A.

Igorot

⮲ the Cordillerans, is the collective name of several Austronesian Ethnic groups in the Philippines, who
inhabit the mountains of Luzon.
⮲ They inhabited the six provinces of the Cordillera Administrative;
• Abra
• Apayao
• Benguet
• Kalinga
Origin of the Igorots
• Ifugao
• Nueva Vizcaya
• Mountain province, as well as Baguio
The word Igorot was named by the Spaniards in this ethnic group as referring to tribes they did not colonized in Central Luzon. It
comes from “Godot” or mountain chain, the origin of by the prefix “I” which means “live in”. The Igorot are one of our ancestors. They lived here
in our country long before the invaders arrived
• planting and harvesting • trading
• hunting
Igorot Traditions
• sale
• weaving • farming
The Igorot culture about the practices and beliefs during the "time of Death". Death is part of the cycle of life. Igorot practice this part of life
cycle with a great meaning and importance. Before the advent of Christianity, the Igorot or the people of the Cordilleran region in the
Philippines were animist or pagans.
Elderly person of the town of Igorot:
Pangamaen- man
Panginaen-woman
B. Bontok/ Bontoc
Bontoc tribe is a feared war-like group of Indigenous people who actively indulged in tribal
wars with its neighbors until 1930’s and they considered Bontoc as their home. It means “mountain,” refers to the people who share close
linguistic and cultural similarities and originate from Bontoc.

Bontoc Wedding

⮲ The Bontoc wedding ritual usually spans several days. It starts with the delivery of the faratong (black beans) from the girl to the bachelor
signifying the bride’s intentions to marry.
⮲ Afterwards, the bride’s family sends out what is known as the khakhu (salted pork) to the groom’s family. This is countered by the sending of
sapa (glutinous rice). These food items are distributed to their respective family members, including their relatives.
⮲ An important rite called insukatan nan makan (exchange of food) follows. Here, one of the groom’s parents, after receiving an invitation, must
go to the bride’s house and have breakfast with them.
⮲ Later, the groom’s parents also invite a bride’s parent for a similar meal. The next step is the farey. The bride and a kaulog (girlfriend) will visit
the house of the groom. This is when they ‘start entering each other’s houses’. They will have to leave immediately also, but
they will be invited again on the following morning for breakfast. This is the start of the tongor (to align).

Three Traditional Social Classes

1. kachangyan or the traditional rich, regularly sponsor feasts of merit that would
validate their status
2. wad-ay ngachana, literally “those who have names,” and referring to the middle class,
with property, though not as extensive as that of the faknang (the Ilocano term for
“rich”), who would have surplus food stored in the allang or arang
3. the pusi or lawa, also known as the poor, own property and fields, but not enough to sustain their needs throughout the year, so they usually
work in the fields of the rich for a share in the harvest.

✓ Mangmang is the generic term for all types of ceremony involving the butchering of animals and feasts. ✓ Sa-eb, sometimes called funyag,
from the Ilocano word bunyag is the Bontok equivalent of the Christian baptism
C. Ifugao People

⮲ They call themselves as I-pugao or “inhabitants of the known Earth”.

⮲ Other variations of the name are Ifugaw, Ipugao, and Yfugao.
⮲ They live primarily in the province of Ifugao in Central Cordillera, in Northern Luzon.
⮲ term “Ifugao” is composed of the prefix i meaning “people of” and pugaw meaning “the cosmic earth.” ⮲ It could also have been derived from
the term ipugo, which means “from the hill.” Ifugao mythology, however, says that ipugo is a type of rice grain given to the people by
Matungulan, the god of grains.

Ifugao as Province

Ifugao Culture

Culture of the Ifugao people values kinship, family ties, religious and cultural beliefs. They’re unique among all ethnic groups in North Luzon for
their interesting customs and traditions. The Spanish never were able to take control of the Ifugao territory

The Hudhud consists of narrative chants. It is practiced during the rice sowing season, at harvest time and at funeral wakes and rituals. The
Hudhud is a UNESCO Proclaimed Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

The woodcarving art of the Ifugao people is unique. Most notably are the carved granary guardians bulul and the prestige bench of the upper
class, the hagabi. The textiles of the Ifugao are renowned for their sheer beauty, colorful blankets and clothing woven on
looms.

1. KADANGYAN (aristocracy), usually command authority, although fair treatment is accorded to all and belong to the mombaki (shaman) clan
who perform marriages, recite myths during marriages and victory feasts, and offer animal sacrifices and prayers for the
recovery of sick people..
2. NATUMOK, who may own small pieces of land, but these are not sufficient to give them a year-round harvest 3. NAWOTWOT (lower class)
who were captured during head-taking excursions.
D. Kalinga

⮲ Esteemed as “the strong people of the Cordilleras”, Kalinga, simultaneously, profoundly cherish family and Kinship. ⮲ A Kalinga household
consists of a nuclear family and sometimes, an aged grandparent; generally speaking, they show great respect towards elders and, are
clannish.
Batok for Kalinga People

The process of tattooing is known amongst the Kalinga people as batok, and the resulting designs are symbolic of strength and power – to the
extent that dinuras (women who do not have tattoos) were typically viewed as imperfect, and shamed.

For the men of the tribe, tattoos represent courage and the stages of being a Kalinga warrior, while for women they symbolise maturity, fertility
and beauty. “A woman with tattoos shows that she is ready to marry and give birth to a child,” writes Natividad Sugguiyao in the text that
accompanies The Last Tattooed Women of Kalinga. “A woman who declines to be tattooed is said to be barren.”

E. Balangao

⮲ Also known as “Boliwons” were the early settlers of the Eastern Mountain Province in Central Cordillera.

The Balangaos main source of income is farming. Hunting is also be considered as part of their survival skills since there are still a lot of areas
that are considered as virgin forests. They occasionally hunt wild games in forests.

Ibaloi Culture

Ibaloi society is composed of the rich (baknang) and three poor classes, the cowhands (pastol), farmhands (silbi), and non Ibaloi slaves
(bagaen).

The Ibaloi have a rich material culture, most notably their mummification process, which makes use of saltwater to prevent organ decomposition
and pounded guava and patani leaves are applied to the corpse to prevent maggot or worm infestation while the body dries, the process taking
anywhere from two months to even a year until the body is hardened.

Ibaloi build their houses (balai or baeng) near their farms are usually built on five foot posts (tokod) and contain only one room with no windows.

Pine trees are usually used to build the houses, especially for wealthy families, while bark bamboo for floors and walls, and cogon grass for roofs
(atup), are used by the poor.
For cooking, they use pots are made of copper (kambung), and food compartments (shuyu) and utensils made of wood. Baskets and coconut
shells are also used as containers. A wooden box filled with soil

Ibaloi Culture

Traditional weapons of the Ibalois are the spear ,(kayang), shield (kalasai), bow and arrow (bekang and pana), and war club (papa), though
they are rarely used in present times.
G. SAGADA

AT BIRTH: Gubgubao-the first ritual in the life of Sagada and this is performed for the first born in the family. It is done when the umbilical cord of
the newly born drops off.

WEDDING RITES: Wedding rites called “dawak”-considered a major event.

-lasts for three days
-The first day is the time they butcher animals needed for wedding
-The second day of the wedding is the main day, where the rituals accompanied of pig and chicken and “liwa” (chants) by the amam-a (elders)are
done and then followed by
the first beating of gangsa (gongs) by the elders, which formally opens the festivity.
-The third day is called “buka”(departure time).
Burial Practices:

Hanging the coffins in high-elevated is a century-old belief, some believe that the higher the body is laid, the closer theperson is to heaven.
Today, people from Sagada still observe the traditions and rituals of their ancestors. The Hanging Coffins of Sagada, preserved traditions yet
adapted to modern times.

H. Applai

Live in Municipalities of Besao, Sagada and parts of Sabangan, Bauko and Tadian (Mountain Province).
consists of two social classes:
1. Kadangyan -the rich
2. Kodo - the poor
Kadangyans usually attain their social status by lineage, intermarriage, or accumulated wealth.
Occasions like weddings, death or other community related affairs like they convene to do the ceremonies for Kabuyan as the supreme being.
Applai villages are compact settlements which are divided into sections. Every section belongs to o-ne Dap-ay or Abong. The number of dap-ay
depends o-n the population of the village. The dap-ay is a place to meet and settle disputes and hold meetings. It also serves as a center of all
religious rites. The council of elders called the Amam-a forms the decision-making body for the dap-ay.

2. Ga’dang

⮲ From the area of Solano, province of Nueve Vizcaya, found in the central part of Cagayan Valley and the province of Isabela. The highest
concentration is in Cauayan, Isabela; there are scattered populations in the highlands of southeastern Kalinga and Apayao, and eastern
Bontoc, and northwestern Nueva Vizcaya, where they blend with the Ibanags and Christian Ilocanos.

• BALLAUAN is a song ritual made to appeal to the anitos to bless the newlyweds with good health. • MANGAKKIT is the last piece of advice
given by the anito masters to the newly wed in the form of songs and dance.
• MATTAKKILALA is a marital ritual where the dal-lag (vine rope) is placed individually on the foreheads of the new couple to exorcise the spirit
of sickness of problems that descended on them.

Ga’dang’s Culture and Arts

The photo below shows the correct way of wearing the g-string (native attire for men) and tapis (native attire for women). This manner of
dressing and dancing is still done during weddings.

The Eban: “Eban” is a piece of handwoven cloth used by Sagada folks in carrying their baby. My mother-in law whom I regard as the living
keeper of tradition in the family would herself make ‘eban’ and give it as token whenever there is a new born grandchild in the
family.
3. Sierra Madre: A. Ilongot

The Ilongot are a forest people that live in Nueva Vizcaya Province in Luzon. Also known as the Ibilao, Ibilaw, Ilungut,Ilyongt, Lingotes, they are
former headhunters and live in an enclave and have resisted attempts to assimilate them. .

Ilongot’s Early Life

It is a requirement that a young man must kill before he can marry. Once the headhunters return, a pig is sacrificed as well as there typically is a
celebration amongst the whole tribe.

4. Dumagat

The term Dumagat may have been derived from the word “Gubat” (forest) and “Hubad” (naked). But the more logical origin of the term would be
“Taga-dagat” which means “living near the sea” or “sea gypsies.” Mostly live in the province of Aurora along the Pacific coast. According to Guia
(2012), the Dumagat people residing in Luzon are of the Agta

5. ISNEG

⮲ Kalinga- Apayao ans also known as Isnag and Apayao

⮲ Term “Isneg” derives from a combination of is, meaning “recede/ move back,” and uneg or “interior” or“people who have gone into the
interior.”
⮲ A small ethnoliguistic group inhabiting the wide mountains of the area in Apayao and concentrated mainly in the municipalities of Kabugao,
Conner, Luna, and Pudtol.
⮲ Various names have been used to differentiate the Isneg. The Spaniards referred to them as los Apayaos (referring to the river along which
they live) and los Mandayas (taken from the Isneg term meaning “upstream”). ⮲ Isnag, the Isneg language and also speak Ilocano.

Isneg’s source of income

Main source of sustenance is dry rice culture, which is suitable for the semi-mountainous and tropical, vegetal terrain of Apayao. Other culture
groups in the Mountain Province practice terraced wet-rice culture, a combination of dry-rice and wet rice culture, or root-crop agriculture in
addition to rice cultivation.

Culture of Isneg

• There are two important rituals that bind the Isneg:

• Say-am is a feast celebrated by an affluent Isneg family, usually accompanied by wining, eating, and dancing.
6. Ibanag

⮲ concentrated about the towns of Tuguegarao, Solano, Cabagan, and Ilagan in

the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela.
⮲ Ybanak, Ybanag, I – “I live in”, banag – “river”
⮲ The dialect groups are: North Ibanag and South Ibanag
⮲ They are related to the neighboring but less dominant Itawit and Malaweg.
⮲ The language became the lingua franca (Communication between peoples of different languages). for commerce. Later, Ilocano cultural
influences (1850-1897) were incorporated as tobacco growers also affected the cultures of these groups.

Traditional and Political System of Ibanag

Dakal na barangay - head of the traditional Ibanag community was called

Among the early Ibanag, this leader was not someone whose authority was imposed on the people. The leader must be one of them, someone
from their tribe and there were times when the central government would appoint a head of the barangay who would be given all the rights and
privileges of the office.
7. Aeta Of Zambales And Pampanga

The Aeta tribes are believed to be the first inhabitants of the Philippines. Aeta is pronounced “Eye Ta.” They are indigenous and
their ancestors were the aborigines from Australia.

The Aeta are small, dark-skinned, and kinky-haired people who once occupied the forest areas of Mount Pinatubo. They were
forced to leave their home/forest when Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991, and their social and cultural environment was forever
changed.

“Ita" is offensive to certain Filipinos because of their dark skin tone and referred to as Baluga, which translates as "hybrid," in
Central Luzon

8. Ivatan of Batanes
Ivatan/Itbayat are the groups inhabiting the two island groups in extreme northern Luzon which lie in the typhoon belt: the
Batanes-Babuyan groups and population is approximately 6,000, with the communities largely distributed along the coastline
due to the ruggedness of the interior of the islands.

The ancients spoke a language, Chirin nu Ibatan, or simply Ivatan; an Austronesian language spoken exclusively in the Batanes
Islands was characterized by the dominant use of the letter “v”, as in valuga, vakul, and vanuwa.

Lifestyles, the architecture, including those of boats, agricultural techniques, and crops are conditioned by the strong winds that
buffet the islands they planted root crops that were more resilient to the destructive forces of the environment;
these include yam, sweet potato, taro, garlic, ginger, and onion.

Houses are built with thick walls of stone and mortar and traditionally with roofs of layers and layers of thatching (traditional
thick-fabrication of cogon grass designed to weather the buffeting winds.) The common dug-out banca of the
rest of the Philippines is alien to the place where the fisherfolk use sturdier crafts which are rowed rather than
paddled.

In addition, the Ivatans possessed a unique skill to predict weather, namely thru the study of animal behavior, sky color, wind,
and clouds.

VAKUL, a traditional headgear designed to shield the wearer from the sun and rain, is another cultural feature unique to the
Ivatan

9. Tagbanwa Of Palawan

⮲ one of the first ethnic groups to set foot on Philippine soil. They are thought to be descended from the Tabon Man described
as brown-skinned, slim, and straight-haired. ⮲ classified into two groups based on their geographical locations: • the Central
Tagbanwas -Live in the Northern Palawan Island • the Calamian Tagbanwas -Calamian and Linapacan islands ⮲ Their main
language is Aborlan Tagbanwa (also called Apurawon), which is among the Palawanic languages. It has its own script and has
approximately 40,600 speakers. However, the two other Tagbanwa languages used by the two aforementioned groups are
mutually unintelligible to Aborlan Tagbanwa.
During the Tagbanwa rituals, mimetic dances dramatizing animal imitations are also performed. These are the busak-busak,
batak ribid, and bugsay-bugsay.
10. Batak People, Northern Palawan

The Batak were once a nomadic people, but have since, at the behest/ command of the government, they settled in small
villages. But Still, they often go on gathering trips into the forest for a few days at a time, an activity which has both economic and
spiritual value for them. Their belief system is that of animism, which is belief in spirits that reside
in nature. They classify spirits into the "Panya'en" who are malevolent and the “Diwata" are generally benevolent but are also
capricious.
⮲
11. Mangyan

Cultures and practices

Mangyans lived in peaceful societies as compared to the head-hunting tribes of North Luzon and the brave defiant warrior tribes
of the South. Social scientists theorized that some societies become peaceful because their system of norms and values reward
peaceful behavior but disapprove of aggressive and impulsive behaviors.

Practices
Mangyan is mainly subsistence agriculturalists, planting a variety of sweet potato, upland (dry cultivation) rice, and taro. They
also trap small animals and wild pigs. Many who live in close contact with lowland Filipinos sell cash crops such as bananas and
ginger. Their traditional religious world view is primarily animistic; around 10% have embraced Christianity, both Roman
Catholicism and Evangelical Protestantism (The New Testaments have been published in six of the Mangyan languages).

Indigenous Mangyan religion

The Mangyan have a complex spiritual belief system which includes the following deities:
• Mahal na Makaako – The Supreme Being who gave life to all human beings merely by gazing at them. • Binayi – Owner of a
garden where all spirits rest.
• Indigenous Mangyan religion
• Binayo – Is a sacred female spirit, caretaker of the rice spirits or the kalag paray. She is married to the spirit Bulungabon. The
kalag paray must be appeased, to ensure a bountiful harvest. It is for this reason that specific rituals are
conducted in every phase of rice cultivation. Some of these rituals include the panudlak, the rite of the first
planting; the rite of rice planting itself; and the rites of harvesting which consist of the magbugkos or binding
rice stalks, and the pamag-uhan, which follows the harvest.
• Bulungabon – The spirit aided by 12 fierce dogs. Erring souls are chased by these dogs and eventually drowned in a cauldron of
boiling water. He is Binayo’s husband.

Artifacts
The indigenous Mangyans offer a myriad of culturally rich artifacts that give insight into their culture and trade. The people living
in Southern Mindoro during the pre-Hispanic era are exceptional in their weaving, pottery, and system of writing. Their clothing
differs between genders. The male generally wears loincloths as covering for the lower body whereas the female would wear a
skirt and a shirt for the top. The terms and materials would differ from tribe to tribe, but the exceptional designs would come
from the Hanunó’s. Their textiles are dyed in indigo blue and have an embroidery design called pakudos at the back and can also
be found on their woven bags.
Their system of writing, called Surat Mangyan
The Hanunó’s also practice their own traditional poetry called the Ambahan,
a rhythmic poetic expression with a meter of seven syllables presented
through recitation and chanting or inscribed on bamboo.
12. Remontado

Negrito ethnolinguistic group, derive their name from the Spanish verb “remontar”, meaning, “to flee to the hills”, “to frighten
away” or “go back to the mountains”. .

Also referred to as Dumagat, they prefer to call themselves taga-bundok (from the mountains) or magkakaingin (those who
practice kaingin). (Bennnagen, 1985)

Communal Ownership

The Remontado believe that the ancestral lands are theirs communally and no individual can claim land as private property.
Government Intervention

Remontados’ Life

Kaingin System. The Remontado used to be hunters and gatherers before they switched to shifting cultivation or kaingin. This
economic activity has prompted them to gain mastery of seasonal weather and yearly cycle.

Supplementary Activities. Supplementary subsistence activities include gathering of uway (rattan), buho (light bamboo),
almaciga, vines, honey, and other forest resources which are traded with products of lowlanders. Charcoal-
making is also a source of income.

Remontados’ Social Organization

Marriage. The Pagbabalae is for for marriage , that is, performed by parental arrangement. Child betrothal or engagement occurs
when the children are still young. As soon as the children reach puberty, the girl’s parents ask for the bilang or
bride price

Death. Remontado believe in life after death. The term bibit refers to the spirit of the dead, which returns after the physical body
expires. A burial ceremony is undertaken by an elder man who recites explanations for the burning of the house so the dead will
not haunt the living. He also offers food and betel as the deceased’s share. Mourners sing the dalet (song for the dead) for nine
successive nights

13. Itawes
⮲ “Itawes” comes from the prefix “I” meaning “people of” and the word “tawid” or “across the river,” and means “the people
from across the river.” The Itawes have been variously called “Itawit,” “Itawiq,” “Tawish,” “Itawi,” “Itaves,” and “Itabes.”
(Llamzon 1978:46).
⮲ Mostly found in towns along the lower Chico and Matalag Rivers in Cagayan
⮲ The old religion of the Itawes is animism but in the year 1572, the Spanish colonizers and missionaries came to their area, the
Spanish converted their religion into Roman Catholic.
Itawes’ Wedding

The wedding ceremonies go through four phases:

1. the pasingaan or “to show” or “present,”

2. the vesperas,
3. the kalgawan na boda, or day of the wedding
4. the mangitolo kang luqdug.

⮲ Certain beliefs are being observed by the Itawes. During the wake of a deceased family member in the house, the bereaved
family are prohibited to take a bath, to comb hair, and to sweep the floor because the Itawes believes that it will
bring bad luck to the family.

14. Malaweg/ Malaueg

⮲ The Malaweg are located in sections of Cagayan Valley and Kalinga-Apayao provinces and in the town of Rizal. ⮲ Their main
crops are lowland rice and corn. Tobacco was raised as a cash crop on a foothill west of Piat on the Matalag river near the
southeast border of Kalinga-Apayao province, drawing Ibanags from the east. ⮲ Culturally, they are similar to the neighbor
groups: Ibanag and Itawit. Linguistically, they speak dialect of Itawit.

15. Kankanaey

⮲ also Kankanay, Kankanai, and Kankana-i, refers to the culture and the people who primarily reside in Benguet and Mountain
Province of the Cordillera Administrative Region, rice terrace agriculturists, and located on high slopes of the
central Cordillera range
⮲ Bakun-Kibungan, Guinzadan, Kapangan, and Mankayan-Buguias are classified as dialects of the Kankanaey language

Kankanaey’s Ways of Life

The Kankanaey gold miners traded with the lowlanders for Ilocano blankets, Pangasinan salt, and livestock, as well as for prestige
items like Chinese porcelain jars, beads, cattle, pigs, and other livestock to be slaughtered for their extravagant
feasts. (as cited in Habana 2000, 461).

Tribal Life

At-ato, as it flourished in northern Kankanaey society, was a subvillage grouping that mediated between the village unit and the
house unit and Dap-ay was also a name used to refer to it.

The kadangyan or baknang (the traditional aristocracy) wielded the biggest influence in their society. During the Spanish colonial
period, they were recruited as district president or village konsehal. During the American occupation, they were the primary
choice, as the local elite, for filling up high positions in the colonial bureaucracy

The manabig (wise old men) were “keepers of the lore and traditions
The manpudpud (wise old women
The mamade or mamadur (agricultural shamans)
The manapat (wise elder),also called

The at-ato and the informal leadership of the above-mentioned elements of northern Kankanaey society. Kankanaey’s Tradition
Kankanaey individual may belong to two groups of people, the sinpangapo or sinpangabong (blood relatives and trace their
kinship to a common ancestor) and sin-aag-i, (Individuals belonging to different clans may become affiliated by
marriage “people with their relatives”) (Allen 1978, 76)

Mutual respect is observed by husband and wife, although decision making in most matters is patricentric

Kankanaey Attire

Kankanaey male wears wanes (G-string) and among the northern Kankanaey, this is
usually red with colored borders or sometimes dark blue with red stripes and
decorated ends and bandala is a dark blue blanket with white lines.
Bak-ut, also called getap and tapis, is the female’s wraparound skirt. In other areas, the Kankanaey call this garment gaboy and
palingay.

Traditional weaving called impaot, impagod, or pinnagod, meaning “strapped,” is done by women when they are finished with
farming.

16. Yogad

⮲ Yogad is one of the smallest minority groups in the province of Isabela and located mainly in Echague within the Isabela
province. Aside from that, however, they are scattered in other areas in Isabela: Angadanan, Camaras, Santiago,
and Jones.
⮲ Gaddang-speaking indigenous group
⮲ People love music and dances, which they showcase during special celebrations, such as the Tilamsikan Festival in Isabela.
⮲ Yogads are originally animists, but with an influence of Christianity. Their ways have been affected by Christian (mostly
Catholic) customs and practices.

17. Iwak

⮲ small ethnic group (Oak, Iguat, Iwaak, etc.) has a population of approximately 3,000 dispersed in small fenced-in villages and
found principally in the municipalities of Boyasyas and Kayapa, province of Nueva Vizcaya.

They speak Ibaloi, they differ from the Ibaloi people and remain in their own group identity.

Iwak’s Way of Life

⮲ Subsistence is based on dry cultivation of taro which is associated with complex rituals using the pig as the principal ritual
animal. Focus cropping is shifted to the cultivation of sweet potato as the staple. Some wet rice is cultivated in the flood plains
of mountain streams in the lower elevations.

Iwak’s Social Organization

⮲ The social organization is systemic and is based on indigenous religion marked with the use of a ritual house about which a
kin-based parish is organized. Associated with the social organization and religion, membership is defined in a
meat-sharing system.
⮲ Iwaks are originally animists in religion. But due to the presence of a Baptist ministry in Kayapa, Nueva Vizca

INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES IN VISAYAS

1. SULODNON TRIBE OF PANAY
• The Tumandok or Sulodnon (also known as Panay Bukidnon or Panayanon Sulud)
official name Sulod that translates to “closet” or “room,” they are also called montesses (“mountain dwellers”) by lowlanders,
mundos for Sulods of Capiz and Aklan, and buki, which is short for bukidnon for Sulods of Iloilo and Antique
•Small, autonomous settlements consist of from five to seven four-walled, one room houses, raised on bamboo or wooden
posts.
Beliefs:
•The Sulod believe in several spirits and deities and hold at least sixteen annual ceremonies, most of which are conducted by the
religious specialists (baylan).

• Leadership is in the hands of the oldest man of each settlement and called “parangkuton” (“counselor”), with his
title literally translating to “one to be asked.”

• The parangkuton is the main person in charge of officiating over activities such as hunting, housebuilding, and
moving to a new kaingin site and in charge of resolving disputes, as well as overseeing annual social and religious
events. Each parangkuton is assisted by a young man called “timbang” (“helper” or “assistant”). When the
parangkuton dies, a transfer of leadership happens and the remaining oldest man in the puro inherits the title.
•The binukot are selected among the beautiful young women of the tribe and considered as “princesses”
and are hidden away in closed rooms, away from the eyes of men and they treated them with the care and
attention befitting their stature in the community. When they are of the right age, they are auctioned for
marriage.
• “balasan” or “wake of the dead”, when a loved one has died and everyone in the community chips in with
material things to condole with the bereaved family.

Ligbok – other term Igbok language and speaks by a member of the West Visayan subdivision of the Visayan
languages under the Austronesian language family.

2. ESKAYA PEOPLE OF BOHOL

• Less commonly known as the Visayan Eskaya
• the collective name for the members of a cultural minority found in Bohol, Philippines, which is distinguished by its cultural
heritage, particularly its literature, language, dress and religious observances.
a lion and lioness which conceived a monkey that gave birth to the humans.
Written characters :
•derived from the parts of the human body as depicted by hand-carved wooden depictions and much of their history is still
only passed on through word of mouth at the schools using their language. •Sadly, it is only the elders who continue to study
the tribe’s language and history.
3. ATI OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
•who inhabit the mountain areas of Panay and Negros, are also called Negrito, Ituman, and Negros.
• Implements used in farming are guna (a kind of sharp knife) and digging stick. Some Ati men know how to plow but since
they do not own traction animals, their knowledge is used only when they are hired by Christian farm owners
SOURCE OF INCOME:
• Ati gather rattan for sale and for their own use. During difficult times, they process a poisonous root, called “banayong”,
found in the second-growth forests. The root is thoroughly rinsed with water and dried, then cooked either in water or in
coconut milk with salt added.
• continue to gather wild honey from the giant black honey bee called “pityokan”. Besides honey, beeswax, called “kabolay”,
is also collected, melted, and stored.
Hunting –(pangayam or panganup) played a significant role in the Ati
Fishing- Pangantipara, on the other hand, is practised by boys. Wearing fisherman’s goggles, they shoot fish with a spear of
wire (bidyo) propelled by two strands of rubber band
handicraft production (mats, receptacles, bracelets, wallets); bow and arrow making; making of the yoke; animal-raising;
employment as household help; begging on Fridays; and serving as midwives (mananabang) or medicine-men/women.
CUSTOMS:
Ati family, a closely-knit organization, consists of father, mother, and children, natural or adopted. The father, though the
undisputed head of the family, consults his wife on all important decisions concerning the family’s welfare. Old age, wisdom,
and strength are recognized as qualities that should be respected. The elders of the settlements are thus always approached
for important matters concerning the Ati’s welfare
The act of courting is called “pangaluyag”. From the age of fourteen, boys and girls think of founding a family. As soon as a
couple decide to marry, the man sends his parents or relations to the family of the woman.
CUSTOMS IN MARRIAGE:
There are cases where the woman’s parents opt to defer the wedding until the man has provided a new house for himself and
his future wife. After things concerning the wedding have been agreed upon, the man stays in the house of the prospective
parents-in-law to serve them for a period varying from one month to about one year. When the service (pangagadamong the
Ati of Negros) is over, the go-between again approaches the woman’s parents to discuss final wedding preparations.

4. KARAY-A PEOPLE OF ANTIQUE

descendants of immigrants from Borneo, through the epic-myth of the "Ten Bornean Datus". Recent findings, however,
revealed that the ancestors of the Karay-a are the Austronesian-speaking immigrants who came from South China during the
Iron Age. They primarily speak Karay-a. • Native speakers: 600,000 as of 2010
4. KARAY-A PEOPLE OF ANTIQUE
Source of Income:
Engage in agriculture and cottage industry