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Real numbers
Mathematics | Class 10

Time - 1 Hour 5 Mins Max Marks - 60

Instructions:-
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1. If the HCF of 85 and 153 is expressible in the form of 85m – 153, then find the value of (1)
m.

153 = 85 × 1 + 68 85 = 68 × 1 + 17 68 = 17 × 4 + 0 ? HCF of 85 and 153 = 17 ? 17 = 85m – 153 ? 85m = 170 ? m = 2

Answer:

2. Given that LCM (253, 440) = 11 and LCM (253, 440) = 253 × R. (1)
Find the value of R.

11 × 253 × R = 253 × 440 ? R =44011=40

Answer:

3. Euclid’s division algorithm can be applied to all integers. Is it true? (1)

No, Euclid’s division algorithm can be applied to all integers except 0.

Answer:

4. (1)
1.2348¯ is an irrational number. Is it true?

Answer:
No, since, 1.2348¯ is non-terminating repeating decimal, so it is a rational number.

5. State Euclid’s Division Lemma. (1)

Euclid’s Division Lemma states that, for any two positive integers ‘a’ and ‘b’, there exists unique integer
Answer:
q and r such that a = bq + r where o ? r < b.

6. Find the least number that is divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 10 (1)
(both inclusive).

Required number = LCM of 1, 2, 3, …10 Now, 1 = 1, 2 = 2, 3 = 3, 4 = 2 × 2, 5 = 5, 6 = 2 × 3, 7 = 7,

Answer:
8 = 2 × 2 × 2, 9 = 3 × 3, 10 = 2 × 5 ? LCM of 1, 2, 3, …10 = 23 × 32 × 5 × 7 = 2520
7. The values of the remainder r, when a positive integer a is divided by 3 are 0 and 1 (1)
only. Is it true? Justify

your answer.

False. According to Euclid’s division lemma a = 3q + r, 0 < r < 3 and r is an integer. There fore, the
Answer:
values of r can be 0, 1, or 2.

8. (1)
Which of the following rational numbers have a
terminating decimal expansion?
(a) 125441 (b) 77210
(c) 151600 (d) 12922 x 52 x 72

(c) 151600 = 1526 x 52. Thus, 151600 has a terminating decimal expansion.
Answer:

9. How many prime factors are there in prime factorization of 5005? (1)

Four, as 5005 = 5 × 7 × 11 × 13
Answer:

10. (1)
Which of the following numbers has terminating
decimal expansion?
(a) 3745 (b) 21 23 56
(c) 17 49 (d) 89 2232

Answer:
(b) Here denominator is the form of 22 × 5m, so 212356 has a terminating decimal
expansion.

11. Find the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of 25152 and 12156 by using the (2)
fundamental theorem of Arithmetic.

The prime factors of 25152 and 12156 are given below: 25152 = 26 × 3 × 131
Answer:
12156 = 22 × 3 × 1013 Therefore, H.C.F. of these two integers = Product of common prime factors

= 22 × 3 = 12 We know that, H.C.F. (a,b) × L.C.M. (a,b) = a × b

H.C.F. (25152, 12156) × L.C.M. (25152, 12156) = 25152 × 12156

? 12 × L.C.M. (25152, 12156) = 25152 × 12156 ? L.C.M. (25152, 12156) =25152 x1215612= 25152 × 1013

= 25478976
12. Give an example each, of two irrational numbers, whose (2)

(i) difference is a rational number.

(ii) difference is an irrational number. (iii) sum is a rational number.

(iv) sum is an irrational number.

(i) Let 12 + 3 and 4 + 3 be two irrational numbers. Difference = (12 + 3) – ( 4 + 3 )

Answer:
= 8 which is a rational number. (ii) Let 3 + 4 5 and 3 – 5 be two irrational numbers.

Difference = (3 + 4 5 ) – (3– 5) = 55 which is an irrational number.

(iii) Let 23 + 7 and 53 - 7be two irrational numbers. Sum =23+7 +53+7

= 23 +53=73 which is a rational number. (iv) Let6 + 7 and (– 6 + 72 ) 73 which is an irrational number.

13. (2)
Write the denominator of the rational number 2575000 in
the form 2m × 5n, where m and n are non-negative
integers. Hence, write its decimal expansion without
actual division.

5000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 23 × 54 Now, 2575000 = 25723 x 54

Answer:
= 25710 x 10 x 10 x 5= 257 x 21000 x 10 =51410000 = 0.0514

14. (2)
Find without actual division whether each of the
rational numbers given below is a terminating or a
nonterminating repeating decimal. Write down the
decimal expansion of those rational numbers which
have terminating decimal expansion.
(i) 3122 x 53 (ii) 411000 (iii) 33500 (iv) 17
90 (v) 66180 (vi) 17625
Answer:
(i) In 3122 x 53 , it is clear that none of 2 and 5 is a factor of 31. So, the given rational
number is in simplest form. Also, the denominator is in the form (2m × 5n).
? 3122 x 53 is a terminating decimal. And, 3122 x 53 = 31 x 223 x 53 = 622 x 53

=62103 = 621000 = 0.062

(ii) 411000= 4123 x 53 and none of 2 and 5 is a factor of 41. So, the given rational
number is in the simplest form. Also, the denominator is of the form (2m × 5n). So, the
given rational number is a terminating decimal.
Also, 411000 = 0.041.
(iii) 33500 ; 33 and 500 are co-prime and denominator 500 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 22 × 53,
consists of powers of 2 and 5 both; therefore, decimal expression of 33500 is terminating.
33500 = 3322 x 53 = 33 x 222 x 53= 66(2x5)3 = 661000 = 0.066
(iv) 1790 = 172 x 32 x 5 Clearly, 17 has none of 2, 3, 5 as its factor, so given rational
number is in its simplest form.
Also, the denominator is not of the form 2m × 5n.
? 1790is a non-terminating repeating decimal.
(v) 66180 = 1130 , which is in the simplest form.
Now, 30 = (2 × 3 × 5), which is not of the form (2m × 5n).

So, the given rational number is a non-terminating repeating decimal.

17625 = 1754 and 5 is not a factor of 17. Now, 54 is of the form (2m × 5n).So, the given
rational number is a terminating decimal.Also, 17 625 = 1754 = 17 x 24104 = 27210000
= 0.0272

15. (2)
Express each of the following as a rational number in
the simplest form.
(a) 0.16¯ (b) 0.6¯ (c) 1.8¯
 (a) Let x = 0.16¯ , then x = 0.161616 … …(i)
Answer:
? 100 x = 16.1616 … …(ii) On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
99x = 16 ? x = 1699 (b) Let x = 0.6¯ , then x = 0.666 … …(i)
? 10 x = 6.666 … …(ii) On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
9x = 6 ? x = 69 = 23 (c) Let x = 1.8¯ , then x = 1.888 … …(i)
? 10x = 18.888 … …(ii) On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
9x = 17 ? x = 179=1 89

16. Using Euclid's Division Lemma, find H.C.F. of 274170 and 17017. (2)

By Euclid Division Lemma, we have 274170 = 17017 × 16 + 1898

Answer:
We apply Euclid Division Lemma on the divisor 17017 and the remainder 1898. 17017 = 1898 × 8 + 1833

Again we apply Euclid Division Lemma on the divisor 1898 and the remainder 1833. 1898 = 1833 × 1 + 65

Again we apply Euclid Division Lemma on the divisor 1833 and the remainder 65. 1833 = 65 × 28 + 13

Again we apply Euclid Division Lemma on the divisor 65 and remainder 13. 65 = 13 × 5 + 0

H.C.F. (274170, 17017) = H.C.F (17017, 1898) = H.C.F. (1898, 1833) = H.C.F. (1833,65) = H.C.F. (65,13) = 13

17. Give an example each, of two irrational numbers, whose (2)

(i) difference is a rational number.

(ii) difference is an irrational number. (iii) sum is a rational number.

(iv) sum is an irrational number.

(i) Let 12 + 3 and 4 + 3 be two irrational numbers. Difference = (12 + 3) – ( 4 + 3 )

Answer:
= 8 which is a rational number. (ii) Let 3 + 4 5 and 3 – 5 be two irrational numbers.

Difference = (3 + 4 5 ) – (3– 5) = 55 which is an irrational number.

(iii) Let 23 + 7 and 53 - 7be two irrational numbers. Sum =23+7 +53+7

= 23 +53=73 which is a rational number. (iv) Let6 + 7 and (– 6 + 72 ) 73 which is an irrational number.

18. Show that the square of any positive integer is either of the form 4q or 4q + 1 for some (2)
integer q.
 Let a be any positive integer and b = 2. Then by Euclid division lemma a = 2m + r for some integer m ? 0 and
Answer:
r = 0 or 1, because 0 ? r < 2 ? a = 2m or 2m + 1 When a = 2m Then a2 = 4m2 = 4q [m2 = q] When a = 2m + 1

Then a2 = 4m2 + 1 + 4m = 4 (m2 + m) + 1 = 4q + 1 [q = m2 + m]

Hence, square of any positive integer is of the form 4q or 4q + 1 for some integer q.

19. Prove that negative of an irrational number is an irrational number. (2)

Let ‘a’ be an irrational number. Now we have to show that (–a) is also an irrational number.
Answer:
Suppose that –a is a rational number.
? – (– a) is also a rational (we know that negative of a rational is always rational) ? a is a rational number.

This contradicts the fact that a is an irrational number.

So, whenever a is an irrational number, then –a is also an irrational number.

20. Using Euclid's Division Lemma, find H.C.F. of 274170 and 17017. (2)

By Euclid Division Lemma, we have 274170 = 17017 × 16 + 1898

Answer:
We apply Euclid Division Lemma on the divisor 17017 and the remainder 1898. 17017 = 1898 × 8 + 1833

Again we apply Euclid Division Lemma on the divisor 1898 and the remainder 1833. 1898 = 1833 × 1 + 65

Again we apply Euclid Division Lemma on the divisor 1833 and the remainder 65. 1833 = 65 × 28 + 13

Again we apply Euclid Division Lemma on the divisor 65 and remainder 13. 65 = 13 × 5 + 0

H.C.F. (274170, 17017) = H.C.F (17017, 1898) = H.C.F. (1898, 1833) = H.C.F. (1833,65) = H.C.F. (65,13) = 13

21. Prove that 5 + 3 is an irrational number (3)

Answer:
If possible let 5 + 3 be rational and the simplest form of 5 + 3 be a b , where a and b are positive integers havin
g no common factor other than 1.

Then, 5 + 3 = a b ? a b – 3 = 5 ? a b 3 2 = ( 5 )2 [Squaring both sides] ? a2 b2 - 2ab 3 + 3 = 5 ? a2 b2 ? 2 = 2 a

b 3? a2 -2b2b2 = 2 a b 3? a2 -2b22ab = 3? 3 is a rational number. [a, b are integers, thus a2-2b22ab is rationa
l] ? This contradicts the fact that 3 is irrational. So, our assumption is wrong. Hence, 5 + 3 is an irrational.

22. Let a, b, c, d, be positive rationals such that a + b = c + d , then show t (3)

hat either (a = c) and (b = d) or b and d are squares of rationals.

Answer:
If a = c, then a + b = c + d ? b = d ? b = d . So, let a ? c . Then, there exists a positive rational number x, such t
hat a = c + xNow, a + b = c + d? c + x + b = c + d? x + b = d …(i) ? (x + b )2 = ( d2)? x2 + 2 b x + b
= d ? d – x2 – b = 2x b? b =d-x2-b2x? b is rational [d, x, b are rationals, d-x2-b22x is rational]? b is the squar
e of a rational number From (i), we have d = x + b? d is rational [b is rational] ? d is the square of a rational nu
mber. Hence, either a = c and b = d or b and d are the squares of rationals.
23. Show that (3 – 5 ) is irrational. (3)

Answer:
If possible, let (3 – 5 ) be rational. Then, 3 is rational, (3 – 5 ) is rational. ? [3 – (3 – 5 )] is rational [Difference
of rationals is rational] ? 5 is rational. This contradicts the fact that 5 is irrational. The contradiction arises by as
suming that (3 – 5 ) is rational. Hence, (3 – 5 ) is irrational.

24. Prove that if x and y are odd positive integers, then x2 + y2 is even but not divisible by (3)
4.

We know that any odd positive integer is of the form 2q + 1 for some integer q.
Answer:
So, let x = 2m + 1 and y = 2n + 1 for some integers m and n. ? x2 + y2 = (2m + 1)2 + (2n + 1)2 = 4(m2 + n2) + 4(m + n) + 2

? x2 + y2 = 4{(m2 + n2) + (m + n)} + 2 ? x2 + y2 = 4q + 2, where q = (m2 + n2) + (m + n)

? x2 + y2 is even and leaves remainder 2 when divided by 4. ? x2 + y2 is even but not divisible by 4.

25. Given that HCF of two numbers is 23 and their LCM is 1449. If one (3)
of the numbers is 161, find the other

For two numbers, we know that HCF × LCM = product of the numbers
Answer:
? 23 × 1449 = 161 × Second number ? Second number =23x1449161= 207.

Hence, the required number is 207.

26. (3)
Prove that n is not a rational number, if n is not a
perfect square.

Let n be a rational number. ? n = pq [p and q are co-prime]

Answer:
? n = p2q2 [Squaring both sides] ? p2 = nq2 ...(i)
? n divides p2 [? n divides nq2] ? n divides p ...(ii)
Let p = nm ? p2 = n2m2 Putting the value of p2 in (i) we have n2m2 = nq2 ? q2 = nm2
? n divides q2 [? n divides nm2] ? n divides q ...(iii)

From (ii), n divides p and from (iii), n divides q. It means n is a common factor of both p and q.
This contradicts the assumption that p and q are co-prime. So, our supposition is wrong.

Hence, n is an irrational.

27. Show that one and only one out of n, (n + 2) or (n + 4) is divisible by 3, where n is any (3)
positive integer.
 We know that any positive integer is of the form 3q or 3q + 1 or 3q + 2 for some integer q. So, we have following cases.
Answer:
Case I : When n = 3q In this case, we have, n = 3q, which is divisible by 3. Now, n = 3q ? n + 2 = 3q + 2,

? n + 2 leaves remainder 2 when divided by 3. ? (n + 2) is not divisible by 3. Again, n = 3q ? n + 4 = 3q + 4 = 3(q + 1) + 1

? n + 4 leaves remainder 1 when divided by 3. ? n + 4 is not divisible by 3.

Thus, n is divisible by 3, but n + 2 and n + 4 are not divisible by 3. Case II : When n = 3q + 1 In this case, we have, n = 3q + 1

? n leaves remainder 1 when divided by 3. ? n is not divisible by 3. Now, n = 3q + 1 n + 2 = (3q + 1) + 2 = 3q + 3 = 3(q + 1)

? n + 2 is divisible by 3. Again, n = 3q + 1 ? n + 4 = 3q + 1 + 4 = 3q + 5 = 3(q + 1) + 2 ? (n + 4) leaves remainder 2 when divided by 3.

? (n + 4) is not divisible by 3. Thus, (n + 2) is divisible by 3, but n and n + 4 are not divisible by 3. Case III : When n = 3q + 2

In this case, we have, n = 3q + 2 ? n leaves remainder 2 when divided by 3. ? n is not divisible by 3. Now, n = 3q + 2

? n + 2 = 3q + 2 + 2 = 3(q + 1) + 1 ? (n + 2) leaves remainder 1 when divided by 3. Again, n = 3q + 2 ? n + 4 = 3q + 2 + 4 = 3q + 6

= 3(q + 2) ? n + 4 is divisible by 3. Thus, (n + 4) is divisible by 3, but n and n + 2 are not divisible by 3. Proved.

3. Prove that one of every three consecutive positive integers is divisible by 3.

Sol. Let n, n + 1, n + 2 be three consecutive positive integers.

We know that n is of the form 3q, 3q + 1, or 3q + 2. So, we have the following cases : Case I: When n = 3q

In this case, n is divisible by 3, but n + 1 and n + 2 are not divisible by 3. Case II: When n = 3q + 1

In this case, n + 2 = 3q + 1 + 2 = 3q + 3 = 3(q + 1) is divisible by 3, but n and n + 1 are not divisible by 3. Case III: When n = 3q + 2

In this case, n + 1 = 3q + 2 + 1 = 3(q + 1) is divisible by 3 but n and n + 2 are not divisible by3.

Hence, one of n, n + 1 and n + 2 is divisible by 3

28. Let a, b, c, d, be positive rationals such that a + b = c + d , then show t (3)

hat either (a = c) and (b = d) or b and d are squares of rationals.

If a = c, thena + b = c + d ? b = d ? b = d .
Answer:

So, let a ? c . Then, there exists a positive rational number x, such that a = c + x
Now, a + b = c + d ?c+x+b=c+d [?a = c + x ] ? x + b = d
? (x + b )2 = ( d )2 ? x2 + 2 b x + b = d ? d – x2 – b = 2xb ? b = d- x2- b2x
? b is rational [?d, x, b are rationals, ? d -x2- b2 2x is rational] ? b is the square of a rational number

From (i), we have d = x + b ? d is rational [? b is rational] ? d is the square of a rational number.

Hence, either a = c and b = d or b and d are the squares of rationals.

29. (3)
Prove that 2 3 + 5 is an irrational number. Also, check
whether (2 3 + 5) (2 3 ? 5)is rational
or irrational.
Answer:
If possible let 2 3 + 5 be rational and the simplest form of 2 3 + 5 be xy, where x and y are
positive integers having no common factors other than 1.
So, 2 3 + 5 =xy ? xy - 5 = 23 ? x2y2 + 5 - 25xy = 12

? x2y2 - 7 = 2 5xy? x2 - 7y2y2 = 2xy5? x2-7y22xy = 5

? 5 is rational [ x, y are integers, so x2 - 7y22xyis rational]
This contradicts the fact that 5 is irrational. So, our assumption is wrong.
Hence, 2 3 + 5 is irrational. Now, (2 3 + 5) (2 3 ? 5) = 12 – 2 15 + 2 15 – 5
= 12 – 5 = 7, rational. Hence, (2 3 + 5) (2 3 ? 5) is a rational number.

30. In a school, the duration of a period in junior section is 40 minutes (3)

and in senior section is 1 hour. If the

first bell for each section ring at 9:00 am, when will the two bells ring
together again?

40 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 = 23 × 5 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 [since 1 hour = 60 minutes] = 22 × 3 × 5

Answer:
LCM of 40 and 60 = 23 × 3 × 5 = 120 120 minutes = 2 hours.

Hence, the two bells will ring together again after 2 hours i.e. at 9:00 am + 2 hours = 11:00 am.