SECTION 3

MINISTRIES TENURE
Liaquat Ali Khan 1948-1951
Malik Ghulam Muhammad 1951-1955
Iskander Mirza 1955-1958
Ayub Khan 1959-1969
Yahya Khan 1969-1971
CREATION OF BANGLADESH 1971
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 1971-1977
Zia-ul-Haq 1977-1988
Benazir Bhutto 1988-1990
Nawaz Sharif 1990-1993
Benazir Bhutto 1993-1996
Nawaz Sharif 1996-1999
 Liaquat Ali Khan
SUCCESSES

In 1949, LAK presented Objectives Resolution to the constituent assembly which stated Islamic
principles of democracy, equality and tolerance would be introduced and that Muslims would
lead their lives according to Islamic principles. Thus, this was a success, as LAK gained the support
of Ulemas due to its Islamic approach, which strengthened his government.
Objective resolution also stated that minorities and the poor would be legally protected from

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social injustice. Thus this was a success of LAK, as the minorities living in Pakistan were satisfied as
their rights would now be safeguarded.

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Furthermore, the resolution was the preamble of all future constitutions of 1956, 62 and 73. Thus

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this was a success, as the resolution proved to be the base of all future constitutions.
LAK also produced surplus budgets. Thus, this shows his hard work as he was financially able to
manage Pakistan in a difficult time.

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Furthermore, LAK appointed Ayub khan as the first Pakistani Commander in chief. This pleased
the army as they were reluctant to take orders from the British CNC General Douglas Gracey. Thus
it was a success as he gained support of the army.
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PRODA proved to be an achievement of the government of LAK. It stands for Public and
Representative Officers Disqualification Act, according to it, if any of these officers were found
guilty of breaching their duties; they could be removed from their offices, be trialed, and get
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punished accordingly. Thus, this was a success as it was made to eliminate dishonesty and
corruption from the offices.
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The liaquat-Nehru pact proved to be a great achievement of the ministry of LAK. This pact was
signed between LAK and Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru. According to this pact, the free
passage of refugees was restricted, VISA system was introduced with the guarantee that both
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countries would protect the rights of minorities. This was a success as the huge influx of refugees
was controlled which saved the country from additional burden on its already critical economy.
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FAILURES
The objectives Resolution did not give a time frame to form a constitution. Thus, this was a failure
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as the govt. officials became relaxed and this led to a delay in constitution-making until 1956 when
it was urgently needed.
Furthermore, the resolution contained no reference as to how its provisions were to be
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implemented. As a result, it remained only on paper, and LAK failed to make Pakistan an Islamic
welfare state as suggested by the Objectives Resolution.

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LAK introduced the first report of BPC in 1950, which stated that there would be equal seats for
both East and West Pakistan in the national assembly. East Pakistanis criticized it by saying that
they had a much larger population (54%) than West Pakistan and so it was their right to have more
seats. Thus, because of such criticism, L.A.K had to withdraw the report from further
consideration which delayed the constitution.
LAK introduced the first report of BPC in 1950, which stated that Urdu should be made the official
language. However, this was resented by East Pakistanis. They wanted their language, Bengali to
be the official language as it was important for their culture. Thus because of this criticism, by East
Pakistanis, LAK had to withdraw his report from further consideration, which led to a delay in
constitution-making.

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LAK introduced the first report of BPC in 1950, which stated that the Federal Government and

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Head of State should be given the main powers. This was rejected by provincial politicians, as they
wanted full provincial autonomy. Thus because of this criticism, LAK had to withdraw his report

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from further consideration, which led to a delay in constitution-making.
PRODA proved to be a big failure of the government of Liaquat Ali Khan. It was made to end
dishonesty and corruption in Pakistan but later on, it proved to be bad as the elite misused it

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against their political opponents. This is why it is considered a failure of his regime.
Some army officers were unhappy with the government. They began to plan a coup to take over
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the government. Among them were Major-General Akbar Khan, the Chief of General staff, and 14
other officers. This plan was discovered by Ayub Khan and these officers were arrested, tried, and
imprisoned; however, this showed that there was no civil-military coordination hence the regime
of LAK is considered a failure.
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Q.] Why was the constitution delayed in 1950? [7]

Q.] Why was the first report of the Basic principal committee in 1950 criticized? [7]
[FAILURE POINTS OF THE BPC]
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Q.] How successful was the Objective Resolution of 1949? [7]

L3= Failure points of the OR
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L4= Success points of the OR

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 MALIK GHULAM MOHAMMAD
SUCCESSES

MGM appointed M.A Bogra as the P.M who signed SEATO and CENTO which were anti-communist
agreements signed by Western powers in order to curtail the power of the Russian expansionists
this improved Pakistan’s relation with USA which provided a lot of economic and military aid
hence strengthened Pakistan’s economy and defense.

MGM introduced “Five year” as well as “Six year plan” which not only included planning &

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development of Economic sectors like agriculture and industry but also Social sectors like health

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and education. This shows his commitment to develop Pakistan e.g. Jute processing industry was
established in East Pakistan which not boosted the industrial sector but also increased f.e.

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earnings as jute was Pakistan’s main export at that time.

Similarly, large reserves of Natural gas were discovered at Sui, Balochistan. Thus, this
strengthened Pakistan’s economy as it fulfilled the requirement of Pakistan's industries and power

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sector.

MGM's government was also able to solve the problem of food shortages as, his government was
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able to get a million ton wheat from USA, Canada & Australia, which helped to fix these
shortages and thus satisfied the people to some extent.

FAILURES
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KN (the PM) introduced the Second report of BPC in 1952, which also suggested that Head of
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state should be a Muslim. This was criticized by the religious minorities who believed that the
increased role of Islam in politics would relegate their status as second class citizens of Pakistan.
Thus, because of such criticism KN had to withdraw the report from further consideration which
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delayed the constitution.

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Another reason why the second report of BPC was unsuccessful was that Islamic experts were
appointed so that they could advice to the government according to Islamic principles. A lot of
other political leaders were not satisfied by this decision as they thought that later on these
religious leaders would become powerful so they rejected the second report of BPC, and because
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of such criticism KN had to withdraw the report from further consideration which delayed the
constitution.
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KN (the PM) introduced the Second report of BPC in 1952, which stated that there would be equal
seats for both East and West Pakistan in the national assembly. East Pakistanis criticized it by
saying that they had a much larger population (54%) than West Pakistan and so it was their right
to have more seats. Thus, because of such criticism KN had to withdraw the report from further
consideration which delayed the constitution..

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N (the PM) introduced the Second report of BPC in 1952, which stated that the matter of official
language should be settled by the assembly which meant that the official language of Pakistan
was not decided yet. Thus, this issue not only further delayed the constitution making but also led
to the creation of Bangladesh as East Pakistan wanted Bengali to be chosen as the official
language whereas West Pakistanis wanted Urdu to be given the honour.

There were also protests on religious grounds as many ulemas wanted that Ahmedis should be
declared non-Muslims and should be removed from senior posts e.g. Zafar Ullah Khan (foreign
minister). The Government of MGM couldn’t handle these riots and at last Martial law was

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imposed to restore peace in different parts of Punjab. This was failure as MGM brought army to
resolve the political issue which was a step towards future martial law.

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Molvi Tamizuddin was the speaker of the dissolved national assembly, he took the case of

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dissolution to Sindh High Court where he won the case. But MGM took the case to Federal High
Court where Justice Munir justified the dissolution of assembly by giving plea that
governor-general can dismiss the assembly if it was a necessity. This decision of Justice Munir
caused political instability which was a big failure for the ministry of MGM.

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In 1953, MGM dismissed Khwaja Nazimuddin believing that he did nothing to resolve the food
crisis. However, it was a highly undemocratic step and because KN had the support of majority of
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the assembly MGM as a ruler became unpoopular so can be said that his regime failed as a
governor general.
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MGM had to face criticism from the common people because of food shortages during 1950’s as
the people felt that the Government did nothing to resolve the issue. Hence MGM lost the
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support of people.

MGM appointed M.A Bogra as the P.M who signed SEATO and CENTO which were anti-communist
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agreements signed by Western powers in order to curtail the power of the Russian expansionists
this worsened Pakistan’s relation with Soviet Union as Pakistan was working against communist
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ideology.

In 1953, the G.G, Malik Ghulam Muhammad dismissed Khawaja Nazimuddin , the PM, who
replaced him was M.A Bogra, the former Pakistan ambassador to the USA. He, as a diplomat, had
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little experience about the political and constitution affairs, leading to delay in constitution
making.
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The first constitute assembly was dissolved by MGM. He claimed that the assembly had lost the
confidence of the people and therefore it could no longer function, which was evident from the
criticism of senior Muslim leaders as well. Thus this created a constitutional crisis as the assembly
which had been made to constitute a constitution was now no more.

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rime minister Bogra, made an amendment to the Government of India Act in 1954, in order to
reduce the power of the Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad while he was abroad. When
he returned he dissolved the Assembly and declared a state of emergency stating that Bogra &
the assembly had lost the confidence of the people. This delayed making of the first constitution
of Pakistan even further, as the new assembly was elected in the following year (June 1955), to
restart the work on constitution making and so a lot of time was wasted.

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Q.] Why was the constitution delayed in 1952? [7]

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Q.] Why was the Second Basic principle committee criticized? [7]

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[FIRST 4 FAILURE POINTS IN THE ANSWER]

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Q.] Why was there a constitutional crisis between 1954- 1955? [7]

[LAST 3 FAILURE POINTS IN THE ANSWER]

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Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan died in 1948 and Liaquat Ali Khan died in 1951. They were the two
leading leaders of Pakistan. Thus after their death, there were no main leaders to guide the
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inexperienced members constituent assembly who were mainly landlords, creating constitutional
crisis in Pakistan.
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5
 ISKANDER MIRZA
SUCCESSES

Another achievement of this ministry was that telephone lines were extended. Telephones were
an important source of communication for the public as well as the government. Its extension
meant that communication could be done further and it would become easier, to resolve
problems and talks could be done over a distance, hence this was a success of I.M’s regime.

In the reign of Iskander Mirza, railway lines were also extended in order to make transportation

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more accessible and easier. Railways at that were significant for the transportation of people, the

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army, and raw materials for industries. They were extended due to which now transportation
could be done to more areas of the country and it became more accessible, hence this was a

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great success of his regime.

During the time I.M, Karachi airport was completed in 1955 and improvements were made in
railways and telephones, etc. Thus, this was a success, as he was able to modernize Pakistan's

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infrastructure.

On 23rd March 1956, the first constitution of Pakistan was introduced. According to this, Pakistan
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was declared an Islamic republic and it also stated that the President of the country would always
be a Muslim. Such provisions satisfied the ulemas who saw that now Pakistan would be governed
according to Islamic ideology.
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The constitution also said that Urdu and Bengali would be the National languages. This pleased
East Pakistanis as they had demanded this since 1947. Thus it was an important step as it
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respected the cultural feelings of all Pakistanis.

Iskander Mirza introduced the One Unit scheme according to which four provinces of West
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Pakistan and 10 princely states were amalgamated into one. Now Pakistan had two provinces East
and West Pakistan. Thus, this was a success as OUS helped to reduce feelings of provincialism and
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promoted unity in Pakistan.

Another reason for the introduction of the OUS was to strengthen administration. By combining
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all the provinces into one unit, West Pakistan, and by making two wings, the resources could be
shared equally and there could be developments in both wings of Pakistan. This was a success as
it would lead to economic and industrial growth in Pakistan.
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FAILURES

I.M introduced the One Unit scheme according to which four provinces of West Pakistan were
amalgamated into one. Now Pakistan had two provinces East and West Pakistan. However, this
was criticized by East Pakistanis who believed that it was a deliberate attempt by the west
Pakistanis to reduce their majority as both East and West Pakistan were given equal number of
seats in the constitution of 1956.

Moreover, the Smaller units (provinces) also did not like that their resources should be used by
other units, which was possible in the unified province of West Pakistan. This is because provinces

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like Punjab were more populated and more developed and so would use these resources for their

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benefit. Thus, they criticized it as it hindered their economic development.

OUS was also unpopular in provinces of West Pakistan e.g. Sindh. They felt that they would

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always be dominated by larger provinces like Punjab, and their political, economic, and cultural
rights would be ignored. This criticism was so strong that I.M had to dismiss the chief minister of
Sindh before introducing the OUS, which highlights its unpopularity.

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Between 1956-58, I.M dismissed four PMs e.g. Ch. Muhammad Ali, I.I Chundrigar, Feroz Khan
Noon, and Hussain Suhrawardy he was searching for a “Yes man” who could allow him to work
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with full authority without any interference. This selfish approach created administrative
problems & political instability in the country and provided an opportunity to Ayub Khan, CNC, to
impose Martial law in 1958.
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Iskander Mirza in his last days had become unpopular to such an extent that he did not hold
elections to save his power. Moreover, there was poor law and order situation in the country and
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Mirza wanted to use the army to control it whereas Ayub considered Mirza responsible for the
turmoil in Pakistan. I.M's ministry ended when Ayub khan rose to power and took control as head
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of state. Mirza became unpopular in his last days and lost his powers which was a failure for his
ministry.
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On 23rd March 1956, the first constitution of Pakistan was introduced. According to this, Pakistan
was declared an Islamic republic and it also stated that the President of the country would always
be a Muslim. This disappointed the religious minorities who believed that the increased role of
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Islam in politics would relegate their status as second-class citizens of Pakistan.

The constitution introduced a federal form of government. In it, Central Government would help
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the provincial Government to handle the matters of the state. However, limited autonomy was
given to provinces and Central Government directly controlled and handled the affairs of the
state. Also, bureaucrats were appointed who took control of economic and political resources. So
the 1956 constitution was opposed by provinces as they could not rule freely. As a result, the
government had to cancel the 1956 constitution. Which led to a constitutional crisis in Pakistan.

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Q.] Why was the One Unit Scheme abolished? [7]
[FAILURE POINTS OF OUS]

Q.] Why was the first constitution of 1956 abrogated in 1958? [7]
|| 2 FAILURE POINTS OF CONSTITUTION + OUS FAILURE OF EQUAL SEATS + ABROGATED ||
|| BECAUSE ISKANDER MIRZA WAS SCARED HE WOULD LOSE POWER AS CONSTITUTION ||
|| PROMISED ELECTIONS IN 1959 ||

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Q.] Why was the One Unit Scheme introduced? [7]
[LAST 2 POINTS OF SUCCESS]

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The political leaders in West Pakistan had a fear that East Pakistan might gain more power and
might dominate due to its larger population. So One Unit Scheme was introduced, according to

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which there would be an equal number of seats for both East and West Pakistan. So one unit
scheme was introduced to keep the powers in the hand of West Pakistan.
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Q.] Why were there so many governments between 1951 and 1958? [7]
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Jinnah had died in 1948 and LAK was assassinated in 1951. The country was struggling to establish itself
without these two experienced figures as most of the other politicians were inexperienced who faced
great difficulty in running the country. As a result there was lack of stability in governing and this led to
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many governments formed during these years.

The formation of East Pakistan created many problems e.g. the capital was located in West Pakistan
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(Karachi) and the refusal to have Bengali (the language of the East Pakistanis) as the main language. This
was a source of discontent and conflict. Thus it not only delayed the constitution making but also caused
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serious political problems to run the country effectively, hence leading to frequent change in
governments.

Another reasons was the lust of power of MGM and I.M who were the head of states between 1951 and
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1958. They frequently changed P.M just to maintain their authority as they were looking for their “Yes
Man” e.g. MGM dismissed KN in 1953 and IM dismissed 4 PM in 2 years time e.g. Ch. Muhammad Ali, I.I
Chundrigar, Feroz Khan Noon and Hussain Suhrawardy. Such changes caused many administrative,
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economic and political problems and led to further change in Govt. as Ayub Khan the CNC felt that the
only solution left to bring stability was to impose Martial law which was declared in 1958.

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Q.] Why did Iskander Mirza dismiss so many Prime Ministers? [7]
Iskander Mirza dismissed many prime ministers of his time. He dismissed Chaudhary Muhammad
Ali as he himself wanted to resign. Moreover in his own Party, Muslim League problems had
arisen. As a result, Iskander Mirza dismissed him as he could not properly handle the matters of
the state and had also failed to control his own political party.

Another reason was the incapability of Ibrahim Ismail Chandigarh. He provided to be a poor Prime
Minister. He also formed a coalition government with some other parties such as Muslim League
but fail to control it and the parties could not have an agreement on serious problems such as

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winning support for one Unit Scheme, therefore Chandigarh was dismissed by Mirza.

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Iskander Mirza also dismissed Hussain Shaheed Suharwardi who is the Prime Minister. wanted to
gain more power and did not want to be less powerful than Suharwardi. Mirza saw that he might

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lose his powers if he did not this miss so her were this, Mirza forced him to resign. Moreover, he
gave that he had failed to create economic stability.

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9
 AYUB KHAN
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS

The first step of Ayub khan’s constitutional reforms came with the introduction of Basic
Democracies. This was a four-tier structure in which ordinary people elected union council
members who in turn elected sub-district council members. These members then elected district
council members who in turn elected divisional council members. According to Ayub khan, people
could understand this system and work with it. Thus, this helped to put the nation on a path of

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national reconstruction, development, and progress as problems of common people could be
redressed at grass root level without any delay.

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Ayub was successful in drafting the constitution which was prominent among his reforms. The

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Constitution of 1962 marked the presidential form of government. It gave a lot of power in the
hands of the President e.g. in both choosing and dismissing cabinet etc. In reality, it reflected
Ayub's own interpretation of the political setup of Pakistan and was named "democracy with

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discipline". With this supreme authority, Ayub was able to develop the country to a good extent.

…It also meant that if there would be problems in the future, President would be blamed for
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them and it did happen in 1968-69 when there were mass demonstrations against Ayub Khan who
was the President and was therefore, forced to resign.

Ayub Khan's style of ruling was dictatorship and he had created the 1962 constitution in such a
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way that granted him supreme authority and power so that he could pass or reject any law and
also got emergency powers. This created resentment in the people, politicians, and important
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state departments and they stopped supporting Ayub Khan.

The constitution also had many successes and many steps were taken to satisfy the people of
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East Pakistan. Both Urdu and Bengali were recognized as two national languages, and national
assembly sessions were to be held in both Dhaka and Islamabad. In order to satisfy East Pakistan
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who believed that the country was mainly controlled by West Pakistan it was also decided that if
the president was from West Pakistan then the speaker would be from East Pakistan and vice
versa. Thus, these steps helped to reduce tension between the two wings of Pakistan and
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promoted unity as the cultural and political rights of all Pakistanis were protected.
[THIS POINT CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO 3 POINTS]

The constitution of 1962 faced the same resentment from East Pakistanis once again because of
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the issue of equal number of seats. East Pakistan formed the majority of the population of
Pakistan and so wanted more seats; however west Pakistanis wanted equal number of seats. East
Pakistanis saw this as a move to curtail the power from falling into their hands which is why they
opposed the constitution.

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AGRICULTURAL REFORMS

Ayub khan introduced land reforms in 1959 in which the minimum land owned was to be 12.5
acres and the maximum was to be 500 acres (irrigated) and 1000 acres (non-irrigated). This was to
replace large poorly run farms, with relatively smaller smartly run farms, which was a success as
agricultural output increased, improving the economy of Pakistan.

…However, most of the land reforms remained on paper as Ayub underestimated the power of
landlords who passed their surplus lands to their relatives, etc., and easily escaped the law.

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Ayub Khan, to boost the economy of Pakistan, introduced a green revolution in which farmers
were encouraged to use modern types of machinery like tractors and high-yield variety seeds, etc.

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These reforms revitalized agriculture and output was raised, which was exported and proved to
be a source of foreign exchange earnings.

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…However, most of the benefits of the green revolution were enjoyed by wealthy landlords and
mechanization in agriculture led to the unemployment of many poor tenants. Thus these reforms

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made rich richer and poor poorer.

INDUSTRIAL REFORMS
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In 1962 an oil refinery was established in Karachi. As a result, Pakistan's economy stabilized and
foreign exchange was saved as it reduced the import of refined oil.
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During Ayub’s regime, the average annual economic growth was 7 % which was three times that
of India. Thus a success, as it was believed that Pakistan had found a way out of poverty which
highlights the success of his economic policies.
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However, it was also revealed that just 22 families controlled most of Pakistan's industrial and
banking assets. This meant that Ayub’s policies created economic inequalities and benefitted only
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the elite class.

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… This reform also gave rise to regional disparities as most of these families were from West
Pakistan which annoyed East Pakistanis and made Ayub highly unpopular.

During the final years of Ayub Khan, the prices of basic commodities had gone high. The rise in
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prices showed that the Industrial reforms employed by Ayub Khan were not working. As most of
the population of Pakistan was poor, they could not afford their basic needs due to which they
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withdrew their support from Ayub Khan which shows the inefficiency of Ayub's industrial
reforms.

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SOCIAL REFORMS

Ayub's government also tried to control the population growth and set up the Family planning
program, funded largely by American loans. This program shows the government's effort of
making Pakistan a welfare state.

… However, these programs were not very successful as they were labeled as un-Islamic by the
ulemas of the country.

Ayub's social reforms also aimed at raising the status of women. The major step in this regard was

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Family Laws 1961 which introduced the registration of marriage and divorce. These laws also said
that a man had to take permission from his first wife for a second marriage. These helped women

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in getting some rights in male-dominated Pakistani society.

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There was also an attempt to deal with shelterless people. A large number of refugees from India
had still not been able to find permanent homes. Ayub Khan appointed General Azam khan as the
rehabilitation minister and he settled 75000 refugees in newly built dwellings near Karachi. Thus a

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success as a major initial problem was resolved to some extent.

Ayub khan also introduced reforms in the educational sector. He drew a new curriculum for
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schools and suggested new textbooks to be published. These reforms sound fair as the level of
education was raised and modern education was promoted.

FOREIGN POLICIES
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The government under Ayub's leadership was able to find a solution to the canal water dispute. In
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1960 an agreement between India and Pakistan was concluded and according to this Indus Water
Treaty, Pakistan was allowed to use the water of the River Chenab, the Jhelum, and the Indus.
This improved relations with India as both countries were resolving their problems on the table
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and cooperating with each other.

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In 1966, Tashkent Accord was signed between India and Pakistan which was a ceasefire
agreement of the 1965 war arranged by the USSR. Thus this was a success as both sides agreed to
solve their disputes peacefully.
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In 1964, RCD (Regional Cooperation for Development was signed between Pakistan, Iran, and
Turkey. Different agreements of Trade, Commerce, and Industry were signed between these
countries. Thus, this improved Pakistan’s relations with these two countries as they were helping
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Pakistan in developing its economy.

During the regime of Ayub Khan, the war of 1965 broke out between Pakistan and India over the
Kashmir issue. Aside from the waste of life a lot of materialistic damage was also done. This
deteriorated relations as both countries were now too hostile towards each other.

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In Ayub Khan's regime in 1963, Pakistan and China announced a series of trade agreements. This
brought them closer because China became the world’s largest purchaser of Pakistani cotton
which improved Pakistan’s economy.

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13
 YAHYA KHAN
SUCCESSES

Firstly, when Yahya khan became the president; he abolished the “One unit scheme” and
redistributed the four provinces of West Pakistan. Thus this was a success as it satisfied the
smaller provinces of West Pakistan like Sindh, which previously felt economically and politically
suppressed by a larger unit like Punjab.

Secondly, President Yahya Khan ended the “Parity of seats” between East and West Pakistan in

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the national assembly and now East Pakistan was given seats according to their majority

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population. Thus it delighted them as they had been demanding this since 1947 and now they
could protect their political rights with ease.

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Thirdly, Yahya khan also announced that there would be a properly elected government and so
elections were held in East and West Pakistan in 1970 on the principle of “One man, One vote”.
Thus, this was a success as the people of Pakistan were able to choose the leader of their own

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choice by exercising their basic democratic rights after a long period of dictatorship.

Yahya Khan also abolished the Basic Democracies System which was formed by Ayub Khan
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previously and it enabled Ayub Khan to form a dictatorship and it gave him supreme authority. By
ending this system, the dictatorship was ended and now the people of Pakistan could choose
their own leader in a democratic and fair way.
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FAILURES
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Yahya Khan, the president, and the Chief Martial Law Administrator commanded the army to
surrender in the war of 1971. So Pakistan not only lost the war but East Pakistan also became
Bangladesh. This made Yahya khan extremely unpopular as the people were dissatisfied with his
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rule.
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Furthermore, in 1970, East Pakistan was hit by severe floods (Bhola cyclone). However, the rescue
and rehabilitation by the government were slow. Thus it was a failure as such a hal earted
attempt by Government annoyed the common people of East Pakistan and this decreased his
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support even further.

President Yahya postponed the first assembly session after the elections of 1970. Thus it was a
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failure, as the East Pakistanis felt that they had been betrayed as their democratic right to form
the government was denied even though the Awami League had won a clear majority in the
elections.

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When the assembly session, which was to take place in Dhaka, was postponed, this created
unrest in East Pakistan. In order to deal with this opposition, President Yahya commanded
General Tikka Khan to start a military action in East Pakistan known as “Operation searchlight”.
Thousands of them were killed which aggravated the situation. Thus it was a failure, as the poor
policies of Yahya khan divided Pakistan as in retaliation to this operation the East Pakistanis
secretly announced in a radio broadcast about the establishment of Bangladesh.

Furthermore, Yahya Khan decided not to compromise on the Six points of Mujeeb. Through
negotiations, there should have been a positive result but Yahya Khan did not show any

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willingness to negotiate nor any compromise on the demands of East Pakistan, which resulted in
disintegration.

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Why was there a rebellion/Civil war in East Pakistan in 1971? [7]

President Yahya postponed the first assembly session after the elections of 1970. The East

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Pakistanis felt that they had been betrayed as their democratic right to form the government was
denied even though the Awami League had won a clear majority in the elections. Thus they
rebelled against Yahya’s government to show their opposition to this unjust attempt.
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When the assembly session, which was to take place in Dhaka, was postponed, this created
unrest in East Pakistan. In order to deal with this opposition, President Yahya commanded
General Tikka Khan to start a military action in East Pakistan known as “Operation searchlight”.
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Thousands of them were killed which aggravated the situation. Thus it was a failure, as the poor
policies of Yahya khan divided Pakistan in retaliation to this operation the East Pakistanis secretly
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announced in a radio broadcast about the establishment of Bangladesh. Thus the East Pakistanis
rebelled in order to liberate themselves from what they believed was the tyranny of West
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Pakistan.

Another reason was the arrest of Mujib-ur-Rehman, the main leader of East Pakistanis, by the
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army. The East Pakistanis now believed that they would always be politically suppressed by the
West Pakistan. Thus they rebelled to show their anger and protect their political rights.
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15
 CREATION OF BANGLADESH
SOCIAL REASONS

Bengalis were strongly attached to their culture & took great pride in their language, Bengali. On
the other hand the west Pakistani leaders including Jinnah did a great deal to promote Urdu alone
which offended the Bengalis. Thus, it was evident from such opposite views that the two people
were different and keeping Pakistan united was almost impossible.
There was much difference between the art, music, dress etc. of the East and the West. The West

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usually considered their culture to be superior to that of East Pakistan. This annoyed the Bengalis
who felt culturally suppressed.

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West Pakistanis felt themselves superior to East Pakistanis which developed the feelings of

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inferiority in East Pakistanis. West Pakistani neglected the culture of East Pakistanis and promoted
their own culture. Due to this East Pakistans felt the dominance of west and started believing in
the concept of single Nation; therefore they thought to form an independent state

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ECONOMIC REASONS

It was revealed during Ayub’s time that 22 families who were mostly from the West Pakistan,
hm
controlled most of Pakistan’s banking and industrial assets. These increased regional disparities
and led to separation of East Pakistan as Bengalis felt economically ignored by the West.
Pakistan’s largest export was jute which was grown in the East Pakistan. However the major
A

spending of the budget was on the border with India. As the East had no major border dispute
with India, they considered that spending on the West. This angered them as they felt deprived of
their due share in the foreign trade.
ad

MILITARY REASONS [these reasons are also considered political as Yahya Khan was the chief martial law administrator and President]
m

When the assembly session, which was to take place at Dhaka, was postponed, this created
unrest in East Pakistan. In order to deal with this opposition, President Yahya commanded
am

General Tikka Khan to start a military action in East Pakistan known as “Operation search light”.
Thousands of them were killed which aggravated the situation. Thus, it was now evident that the
two wings of Pakistan could not remain united as most of the Bengalis hated to be ruled from
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Islamabad.
The intervention of Indian troops in East Pakistan in December, 1971 resulted in creation of
Bangladesh as Pakistan lost the War of 1971 and the Indians allowed East Pakistanis to declare
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their independence.

16
POLITICAL REASONS

Six points of Mujib-ur-Rehman contributed in creation of Bangladesh as according to these points

Awami league wanted maximum provincial autonomy with separate currency, troops and trade.
This was a clear indication that Bengalis wanted to limit the power of the central government and
wished to govern East Pakistan themselves. Therefore these points laid the foundations of
creationof Bangladesh.
The demands of the Six Points of the Awami League, (the main political party of E.P) were
rejected by Ayub Khan in 1966, and its main leader Mujib-ur-Rehman was imprisoned. This caused

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discontent and separation began to look inevitable.

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Furthermore, in 1970, East Pakistan was hit by severe flood (cyclone). However, the rescue and
rehabilitation by the government was slow. Such hal earted attempt by Government annoyed
the common people of East Pakistan. Thus, the East Pakistani’s felt neglected by the West and so

Im
thought of separation.
The people of the Eastern wing were also angry with the dismissal of Bengali Prime Ministers by

ed
the West Pakistani leaders e.g. Suhrawardy and Bogra (Bengali PMs) were dismissed by Iskander
Mirza, a West Pakistani Head of State. This created a feeling of alienation in East Pakistan and
increased the chances of Bangladesh.
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The Eastern wing also resented the fact that they were under represented in the army, civil
service and judiciary as most of the high posts were occupied by the West Pakistanis. They were
frustrated as their interests were being overlooked.
A

The Political parties which won the elections of 1970 were regional in their approach. Awami
League worked for the interests of East Pakistan alone while PPP for the West Pakistan only. This
ad

promoted regionalism and created separatist feelings due to the lack of national patriotism.
When the assembly session, which was to take place at Dhaka, was postponed, this created
m

unrest in East Pakistan. In order to deal with this opposition, President Yahya commanded
General Tikka Khan to start a military action in East Pakistan known as “Operation search light”.
am

Thousands of them were killed which aggravated the situation. Thus, it was now evident that the
two wings of Pakistan could not remain united as most of the Bengalis hated to be ruled from
Islamabad.
uh
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17
 ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO
AGRICULTURAL REFORMS
Bhutto also introduced agricultural reforms and announced that a land owner could not own
more than 250 acres of irrigated or 500 acres of non- irrigated land. This was to replace large
poorly run farms, with relatively smaller smartly run farms, which was a success as agricultural
output increased.
…However most of the land reforms remained on paper as Bhutto as landlords were too
powerful, who passed their surplus lands to their relatives etc. and easily escaped the law.

n
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These reforms also stated that the tenants would have the first right to purchase the land of his
landlord if he was interested to sell it. Unfortunately this could not be implemented due to poor
economic status of tenants who did not have enough finance to buy the land.

Im
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto empasized the nedd of using modern ways in agricultural sector so that the
output may be increased. He improved the technology and better farming methods such as the
use of tractors, pesticides and tube wells for irrigation. The steps taken in this concern resulted in

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increased agricultural output in the country.

SOCIAL REFORMS
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Bhutto nationalized most of the educational institutions to provide free education to the people
of Pakistan. Thus, this helped to expand educational opportunities as many poor sent their
children to schools, which improved literacy rate of Pakistan.
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…However, this reform could not be fully successful because many parents still preferred child
labour and did not avail the opportunity of free schooling. Thus, it was a failure, as in five years;
ad

literacy rate of Pakistan did not increase by more than 1 percent.

Since Bhutto was aware that Pakistan’s life expectancy rate was low whereas infant mortality
m

rate was high, therefore he established the Rural Health Centers in villages and Basic Health Units
in cities. Thus this helped to improve the health standards as free medical facilities were offered.
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He declared that all medicines must be sold under their medical name instead of their brand
name. This helped to reduce the prices of medicines and they became affordable even by the
poor.
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….However, many of the multinationals closed their operations in Pakistan as they felt their
profits were declining. Thus, it reduced foreign investment in Pakistan which was harmful for the
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economy.
…Furthermore, the local companies that filled the gap of these multinationals started making
substandard medicines. Thus, this increased health problems in Pakistan.

18
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS [can be placed into political reforms]
Bhutto was able to give a Constitution in 1973. This constitution was a democratic constitution as
it was unanimously accepted by the whole assembly (which was elected in the elections of 1970).
Therefore, Bhutto satisfied all the political shades of Pakistan which strengthened his
government.
This constitution declared that Pakistan would be ‘Islamic Republic’ with Islam as official religion.
It was also compulsory that both PM and President should be Muslims. This pleased the Ulemas
and religious parties like Jamat-e-Islami who saw this constitution as purely Islamic which would
help to govern Pakistan on Islamic lines. Therefore the support for Bhutto’s government

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increased even further.

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The Constitution of 1973 introduced a bicameral parliament which had two houses i.e. the Senate
(the upper house) and the National Assembly (the lower house). There were seats divided in

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national assembly between different provinces according to their population whereas all
provinces were given equal number of seats in the senate. This satisfied the minority provinces of
Pakistan which not only had enough political representation in the parliament but also they had

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no fear of the domination of Punjab which was the majority province.

POLITICAL REFORMS
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When Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came into power, he removed many (29) senior military officials from
their posts including General Gul Hassan, Commander in Chief. He filled these posts with those
who supported him like General Tikka khan who was appointed as chief of army staff. Thus this
A

was a success, as it gave him control over the armed forces and his government strengthened as
he did not have any fear of military intervention.
ad

He established Federal Security Force (FSF) in 1972, to assist the police so that the security
situation could be improved. However it was misused by Bhutto to threaten his opponents e.g. J.
Rahim was beaten by FSF. Thus, this distorted his image as a democratic leader.
m

…Also, he was executed in 1979 due to a political murder committed by the FSF under his orders.
Thus, it became clear that it was not for the security of Pakistan but was his ‘personal’ force.
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ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS
Bhutto wanted a modern and efficient civil service. Therefore he reorganized the civil service into
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a smaller number of levels and unified pay scales. This satisfied the civil servants as he removed
unnecessary distinctions between them.
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ECONOMIC REFORMS
Bhutto nationalized some of the main industries like rice; sugar etc. and these industries were
placed under the Ministry of Production. This step helped to increase economic growth rate and
the inflation rate also decreased from 25% to 6% as prices of industrial goods were now controlled
by the government.

19
 …However, the nationalization policy of Z.A Bhutto was not fully successful and the output
decreased dramatically due to lack of qualified and experienced managers as Pakistan’s education
system was not yet offering business education.

FOREIGN POLICIES
In 1972, Bhutto visited India and Simla agreement was signed between India and Pakistan.
According to this, India agreed to return the prisoners of 1971 war and in return Pakistan promised
that Kashmir issue would not be taken to a third party like the UN for its solution. This helped to
improve Indo Pak relations and chances of future wars were made less likely.

n
…At the same time it improved Pakistan’s international image as a peaceful nation which was
distorted after the events of 1971 in East Pakistan.

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When Bhutto came into power, he visited Soviet Union in 1972 and this was a successful visit to

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improve relations between the two sides as Soviets agreed to build a steel mill in Pakistan to
strengthen Pakistan’s economy.
In early 1974, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujib was invited to a meeting of the

ed
Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) in Lahore by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. This was a highly
important point in improving relations between the two countries, as for the first time
Bangladesh was officially recognized by Pakistan as an independent state
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A
ad
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20
 ZIA-UL-HAQ
ISLAMIZATION POLICIES
During Zia’s time, the Hudood Ordinance was introduced in 1979 according to which, Islamic
punishments were introduced for different crimes. These included the cutting of right hand for
theft and lashes for adultery etc. Due to the strictness of the punishments, people avoided doing
such crimes, which significantly reduced the crime rate. This also strengthened Zia’s government
because the Ulemas fully supported this decision as they believed that it was a major step to
make Pakistan a pure Islamic state.

n
However, the amputation of the hand and other punishments were never implemented thus

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failing the main purpose. Similarly, the punishment for adultery although mostly remained on
paper but where partially implemented, had an adverse effect on women in the male-dominating

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Pakistani society as no difference was kept between adultery and rape.
Zia established a Federal Shariat Court to see if the laws were according to Islamic principles. This
ensured the presence of an Islam-based judiciary. Since people were given justice according to

ed
Islamic principles, Zia became popular in Muslim circles.
The government announced that twenty extra marks would be given to ‘huffaz’ in Civil Service
hm
examination. This greatly encouraged people to learn their Holy Book i.e. the Holy Quran, which
promoted Islam.
However, no alternative was provided to non-Muslim minorities to gain such extra marks which
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created a feeling of resentment in the minorities who believed that Zia’s government ignored
their basic rights.
ad

During Zia’s rule, Radio Pakistan started Arabic courses, and a daily news bulletin was carried out
in Arabic. As a result, people were inclined toward Quran, which too was in Arabic.
Zia also made Pakistan Studies and Islamiyat compulsory for students in schools and colleges. This
m

was a success as through the deep study of Islamic studies the future of the youth was Islamized
and they were able to mold their lives according to Islam.
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The Zakat Ordinance was introduced which imposed a 2.5% tax on savings. Zakat committees
were established which ensured the proper collection & distribution of wealth among the poor to
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fulfill their basic needs. Thus, this greatly helped in the proper observance of a basic pillar of Islam
and weaker section of the society was also taken care of.
However, Shia Muslims protested that this tax wasn’t due on them and therefore, they were
M

exempted by the government. This promoted sectarianism and discrimination, which led to
disparity within Pakistani society.

21
ECONOMIC POLICIES
Zia denationalized the industries taken over by Bhutto’s government. The industries were sold to
the private sector which reduced the burden on the government as most of these were ‘sick’
industries with low output.
Also, laws were passed to ensure that the government would never nationalize them in future.
Thus, the trust of the investors was restored and so the private investment increased.
During Zia’s rule, Pakistan contributed the largest workforce in the Middle East. The labour
abroad sent almost 3.5-4 billion$ to Pakistan annually in the form of remittances. This was the

n
biggest single source of foreign exchange earnings and thus boosted Pakistan’s economy.

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POLITICAL POLICIES
He introduced the 8th amendment in the 1973 Constitution which guaranteed extensive powers

Im
for the president. This meant that now he could even dismiss the Prime minister along with his
cabinet. This made Zia a strong ruler whose authority could not be challenged.
However, the presidents misused this power too often in the future and dismissed the elected

ed
governments e.g. president Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed Benazir Bhutto’s govt. in 1990 and
Nawaz Sharif’s govt in 1993. Thus, political instability increased in the country because of this
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amendment.

LAW AND GOVERNMENT

Although at first Zia promised to make the judiciary impartial, howe,ver he soon tightened his grip
A

on it by introducing military courts as well as provisional constitutional order (PCO) where judges
were to take oath according to PCO and could not give a decision against Zia’s government. This
ad

made Zia a strong ruler whose authority could not be challenged.

….However, 19 judges refused to take the oath as this would make their decisions and
m

judgements biased towards the army. Thus, this was a failure as it promoted corruption as no one
could challenge Zia or the army even if their decision was against human rights.
am

He also decided that a fixed number of military officials would be transferred to Civil Service
Academy each year. This helped to strengthen his rule because now he had his supporters in civil
bureaucracy as well.
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….Due to this during Zia’s reign the foreign officers of Pakistan were 40% army officials. Thus, this
resulted in making some departments of the governments weak as instead of experts
administering the affairs army officials were doing it which weakened the government and hence
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was a failure.
He established an Islamic parliament “Majlis-e-Shura”. However, it was not an effective assembly
as it did not have any law-making authority and its role was purely advisory. But it did help Zia to
strengthen his rule as members of this parliament supported him wholeheartedly.

22
…However, this was opposed by many political heads and Islamic scholars in this parliament as
their role in the Majlis-e-Shura was mainly advisory and they could not make or implement laws.

FOREIGN POLICIES
In Dec. 1979, the USSR invaded Afghanistan. Pakistan agreed to help the US against the USSR. The
US aided Pakistan in training the mujahedeen for them to fight in Afghanistan and also gave the
extensive amount of aid and loans which strengthened Pakistan’s economy and defense. Thus,
due to the ‘Afghan Miracle’ Pak USA relations improved as they protected each other’s interests.
Also, Pakistan’s relations with Afghanistan improved as Pakistan was working for their survival

n
and gave shelter to over 3 million Afghan refugees who fled to Pakistan to escape the war.

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In 1979, the USSR invaded Afghanistan. This deteriorated Pakistan- USSR relations as Pakistan
fully supported the USA and the Afghanis to defeat the Soviets.

Im
Britain provided aid of 30 million pounds to Pakistan for the welfare of Afghan refugees who had
migrated to Pakistan to escape the war in Afghanistan. Therefore, the relations improved as it
would have been difficult for Pakistan to rehabilitate these refugees without such support from

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the west. hm
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23
 BENAZIR BHUTTO 1998-1990
SUCCESSES
Benazir Bhutto (B.B) promised to make Pakistan a purely democratic country. She took some
steps in this regard, e.g. she released the political prisoners, and lifted ban on student and trade
unions. Thus this was success as she proved that her government believed in political freedom,
and was far better, as compared to Zia’s dictatorship.
B.B established ‘First Women Bank’, where females provided banking facilities to the women of
Pakistan. Thus this was a success as it not only meant more job opportunities for women, but was

n
also an attempt to protect their rights in the male dominating society of Pakistan.

ra
B.B started “People’s works Program”, and according to this programme, electricity was provided
in many rural areas of Pakistan. Thus this shows her commitment to improve the standard of

Im
living, of the people living in remote areas.
B.B took some steps in favour of Sindhis e.g. Sindhi was made compulsory in educational
institutions of Sindh, and seats were also reserved for Sindhis in provincial administration. Thus

ed
this delighted the Sindhi community, and the support for her rule increased, because their cultural
and political rights were being protected.
hm
Benazir had initiated a research program on missile development. Along with the help of china,
she sent the first military satellite of Pakistan, Badr 1 to space. This was a great achievement as
now Pakistan got militiary help in the form of missiles and satellite surveillance.
A

B.B’s father, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto left the Commonwealth in 1971, when UK recognized Bangladesh.
However, Benazir felt that it was important organization for Pakistan’s political and economic
ad

prosperity. Therefore, she rejoined it, which improved Pakistan’s international image, and the
relations with UK and other members of the Commonwealth.
B.B organized the fourth SAARCSummit, which was also attended by the Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi.
m

Thus, this helped to improve Pak-Indo relations, as three different peace agreements were signed
between the two countries.
am

FAILURES
Benazir was also unable to keep her promises. For example, she could not improve the welfare
uh

services and did not repeal the Hudood& Zina ordinance (as it affected women adversely). Thus
this disappointed people of Pakistan and the support for her rule was reduced.
M

Benazir also did not fulfill her commitments regarding the economic development of Pakistan,
which disappointed the people. Instead, there was a high rate of inflation and unemployment.
Thus this was a failure as people greatly criticized her government, as their financial problems
increased during her rule.

24
B.B took some steps in favor of Sindhis e.g. Sindhi was made compulsory in educational
institutions of Sindh, and seats were also reserved for Sindhis in provincial administration
however, it annoyed the Urdu-speaking people of Sindh, who were more educated than Sindhis
and they rendered such steps as special favours for Sindhis. Thus, this reduced her support, as
many of the Urdu-Speaking people joined MQM, a regional party of the Urdu-Speaking people.
In 1990, the Pucca-Qila massacre took place. The Government of Benazir started a crackdown in
Hyderabad against the Muhajirs. Curfew was imposed, house-to-house search was carried out and
shoot-on-sight orders were given. This operation resulted in retaliation, killing more than 300
people including 31 women and children. Thus, this was a failure as due to her poor governance,

n
law and order situation was disturbed.

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B.B. also visited the USA in 1989, and tried to convince their officials that Pakistan did not have
nuclear weapons, but has the right to do so for its defense. However, the US government was not

Im
convinced. Thus it worsened Pak-US relations as it meant that the USA was not ready to lift the
economic and military sanctions under the Pressler Amendment.

Why did Benazir fall from power in 1990?

ed [7]
hm
Firstly, Benazir’s party was the largest political party in the election of 1988 yet it did not have
enough seat to form the government. Therefore she had to make an alliance with MQM, a party
of Urdu speaking people of Sindh. This meant that the Government was not independent enough
A

to take decisions. Due to clashes between PPP and MQM, MQM dissolved their alliance with PPP,
which made the Government weak to work.
ad

Secondly, Benazir did not have good relations with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and occasionally
clashed with him. A major point of conflict between the two was appointment of military and
m

judiciary. President believed that it was his right under the 8th amendment to make such
appointments where Benazir wanted some changes according to her desires. When he refused to
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do so the relations between the two were at the lowest ebb which meant that her Government
could be dissolved by the president at any time.
Thirdly, Benazir’s Government was also accused of corruption. Her husband Asif Ali Zardari was
uh

accused of taking commissions and kickbacks. Although Benazir felt that such accusations were
politically motivated, yet they damaged the reputation of her Government a lot and later
provided a reason to President to dissolve her government.
M

25
 BENAZIR BHUTTO 1993-1996
SUCCESSES
During the rule of B.B, the new US president Bill Clinton wanted to have good relations with
Pakistan, and so he sent his defense secretary William Perry to Pakistan in 1993 who admitted that
the Pressler Amendment was a mistake. Thus this helped to improve the relations as it meant that
soon the US would lift sanctions and provide economic and military aid to Pakistan.
In 1996, B.B visited USA and following her visit Brown amendment was passed by the US
parliament. This allowed the USA Government to return the payment of (28) F-16 and they also

n
approved military support of $ 388 million for Pakistan and so the relations improved as they were

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trying to strengthen Pakistan’s defense.
…In 1996, Hillary Clinton, the first lady and her daughter Chelsea visited Pakistan as a gesture of

Im
goodwill, which brought Pakistan and US closer and their relations improved.

FAILURES

ed
Benazir came into government with an “Agenda for change”. She promised to improve women
situations e.g. introducing separate women courts and police stations. However, no legislations
were introduced in this regard. Thus this disappointed the people of Pakistan, especially women,
hm
who felt betrayed as B.B did not fulfill her promises.
B.B had to face a lot of opposition from Nawaz Sharif, the leader of opposition alliance in the
National assembly. He started a Train March against Benazir Bhutto in 1994, in which he travelled
A

from Karachi to Peshawar by train, and at different railway stations, he made critical speeches
against B.B’s government. In this way, he was successful in arranging large scale strikes against
ad

Benazir. Although Benazir reacted by arresting some opposition leaders, however, it had no affect
but rather increased her opposition even more.
m

B.B was involved in family feuds as well. Her brother Murtaza Bhutto, who was abroad, used to
criticize her for betraying the principles of their father. He also criticized the increased role of Asif
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Ali Zardari (Benazir’s husband) in PPP, as he was accused of corruption. Later when he came to
Pakistan, he was at first arrested, and later killed in a police ambush just outside his house in
Karachi. A judicial inquiry suggested the involvement of the government in the assassination of
Murtaza Bhutto. Although Benazir denied such involvement, however, the assassination of
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Murtaza Bhutto badly damaged the democratic image of her government.

B.B being an economist, herself took the charge of economy policy of Pakistan, but during her
M

time, Pakistani Rupee depreciated by 30% against US dollar. GDP fell from 6% to 4%. Large scale
manufacturing growth reduced drastically. Thus, her poor economic policies created financial
crisis in Pakistan so the people had to suffer economically.

26
B.B wanted to extend the privatization of industries like Banks, power and telecommunication
sector. However, she was heavily criticized by wealthy landlords and politicians from all sides who
were a major political force in Pakistan. Therefore, they moved against Bhutto and took effective
steps to discredit his rule.

n
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Im
ed
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uh
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27
 NAWAS SHARIF 1990-1993
SUCCESSES
Nawaz Sharif (N.S) started a policy of privatization and offered many industries to the private
sector, like shipping, telecommunication, and airlines. Thus this was a success as it increased
private investment and strengthened the economy of Pakistan.
N.S started many large scale projects e.g. Ghazi Barotha Hydro Project, and Gawader Mini Port.
Thus it was a success as it shows his commitment to improve the economy of the country by
promoting power sector and international trade links.

n
ra
N.S started a yellow cab scheme, and under this scheme, he imported thousands of taxi’s and also
provided cheap loans to purchase them. Thus this was a success as this helped to provide many
job opportunities to a lot of unemployed people.

Im
N.S also started the first Motorway of Pakistan, between Lahore and Islamabad, which was
completed in 1997. Thus, this was also a success, as he not only modernized the infrastructure for
easier movement of the people, but this also helped to improve internal trade.

ed
N.S loosened the restrictions upon the movement of foreign exchange, and opened up the
Pakistan’s stock market to foreign capital. Thus this was a success, as it helped to improve the
hm
economy as the influx of foreign exchange into the country increased.

FAILURES
A

N.S also started the first Motorway of Pakistan, between Lahore and Islamabad many critics of his
government believed that this was unnecessary in a developing country like Pakistan, which could
not afford such an expensive project. And the same amount, which was spent on this project,
ad

could’ve been utilized to improve the welfare services of the country, like Health and Education.
N.S started a yellow cab scheme, and under this scheme, he imported thousands of taxi’s and also
m

provided cheap loans to purchase them. However, most of those loans were not repaid, which
overburdened the country’s economy (because they were mostly given to supporters of his
am

party).
Nawaz Sharif started Operation Blue Fox under General Asif Nawaz in Karachi. As this operation
was against MQM with which sharif had formed coalition government in Sindh, there was
uh

violence and bloodshed which led to the end of partnership of Nawaz Sharif and MQM. This
weakened the government, leading to Nawaz Sharif’s fall from power.
M

An international bank operating in Pakistan named BCCI (Bank of Credit & Commerce
International) collapsed because it was found involved in many international frauds. Thus it was a
failure, NS government lost finances as investors lost a huge sum of money which was deposited
in BCCI.

28
The popularity of his government was badly damaged due to “Cooperative societies Scandal”.
These societies used to get deposits from the public, and also provided them with loans.
However, they collapsed due to their own mismanagement, and about 700,000 people of Punjab
lost their hard-earned money. The general public was disappointed & blamed the government for
not having a strict check on these societies.
…The situation was further aggravated when it was found that these societies gave billions of
rupees as loans, to Nawaz Sharif’s family business, the Ittefaq Group. And although the Ittefaq
Group hurriedly gave back the loans, yet this cooperative society’s scandal highly undermined the
credibility of his government.

n
As a senior member of Zia’s government, Nawaz was a strong supporter of Islamic reform. He

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introduced Shariat Bill in 1991. This Bill stated that Quran and Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
would be the supreme law of the country, as long as it did not “challenge the existing system of

Im
the government”. This was highly criticized from all sides. The opposition criticized the increased
role of Islam in politics, whereas, his supporters believed that the Bill should have gone further.
…In reality, it was never implemented e.g. when Federal Shariat court asked Nawaz Sharif to

ed
finish Riba (interest), which is banned in Islam, his government did nothing in this regard. Thus it
was a failure as it disappointed the people who realized that Nawaz Sharif was not at all sincere in
implementing Islam, and was only using it to gain political benefits.
hm
Nawaz Sharif faced problems with president GIK. The President refused to repeal the 8th
amendment as he believed that it helps to have a check on PM. The PM and President clashed
over the appointment of chief of army staff and after the death of General Asif Nawaz, President
A

without the consent of PM appointed General Waheed Kakar as the new Chief. Thus, the relations
between the two were at the lowest ebb which meant that his Government could be dissolved by
ad

the president at any time, creating political instability in Pakistan.

The support of Afghan warlords during Afghan-Russia war had negative effects on Pakistan. The
Russian gun Kalashnikov was smuggled from Afghanistan to Pakistan. Their copies were also
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made in the tribal areas of Pakistan and then were sold at a cheaper price. The Kalashnikov
culture increased kidnapping, murders and terrorism in Pakistan. Although NS’s govt, ordered
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people to return these guns, but only few of them did. Thus, this increased internal insecurity &
violence in Pakistan to such an extent that NS had to cancel his important trip to Japan in 1991.
uh
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29
 NAWAZ SHARIF 1997-1999
SUCCESSES
Nawaz Sharif (N.S) introduced the 13th Amendment in the constitution, which revoked the
authority of the President to dismiss the Prime Ministers, and dissolve the assemblies. Thus this
was a success as it was popular in all political circles, because the 8th Amendment caused political
instability as previously GIK had dismissed the Govt of B.B in 1990 and N.S in 1993 using 8th
amendment.
N.S also introduced the 14th Amendment, which stated that all members of the provincial and

n
national assembly would not switch their political parties as long as they are members of the

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parliament. This was also popular, as usually, the politicians used to destabilize the government
by changing parties to achieve their personal interests without thinking about their voters. Thus

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this was a success as it shows that Nawaz Sharif tried to promote democratic values, and reduced
political instability of the government.
In 1999, the Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee met Nawaz Sharif at Wahgah crossing near Lahore,

ed
and Lahore declaration was signed between the two countries. Thus this helped to improve their
relations as both the countries decided to cooperate, and solve their issues peacefully.
hm
In 1998, N.S carried out a number of nuclear tests in Balochistan. Thus this was a success as it
made him highly popular within Pakistan, as the general public was delighted at the show of
strength by their country, and the way it was standing up to India, which had carried similar tests
a few weeks before.
A

FAILURES
ad

However, the good relations due to the Lahore Declaration were short-lived, and a few weeks
later, some Kashmiris, with the help of Pakistan’s military forces, crossed the line of control, and
captured the towns of Kargil and Drass of Indian-held Kashmir. Although Nawaz Sharif ordered
m

his forces to retreat because of international pressure, yet, this Kargil conflict deteriorated
Indo-Pak relations a lot. It also damaged the international reputation of Nawaz Sharif, as the
am

international community believed that he did not honour the Lahore Declaration.

In 1998, Nawaz Sharif carried out a number of nuclear tests in Balochistan. However, because of
this he had to face a lot of criticism from the international communities and many countries,
uh

including US, imposed economic sanctions on Pakistan. Thus, this worsened Pak-US relations, as
Pakistan’s economic problems increased because its economy was mostly dependent upon the
M

Western support.

The government of Nawaz Sharif was also involved in undemocratic activities, and ill-treated
those who criticized his government. For example, Najam Sethi, a senior journalist, and a strong
critic of his government was kidnapped, and was later released under international pressure. Thus
it was a failure as such activities destroyed the democratic image of Nawaz Sharif.

30
Q: Why did Nawaz Sharif fall from power in 1999? [7]
OR
Q: Why did Pervez Musharraf come to power in 1999? [7]
Since Zia’s time, the army was seen as a threat to democracy. When General Jehangir Karamat,

n
the COAS, asked Nawaz Sharif to give him a post in National Security Council, he not only refused,

ra
but also forced him to resign. Apparently, he removed a potential threat, but indirectly, increased
the chances of Martial Law, as the army was immensely annoyed.

Im
Another reason was the Kargil conflict. Some Kashmiris, with the help of Pakistan’s military forces
crossed the line of military control, and captured the towns of Kargil and Drass of Indian held
Kashmir. But Nawaz Sharif ordered his forces to retreat because of the international pressure.

ed
However, this annoyed the army as they felt insulted, and so, the chances of military intervention
increased.
hm
The immediate reason was the “Plane Conspiracy”. After the Kargil issue, Nawaz Sharif feared a
military coup. And so, he decided to remove General Pervez Musharraf, who was appointed as the
Chief of Army Staff, after the resignation of Jehangir Karamat. When Pervez Musharraf was
returning from an official visit to Sri Lanka, Nawaz Sharif did not allow his plane to land, and
A

meanwhile, also appointed General Zia-ud-Din as the new Chief of Army Staff. However, the army
refused to accept the new appointment. They took control of the Karachi Airport, and so, the
ad

plane of Pervez Musharraf was allowed to land. Therefore, in retaliation, Pervez Musharraf
removed Nawaz Sharif, and established a military government.
m
am
uh
M

31
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
INDIA
SUCCESSES FAILURES

Liaquat-Nehru Pact 1965 war over Kashmir issue

Indus water treaty, 1960 1971 war + Bangladesh creation

n
Tashkent agreement, 1966 Sikh insurgency

ra
Simla agreement, 1972 Indra Gandhi assasinated

Benazir Bhuuto’s 4th SAARC summit

Im
Kargil conflict

Lahore Declaration

USA
SUCCESSES

ed
FAILURES
hm
LAK visited USA over USSR China-India war, 1962

Joined SEATO/CENTO, 1955 Ayub visited China & USSR

A

U-2 plane 1965 war + arms embargo

Afghan miracle, 1979 1971 war

ad

Brown amendment Bhutto not pro-american + left SEATO

Bill Clinton + William Perry (pressler) USA embassy burned, 1979

m

Benazir’s visit + pressler amendment remained

am

Nuclear tests by Nawaz Sharif

uh
M

32
USSR
SUCCESSES FAILURES

Oil exploration, 1961 LAK visited USA over USSR

Ayub’s visit to USSR, 1965 Joined SEATO/CENTO

Tashkent agreement, 1966 Steel mill o er rejected, 1956

n
Bhutto’s visit + steel mill, 1972 U-2 plane

ra
1971 war

Im
Afghan miracle, 1979

CHINA

ed
SUCCESSES FAILURES

China-India war, 1962 Joined SEATO/CENTO

hm
Border negotiations, 1963 No aid for 1971 war

Trade agreements, 1963

A

$60 million interest free loan

PIA flights to China, 1963

ad

China’s entry in UN, 1964

Karakoram highway, 1978

m

Badr 1, 1990
am

KASHMIR ISSUE
uh

SUCCESSES FAILURES

Referendum ordered by UN 1948, ceasefire line

M

Appeal in 1954-1955 No plebiscite/referendum

Tashkent agreement, 1966 War of 1965

Simla agreement, 1972 Simla agreement

33
UNITED NATIONS
SUCCESSES FAILURES

Debates| peace-keeping| security council Referendum in Kashmir

Indus water treaty, 1960 1971 war, no desired help

IMF and World Bank

n
World food program| refugees

ra
Tashkent agreement

Im
UNITED KINGDOM/COMMONWEALTH
SUCCESSES FAILURES

ed
Provided top military and civil servants Unfair Radcli e award

1 million pounds for sui gas CW no support on Kashmir issue

hm
Indus water treaty, 1960 1965 war, arms embargo

Members of SEATO/CENTO 1972, Britian recognized Bangladesh

A

Margret thatcher, after Russian invasion UK & CW against dictatorship

1998, Benazir rejoined CW

ad

IRAN
m

SUCCESSES FAILURES
am

CENTO Shah of Iran overthrown, 1979

RCD, 1964 Iran (anti-USA) | Pakistan (pro-USA)

uh

War of 1965/ persuaded Sectarianism

Balochistan insurgency + helicopters Brutal killings of Iranians

M

Iran 1st to recognize Pakistan, 1947

Iran-Iraq war

34
BANGLADESH
SUCCESSES FAILURES

Invited Shiekh Mujeeb to OIC, 1974 Rebel nation

Khondekar Mushtaq Distrust and anger after 1971

Severe Weather, 1985/1988 Assets issue

n
Left CW in retaliation to recognizing Bangladesh

ra
Attempt to humiliate Pakistan army

Im
AFGHANISTAN
SUCCESSES FAILURES

ed
Neutral during Indo-Pak war Durand line/Pakhtoonistan issue

Bhutto allowed trade access to India Voted against Pakistan in UN

hm
Accommodate 3 million refugees Access to Karachi port

Trained Mujahideens during Russian invasion Refused to join RCD

A

Pakistan embassy burned in Kabul, 1995

ad

GULF-STATES
SUCCESSES FAILURES
m

Holy places| religious connection with KSA CENTO

am

KSA’s support for Afghan refugees No support of OIC on Kashmir issue

Libya/UAE’s investment
uh

2 million workforce| $3.5-4 Billion remittance

2nd OIC summit, 1974| 35 countrie| Libya $80

million investment
M

35
 PAKISTAN-INDIA
SUCCESSES
Liaquat Ali Khan signed the minority’s agreement with the Indian Prime minister Nehru known as
Liaquat-Nehru Pact, which stated that both the countries would protect minorities and a visa
system was introduced between Pakistan and India. This improved relations between the two
countries as both agreed to cooperate.

Ayub Khan signed the Indus water Treaty with India in 1960. Thus, due to this, the relations

n
between the two improved as the canal water dispute was solved and India agreed to provide
water of three rivers to Pakistan.

ra
In 1966, a cease fire agreement of 1965 war known as Tashkent agreement was arranged by the

Im
USSR to make peace between Pakistan and India. This improved relations between the two
nations as they agreed to solve their issues peacefully in future.

In 1972, Z.A Bhutto met with Indra Gandhi, the Indian PM and signed the Simla agreement. This

ed
improved relations as India agreed to free the 90000 prisoners of 1971 war.

In 1988, 4th SAARC Summit was held in Pakistan which was also attended by the Indian PM Rajiv
hm
Gandhi. This brought Pakistan and India closer as three separate peace agreements were signed
between the two countries.

In 1999, the Indian PM Vajpayee met Nawaz Sharif at Wahgah crossing near Lahore. They signed
A

the Lahore declaration and hence this improved relations as both the countries agreed on
promoting relations.
ad

FAILURES
During the regime of Ayub Khan, the war of 1965 broke out between Pakistan and India over the
m

Kashmir issue. This deteriorated relations as both countries were now too hostile towards each other.
am

During the civil war of 1971 in East Pakistan, India also interfered in this and as a result the war of 1971
broke out. This destroyed relations between the two because as a result of this war, not only did
Pakistan have to surrender but also East Pakistan was made Bangladesh.
uh

In early 1980’s, the Sikh community in India demanded a separate homeland. India accused Pakistan
of providing weapons and training to these Sikh rebels and as a result, the relations between the two
worsened.
M

Furthermore, the Indian Prime minister Indra Gandhi was assassinated by the Sikhs in 1984. This
deteriorated relations between India and Pakistan as the new Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (son of
Indra Gandhi) accused Pakistan to be involved in her assassination.

In 1999 some Kashmiris with the help of Pakistan’s armed forces crossed the line of control and
captured the towns of Kargil and Drass of Indian held Kashmir. Although Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif
ordered his forces to retreat yet this ‘Kargil Conflict’ worsened the relations between the two.
36
 PAKISTAN-USA
SUCCESSES
During 1950’s, Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO, which were anti- communist agreements
designed by the western powers especially USA to curtail the Russian expansion. This helped to
improve Pak- USA relations because on one side Pakistan supported USA’s anti- communist
ideology and in return USA provided Pakistan with financial and military aid that strengthened
Pakistan’s economy and defense.

n
Pakistan provided air base to USA in Peshawar to spy over USSR. In 1960, a U-2 spy plane was shot
down by Russians. Although the USSR threatened Pakistan for dire consequences if these

ra
activities continued, but still Pakistan kept on supporting USA against USSR which improved the
Pak US relationship.

Im
When USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979, PAK-USA relations improved because Pakistan
supported USA against USSR in Afghan war and in return the USA provided Pakistan with
economic and military aid which boosted Pakistan’s economy and defense.

ed
In 1950, Liaquat Ali Khan received invitation from USSR to visit Moscow. This alarmed USA as
USSR was their bitterest enemy, therefore they also invited Liaquat Ali Khan to visit Washington.
hm
Liaquat Ali Khan preferred to visit USA. This improved Pak- USA as Pakistan established embassy
in USA which gave a start to their diplomatic relations.

During the rule of B.B, the new US president Bill Clinton wanted to have good relations with
A

Pakistan, and so he sent his defense secretary William Perry to Pakistan in 1993 who admitted that
the Pressler Amendment was a mistake. Thus this helped to improve the relations as it meant that
ad

soon the US would lift sanctions and provide economic and military aid to Pakistan.
In 1996, B.B visited USA and following her visit Brown amendment was passed by the US
m

parliament. This allowed the USA Government to return the payment of (28) F-16 and they also
approved military support of $ 388 million for Pakistan and so the relations improved as they were
am

trying to strengthen Pakistan’s defense.

In 1996, Hillary Clinton, the first lady and her daughter Chelsea visited Pakistan as a gesture of
goodwill, which brought Pakistan and US closer and their relations improved.
uh

FAILURES
In 1962, china and India went to war due to border dispute. As China was communist, therefore
M

USA sent military aid to help India fight. This offended Pakistan government which argued that at
least it should have been consulted before its rival India was given aid. Thus relations
deteriorated.

Ayub Khan, the president of Pakistan visited China and USSR during 1960’s. These visits
displeased USA worsening Pak- USA relations as both China and USSR were communist countries
and so rivals of USA.
37
During Indo-Pak war of 1965, USA put an arms embargo on both India and Pakistan. However, this
embargo was more damaging for Pakistan because its army was entirely trained on western
weapons which worsened the relations as Pakistan felt betrayed by its ally, the USA.

In Indo-Pak war of 1971, USA did not help Pakistan. This affected the relations adversely as due to
this lack of support, not only Pakistan lost the war but East Pakistan also became Bangladesh.

After Ayub Khan, Bhutto came in power who was not as Pro-American as Ayub Khan. Now the
relations between the two countries deteriorated because not only Bhutto left SEATO, but also
accused the Americans of organizing the opposition against him in 1977.

n
In 1979, the US embassy in Islamabad was burned down and USA accused Zia of the involvement

ra
of his government in this attack. Therefore the relations reached rock- bottom because USA
recalled many of its senior officials from Pakistan and all aid programs were also suspended.

Im
India tested its nuclear devices and put pressure on Pakistan. It was very sensitive situation;
Pakistan also conducted several nuclear nuclear test in retaliation. This annoyed the US
administration and it imposed sanctions on Pakistan. This badly affected the relations of the two

ed
countries as these sanctions badly affected the economy of Pakistan as it was previously receiving
huge aid from USA which was now stopped.
hm
B.B. also visited the USA in 1989, and tried to convince their officials that Pakistan did not have
nuclear weapons, but has the right to do so for its defense. However, the US government was not
convinced. Thus it worsened Pak-US relations as it meant that the USA was not ready to lift the
economic and military sanctions under the Pressler Amendment.
A
ad
m
am
uh
M

38
 PAKISTAN-USSR
SUCCESSES
In 1961, as a gesture of goodwill Soviet Union started to explore oil in Pakistan. This made the
relations good as USSR was helping Pakistan to develop their power resources.
In 1965, Ayub Khan paid an official visit to USSR and further agreements on trade and oil
exploration were reached which brought both the countries closer.
In 1966, USSR organized a peace conference of India and Pakistan at Tashkent and so ‘Tashkent

n
Agreement’ was signed which was the official ceasefire of 1965 war. Due to this Pakistan- USSR

ra
relations improved as Pakistan appreciated the fair and hospitable manner in which Soviets
conducted this conference.

Im
When Bhutto came into power, he visited the Soviet Union in 1972 and this was a successful visit
that helped to improve relations as Soviets agreed to build a steel mill in Pakistan.

FAILURES

ed
In 1950, Liaquat Ali Khan was invited by USSR to visit Moscow. This alarmed USA, so at the same
time they invited Liaquat to visit Washington. Liaquat Ali Khan preferred USA and went there
hm
ignoring the invitation of the Russians which deteriorated Pakistan’s relations with USSR.
During 1950’s Pakistan joined anti- Communist organizations i.e. CENTO and SEATO formed by the
Western powers especially the USA to curtail the Russian expansion. This deteriorated Pak Soviet
A

relations as Pakistan was working against their communist ideology.

In 1956, Soviet Union offered to build a steel mill for Pakistan if it dropped its alliance with USA.
ad

This deteriorated the relations as Pakistan insulted USSR by rejecting their offer.
In 1960 an American U-2 spy plane that took off from Peshawar, was shot down by the Russians
m

when it was spying over their territory. This weakened Pak USSR relations as the Russians were
highly annoyed with Pakistan and gave serious threats if such activities were not stopped.
am

In Indo Pak war of 1971, USSR fully supported India against Pakistan. This brought the relations at
the lowest ebb as due to this support of Russians for India, Pakistan not only lost the war of 1971,
but also East Pakistan became Bangladesh.
uh

In 1979, the USSR invaded Afghanistan. This deteriorated Pakistan- USSR relations as Pakistan
fully supported the USA and the Afghanis to defeat the Soviets.
M

39
 PAKISTAN-CHINA
SUCCESSES
Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and China were established on 21 May 1951. While initially
ambivalent towards the idea of a Communist country on its borders, Pakistan hoped that China
would serve as a counterweight to Indian influence. In 1956, Pakistani Prime Minister Huseyn
Shaheed Suhrawardy and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai signed the Treaty of Friendship Between
China and Pakistan, marking closer bilateral ties. From there, the relations between the two
countries moved from strength to strength.

n
Benazir Bhutto in her tenure as Prime Minister started a research program on missile

ra
development. Along with the help of China, she sent the first military satellite of Pakistan, Badar-1
to space. This was a great achievement as now Pakistan got military help in the form of missiles

Im
and satellite surveillence with the support of China which strengthened Pak-China relations.
In 1962, India and China went to war on a border dispute and China defeated India in that war.
This helped to improve relations between Pakistan and China, as both had a common enemy i.e.

ed
India.
In 1963, Pak and China negotiated to settle border between them. This also helped to improve
hm
relations between the two countries because China made more concessions to Pakistan in the
final agreement.
Early in 1963, Pakistan and China announced a series of Trade agreements. This brought them
A

closer because China became world’s largest purchaser of Pakistani cotton which improved
Pakistan’s economy.
ad

China also granted Pakistan a $ 60 million interest free loan, due to which relations flourished as
China supported Pakistani economy.
In 1963, PIA began regular flights to China, which helped to increase trade and movement
m

between the two, thus, relations flourished.

am

In 1964, China made a statement supporting Pakistan’s policy in Kashmir and in return, Pakistan
supported China’s entry in the UN. This improved relations because both supported each others’
interests.
uh

China particularly played an important role in supporting Pakistan in the 1965 war at a crucial time
while naming Indian act as a “naked aggression”. China at that time exerted pressure to force the
belligerent state i.e. India, for a ceasefire. The United States rather obligated arms embargo on
M

Pakistan and gave free hand to India. Despite sanctions China supported Pakistan as much as it
could. This act of China improved Pakistan-China relations.
In 1978, Karakorum Highway was open between Pakistan and China which was under
construction since 1966. This not only improved their relations but also open up trade between
the two.

40
FAILURES
During mid 1950’s, Pakistan joined anti communist pacts i.e. SEATO and CENTO. This adversely
affected relations because China was a communist country.
In the war of 1971, China was unable to support Pakistan because they were threatened by the
Soviet Union. This disappointed Pakistan as due to lack of support not only Pakistan lost the war,
but East Pakistan also became Bangladesh.

n
ra
Im
ed
hm
A
ad
m
am
uh
M

41
 KASHMIR ISSUE
SUCCESSES
The UN declared that a referendum be held in Kashmir and the Kashmiris themselves be given a
chance to decide whether to side with India or Pakistan. This was accepted by both Pakistan and
India and so a success as a fair manner to solve the Kashmir issue had been devised.
Pakistan managed to keep pressure on India by appealing to the UN whenever India tried to
integrate the occupied Kashmir like in 1954 and 1955. This was a success as through this foreign
aid Pakistan prevented India from unfairly taking over Kashmir.

n
ra
After the 1965 war, the Tashkent Declaration of 1966 was signed between Pakistan and India and
they agreed to deal with their mutual disputes peacefully. This was a success as the Kashmir could
now be resolved without warfare but through negotiations.

Im
In 1972 Bhutto signed the Simla Agreement with the Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, where it
was agreed that India would release the 90,000 Pakistani prisoners of the 1971 war. In return
Pakistan agreed that the Kashmir issue was now to be dealt as a bilateral issue i.e., between

ed
Pakistan and India. Hence this was a success as both countries agreed over peaceful terms to find
a solution to the Kashmir issue and Pakistan had not given up its claim over Kashmir despite of
hm
bringing back the war prisoners.

FAILURES
In april 1999, Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed the Line of Control and captured the Insian
A

occupied towns of Kargill and Drass. The Pakistani govt. Denied any involvement. In May, India
launched a counter-attack and Pakistani forces were pushed back and eventually Sharif was
ad

persuaded by US President Bill Clinton to withdraw all pakistani forces from Indian held territory
behind the Line of Control. The Kargil war was another move that linked with Kashmir issue, both
countries faced fatalities but still not successful in solving the issue permanently.
m

In 1948 the matter was referred to the UNO that declared a ceasefire line leaving Kashmir divided
am

between Pakistan and India and it was patrolled by the UN troops. It was a setback for Pakistan as
India retained the larger part of Kashmir including the capital, Srinagar.
Although the UN called for a plebiscite to be held in Kashmir to decide the Kashmir issue but no
uh

such plebiscite has been held, even to this day. Hence this is a failure as the UN did not abide by
its promise causing the Kashmir issue to linger on.
In 1965 Pakistan and India went to war over Kashmir. Hence a failure as both the countries ruined
M

their relations and reduced the chances of the solution of Kashmir issue.
The Simla Agreement 1972 also proved to be a failure in the long as it was agreed that Kashmir
issue would remain India and Pakistan and would not be taken to any third part. This was a failure
as in the past Pakistan had approached for UN's help when India tried to seize parts of Kashmir
like in 1954 and 1955 but now the last door of foreign intervention, like that of UN, was closed and
hence Kashmir became an unsolvable problem.
42
 PAKISTAN-UNITED NATIONS
SUCCESSES
Pakistan participated fully in the debates of the UN and contributed soldiers to the peace keeping
forces and was elected to the security council many times. Therefore, it shows its commitment as
a member of the UN to work for international cooperation and to maintain peace in the world.
In 1960 with the help of UN, Pakistan and India signed the Indus water treaty. As per this treaty
the old canal water dispute was resolved and Pakistan was allowed to use water of three rivers.
Therefore, due to the efforts of UN Pakistan’s agro- based economy survived which was

n
dependent upon the water of these rivers.

ra
Pakistan as a developing country needed financial support for its progress which was provided by
World Bank and IMF in form of loans. This assisted Pakistan’s economic development and it felt

Im
important as a member.
The World Food Program [WFP] had also played a significant role in providing help for Afghan
refugees during Soviet- Afghan war. Thus UN shared Pakistan’s burden and facilitated to

ed
rehabilitate the refugees effectively.
After the Indo-Pak war of 1965, UN arranged an official ceasefire between India and Pakistan and
hm
Tashkent Declaration was signed to create good relations. Therefore ,with the help of UN peace
in the region was restored.

FAILURES
A

When Kashmir Issue was referred to the UN, it decided that there should be a referendum to
determine the wishes of Kashmiri people. However, despite constant demand by Pakistan in the
ad

UN for this referendum to take place, the UN has not yet enforced it which disappointed Pakistan
and it felt insulted as a member.
m

During the East Pakistan crisis which eventually led to Indo- Pak war in 1971,UN did not provide
the desired help to Pakistan. This highly upset Pakistan as due to this lack of support, Pakistan not
am

only lost the war but also East Pakistan became Bangladesh.
uh
M

43
 PAKISTAN-UK/COMMONWEALTH
SUCCESSES
There was shortage of senior officials in Pakistan in 1947 and the British provided Jinnah with help
at top levels of both Military and Civil service. This improved relations between the two countries
as it would’ve been difficult for Pakistan to begin an independent life without this assistance.
Pakistan joined the Commonwealth in 1947 and even when it declared itself a republic in 1956,
Pakistan continued as a member of the same organization. This improved relations with Britain
because Commonwealth was its organization that provided much needed economic assistance to

n
Pakistan e.g. through Colombo Plan which gave 1 million Pounds for Sui gas project.

ra
Relations with CW improved as after the Indus water treaty, CW countries like Britain, Canada,
New Zealand etc. provided Pakistan with financial aid for the construction of different dams and

Im
barrages which were important for the development of Pakistan’s agro based economy.
In Mid 1950’s, Pakistan joined CENTO. UK was also a member of this international organization.
Thus, this improved Pak-UK relations as both countries shared the same anti- communist

ed
ideology.
The British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, was the first western leader to visit Pakistan after
hm
the Russian invasion of Afghanistan. This visit improved relations between the two sides as Britain
fully supported the role of Pakistan in the Afghan struggle against the Soviet Union.
Britain provided an aid of 30 million pounds to Pakistan for the welfare of Afghan refugees who
A

had migrated to Pakistan to escape the war in Afghanistan. Therefore, the relations improved as
it would have been difficult for Pakistan to rehabilitate these refugees without such support from
ad

the west.
When Benazir Bhutto came to power in 1988, she decided to rejoin the Commonwealth as she felt
that it was an important organization for Pakistan’s political development e.g. for the peaceful
m

solution of the Kashmir issue. As a result relations with the UK and the Commonwealth improved.
am

FAILURES
UK and Commonwealth was a firm supporter of democracy system in which the leader is selected
by the public. Due to this, they severely criticised dictatorship and military regimes such as the
uh

time period of Zia-Ul-Haq and Musharraf. They also cancelled membership of Pakistan in
Commonwealth because of this reason. British did not want to befriend a country in which there
was dictatorship. This response of Britian kept relations at a lower level.
M

Relations with the C.W strained when Pak didn’t receive the political support it expected from the
C.W for the solution of the Kashmir issue. Thus, Pakistan felt insulted as a member because CW
never pressurized India to resolve this problem.

44
During the war of 1965, UK along with USA, imposed military sanctions on both Pak and India,
however these sanctions affected Pakistan more than India because its army was totally trained
on western weapons, therefore, relations deteriorated, because Pakistan faced difficulties in the
war, due to this lack of support from its allies.
When Britain recognized Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) in 1972, this annoyed Pakistan and
the relations with the Britain deteriorated as Pakistan pulled out of the Commonwealth in
protest.
When Radcliffe award was announced in 1947 by the British to divide the boundaries of Punjab
and Bengal between Pakistan and India, Pakistan felt highly disappointed and relations with the

n
British suffered because many Muslims dominated areas like Gurdaspur were granted to India.

ra
Im
ed
hm
A
ad
m
am
uh
M

45
 PAKISTAN-BANGLADESH
SUCCESSES
In early 1974, however, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujib was invited to a meeting
of the Organization of Islamic Countries [OIC] in Lahore. This was a highly important point in
improving relations between the two countries, as for the first time Bangladesh was officially
recognized by Pakistan as an independent state.
In 1975, Khondekar Mushtaq became new leader of Bangladesh. Due to his efforts, the 2 countries
exchanged ambassadors and made agreements in trade, tourism and media which brought them

n
closer and improved their relations.

ra
In 1985 and 1988 Bangladesh was hit by severe weather that foreign aid was urgently needed. On
both occasions Pakistan was the first country to contribute. Thus the relations improved as

Im
Bangladesh appreciated this humane attitude of Pakistan towards them.

FAILURES

ed
Bangladesh demanded from Pakistan that around 1000 of Pakistan’s soldiers should be trialed
which also included General Niazi for the crimes of the war. This list of soldiers was then reduced
to 195. Pakistan considered this as an attempt to humiliate Pakistan army which also put a bad
hm
effect on relationship between Pakistan and Bangladesh.
After the Indo Pak War of 1971, Bangladesh was established and relations between the two
countries remained strained because Pakistan saw Bangladesh as a rebel nation, having broken
A

away from west Pakistan and winning independence largely as a result of support from Pakistan‘s
bitter rival, India.
ad

Secondly, during the civil war of 1971, there had been fierce fighting in East Pakistan (now
Bangladesh) which had left a legacy of distrust and anger between the two countries.
m

There was the problem of reallocating assets that had been shared. Bangladesh claimed that it
had the right to many of the assets of West Pakistan as it had been a part of Pakistan till 1971.
am

However, Pakistan rejected this as unrealistic and thus relations worsened.

In 1972, Britain recognized Bangladesh as an independent country and in retaliation Pakistan left
its organization, the Commonwealth. This deteriorated relations even further as Pakistan was
uh

hostile towards Bangladesh.

M

46
 PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN
SUCCESSES
During the Indo- Pak war of 1965, the Afghan people supported Pakistan and the Afghan
government stayed neutral. This helped to improve relations because the government of Ayub
Khan was grateful to Afghanistan for not creating further difficulties for Pakistan.
Relations improved even further when Bhutto allowed, Afghan traders the access to India
through Pakistan and therefore Pak helped to improve their economy.

n
During Soviet- Afghan war, over 3 million Afghan refugees came to Pakistan to escape the war.

ra
Pakistan provided them with food and shelter. This helped to improve relations as Pakistan
helped them during their difficult times.

Im
In the Soviet- Afghan war, Pakistan fully supported Afghanistan and not only gave training to
Afghan mujahedeen, but also provided them with arms and ammunition. This improved relations
because without this help, it would’ve been extremely difficult for Afghanis to defeat Russians
who were one of the super powers of that time.

ed
FAILURES
hm
Another incident spoiled Pak-Afghan relations. Afghanistan had attacked on Pakistan Embassy in
Kabul in 1995. The embassy was burnt and the Pakistani flag was pulled down. Due to this,
Pakistan broke diplomatic relations with Afghanistanfor a few months which badly affected the
relations between the two.
A

When Pakistan came into existence, Afghanistan refused to accept the Durand line, the border
between Pakistan and Afghanistan, and claimed some of the areas of Pakistan because they were
ad

conquered by an Afghan leader, Ahmed Shah Abdali, 200 years ago. This led to poor relations,
because Afghanistan wanted to disintegrate Pakistan.
m

In 1947, When Pakistan applied for the UN membership, Afghanistan was the only country which
voted against Pakistan’s admission in the UN. This worsened relations, because Pakistan realized
am

that Afghanistan didn’t want it to be internationally recognized.

In 1947, Afghanis wanted access to Karachi port as it was land locked country. Pakistan accepted
their demand on the condition that they should drop the Pakhtoonistan issue. Now they rejected
uh

this offer and signed a trade and transit agreement with USSR. This meant that they were still
hostile towards Pakistan and making good relations with Pakistan were considered unnecessary.
M

RCD was established in 1964 between Pak, Iran and Turkey. Afghanistan was also invited to join
this organization. However, it refused because Pakistan was its member. Thus the relations
remained poor as Afghanistan continued to show opposition to Pakistan.

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 GULF-STATES
SUCCESSES
The main Islamic centers i.e. the Holy Ka'bah and the Mosque of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) are in
Saudi Arabia and millions of Pakistanis go to visit these Holy places every year. As a result of this
religious importance of Saudi Arabia, Pak- Saudi relations are always good.
After the Russian invasion of Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia sent funds to Pakistan for the Afghan
refugees who had come to Pakistan to escape the war. This helped to improve relations between
the two sides as due to this financial support it became easier for Pakistan to settle these

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refugees.

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Pakistan also provided military expertise for many Gulf States and in 1985 around 50,000
Pakistanis soldiers were serving in countries like Saudi Arabia, Libya, Oman and the UAE. This

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helped to improve relations with these countries as Pakistan helped them to improve their
defense and on the other hand the Pakistani soldiers sent foreign exchange to their country in the
form of remittances which improved Pakistan's economy.

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Gulf States like Libya, UAE invested heavily in boosting the Pakistani economy in different sectors
like oil refining, shipping and banking. Thus, this improved relations as they helped Pakistan to
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stabilize its economy.
After the Arab-Israel War of 1973, Pakistan hosted the 2nd OIC summit in Lahore in 1974 which
was attended by the heads of 35 Muslim countries. This helped to improve relations as Pakistan
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openly condemned Israel's occupation of the Palestinian land and on the other hand Bhutto
received offers of financial aid from many Muslim countries to strengthen Pakistan's economy
e.g. Libya provided $80 million in loan to Pakistan.
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FAILURES
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During 1950’s Pakistan had close relations with the USA and it joined the Pro-USA agreements like
the Baghdad Pact (CENTO) which was criticized by the Muslim countries like Egypt and Saudi
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Arabia as they believed that it was the American support that enabled Israel to survive against
Arab opposition. Therefore the relations between Pakistan and these countries were adversely
affected as they had opposite foreign policy.
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Relations with the OIC strained when Pak didn’t receive the political support it expected from the
Muslim countries for the solution of the Kashmir issue. As a result, Pakistan felt insulted as a
member of OIC as it never put pressure on India to resolve the Kashmir problem.
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 PAKISTAN-IRAN
SUCCESSES
In Mid 1950’s, Pakistan joined CENTO. Iran was also a member of this international organization.
Thus, this improved Pak-Iran relations as both countries shared the same anti- communist
ideology.
In 1964, largely as a result of the work of Ayub Khan, Turkey, Iran and Pakistan set up the regional
co-operation for development [RCD]. This improved relations as now they developed close trade
links and helped each other with industrial projects, such as setting up mills and factories.

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Iran along with Turkey tried to persuade other countries to send aid to Pakistan during 1965 war
against India. Although they weren’t successful, yet Pakistan appreciated their efforts and
therefore relations improved.

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Iran provided military aid like helicopters, to Pakistan government to suppress Balochistan
insurgency (when some Balochi’s revolted against the state) during 1970’s. This improved
relations as Iran tried to restore peace in Pakistan.

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When Pakistan became a seperate state, Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan as an
independent country. Even Muhammad Ali Jinnah wanted to have good relations with Iran. As
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both countries gave respect to each other and wanted to develop good relations, they cam closer
since 1947.
Iran and Iraq had gone to war which lasted 8 years. Pakistan in that crucial time provided
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weapons and finance to Iran and supported it, even though America and Saudi Arabia had put
pressure on Pakistan and had criticizing it. Therefore, Iran got to know that Pakistan was a
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trustworthy ally which strengthened their relations.

FAILURES
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In 1979 there was Islamic revolution in Iran and the Shah of Iran was overthrown. Relations
between the two deteriorated as firstly the new, Islamic government was suspicious of Pakistan
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because it had been such an enthusiastic supporter of the Shah.

Secondly, the new Iranian government was fiercely anti- American, whereas from 1979 Pakistan
was receiving large amounts of aid from the USA. This worsened relations as both countries had
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different foreign policy.

During Zia’s time there was growth of sectarianism in Pakistan. The Shia government of Iran was
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suspicious of Pakistan government for providing support to Sunni section of the society to
suppress the Shia minority, therefore, both the countries were divided on sectarian lines.

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Another reason which ruined Iran and Pakistan’s relation were the brutal killings of Iranians in
Pakistan by Sunni extremist groups. Iranian diplomat Sadi Ganji was murdered in Lahore. The
terrorist groups also killed Iranian Air force cadets. Terrorist groups arose in Pakistan and
delinerately did target killing of Shias and Hazara community in Pakistan. Due to the killing of
Iranian officials and peaceful Shias in Pakistan, relations became strained between Iran and
Pakistan.

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 THE GIVE-BACK THEORY

This resource pack has been made as a give-back to the

community. Whoever is reading, learning, and benefiting from
this compilation of knowledge, remember me in your prayers.

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All the knowledge compiled in the folds of this package

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has been done so to make life easier for the upcoming
batch of students. It is obvious that not everyone has

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access to every resource, and hence not everyone can
fill their mind with the light of knowledge they deserve.
Treat this book as money, as wealth, because a lot of

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time and e ort went into the creation of it only so that
the students reading it can utilize their time better.
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It is important that everyone should give back to the community and
its benefit cannot be emphasized enough on. Every good word that
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one writes and someone else reads, the writer is benefited. Writing a
good book, a guiding source, can make one's world and improve his
ad

hereafter.
Whenever life finds you free of worldly hassle, give a bit from your
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wealth of knowledge in charity.

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"Every joint of a person must perform a charity each day that the
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sun rises: to judge justly between two people is a charity. To help a

man with his mount, lifting him onto it or hoisting up his belongings
onto it, is a charity. And the good word is a charity. And every step
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that you take towards the prayer is a charity, and removing a

harmful object from the road is a charity." ~Hadith

Contact email: 2muhammad.ahmed1@gmail.com

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