MATHEMATICS 10 QUARTER 1

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
- is a sequemce where every term after the first is obtained by adding a
constant number called common difference.
Common Difference
- where the difference between any two consecutive terms. It is also the
constant number.
Example of an Arithmetic Sequence
1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 d=3

FINDING THE NTH TERM OF THE ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE

- in finding the nth term of the Arithmetic Sequence, is by using the formula
An = A1 + (n-1) d
where:
An = the nth term
A1 = first term
n = number of terms
d = common difference
Example:
Find the 10th term of the sequence 4, 7, 10
N = 10
An = A10
D=3
A1 = 4
A10 = 4 + (10-1) 3
A10 = 4 + 27 = 31
FINDING THE ARITHMETIC MEANS
Arithmetic Means
– are the terms between any two non consecutive terms of an Arithmetic
Sequence.
Example:
Insert 4 AM between 5 and 25.
Since we are required to insert 4 terms then there will be 6 terms in all.
Let A1 = 5 and A6 = 25 we will insert A2, A3, A4, A5
In this situation, find first the common difference.
An = A1 + (n-1) d
25 = 5 + (6-1) d
25 = 5 + 5d
25 – 5 = 5d
20 = 5d
20/5 = d
4=d
Therefore, the sequence is 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25.
SOLVING SUM OF AN ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
- in solving the sum of an Arithmetic Sequence is by using the two formula.

Formula 1: Sn = n/2 (A1 + An)

Note: first term and last term are given.

Formula 2: Sn = n/2 (2A1 + (n-1) d)

Note: last term is not given or missing.
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
- is a sequence where each term after the first is obtained by multiplying the
preceeding term by a non-zero constant called the common ratio.
Common Ratio
– can be determined by dividing any term in the sequence by the term that
preceeds it.
An = A1r^n-1 = nth term
FINDING THE GEOMETRIC MEANS IN A GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
- to find the Geometric Mean is to find first the common ratio.
Example:
Insert 3 GM between 5 and 3125.
Given:
An = 3125
A1 = 5
n=5
n–1=4
Sol.
An = A1r^n-1
3125 = 5r⁴
3125/5 = 5r⁴/ 5
625 = r⁴
r=5
Therefore, the sequence is 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125
SUM OF GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
Sum of GS if r = -1
Note : if n is odd numbers.
Sn = A1
Note : if n is even numbers.
Sn = 0
Sum of GS if r = -1
Sn = A1
Sum of Geometric Sequence if r is not equal to 1.
Formula 1:
Note : no last term
Sn = A1 (1 - r^n)/ 1 – r
Formula 2:
Sn = A1 – Anr/ 1 – r
HARMONIC SEQUENCE
- reciprocals of Arithmetic Sequence
AS – 4, 6, 8, 10
HS – ¼, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
- is a sequence in which each number is the sum of the two preceeding ones.
Example:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34
SUM TO INFINITY
Sn = A1/ 1 – r
POLYNOMIALS
- a polynomial expression P(x) = is an expression of the form P(x) = An x^n + An
x^n-1 + Anx^n-2 + ........ A1x + A0 ; A0 is not equal to 0 where the non negative
integer n is called the degree of the polynomial and coefficients A0, A1, …... An
are real numbers.
The terms maybe written in order, so that the polynomial is in the standard
form.

DETERMINING IF AN EXPRESSION IS A POLYNOMIAL IF THE VARIABLE HAS A:

1. Negative Exponent
2. Fractional Exponent
3. Under in a radical sign
4. Place as a denominator
Division of Polynomials
Division of Polynomials can be solved by these methods:
- Long Division
- Synthetic Division

Degree of a Polynomial
- the highest degree of a term in a polynomial.
Factor Theorem
- the polynomial P(x) has x – r as a factor if and only if P(r) = 0.
Mathematical Model
- a mathematical representation of some phenomena in real world.
Polynomial
- an algebraic expression of the form.
 anx^n + an - 1 x^n - 1 + an - 2x^n - 2 + .... + a1x + a0, where an is not equal to 0,
and a0, a1, a2 …., an are real numbers.
Rational Root Theorem
- Let anx^n + an - 1 x^n - 1 + an - 2x^n - 2 + .... + a1x + a0 = 0 be a polynomial
equation of degree n. If p/q, in lowest terms, is a rational root of the equation,
then p is a factor of a0 and q is a factor of An.
Remainder Theorem
- If the polynomial P(x) is divided by (x – r), the remainder R is a constant and is
equal to P(r).
Synthetic Division
- a short method of dividing polynomial expressions using only the coefficients
of the terms.