knowledge.

- Used to find solutions to problems
 2 Types of Applied Research:
 Descriptive research - Describes what exists and may be able to help uncover new facts.
- Observe and record the changes as they happen in nature.
- Helps the researcher get an idea of what hypothesis or questions are
worth testing.
- Answers the questions “what” & “how”.
- You can’t manipulate the changes.

 Experimental research - When you put or alter factors that interfere with what nature provides.
- Considered as the most effective since it can be statistically analyzed.
- Answers the question “why”.
- You can manipulate the variables and changes.

3.2 Research Design

 Experimental Design
1 Pre-experimental design
1.1 Pre-test-post-test only design
-One group Pre-test post-test only design – no controlled group (only experimental group)
1.2 Post-test only design
2 True experimental design – Random sampling
3 Quasi experimental design – Non-random sampling
4 Solomon four group experimental design
Group 1 Experimental group Pre-Test Treatment Post-Test
Group 2 Control group Pre-Test Post-Test
Group 3 Experimental group Treatment Post-Test
Group 4 Control group Post-Test

Note:
If it has the same level, it is homogenous
If it has varying levels, it is heterogenous
3.3 Population and Sample
 Population – The whole. It is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.
ex. Grade 9 Students

 Sample – Derived from population. It is the specific group that you will collect data from.
ex. 9-Aristotle

3.4 Sampling Techniques

 Sampling Techniques – Way of choosing samples

 Probability Sampling – Selection is based on the principle of randomization.

 Simple random sampling - Randomly select a subset of participants from a population.
(Similar to a lottery)
 Stratified random sampling - Population is divided into different subgroups, or
strata(stratum), based on some shared characteristics.
 Cluster sampling - Divide a population into clusters/groups
Age
(Stratum) Cluster 1 Cluster 2
13 B B B G G G
14 B B B G G G
15 B B B G G G
Sex/Gender

 Non-Probability Sampling – Selection using a subjective (non-random) method.

 Convenience Sampling - Chooses what is convenient (available/close) or easy to access.
 Snowball Sampling - Like pyramiding, 1 respondent is chosen, then the respondent
recruits other respondents and so on.
- New units are recruited by other units to form part of the sample.
 Purposive Sampling - For a purpose.
- Units are selected because they have characteristics that you
need in your sample.
 Total Population Sampling - Whole population as respondents.
- Examining the entire population that have a particular set
of characteristics.
  Principles of Research Design
 Randomization- Not biased.
- Allocation of treatment to experimental units at random to avoid any bias in the
experiment resulting from the influence of some extraneous unknown factor that
may affect the experiment.

 Replication - To establish the validity of results.

-Repetition of an experimental condition so that the variability associated with the
phenomenon can be estimated.

 Local Control - Comparing the result to a controlled variable: +CV (commercially produced) or
-CV (absence of treatment).
- Grouping of homogenous experimental units into blocks. To increase the
efficiency of experimental design by decreasing experimental error.

 Control of Extraneous Variables - Control of other variables that may affect the DV.
- Measuring extraneous variables and accounting for them
statistically to remove their effects on other variables.

3.5 Data Gathering Procedures/Method

 Data Gathering Procedure - State what instrument you will utilize
- Steps in experimentation
- Gathering and measuring information on variables of interest

3.6 Data Collecting and Analysis/Statistical Treatment of the Study

 Data Gathering and Analysis - Seeks or collects and synthesizes information from a variety of
stakeholders and sources in an objective, unbiased manner to
reach a conclusion, goal, or judgment, and to enable strategic and
leadership decision making.

 Types of Data
 Quantitative Data - Express the data in terms of numbers/Numerical
- Interpreted using statistical tools
 Qualitative Data - Describe the data in words/Descriptive
- Expressed using thematic analysis

 Nominal - Can be classified into mutually exclusive categories within a variable.

 ex. Gender & Religion
 Ordinal - Can be classified into categories that are ranked in a natural order.
ex. 1st, 2nd,3rd

 Continuous - Rational and may have many units. (Fractions & Decimals) Ex. Length & Weight
 Discrete - Exact value (whole numbers). Ex. Number of individuals, days

 Interval - Measured along a scale, in which each point is placed at equal distance/differences.
Ex. Age, time, temperature(Celsius and Fahrenheit but NOT kelvin)
 Ratio - Same properties as interval data, with an equal and definitive ratio between each data and
absolute “zero” being treated as a point of origin.
Ex. Weight, height, temperature(Kelvin)

 Statistics - Can be parametric or non-parametric.

- The practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities
- Discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of data.
- Deals with basics in statistics that provides statistical randomness and law of using large samples

 Parametric - Assuming the value of a parameter for the purpose of analysis.

 Statistics
A. Descriptive Statistics - Means of describing features of a data set by generating summaries
about data samples.
1. Measures of Central Tendencies (MCT) - Attempts to describe a set of data by
identifying the central position within that set of data.
 Mean - Average (Arithmetic mean)
 Median - Middlemost value
 Mode - Score that commonly appears
Formulas/How to get
Mean Median Mode

∑ Mdn = l + [ ]×i The midpoint (x) of the class/es

x=
Where: with the highest frequency.
l: lower limit of median class
n: total number of scores/responses Can be Unimodal, Bimodal, and
f: frequency of median class Polymodal
i: interval
MEDIAN CLASS= the class with the
cumulative frequency (cf) nearest

2. Standard Deviation - Always with mean

3. Percentage
B. Differences/Comparative - Compares datasets to determine their consistency with one another.
1. T-test – (for 2 variables)
1.1 Student’s T – has less than 30 variables
1.2 Correlated/Paired Sample T-test – Has only 1 group
1.3 T-test for Independent Samples – Has both controlled and experimental group
2. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) – (for 3+ variables)
-Used to compare variances across the means (or average) of different groups.
3. MANOVA (Multiple Analysis of Variance) – (for 2+ DV)
-Provides regression analysis and analysis of variance for multiple dependent variables by
one or more factor variables or covariates.

C. Relationship (Factorial) - Examine the main effects of variables simultaneously.

1. Correlation -Degree of relationship.
-Quantifies the strength of the linear relationship between a pair of variables.
2. Regression -To determine specific factors that can affect or have an impact
-Expresses the relationship in the form of an equation. To estimate the
relationships between variables