Angelyn A.

Magtrayo
BSP 3-F
ANAPHY
II.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM EPIDERMIS
ORGANS- are body structures Keratinocytes: These cells make up the majority of the
composed of two or more different epidermis. They form a barrier for the body against the outside
tissues that perform specific functions world.
- the skin and its accessory organs make Melanocytes: These cells make a protein called melanin, which
up the INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM. is a pigment that gives skin a darker color. More melanin means
darker skin. Melanin also protects skin cells from ultraviolet
Interesting Facts: damage.
✔ Nails: Your nails grow .5mm per week. Merkel cells: These are “neuroendocrine cells,” meaning that
✔ Hair: The average amount of head hair is 120,000. they look like nerve cells but also have some features of
Hair grows 1cm per month. hormone cells. Their exact function is not known, but they are
✔ Skin: The body’s largest sensory organ, and also the thought to play a role in sensing light touch.
largest organ. 12-15% of body weight, with a surface Langerhans cells: These are immune, or infection-fighting, cells.
area of 1-2 meters. They exist in the epidermis, as well as in the dermis, in lymph
Every month you have a whole new layer of skin. nodes, and in other locations throughout the body

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

- Your skin protects your body against infection and extreme
temperatures,
- maintains your balance of fluids,
- and even synthesizes vitamin D for your own personal use.
- Your skin can retard water loss and it is the house sensory
receptors.
- Skin cells synthesize certain biochemicals and a
pathway to excrete wastes

Stratum granulosum
• Keratinization begins
• 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis
Stratum spinosum
• Several layers of
LAYERS OF THE SKIN keratinocytes joined together
- An outer EPIDERMIS of avascular by desmosomes and tight
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium junctions
- The DERMIS connective tissue and blood vessels • Named for appearance of
- The SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER (hypodermis) of areolar and cells after histological
adipose tissues preparation (spiny/prickly)
▪ Insulates to conserve body heat • Also contains some dendritic
and impedes entrance of cells
external heat Stratum basale
▪ Contains major blood vessels • Also referred to as stratum
germinatum
because this is where new
cells are formed
• Deepest layer of the epidermis
• Single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
Layers of epidermis
Stratum corneum
•25-30 layers of dead flat keratinocytes
•Shed continuously and replaced by cells from the deeper
strata
•Serves as a water, microbe, injury barrier
Stratum lucidum
•3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes
•Dense packed intermediate filaments
•Present only in thick skin
•Thick plasma membranes

DERMIS
- The dermis, generally the thickest of the three skin
layers, contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, hair follicles,
sweat glands, oil glands, nerve endings, and fibrous tissue. The - The dermis binds the epidermis to underlying tissues.
dermis is made up of two layers: the PAPILLARY DERMIS and Epidermal ridges and dermal papillae cause the border to be
RETICULAR DERMIS. uneven.
Two layers of Dermis - Genetically determined pattern of friction ridges formed by
Papillary layer dermal papillae give unique fingerprints.
• Superficial portion of the - The dermis consists of areolar and dense connective tissue
dermis with collagen and elastic fibers within a gel-like ground
• Consist of areolar connective substance.
tissue containing elastic fiber - Dermal blood vessels carry nutrients to upper layers of skin
• Epidermal ridges conforms to and help to regulate temperature.
the dermal papillae - The dermis also contains nerve fibers, sensory receptors, hair
Reticular layer follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
• Deeper portion of the dermis
• Consist of dense irregular HYPODERMIS
connective tissue containing - The subcutaneous layer, also called the hypodermis or the
collagen or elastic fibers subcutis, is the innermost layer of the skin. It contains fat cells
• Contains hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous and sudoriferous and collagen cells, as well as connective tissue, bigger blood
Glands vessels and lymphatic vessels.
• Subcutaneous tissue
Collagen fibers make • Has more areolar and adipose than dermis has
up • Pads body and binds skin to underlying tissues
70% of the dermis and • Common site of drug injection since it has many blood
give structural vessels
toughness Subcutaneous fat
and strength. • Energy reservoir
• Elastin fibers are • Thermal insulation
loosely • Thicker in women
arranged in all • Thinner in infants, elderly
directions
and give elasticity to the SKIN COLOR
skin. - Skin color results from a combination of genetic,
environmental, and physiological factors.
> Papillary layer of dermis - Genetic differences in skin color result from differing
amounts of melanin and in the size and distribution of melanin
granules.
> Reticular layer of dermis - Exposure to sunlight, UV light from sun lamps, and X- rays
cause darkening of skin as melanin production increases

Circulation within dermal blood vessels affects skin color.

▪ Well oxygenated blood gives a pinkish color
▪ Poorly oxygenated blood gives cyanosis.
- Yellowish skin color can come from eating too many food with
carotene or from cyanosis due to liver disease.
Melanin
- most significant factor in skin color
- Produced by melanocytes, accumulates in keratinocytes
- Two forms of the pigment:
• Eumelanin—brownish black
• Pheomelanin—reddish yellow
(sulfur-containing)
✔ People of different skin colors have the same number of
melanocytes
– Darker skinned people
• Produce greater quantities of melanin
• Melanin breaks down more slowly
• Melanin granules more spread out in keratinocytes
• Melanized cells seen throughout the epidermis
– Lighter skinned people
• Melanin clumped near keratinocyte nucleus
• Little melanin seen beyond stratum basale
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN
NAILS
- protective coverings over the ends of fingers and
toes.
- consist of a nail plate and stratified squamous epithelial cells
overlying the nail bed, with the lunula as the most actively
growing region of the nail root.
- As new cells are produced, older ones are pushed outward
and become keratinized.
HAIR
- can be found in nearly all regions of the skin except palms,
soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia.
Each hair develops from epithelial stem cells at the base of a
tube-like depression called the hair follicle. The dermis contain
the
hair root.
As new cells are formed, old cells are pushed outward and
become
keratinized, and die forming the hair shaft
- Hair color is determined by genetics; melanin from
melanocytes is responsible for most hair colors. Dark hair has
eumelanin (brownish-black), while blonde and red hair have
pheomelanin (reddish-yellow).
- Genetic lack of melanin causes albinism (white).
- A bundle of smooth muscle cells, called the arrector pili
muscle, attaches to each hair follicle. These muscles cause
goose bumps when cold or
frightened.
SKIN GLANDS
- Sebaceous glands (holocrine glands) are associated with hair
follicles and secrete sebum that waterproofs and moisturizes
the hair shafts and skin.
- Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands) – merocrine; The
secretions exit via a surface pore.
• Eccrine - which respond to body temperature
• Apocrine- which become active at puberty and respond to
body temperature, stress, and sexual arousal. Most numerous
in axilla and groin
- Modified sweat glands, called ceruminous glands, secrete wax
in the ear canal.
- Mammary glands, another type of modified sweat gland,
secretes milk
HEALING OF WOUNDS
- Inflammation, in which blood vessels dilate and become more
permeable, causing tissues to become red and swollen, is the
body's normal response to injury.
- Superficial cuts are filled in by reproducing epithelial cells.
A deeper injury with broken blood vessels involves the
formation of a blood clot.
• The blood clot and dried tissue fluids form a scab.
• Fibroblasts migrate into the area and secrete collagen fibers
to bind the edges of the wound together.
• Phagocytotic cells remove debris and dead cells.
• Damaged tissue is replaced and the scab sloughs off.
If the wound is deep, extensive production of collagenous
fibers may form an elevation above the normal epidermal
surface forming a scar. Large wounds leave scars and healing
may be accompanied by the formation of granulations.
• A new branch of a blood vessel grows into the area.
• The vessel is accompanied by a cluster of fibroblasts that
begin repair.
BURNS
• Burns leading cause of accidental death
– Fires, kitchen spills, sunlight, ionizing radiation, strong acids
or bases, or electrical shock
– Deaths result primarily from fluid loss, infection, and toxic
effects of eschar (burned, dead tissue)
– Debridement: removal of eschar
• Classified according to depth of tissue involvement
– First-degree burn: involves only epidermis
• Redness, slight edema, and pain
• Heals in days
– Second-degree burn: partial-thickness burn; involves part of
dermis
• May appear red, tan, or white; blistered and painful
• Two weeks to several months to heal and may leave scars
– Third-degree burn: full-thickness burn; involves epidermis, all
of dermis, and often some deeper tissues
• Often requires skin grafts
• Needs fluid replacement, infection control, supplemental
Nutrition

“The finest clothing made is a person’s own skin, but, of

course, society demands something more than this.”
~Mark Twain~