SCIENCE ELECTIVE
BLOCK 2 | Midterms
MODULE 1: CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
Health Care Pathways
What are Health Careers?
- refers to occupations which are related to the medical
field.
- It is a scope of practice which is intended to provide
the services of prevention, assessment, diagnosis
and treatment to those people suffering from physical
injuries, diseases, and mental illness.
Health Career
- is a rapidly growing field and is expected to continue
to grow in the next few years. Most medical jobs
require excellent technical, interpersonal and
communication skills.
- It entails a great deal of responsibility and maturity
because most often than not, a patient’s well-being,
including even their lives, depends on one’s quality of
work.
What is a Health Care Pathway?
- also known as a clinical pathway or care pathway, is a
structured and standardized plan of care that outlines
the key steps, interventions, and activities required to
manage a specific medical condition or patient
population.
- These pathways are designed to ensure that
healthcare providers follow evidence-based best
practices and deliver consistent, high-quality care to
patients while minimizing variations in treatment and
improving the efficiency of healthcare delivery.
What makes health care careers and pathways
related/different from each other?
- Both are essential components of the healthcare
system, as healthcare professionals implement
healthcare pathways as part of their broader
responsibilities within the industry.
- A healthcare pathway is primarily about the structured
plan of care provided to a patient, while a health
career pathway is about the educational and
professional journey that individuals undertake to
work in healthcare-related roles.
Health Care Pathways in Health Science
Biomedical Engineer
Lab Technician
Medical Scientist
Quality Assurance Technician
Quality Control Technician
Biotechnology Research and Development
- workers study diseases to discover new treatments or
invent medical devices used to directly assist patients
or to improve the accuracy of diagnostic tests.
- careers include medical equipment preparers,
network systems and data communication analysts,
biomedical engineers, biologists, post-secondary
health specialties teachers, most medical scientists,
natural sciences managers, pharmacists, zoologists
and wildlife biologists.
Cardiovascular Technologist
Exercise Physiologist
Medical Technologies
Nuclear Medicine Technologist
Radiologic Technologist
Diagnostic Services
- workers use tests and evaluations that aid in the
detection, diagnosis and treatment of diseases,
injuries or other physical conditions. Note:
technicians work primarily with equipment;
technologists work primarily with people.
- Careers include ambulance drivers, medical and
clinical lab technicians, medical equipment preparers,
ophthalmic lab technicians, veterinary assistants,
laboratory animal caretakers, cardiovascular
technicians and technologists, diagnostic medical
sonographers, emergency medical technicians and
paramedics, medical assistants, nuclear equipment
technicians, radiation therapists, radiologic
technicians and technologists, respiratory therapy
technicians, surgical technologists, medical and
clinical technologists, athletic trainers, post-secondary
health specialties teachers, hydrologists, medical and
health services managers, orthotists and prosthetists,
physician assistants, veterinarians.
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 Data Analyst Dental Hygienist/Assistant
Healthcare Administrator Home Health Aides
Health Information Coder Fitness Trainer
Health Service Manager Surgical Technician
Medical Records Technician
Therapeutic Services
Health Informatics - workers are focused primarily on changing the health
- workers occupy health care related employment. This status of the patient over a longer period of time.
pathway includes health care administrators who Health professionals in this pathway work directly with
manage health care agencies as well as those patients; they may provide care, treatment, counseling
individuals who are responsible for managing all of and health education information.
the patient data and information, financial information, - Careers include dental assistants, home health aides,
and computer applications related to health care medical lab technicians, nursing aides, orderlies and
processes and procedures. attendants, occupational therapist aides, pharmacy
- Careers include dental lab technicians, medical aides and technicians, dental hygienists, licensed
records and health info technicians, medical practical and vocational nurses, massage therapists,
secretaries, psychiatric aides, receptionists and dispensing opticians, radiation therapists, registered
information clerks, property and casualty insurance nurses, respiratory therapists, rehabilitation therapists,
claims examiners , computer support specialists, fine anesthesiologists, athletic trainers, audiologists,
artists, office managers, medical assistants, medical chiropractors, clinical and school psychologists,
transcriptionists, occupational health and safety dentists, dieticians, internists, obstetricians,
technicians, psychiatric technicians, computer gynecologists, optometrists, oral surgeons,
programmers, health educators, recreational pediatricians, physical therapists, surgeons.
therapists, rehabilitation counselors, clinical
psychologists, communications teachers, research
epidemiologists, medical and health services History of Health Care
managers, mental health counselors, occupational
therapists, physical therapists, physicists, The History of Healthcare
speech/language pathologists, substance
abuse/behavioral disorder counselors.

Biomedical Engineer
Dietary Technician
Facilities Manager
Food Service

Support Services
- workers provide a therapeutic environment for the
delivery of healthcare. Support Services offers a full
range of career opportunities from entry level to
management, including technical and professional The caduceus (kah-DOO-shuss)
careers. is a symbol for the physician. The two snakes entwined
- include cooks, institution and cafeteria dietetic around a pole evolved from the symbol for the Greek god of
technicians, food preparation and serving workers, healing named Asclepius (as-klee'-pee-uhs).
medical appliance technicians, dieticians and certified
nutritionists, farm and home management advisors,
post-secondary family & consumer sciences teachers.

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 bandages hung out to dry and twisted in the wind. Women
were not allowed to practice medicine at this time.

The rod of Asclepius , 1200 B.C.

The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (hĭ-pä-krə-tēz)
practiced and taught medicine around 400 B.C. He and his
followers swore that they would maintain their patient’s privacy
and never deliberately harm them. This code of ethics is still Religion has played a significant role in health care since the
used today, and is known as the Hippocratic oath. middle ages. Both Christian and Muslim teachings taught
social responsibilities such as providing for the poor and caring
for the sick.

During the middle ages around 200 A.D.,

the surgeon Claudius Galen (gā-lən) performed the
tracheotomy, an opening cut into the windpipe to facilitate
breathing.

The scientific method, using observations and making careful

notes, was first used during the Renaissance period of the
1600’s.

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

built one of the first reflecting microscopes. This new
‘technology’ allowed Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (LAY-ven-huk)
to describe bacteria in 1673 and Francis Bacon to discover
plague fleas in 1700.

During the Industrial Revolution of 1700-1900,

machines allowed for many advances.

From around 300 to 1500 A.D.,

About 1796, Edwin Jenner
barbers used their razors for both hair cutting and surgery.
discovered the 1st vaccination, and began inoculating people
They treated wounds, performed blood-letting and enemas,
against smallpox.
and extracted teeth. The red and white pole found outside the
barber shops symbolized the blood-soaked and clean

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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
fathered microbiology and discovered the process
pasteurization (of milk).
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
practiced medical asepsis, the processes of disinfecting
instruments and cleaning hands between patients.
Robert Koch (coke)(1843-1910)
discovered disease-producing microorganisms
pathogens.
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
opened the first school of nursing and designed improved
hospital wards. Clara Barton established the American Red
Cross in 1881.
Sigmund Freud (1836-1939)
pioneered the fields of psychology and psychiatry.
Lillian Wald (1867-1940)
began a nursing service which was the foundation of the
Visiting Nurse concept.
Alexander Fleming (1928-1945)
discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic. In 1952 Jonas Salk
discovered the polio vaccine, followed later by Albert Sābin
and the live vaccine still used today. From 1981-1986, AZT
was discovered to treat AIDS.
In 1962, Francis Crick and James Watson won the
Nobel Prize for their DNA discoveries.
In 1968, Christian Bernard performed the 1st successful heart
transplant.
In 2001, Steve Thomas used sterile maggots for infectious
wound treatment.
Rapid change continues to challenge the healthcare
industry.
What are the trends in Healthcare nowadays?
Advances in technology and accompanying costs have had
a huge impact on the healthcare industry.
Attention to preventative medicine and wellness has
increased since the 1980’s. Exercise, diet, and good
health are linked to ‘quality of life’. Lifestyle choices related to
wellness include fitness, nutrition, safety, spiritual health, and
preventative care. Hospital wellness centers offer services
such as cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation, occupational
medicine, sports medicine, clinical weight management, and
physical therapy.
The aging population has created demands for quality health
care for the elderly, and because they tend to use more health
of care services, they will place demands on the national health
insurance program known as Medicare.
Ambulatory care and outpatient surgery are increasingly
popular as solutions to high-cost overnight hospital stays. The
patient might walk in the door in the morning, have a medical
procedure performed at noon, and walk out the door before
dinner. This would not be possible without the newer
called technologies and medications (incl. anesthesia).
Home health care is an alternative to longer hospital stays. It
shifts the responsibility and costs of pre- and post-operative
care to home health care providers or family members.
While some people argue that patients are sent home too
quickly without skilled professionals to care for them, others
promote the advantages of recovery at home in more disease-
free and low-anxiety surroundings. Home health care may
include meal preparation or delivery, shopping, and help
getting to medical appointments.
Performance Task Presentation
Based on your interview with health care professionals,
what skills are needed for one to qualify in the profession?
Skills that must be attained to enter the field of health
care:
1. Academic Foundation:
The health care worker must have knowledge of subject matter
required for proficiency within their area, including reading,
writing, math, life sciences, using terminology, and history of
health care.
2. Communication:
Health care workers will know the various methods of giving
and obtaining information. They will communicate effectively,
both orally and in writing.
3. Systems:
Health care workers will understand how their role fits into the
department, their organization, and the overall health care
environment. They will be able to identify how key systems
affect the services they perform and quality of care they
provide.
4. Employability Skills:
Health care workers have and maintain employability skills that
enhance their opportunities and job satisfaction, such as
problem-solving, flexibility, keeping their life in balance,
punctuality, positive attitude, creativity, learning from mistakes,
and time management.
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5. Legal Responsibilities:
Health care workers understand legal limitations and
implications of their actions within the health care delivery
setting, and perform their duties according to regulations,
policies, laws, and rights of clients.
6. Ethics:
Health care workers understand ethical practices with respect
to cultural, social, and ethnic differences within the healthcare
environment, delivering quality health care sensitively and
according to guidelines.
7. Safety Practices:
Health care workers understand existing and potential hazards
to clients, coworkers, and themselves. They will prevent injury
or illness through safe work practices and will follow health and
safety policies and procedures.
8. Teamwork:
Health care workers understand the roles and responsibilities
of individual members of the health care team, working
together effectively and sensitively to deliver quality health
care.
9. Health Maintenance Practices:
Health care workers understand the fundamentals of wellness
and the process of preventing disease, and practice
preventative health behaviors among clients.
10. Technical Skills:
Health care workers will apply technical skills required for all
career specialties, demonstrating skills and knowledge as
appropriate.
11. Information Technology Skills:
Health care workers will use and demonstrate the use of
information technology as appropriate to all health care
applications.
How will you describe the Personal Appearance of
Healthcare Professionals?
As a health care worker (Appearance):
- you must be neat in appearance and impeccable
about hygiene to reassure fellow staff and clients of
your efficiency and professionalism.
- your dress or uniform must be neat and clean. Hair
should be clean and simply styled or tied up and
back.
- men should shave daily and keep beards or
mustaches neatly trimmed.
- your mouth and breath need to be fresh.
- nails should be short, clean, and bare or polished in a
very light color.
- shoes should be clean and comfortable.
- avoid wearing scented deodorants or colognes when
working with patients.
- makeup should be conservative.
As a health care worker (Behavior):
- must care about people.
- they must be empathetic and non-judgmental.
- they must be honest, a team player, tactful, patient,
responsible, enthusiastic, dependable, willing to learn
and attend training continually, and competent.
- should be an excellent communicator, both verbally
and in writing, but also in their use of positive body
language.
- attentiveness, maintaining eye contact and an open
stance (crossed arms or hands indicate an
unwillingness to listen) are important.
- must be able to maintain confidentiality.
- medical records contain information that must not be
shared with others who are not involved in the
patient’s health care.
- be courteous.
- do not use offensive language. Do not gossip about
patients or fellow staff members.
What are some Facilities in Healthcare Workplace?
Practitioner's office
which includes your eye and dental care professionals,
physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners.
Emergency medical services (EMS)
personnel provide the response to 911 calls, providing near-
immediate help to the sick or injured. This is an especially
important service in rural and remote areas.
Different types of hospitals include public facilities, those run
by religious organizations which only provide care in
accordance to their own religious beliefs, private hospitals that
are owned by shareholders expecting a profit, non-profit
hospitals operated by charitable organizations, specialized
hospitals that may only serve patients with specific needs, and
government-run hospitals such as military facilities.
Laboratories
exist as part of other health care facilities or independently.
They assist physicians in making diagnosis by examining
tissue and body fluids.
Home Health Care Provider
they provide care for short-term or chronic needs.
Rehabilitation facilities
provide therapy to those needing help in re-gaining physical or
mental abilities and the ability to care for themselves or live as
independently as possible.
Clinics
are simply a form of practitioner's office where multiple
providers share space and staff. Several doctors might jointly
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rent a facility, sharing the cost of nurses, receptionists,
technicians, insurance claims staff, etc.
Hospice
is a type of facility that cares for those with terminal illnesses,
and usually less than 6 months to live. The focus switches from
‘cure’ to ‘support and comfort for the patient’.
What agencies are tasked with ensuring the Health and
Well-being of individuals?
Health Care Agencies operate on:
Local and State Agency Levels
where health related services are coordinated, statistics on
immunizations are collected, and public facilities such as
restaurants are inspected.
On the international level, the United Nations sponsors the
World Health Organization (WHO).
Many non-profit and volunteer agencies exist to promote
education, fund-raising, family support, and awareness for a
specific health issue. Among these are the Muscular Dystrophy
Association, the American Cancer Society, The American
Heart Association, the American Lung Association, March of
Dimes, and the American Diabetic Association.
- national agencies providing health care services such
as the Philippine General Hospital are also a part of
this sector.
Philippine Department of Health
- the principal health agency in the Philippines.
- responsible for ensuring access to basic public health
services to all Filipinos through the provision of quality
health care and regulation of providers of health
goods and services.
Composed of Two Sectors:
1. Public Sector
- largely financed through a tax based budgeting.
system at both national and local levels and where
health care is generally given free at the point of
service.
2. Private Sector
- for profit and nonprofit providers.
- largely market-oriented.
- health care is paid through user fees at the point of
service.
Overview of the Health Care System in the Philippines

Health Care Liability

- must perform their duties to the best of their abilities,
or face the consequences in criminal or civil law suits.
This is a responsibility or liability.
- Criminal law punishes people for breaking the law, i.e.
stealing drugs from a hospital or possessions
belonging to a patient.
- Civil law punishes people for torts intentional or
unintentional wrongful acts that result in physical
injury, property damage, or damages to a person’s
reputation. The injured party can be awarded
compensation for damages. Medical malpractice is
one type of tort that results from any kind of mistake
in medical treatment.

MODULE 2: SAFETY AND HEALTH

The Department of Health

- mandated as the lead agency in health.
- has a field office in every region and maintains
specialty hospitals, regional hospitals and medical
centers.
- maintains provincial health teams made up of DOH
representatives to the local health boards and
personnel involved in communicable disease control,
especially for Malaria and Schistosomiasis.

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 Occupational Safety and Health
Universal Healthcare - is a cross disciplinary area concerned with protecting
the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in
work. The goal of all occupational safety and health
programs is to foster a safe work environment.

Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSH):

Purpose
to protect every working man against the dangers of injury,
sickness or death through safe and healthful working
conditions.

Scope
shall apply to all pieces of employment except land, sea, and
air transportation and safety in Mines.

Some Rules of the OSHS

1000 - General Provisions
1010 - Other Safety Rules
1020 - Registration
1030 - Training and Accreditation
Early 2019 the Universal Health Care Bill was adopted which is
1040 - Health and Safety Committee
considered an important step to address inequalities in health
1050 - Notification and Keeping of Occupational Illnesses and
care. For the first time all people will be insured through the
Injuries
national health insurer PhilHealth. However, increasing the
1060 - Premises of Establishment
depth of the coverage will remain an ambitious target for years
1070 - Environmental Control
to come.
1080 - Personal Protective Equipment

Patient Safety Program in Medical Centers / Hospitals

- the ultimate goal of the patient safety program is that
the medical center has a safety level that is sufficient
to protect patients from harm and preventable
complication, disability and mortality during medical
management.

Body Mechanics and Ergonomics

Body Mechanics
- positioning and techniques when doing physical work
on the job.

Ergonomics
Occupational Safety and Health
- proper alignment of positioning when working at a
seated or standing position.
- helps reduce workplace injuries due to physical
activity.
- when an employee’s workload is too demanding, this
risk increases.
- practice of ergonomics in nursing, as in other careers,
decreases the impact work has on the body,
preventing injuries before they occur.

Importance of Body Mechanics

Proper Body Mechanics prevents the following:
- Musculoskeletal Strain
- Injuries to members of the staff
- Injury to the client
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 - Fatigue
MSD - Signs and Symptoms
- pain
What is Ergonomics? - swelling
Ergonomics: The science of fitting jobs to people. - stiffness
Encompasses the body of knowledge about physical abilities - tingling
and limitations as well as other human characteristics relevant - weakness
to job design. - aching
Ergonomic design: The application of this body of knowledge - burning
to the design of the workplace (tasks, equipment, environment) - cramping
for safe and efficient worker use. - loss of color
Good ergonomic design: Makes the most efficient use of - numbness
worker capabilities while ensuring job demands do not exceed
those capabilities. MSDs - Carpal Tunnel
Carpal Tunnel: a tunnel in the wrist through which the median
Economic Hazards nerve and nine digital flexor tendons pass.
- Do not ignore signs, symptoms, and hazards! - Formed by the wrist bones and a dense trans-carpal
- Make recommendations for control of hazards to your ligament.
supervisor. - Continued and repetitive pressure on the median
nerve in the carpal tunnel can cause Carpal Tunnel
Ergonomic Lifting Device Syndrome (CTS).

MSDs - How CTS Develop

1. Swelling or thickening of the tendons.
2. The tunnel begins to close.
3. This exerts pressure on the median nerve.
4. Feel pain/discomfort.

MSDs - Prevention of CTS

- if you do the same tasks with your hands over and
over, try not to bend, extend, or twist your ahnds for
long periods.
- don’t work with your arms too close or too far from
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD)
your body.
do not include injuries caused by slips, trips, falls, or other
- don’t rest your wrists on hard surfaces for long
similar accidents. It can differ in severity from mild periodic
periods.
symptoms to severe chronic and debilitating conditions.
- switch hands during work tasks if possible.
- take regular breaks from repeated hand movements
MSD’s are injuries or illnesses to soft body tissue such as:
to give your hands and wrists time to rest.
- Muscles
- don’t sit or stand in the same position all day.
- Nerves
- adjust your chair so your forearms are level with your
- Tendons
keyboard and you don’t flex your wrists to type.
- Ligaments
- Joints
- Cartilage
- Spinal Discs
MSDs - Protect your Back
- heavy lifting from above the shoulders, and below the
knees.
- twisting while lifting / carrying.
- bending over at the waist.
- carrying objects to one side.

Lifting
- avoid bending at the waist.
- squat down with your back straight and
knees bent.
- grasp the object.
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 - bring it close to your body. - repetition
- slowly rise - body condition
- let your thigh muscles do the lifting. - health
- range of motion
Standing
- shift your weight slightly. MSDs - Risk Factors-Avoid:
- use proper footwear with cushioned insoles. - bent wrists
- avoid high heels. - twisting at the waist
- proper posture when standing: - rolled shoulders
—> shoulders not rolled forward. - leaning forward
—> stomach area pulled in. - bending at the waist
—> small of the back straight. - winged elbows
—> hips not tilted. - overreaching
- stepping backwards
Sitting - locking your knees
- use an adjustable chair with lower back
support. MSDs - Risk Factors
- keep knees in line with the hip joints or Force and Exertion = Forceful exertions place higher loads on
slightly lower. the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and factors such as:
- sit with your lower back firmly against the - weight of load or tool
chair back support. - bulkiness of load or tool
- shift elevation of your legs during prolonged - speed of movement
sitting. - posture during activity
- avoid crossing your legs.
Reduce Force and Exertion by Reducing:
Lying Down
- lie on your side with your knees slightly bent. - weight of the object and container
- use a pillow to elevate your head keeping it - load in the container
in line with your back. - size of the container
- if you sleep on your back, place a pillow - quantity per container
under your knees to relieve lower back
stress and promote proper alignment. MSDs - Risk Factors - Prevention
- an awkward position in lying down would
cause ergonomic issues if in the position for Lifting
an extended period. - place heavier material above the knees and
below shoulder height.
MSDs - Joint Disorders - use team lifting.
- Work tasks that may be associated with lower- - Use mechanical devices such as tool
extremity joint loading: Repetitive/prolonged stair or supports, platform lifts, barrel lifts, air lifts,
ladder climbing, kneeling, squatting, standing, and hoists.
carrying heavy loads, jumping.
- Mechanical stresses associated with certain tasks can
cause degenerative joint disease.
- Degenerative joint disease can occur even after Moving
relatively low loads on joints if the forces are - lower required force by using carts, trolleys,
applied impulsively and repetitively. pallet jacks, conveyors and tracked lifts.

MSDs - Risk Factors MSDs - Risk-Gripping

Factors:
Awkward Postures - weight
Two types: - slipperiness
Static = non moving - vibration
Dynamic = body in motion - grip type
- surface and grip area shape
Stress increases if any weight is added by tools or other
projects. Factors include: MSDs - Risk-Pressure
- time

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External Compression - sharp edges concentrate forces on a
small area of the anatomy resulting in high, localized pressure. Life Factors - Exercise
Internal Compression – nerves, vessels, and other soft tissues
may be internally compressed under conditions of: Proper Exercise means:
- high force exertion - improved health
- awkward postures - stronger body
- static postures - improved endurance
- swelling of injured tissue - reduced stress
- high velocity or acceleration of movement - better range of motion.

Hazards = Damage to Nerves and Blood Vessels Ergonomic Workstations

Tools and Work Practice Hazards:

- tools with short handles (e.g. pliers and paint
scrapers).
- leaning the side of the elbow on a hard surface.
- carrying heavy loads on the shoulder.
- long periods of kneeling.

Ergonomic Tools

Ergonomic Controls-Administrative

Administrative Controls - procedures and methods that

significantly reduce daily exposure to WMSD (Work-related
Musculoskeletal Disorder) hazards by altering the way in which
work is performed.

Examples:
- employee rotation
- job task enlargement
MSD Risks-Cold - adjustment of work place
- Cold environments compromise muscle efficiency. - redesign of work methods
- Possible vascular and neurological damage. - alternative tasks
- Workers with cold-desensitized fingers may grasp - rest breaks
loads with more force than necessary: exposes
muscles, soft tissues, and joints to increased force.
- Alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and some medication Work Practice Controls
increases MSD risks from cold temperatures. Behavior based controls that change the manner in which a job
is performed. Procedures for safe and proper work that are
MSD Risks-Noise (effects) understood and followed by managers, supervisors, and
- increased muscle tension employees.
- quicker onset of fatigue
- mental stress Examples of work practice controls for WMSD hazards include:
- reduced concentration - Safe work techniques and procedures
- diverted attention - Conditioning period for new or reassigned employees
- slower recovery time - Training in the recognition of ergonomic hazards
- Training in work techniques that reduce MSD hazard
Hazards of too much or not enough light:
- awkward posture Sitting Position
- muscle fatigue - use a straight chair with support for your lower spinal
- eye strain curve.
- mental fatigue - use a small cushion or rolled up towel behind your
back to maintain the proper curve.

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 - check the seat’s height.
- adjust your seat so that your knees are equal with Exercise-Back Relaxer
or slightly lower than your hips. - bend down between your knees for as long as you
- the seat’s height is not adjustable; use a footrest if can.
necessary. - return to an upright position, straighten, and relax.
- keep your feet flat; avoid crossing your legs.
- keep your ankles and elbows at right angles. Exercise-Pectoral Stretch
- grasp your hands behind your neck and press your
Sitting Posture elbows back as far as you can.
- sit close to your desk so you don’t have to bend - return to the starting position, then drop your arms
forward. and relax.
- if you do bend, bend from your hips. - relax.
- position your work or chair so you can look forward
rather than down. Upper / Middle Back Stretch
- use a document holder or move your computer - raise your right arm and grasp it below the elbow with
screen so the top of it is at eye level. your left hand.
- shift your position frequently to prevent strain. - gently pull your right elbow toward your left shoulder
- take a break or do stretching exercises. as you feel the stretch.
- hold for five seconds.
Ergonomic Chair - repeat for the left side.

Exercise-Side Stretch
- interlace your fingers and lift your arms over your
head, keeping your elbows straight.
- press your arms backward as far as you can.
- slowly lean to the left, and then to the right until you
can feel the stretching.

Exercise-Finger Stretch
- with palms down, spread your fingers apart as far as
you can.
- hold for the count of five.
- relax and then repeat.

Exercise-Shoulder Stretch
- slowly roll your shoulders forward five times in a
circular motion using your full range of motion.
- then roll your shoulders backward five times with the
same circular motion.
Prevent, Prevent, Prevent
- The bottom line: prevent accidents and injuries from
occurring!
- Ensuring your workstation is ergonomically designed
is one method to prevent injuries.
- All employees need to have a basic understanding of
ergonomics, and should report any ergonomic
hazards to their Supervisor immediately.

Exercise-Knee Kiss
- pull one peg to your chest, grasp with both hands and
hold for a count of five.
- repeat with the opposite leg.

Exercise-Windmill
- place your feet apart on the floor.
- bend over and touch your right hand to your left foot,
with your left arm up.
- repeat with the opposite arm.
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