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Mövzu: The heart of Azerbaijan Shusha .
The heart of Azerbaijan Shusha .

The city has suffered significant destruction and depopulation during the
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. After the capture of Shusha in 1992 by Armenian
forces during First Nagorno-Karabakh War, the city's Azerbaijani population
fled, and most of the city was destroyed.
Between May 1992 and November 2020, Shusha was under the de facto control
of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh and administered as the centre of its
Shushi Province. On 8 November 2020, Azerbaijani forces retook the city
during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War following a three-day long battle.]
The Armenian population of the city fled, and multiple reports emerged that the
Armenian cultural heritage of the city was being destroyed. The Azerbaijani
government opened the city to tourists from Azerbaijan in 2022 and plans to
start resettling the city in 2023.
Following the capture of Shusha by the Armenian forces in 1992, the
Azerbaijani population of the town, consisting of 15,000 people, was killed and
expulsed.Before the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, the population consisted of
over 4,000 Armenians,mainly refugees from Baku and other parts of Karabakh
and Azerbaijan. As a result of the first war, no Azerbaijanis live in Shusha
today, although Azerbaijani authorities plan to repopulate it with Azerbaijani
displaced persons who fled Shusha during the first war.] Shusha's Armenian
population fled shortly before the city was recaptured by Azerbaijani forces
during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War.
Shusha contains both Armenian and Azerbaijani cultural monuments, while the
surrounding territories also include many ancient Armenian villages.Shusha is
often considered the cradle of Azerbaijan's music and poetry and one of the
leading centres of the Azerbaijani culture ,having been declared the cultural
capital of
Azerbaijan in January 2021.The city is particularly renowned for its traditional
Azerbaijani genre of vocal and instrumental arts called mugham. For the
Azerbaijanis, Shusha is the "conservatoire of the Caucasus". Khurshidbanu
Natavan,
Azerbaijan's most famous woman poet, composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov, opera
singer
Bulbul and one of Azerbaijan's first twentieth-century novelists, Yusif Vezir
Chemenzeminli, were born here. Molla Panah Vagif, a prominent Azerbaijani
poet and vizier of the Karabakh khanate, lived and died in Shusha. Vagif Poetry
Days were held in Shusha annually since 1982. The tradition was resumed in
2021

Shusha serves an important role in the history of Armenian music, being the
hometown and headquarters of Armenian composer Grikor Suni and his
chorus.Suni was an instrumental figure in establishing the national identity of
Armenian music and considered one of the many founders of modern Armenian
music.

In addition, the Khandamirian or Shushi theater which opened in 1891 would

become regionally famous for its important contributions to the Armenian
cultural arts, especially music. In the Khandamirian theater, Suni gave his first
ever performance. By 1902, Suni had organized his Oriental Cultural Ensemble
in Shusha and had their first big concert which would get them in trouble with
Russian authorities forcing the ensemble out of Shusha where they went on to
spread Armenian cultural music around the world.Shusha was also the
hometown of Arev Baghdasaryan, the prominent Armenian singer, dancer, and
People's Artist of the Armenian SSR.

Shusha is also well known for sileh rugs, floor coverings from the South
Caucasus.
Those from the Caucasus may have been woven in the vicinity of Shusha. A
similar Eastern Anatolian type usually shows a different range of colours.
Azerbaijan national heroes.

The National Hero of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan milli qəhrəmanı)

is the highest national title in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The title was named
on 25 March 1992, and the "Qizil Ulduz" Medal awarded as a sign of receiving
this title was established by a separate law on 15 July 1992. The law on the title
has been in effect since 25 December 1995. It can only be awarded once to the
same person. The title is awarded for outstanding services of national
importance to Azerbaijan in defence and strengthening of the state system and
creation of important national values.
After the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, Azerbaijan and Armenia were
engaged in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in which several Azerbaijanis were
awarded with the National Hero of Azerbaijan.
This list shows the recipients of the title National Hero of Azerbaijan .
1992:

Name Occupation

Alif Hajiyev Сhief of the Khojaly airport police

department

Ilham Muzaffar Aliyev Ganja Internal Affairs Criminal

Investigation Department division
operating commissioner, lieutenant

Mehdi Abbasov Special Purpose Police

Tribunallieutenant

Maharram Seyidov Sharur District, Nakhchivan

Autonomous Republic, Internal
Affairs Chief Inspector of the
 Guard
Department, Captain

Mikayil Jabrailov Field inspector of Internal Affairs

in
Shaki

Nofal Guliyev Special Purpose Police Tribunal,

militia

Seferali Gurban Mammadov Aghdam District Internal Affairs

Department commander, militia
lieutenant

Valeh Muslumov Special Purpose Police Tribunal,

militia sergeant

Vugar Huseynov Special Purpose Police Tribunal

militia, chief sergeant

Yuri Kovalev Special Purpose Police Tribunal

militia

Attractive places of Azerbaijan

Combine mountains and semi-arid plains stretching endlessly towards the
horizon with historic towns. Now add in wildlife, fire and hundreds of
kilometres of coastline to get an idea of Azerbaijan’s real beauty. by the semi-
desert climate cover almost 2000 acres.
Stand inside and marvel at the rolling dunes against the clear, unpolluted
waters of the Caspian. But, the mesmerising landscapes aren’t the main
attraction. More than 50 species of animal call the steppes home, including the
endangered Caspian Seal and Comb Jellyfish as well as gazelles, badgers and
jackals.

Astara:According to locals, historical Astara tops the list of beautiful places in

Azerbaijan. Mountains surround the town, sitting on Iran’s border, while lush
green virgin rainforest and a variety of plant and animal life, including the
Caucasus leopard are inside the nearby Hirkan National Park.

The Caspian Sea:The Caspian Sea, or the world’s largest lake, makes one of
the best places to visit in Azerbaijan. The coastline stretches more than 500
kilometres (310 miles) from the border with Iran to the south and Dagestan in
the north. You can find beautiful resorts in Sumgait in the northern part of the
Absheron Peninsula. Lankaran, four hours south of Baku towards the Iranian
border, has a few resorts too.

Shirvan National Park:The semi-desert national park located just over 100
kilometres (62 miles) southwest of Baku combines wildlife, dunes and a short
stretch coastline. Visitors enjoy landscapes and diversity of fauna with its large
population of gazelles, jungle cats and turtles. More than 200 species of bird
also live inside Shirvan National Park, including 32 rare ones. Bungalows and
camping sites are available for overnight stays.

Agh Gol National Park:Lake Aggol, the second largest lake in Azerbaijan, sits
inside the Agh Gol National Park in the Kur-Araz lowlands. The arid landscape
creates a nesting spot for migratory birds, while the lake is full of fish. And the
views are spectacular. Imagine a blue-green lake surrounded by a band of trees
with mountains in the distance.
Quba:Quba in the country’s northeast is an important destination for Azerbaijan
culture. The ancient mountain town along the Qudailchay River is a stone’s
throw from remote villages full of history. A small all-Jewish settlement sits on
the opposite side of the river traversing the town. Craggy mountains and valleys
surround the cultural communities. The nearby village of Khinalug at 2350
metres (7710 feet) offers stunning mountain landscapes and plenty of hiking
opportunities.

Goyazan Mountain:A short distance to the northwest of Qazakh District in

northern Azerbaijan stands the 857-metres (2812 feet) Goyazen Mountain.
Goyazan stands alone against a flat background of rolling fields and plains
giving it a prominent appearance in the landscape. The strange beauty includes
it on the list of places to visit in Azerbaijan.

Lake Goygol:Lake Goygol is one of the most beautiful places in Azerbaijan.

The name translates to the Blue Lake nestled in the Murovdag foothills. Formed
after an earthquake almost 1000 years ago, Goygol has become a favourite
tourist destination near Ganja.

Ways of learning English.

Learning English is what people do when they want to use the English
language. In language learning, we often talk about language skills and
language systems.
Language skills include: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Language
systems include vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and discourse.A lot of
people learn English at school, where English is a common subjects. Many
people also want to spend their own personal time to learn English. Some of
these people may not know any English, where others will have learned some
English in school, and will want to advance their knowledge of it.English is
taught in many schools.
It may be a required course for graduation, or students may choose to study it.
For profit language schools are also common in many countries. These
businesses sell English lessons.English taught in community settings, for adult
immigrants to
English-speaking countries, is often referred to as ESOL (English for speakers
of other languages) Other people try to learn English on their own, or in a less
formal setting than in a group of people with a teacher.People might meet with
others who are trying to learn English, in order to practice speaking.People can
also listen to radio broadcasts in English, or watch television programmes in
English to help them improve their listening ability.

A popular channel to listen to the radio on is broadcast by the BBC, called the
BBC World Service Archived 2001-09-21 at the Library of Congress Web
Archives.People can also study English by reading books, or listening to
English courses on recorded CDs or cassettes.The internet boom has created lot
of avenues for learning. People can get lot of ideas on how to improve English
communication skills using search engines like Google, Yahoo, etc. Especially
during the lockdown due to COVID-19, online classes and courses became a
main source of learning. The BBC World Service has a free website for people
who are learning English as a second or foreign language called BBC Learning
English.
 ● Listening to music while you study English can wake up your mind and
put you in a better mood to learn. Happy songs can help you feel re-
energized and motivated if you’re getting bored, while calming music
can help you feel more relaxed if you’re feeling nervous about an
upcoming test.
● Keep in mind, however, that listening to music with lyrics can actually
distract you from what you’re studying. The words of the song can
take your attention away from the English words you’re trying to learn. If
this bothers you, then you can study with music that doesn’t have lyrics,
like jazz or classical.
● Scrabble is a classic board game in which players use random lettered
tiles to create words in a crossword fashion. It’s a fantastic way to
strengthen your English vocabulary. Playing Scrabble challenges you to
really think in English as you try to come up with different words with
your set of letters.
● If you’re taking an English class, buy the board game and invite your
classmates to play with you. You can also play Scrabble online through
websites like Facebook, where the game is called Words With Friends.

● Not only does YouTube have funny entertainment videos, but there are
also some excellent resources for learning English! Here are 25 awesome
YouTube channels that you can use to study English!
● No matter your preference, you’ll find something to watch with these
lists of the greatest TV shows for learning English. If you’re looking for a
laugh, here are the 33 best modern American sitcoms to learn English.

Our national values.

Azerbaijan people are known with their rich national-moral values and
traditions all across the world. Although our people have experienced various
socio-political formations, they have preserved their moral values and
approached them as the most precious wealth.
National-moral values play an important role in the formation of public opinion
and ensuring civil solidarity. The people of Azerbaijan have preserved their
national-moral values and been loyal to those values even in the most turbulent
periods in history. Our national-moral values have passed a certain path of
development despite the prohibitions by the ruling ideology in the former Soviet
Union.
National-moral values of our people have got an ancient history. Qualities such
as respect for the family, love to motherland, hospitality, helping others, respect
for different religious beliefs are promoted in Azerbaijan folklore (Azerbaijan
folk poetry). İdeas regarding with national-moral values are put forward in
proverbs, bayatis, epos, narratives and other genres. The Book of Dada Gorgud
(Kitabi-Dada Qorqud), the brilliant folklore monument of Azerbaijan reflects
the rich historical, cultural, national-moral values, beliefs, lifestyle of our people
and its characters as well. Preserving national traditions, the matters of bringing
up young people who love their homeland and are brave in the fight against
enemy were widely highlighted in the epos.
Good family relations are glorified, the strength and power of the people are
shown to be invincible as a result of the strength of the family and the steady
increase of the generation in the book. The words by elderly person are exalted
in the book, Oguz warriors (heros) seek his advice before trip or battle. The
gopuz (ancient musical instrument in the epic) is considered as means of
creating a heroic spirit in the epic "Kitabi Dada Gorgud" and respect for it is a
national-ethnic tradition. National-moral values found their artistic and
aesthetic, philosophical expression in the ancient period of Azerbaijan literature,
art and philosophy, loyalty to the homeland and traditions was expressed with
figurative and poetic way.
Humanistic and universal values were a key point in the literary creativity of
prominent figures of Azerbaijani classical literature and respect for national-
moral values were associated with the tolerant lifestyle of our people. Ancient
and medieval literary, philosophical and artistic works are rich with
multicultural views, ideas that reject racial, national and religious
discrimination, and call people to unity and humanism.
The importance of national-moral values of our people was widely illustrated in
the socio-political opinions of the 19th century Azerbaijani enlighteners.
Although the concept of Azerbaijanism that used as a national idea was mainly
utilized in the sense of patriotism, its scientific-theoretical and practical bases
had not yet been formed.
The enlighteners considered Azerbaijanism as a value that envisages the
development of the native language, national-historical heritage and moral
values and inspires a sense of patriotism in people
. Our progressive intellectuals were making speeches addressing to new political
demands and was putting forward the idea of state independence under the
influence of socio-political conditions at that time. In 1918, the ideology of
Azerbaijanism found its historical embodiment and confirmation with the
establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic
parliamentary and secular republic in the East. However, the prohibitions by
communist ideology and the policy pursued by the former USSR in the area of
national relations began to suppress the idea of Azerbaijanism following the
collapse of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan.
Protection and development of national and moral values are one of the major
directions of state policy due to its important role in the development of
Azerbaijan people, its contribution to the enrichment of world culture, and its
communicative function in ensuring civil solidarity.
Significant steps were taken to enrich our national-moral values and a new stage
was opened for the improvement in artistic heritage, culture, art and national
language of the people under the leadership of National Leader Heydar Aliyev
in Azerbaijan during the Soviet period. The sense of national self-consciousness
was strengthened, views on the national identity and thought were formed in the
Republic of Azerbaijan.
Revival of Karabakh.
The current management of the Fund's activities is carried out by the
management board consisting of three members—the Chairman and his two
deputies. Funds are formed from donations of individuals and legal entities,
grants and other sources not prohibited by law.

The head of state also signed an order approving the composition of the
supervisory board of the Karabakh Revival Foundation. According to the order,
the following composition of the supervisory board of the so-called Karabakh
Revival Foundation was approved:

Supervisory board

● Mikayil Jabbarov, Minister of Economy of the Republic of Azerbaijan

● Mukhtar Babayev, Minister of Ecology and Natural Resources of the
Republic of Azerbaijan
● Rovshan Rzayev, Chairman of the State Committee for Refugees and
Internally Displaced Persons of the Republic of Azerbaijan
● Tural Ganjaliyev, Chairman of the Public Union of the Azerbaijani
Community of Nagorno-Karabakh, Member of the Milli Majlis of the
Republic of Azerbaijan
● Fatma Yildirim, Deputy of the Milli Majlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan
● Farhad Badalbeyli, Rector of the Baku Music Academy
● Adalat Muradov, Rector of the Azerbaijan State University of Economics
Kamal Abdulla - Rector of the Azerbaijan University of
Languages ● Alim Gasimov, People's Artist of the Republic of
Azerbaijan.

The reality that emerged after the glorious victory in the Second
Karabakh War is in sight. The number one priority issue is to carry out
restoration and construction works in the territories freed from
occupation, to create new infrastructures, to attract investments, in short,
to turn Karabakh into a paradise again.
 The president defined two items of the five priorities (a large return to the
territories freed from occupation and a clean environment, a "green
growth" country) in accordance with this direction. Because the
territories freed from occupation have great economic potential, and of
course, Azerbaijan can make maximum use of this potential. The
successful implementation of these two directions suggests that the
dividends that will soon be obtained from the economic opportunities of
Karabakh can create a real basis for the further rise of the country's
power.
Because in Karabakh there is a great development potential of fields such
as mining industry, metallurgy, food industry, knitting, tourism,
agriculture and "green energy". The restoration of the new international
and regional transport-logistics corridor will increase our country's access
to global markets and will give a significant boost to the development of
territories freed from occupation.
The investment of 2.2 billion manats in Karabakh at the expense of the state
budget also confirms that the economic infrastructures to be created in the
territories freed from occupation will create a great opportunity for sustainable
development.
At the same time, large companies of foreign countries are showing great
interest in investing in lands freed from occupation.
Already, the flow of investments for the reconstruction of Karabakh has started
from countries such as Turkey, Italy, Great Britain, Pakistan, and Israel.
If we look at the important infrastructures currently being built in our territories
freed from occupation, we will see that today in Karabakh Barda-Aghdam
highway, Zafar road (asphalting will be completed in September), Fuzuli-
Shusha highway, Horadiz-Aghband road, Zangilan-Gubadli- Lachin road,
Fuzuli-Hadrut,
Fuzuli-Jabrayil roads, roads are built from Goygol to Omar pass to easily reach
Kalbajar. Also, military important roads are being built in Kalbajar and Lachin
regions.
Lotfi A.Zadeh.
Zadeh was born in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR as Lotfi Aliaskerzadeh.His father
was Rahim Aleskerzade, an Iranian Muslim Azerbaijani journalist from Ardabil
on assignment from Iran, and his mother was Fanya (Feyga) Korenman, a
Jewish pediatrician from Odesa, Ukraine, who was an Iranian citizen.
The Soviet government at this time courted foreign correspondents, and the
family lived well while in Baku.
Zadeh attended elementary school for three years there,which he said "had a
significant long-lasting influence on my thinking and my way of looking at
things."

Iran

In 1931, when Stalin began agricultural collectivization,and Zadeh was ten, his
father moved his family back to Tehran, Iran. Zadeh was enrolled in Alborz
High School, a missionary school,where he was educated for the next eight
years, and where he met his future wife,

Fay (Faina) Zadeh, who said that he was "deeply influenced" by the "extremely
decent, fine, honest and helpful" Presbyterian missionaries from the United
States who ran the college. "To me they represented the best that you could find
in the United States – people from the Midwest with strong roots.

They were really 'Good Samaritans' – willing to give of themselves for the
benefit of others. So this kind of attitude influenced me deeply. It also instilled
in me a deep desire to live in the United States." During this time, Zadeh was
awarded several patents.Zadeh sat for the Iran national university exams and
placed third in the nation.

As a student, he ranked first in his class in his first two years. In 1942, he
graduated from the University of Tehran with a degree in electrical engineering,
one of only three students in that field to graduate that year, due to the turmoil
created by World War II, when the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union
invaded Iran.

Over 30,000 American soldiers were based there, and Zadeh worked with his
father, who did business with them as a contractor for hardware and building
materials.

United States

In 1943, Zadeh decided to leave for the United States to continue his
education.He travelled to Philadelphia by way of Cairo after months of delay
waiting first for the proper papers and later for the right ship to appear. He
arrived in mid-1944, lived in New York and worked for an electronic
association,and entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as a
graduate student in September that year.
While in the United States, he shortened his family name, creating a new
middle name from the part he removed, and was thenceforth known as Lotfi
Aliasker Zadeh.He received an MS degree in electrical engineering from MIT
in 1946.
In 1947, as his parents had settled in New York City, Zadeh went to work as an
engineer at Columbia University. Zadeh then applied to Columbia University.

Columbia admitted him as a doctoral student and offered him an instructorship

as well.He received his PhD in electrical engineering from Columbia in 1949
and became an assistant professor the next year. Zadeh taught for ten years at
Columbia and was promoted to full professor in 1957.

The chairman of the electronic engineering department at the University of

California, wrote and offered him work.In 1959, Zadeh joined the Electrical
Engineering faculty at the University of California, Berkeley.
İmportance of Education in life.

Undoubtedly, one of the important factors in the development of society is

education. Great importance is attached to this field in Azerbaijan. Almost every
year, the vast majority of high school graduates take the exams to get higher
education. On the other hand, the state performs the important task of providing
free secondary and higher education and creates opportunities for students to
study abroad. Considering its importance, this time we wanted to examine the
role of education in civil society building. For this purpose, we had a
conversation with Dr. Samira Hasanova, a researcher at the Institute of
Philosophy, Sociology and Law of the Azerbaijan National Academy of
Sciences (ANSA).
- What is the role of education in the development of civil society?
- The level of development of a society is directly related to its education. Thus,
education educates a citizen's character, makes him a self-confident,
responsible person and gives him the right rules of behavior. Because
education helps a person to know himself and understand the truth. A person
who has acquired these characteristics or a society consisting of citizens will
be a society that ensures scientific, cultural and economic development and
can maintain its sustainability.
- Otherwise, an uneducated society will be a society that quickly gets caught up
in the influences coming from abroad and does not recognize its national and
moral values, history, and culture at a time when the world is developing
rapidly. In short, an uneducated society is doomed to colonization.
- Education is the most important condition in order to keep up with
development, to choose the right one among material and spiritual diversity, to
be able to think and be progressive. In this regard, education is the future when
we think that an individual creates a family, a family creates a society and a
state.
Every individual who loves himself, his nation, and his state should try to get
science and education from birth to death. Also, the importance of science and
education should be emphasized in every society. Because the only way to
protect our values is through reading and education.
- How would you rate Azerbaijani citizens studying abroad?
- In general, education abroad is important and necessary for societies to get to
know each other, to interact and benefit. It is especially useful to study in
developed and developing countries, to be aware of the development in those
countries, to study the reasons for this development, to absorb new ideas and
knowledge and use them in the development of one's country, and at the same
time to introduce Azerbaijan, to properly represent and promote its ancient
history and culture. It is possible to evaluate all these as successful results of
education received abroad.

- What are the benefits of our citizens studying abroad for Azerbaijan?
- Education is an important factor in the development of society, regardless of
where it is received. As for the citizens of Azerbaijan to study abroad, thanks
to this, the country produces personnel and specialists who have acquired
wider knowledge and the experience of developed countries. This directly
affects the development of
Azerbaijan. In addition, it is important in terms of the formation and growth of
Azerbaijan's diaspora in foreign countries. As I mentioned above, it is very
necessary to promote the culture and ancient history of Azerbaijan and to
introduce it to the world.
- Why is education important for the development of society?
- The greatest investment of a nation is its history, culture and values. Education
is the tool that preserves these and transfers them to future generations.
Well-educated, well-educated specialists in all fields own these values and fight
to protect, continue and develop them. But those who are deprived of this
thought will blow away what they have ("father's inheritance") and expose a
nation to destruction. An uneducated and illiterate society is doomed.

- In your opinion, how important is education for our society today?

- Ignorance is the cause of the biggest disasters. The most powerful weapon to
prevent this is science and education.

The history of Olympic Games.

The centuries-old glorious historical path of the Olympic Games has not yet
been shared by any civilization or state. The age of the ancient Olympics (776
BC to 393 BC) is 1170 years, compared to the age of Western Rome (844 years)
and the Russian Empire (196).
The 293rd Olympic Games, held in 393 AD, were the last of the centuries-old
games. In 394, Feodosius I strictly banned these games. He wrote his name in
the history of mankind with his bad deeds, such as canceling the great sports
festival with ancient history and burning the library of Alexandria. 30 years
later, Theodosius II destroyed the Olympic temples. After the earthquakes of
551 and 552, the ruins of Olympia remained underground.
The search for the extinct Olympian civilization of the ancient Greeks is a
wonderful subject for novels and screenplays.
Here the roles are played by the colorful figures who first discovered the secrets
of Olympia: antique lovers, adventurous treasure hunters, world-renowned
scientists and simple, ordinary workers working in the field of archaeology. The
secrets of ancient Olympia were lost in the deep layers of the earth for a long
time. But no! They began to remember it in the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance, even if they did not know exactly where it was located. Until then,
it was assumed that the temple of the sacred Zeus and the place where the
Hellenic games were held were at the feet of Olympus.
But who and when disturbed the tranquility of the vanished world of Olympia?
On June 4, 1723, monk-Benedict Bernard Montfacon, who was familiar with
Pavsani's "Description of Hellas" and author of articles on ancient wonders of
the world, informed the Bishop of Corfu that there are valuable treasures -
statues, reliefs, plates and monuments - in the land of Olympia. .
It is likely that the French monk got hold of the Venetian map of 1516, which
confirmed the facts about the Quicay valley and its treasures. Although the
monk suggested that the archbishop be interested in the mystery of the
Peloponnesus, the other did not agree to this, as he was wary of touching the
sacred monuments of the pagans.
In 1764, the German Johann Joachim Winckelmann's book "History of the Art
of
Antiquity", published in the Weimar printing house, soon resonated throughout
the German state and its principalities. The book also mentioned the possibility
of other finds in Olympia along with the ancient stadium.
Winkelman's book was not a small success. However, the book did not bring the
expected financial result for the excavation work.
Despite this, he developed a plan to excavate the city of Olympia and managed
to get permission from the ruling circles of Turkey, calculating the financial
costs for the implementation of this plan in gold coins. However, in 1768 he
was killed by robbers in one of the Trieste hotels, so Winckelmann could not
realize his plan to conduct excavations on the banks of the
Alpheus River. In 1766, Oxford archaeologist Richard Chapdler, while traveling
to the
Peloponnese, found on the left bank of the Claudius river, the remains of the
walls of a huge temple used as building material by the local population, the
remains of the colonies built by the Dorians.
In 1787, Fauvel, the French consul in Athens, discovered the location of the
temple of Zeus during an excursion to Olympia. In 1821-1824, the Greeks'
struggle for freedom and independence against Turkey allowed Europe to talk
about the mysterious and magical Hellas, the homeland of legends, democracy,
Homer's beautiful works, and the Olympic Games.
On May 9, 1829, the honor of conducting the first scientific excavations was
finally awarded to the soldiers of General Mason, who carried out the liberation
mission in Greece after the naval battle of Navarre in 1827, rather than
scientists and diggers. However, the excavation work was not led by the
general, but by the French scientists Dubois and Blue.
The French expedition began to conduct the first excavations in the temple of
Zeus. On the west side of the temple, they discovered plaques depicting the 12
types of heroism of Hercules, and on the eastern facade, fragments of relief
images of horses depicting the duel between Oenomai and Pelops. The findings
were sent to France via the Alpheus River.

Ədəbiyyat nəzəriyyəsi:
1.The monster book(of language teaching activities)
2.In the loop
3.Facts and figures Particia Ackert,Linda Lee
4.Internet resources