4 MARK QUESTIONS

*There is point marking in a 4-mark question so 1 valid point would equal 1

mark however there are some questions that often only have 2 or 3 points but
then those points should have a decent amount of explanation or elaboration
to obtain 4 marks.
As the marking schemes themselves say sometimes:
● Reward each correct statement with 1 mark. 2 marks can be awarded
for a developed statement.
● One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail

SECTION 1
[48 Total Questions]

SECTION 2
[54 Total Questions]

SECTION 3
[70 Total Questions]
 SECTION 1
Q.1) Who was Aurangzeb?
● He was the son of Shah Jehan
● He defeated his brothers and took control of the throne
● He imprisoned his father in the Fort of Agra
● After his reign, the decline of the Mughal Empire started
● He died in 1707

n
Q.2) Who were the Marathas?

ra
● The Marathas were a warrior Indian tribe
● They had developed military strength in Deccan

Im
● They revolted against the Mughal Empire
● Aurangzeb had to remain out of his capital for 25 years to crush them down
but he was not successful
● They were defeated in 1761 in the 3rd Battle of Panipat by Ahmed Shah Abdali

ed
Q.3) Who was Nadir Shah?
hm
● Nadir Shah was a Persian leader
● He invaded the Mughal Empire in 1738
● …As Muhammad Shah had given refuge to Persians who escaped
● He was not interested in capturing land
A

● He was more interested in riches

● He plundered Delhi and took the famous peacock throne
ad

Q.4) Who was Ahmed Shah Abdali/Durrani?

●
m

He was also known as Ahmed Shah Durrani

● He was the son of Zaman Khan Abdali
● He was invited by Shah Wali Ullah to save Muslims from the Marathan threat
am

● Defeated the Marathas in the 3rd battle of Panipat 1761

Q.5) What was Jizya?

uh

● It was a tax imposed on the non-Muslims

● Akbar had abolished it, but then Aurangzeb introduced it again
●
M

This was met with great opposition

● This created resentment among the people due to which the Mughal Empire
lost support from non-muslim
● Aurangzeb’s son, Bahadur Shah Iabolishedd it

1
 Q.6) What was the EIC?
● It was a British trading Company
● It was granted a charter by Queen Elizabeth l in 1600
● EIC came to Surat in 1608 and was allowed to trade by 1612
● Its headquarters were later moved to Bombay, and its power grew in the 18th
century by making Indian territories their possessions
● EIC was not given further control over India after the War of 1857

Q.7) Who was Robert Clive?

n
● He was an EIC general who fought in the battles of Plassey & Buxar

ra
● He also defeated the French
● He was a hero and a very important figure in the eyes of the British

Im
● He was appointed governor of Bengal
● He got addicted to opium and later committed suicide

Q.8) Describe the Battle of Buxar.

ed
● Fought in 1764 in Buxar (Bihar)
● The British general was Robert Clive
hm
● It was fought between the British and the combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shah
Alam ll, and the Nawab of Oudh
● The British defeated them and got resources of the area and trading rights
● The British got control over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa
A

Q.9) Describe the Battle of Palassey.

ad

● Fought in 1757
● The British general was Robert Clive
●
m

Between Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula and EIC

● Mir Jaffer betrayed Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula; he helped the British
● The British won the Battle
am

● As a result, the British got control of one of the most wealthy and large
provinces in India

Q.10) Who was Tipu Sultan?

uh

● He was the Sultan of Mysore

● Known as the ‘Tiger of Mysore’
M

● He and his father, Haider Ali fought the British in a series of wars;
Anglo-Mysore wars
● In the final Anglo-Mysore War (1799), Tipu Sultan was betrayed by Mir Sadiq
● As a result, the British got control over Mysore

2
 Q.11) Who was Warren Hastings?
● First Governor General of India
● Signed a treaty with the Marathas in 1782, ending the Anglo-Marathan war
● Defeated Tipu Sultan and Haider Ali in 1799 in the Anglo-Mysore war with the
help of Mir Sadiq
● Led the forces against the French in India to defeat them
● He introduced the policy of Paramountcy

Q.12) What was Suttee?

n
● It was a Hindu tradition

ra
● …In this, the widow was burned alive with her dead husband
● Banned in 1829 by the British

Im
● Although it was a cruel system, Hindu emotions were attached to it
● …So it was a reason for the outbreak of the 1857 war
● It improved the status of women in male-dominating Indian society

ed
Q.13) Who was Titu Mir?
● He was a disciple of Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi
hm
● Real His real name was Mir Nasir Ali
● Was concerned about the Muslims suffering at the hands of farmers in West
Bengal
● Rose against the Zamindars and the British
A

● Made a large Bamboo Fort

● He established his own rule near Calcutta
ad

● He died in a battle against the British in 1831

Q.14) Who was Siraj-ud-dulah?

m

● Siraj-ud-Dulah was the Nawab of Bengal

● In 1756, he ousted the EIC from Bengal and captured their base in Calcutta
am

● …This was called the Black Hole Incident of Calcutta

● He was defeated in the Battle of Buxar by General Robert Clive
● …In this battle, he was betrayed by Mir Jaffer
uh

Q.15) Who was Ranjeet Singh?

● Ruler of Punjab
M

● Until he was alive, the British did not dare attack Punjab
● The British accepted his authority and did not fight him
● …British signed a treaty of perpetual friendship with him in 1809
● Ranjeet Singh was not pro-British

3
 Q.16) What was the Battle of Cawnpore/Kanpur? / Who was Nana
Sahib?
● Indian troops led by Nana Sahib rebelled against the British in 1857
● British forces were trapped
● The British surrendered and were given safe passage
● …However, when they reached the city, they were attacked from the behind
● 300 women and children were killed
● Nana Sahib escaped

n
Q.17) What were greased Cartridges?

ra
● Introduced in 1857
● British introduced greased cartridges made out of pig fat and cow fat

Im
● Indians refused to use them as a cow is considered holy in Hinduism and a pig
is forbidden in Islam
● Mangal Pandey was executed when he refused to use them
● This was the main reason for the Indian revolt in 1857

ed
Q.18) Who was Rani of Jhansi?
hm
● Laxmibai was the Rani of Jhansi
● She dressed like a man
● She was assisted by Tayta Tope in the War of 1857
● She was killed by the British
A

● …In the battle of Gwalior

● …In 1858
ad

Q.19) Describe the events of the War of Independence.

● In 1857
m

● …A sepoy in the British army, Mangal Pandey was hanged

● …Many sepoys in Meerut refused to use the greased cartridges and hence
am

were hanged
● …The sepoys freed themselves, killed the British officers and war started
immediately
uh

● …Revolt spread and the British lost control of many areas like Jhansi, Kanpur,
etc
● …Near the end of the year, 1857 British crushed the rebellion forces
M

● …Bahadur Shah ll surrendered, and his sons were killed

● …Rani of Jhansi was killed
● …Many areas like Lucknow were taken back by the British

4
 Q.20) What was the Doctrine of Lapse?
● Introduced in 1852
● …by Lord Dalhousie
● It extended British control
● When a ruler died without a natural male heir the British would annex his land
for e.g Oudh
● Was abolished in 1858

Q.21) What was the Proclamation Act of 1858?

n
● Introduced in 1858 by the British, after the War of Independence, in Allahabad

ra
● It stated that from here on India would officially be governed by the British
● The act recognised the rights of Indians

Im
● …Like no interference in the religious belief of people
● However, in reality, the British paid little attention to this promise of theirs

Q.22) Describe the annexation of Sindh.

ed
● Annexed in 1842 by the British
● Charles Napier annexed it and then served as its governor
hm
● British did this to restore their image after the humiliating defeat in
Afghanistan
● …It was done to capture Sindh before the Sikhs do
● …To show the British as powerful and prevent any rebellion against them
A

Q.23) Describe the annexation of Punjab.

ad

● The Sikhs were defeated in the second Anglo-Sikh war

● Punjab was annexed in 1849
●
m

…By Lord Dalhousie

● Sikh rule ended in Punjab and it came under British rule
● Due to this British got their hands on one of the richest area of India
am
uh
M

5
Q.24) What was the Charter Act?
● Passed in the British parliament to renew charter with EIC for 20 more years
● In 1833 British tried to give Indians a more important part in running their own
country
● The charter act of 1833 said that Indians could be part of the civil administering
India
● But in practice, there was little change. The Indian civil service employed about
1000 administrators
● They were chosen by open public examinations, but those exams were taken

n
in England, in English

ra
● So in reality India was governed by an able, but entirely British group of
officials
● This act legalised the British colonisation of India

Im
Q.25) What was the Act of Parliament of 1773?
● Also known as Regulating Act as it regulated the powers of EIC

ed
● EIC started misgovernment in Bengal
● British were forced to stop this misgovernment
●
hm
This act required EIC to provide good governance to this anarchy
● Later on, Indian Act was passed and control was taken from EIC

Q.26) What was the India Act of 1784?

A

● Pitt's India Act of 1784 was passed to remove the defects of the Regulating
Act of 1773.
ad

● It differentiated the commercial and political affairs of the Company.

● Thus it established a system of double government in India by the Crown in
Great Britain and the British East India Company.
m

● The Governor-General was to be under the indirect control of the British

Government through the Board of Control.
am

● EIC continued to trade but lost most of its administrative rights

Q.27) What was the Vernacular Act 1878?

uh

● It was passed to reduce the freedom of the Indian press and prevent criticism
of any British policy
● The newspaper would contain pro-British articles and news should not be
M

against the British

● No Indians could manufacture, sell, possess, and carry firearms. Indians were
not allowed to carry weapons without a licence
● These rules did not apply to English people
● This created a lot of resentment among the Indians

6
 Q.28) Who was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan?
● Syed Ahmad bin Muttaqi Khan, commonly known as Sir Syed
● Was an Indian Muslim pragmatist
● …Islamic reformist, and philosopher of nineteenth-century British India
● His works include Essays on the Life of Mohammed and commentaries on the
Bible and on the Quran
● He was the father of the Pakistan movement
● He encouraged Muslims to get education and prosper
● He gave his Two Nation Theory which later became the basis for the Pakistan

n
movement

ra
● He worked tirelessly to help the Muslims prosper by his education movement

Q.29) What were the Central aims of the Aligarh Movement?

Im
● Launched by Sir Syed
● To persuade the Muslim community to acquire modern knowledge and learn
the English language

ed
● To improve British-Muslim relations
● To bring Muslims at par with Hindus
● To improve the status of Muslims socially, economically, and politically
hm
Q.30) What was the Aligarh Movement?
● Launched by Sir Syed
A

● An initiative to set up a system of Western-style scientific education in British

India for the Muslim population
ad

● It was made to: promote and maintain the economic and political significance
of the Muslim community
● …To build a sense of trust between the Muslim community and the
m

government
● Mohammedan-Anglo Oriental school was made which later turned into a
am

college

Q.31) What were the Loyal Muhammadans of India?

uh

● This book was written by Sir Syed to bridge the gap between British-Muslim
relations
● In this book he highlighted prominent Muslim figures who helped the British
M

during the war

● This was important as through it British became aware that not all Muslims
were against them but some supported their rule highly
● Sir Syed wrote this to prove that Muslims were not disloyal to British and to
ask the British to end their hostility

7
 Q.32) What was the Essay on the causes of the Indian revolt?
● “Asbab Baghawat-e-Hind”
● Written by Sir Syed to improve British-Muslim relations
● In this essay he mentioned that Muslims were not the only ones responsible
for the War of Independence
● Sir Syed also mentioned that the British did a mistake which was introducing
reforms and policies that upset the Indians

Q.33) What was the Muhammadan Educational Conference?

n
● Founded by Sir Syed

ra
● He found this because he wanted co-operational Politics with the British rulers
● The All India Muhammadan Educational Conference was an organisation

Im
promoting modern, liberal education for the Muslim community in India
● In its 20th session Muslim League was formed

Q.34) What was Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College/Aligarh College?

ed
● Established by Sir Syed
● …In 1875
hm
● Upgraded into a college in 1877
● It provided modern and Islamic education on the pattern of the English Public
School System
● Many future leaders like Liaquat Ali Khan and Ayub Khan got an education
A

from here
● This improved the economic status of Muslims as by learning English they
ad

could now get government jobs easily

Q.35) What was the Two Nation Theory?

m

● The two-nation theory was the basis for the partition of India in 1947.
● This theory says that Muslims and Hindus are two separate nations as their
am

religion and culture are contrary to each other.

● Sir Syed gave this theory mainly due to 3 reasons: Hindi-Urdu controversy
● …Congress’s demand for competitive examination for government jobs
uh

● …Congress’s demand for a political system in India based on British lines

● The ideology was first presented by Sir Syed and later on
● …seconded by Allama Iqbal, when he demanded a free Muslim state and
M

finally taken up
● …by M. A. Jinnah as the real reason to establish Pakistan.

8
 Q.36) Describe the Hindu Urdu Controversy?
● It was a serious conflict between Hindus and Muslims about national language
● Hindus had started a movement in Benares to replace Urdu by Hindi as
national language
● Muslims opposed this as their literature and culture was preserved in urdu
● Sir Syed also opposed the Hindus
● This was one factor that forced Sir Syed to give his Two Nation Theory

n
Q.37) What was the Indian National Congress?

ra
● Found in 1885
● Labelled as the representative of all India but was dominated by Hindus

Im
● Main aim was sawaraj or ‘self-rule’
● It was the most important political party of India
● …It strived to get independence from British

ed
● Sir Syed discouraged Muslims from joining it

Q.38) Who was Haji Shariat ullah?/ Describe the Faraizi Movement.
hm
● Haji Shariat Ullah wished to revive Islam
● Found the Faraizi movement
● …To restore the pride of Muslims
A

● …And remove un-Islamic practices that had crept into the Islamic society
● Emphasised on praying for past sins
ad

● …and following the obligations (pillars) of Islam

● This was carried on by his son Mohsinuddin

Q.39) Who was Mohsinuddin?

m

● Son of Haji Shariat ullah

am

● Also known as Dadu Mian

● Continued the Faraizi movement after his fathers death
● He run the movement in a political manner
uh

● Divided Bengal into zones

● Appointed Khalifas in each zone
● Khalifa was responsible for the affairs of Muslims in his zone
M

9
 Q.40) Who was Shahwaliullah?/ Describe the services of Shahwaliullah.
● Born in 1703
● Wished to revive Islam
● Taught at Madrassa Rahimiya
● Wrote 51 books on Quran, Hadith and Fiqh
● Translated Holy Quran into local language, Persian
● Persuaded Ahmed Shah Abdali to defeat the Marathas

n
● Emphasised on social justice and Equilibrium
● Wrote a book on 4 caliphs which was acceptable by all Muslims

ra
● Tried ending sectarianism

Im
Q.41) Who was Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi?/ What was the Jihad
Movement?
● Syed Ahmed was a religious reformer who worked for the revival of Islam

ed
● Believed that Muslims should be led by fellow Muslims
● Launched Jihad against the Sikhs of Punjab
● Betrayed by Yar Muhammad Khan
hm
● Martyred by the British in the battle of Balakot
● …on 1839

Q.42) Describe the steps taken to promote Urdu language?

A

● It was made the official (national) language of Pakistan

ad

● Films, dramas, movies were made in urdu and were dubbed in urdu and role
plays in were also carried out in urdu
● Newspapers and magazine articles were published in urdu
m

● Poetry was also written in urdu

● Translation of Quran (the holy book of Muslims) was also widely made
am

available in urdu
● Medium of instruction was made urdu in government schools

Q.43) Describe the development of Punjabi language after 1947?

uh

● Various books of science, philosophy, and medicine were translated in to

punjabi
M

● Punjabi dramas and movies were made

● Stage performances in theatres were also carried out in punjabi
● Newspapers, journals, and pisces of literature including poetry was written in
punjabi
● The Holy Quran (holy book of the Muslims) was translated into punjabi

10
 Q.44) Describe the development of Sindhi language after 1947?
● Sindh university initiated a sindhology department with medium of instruction
being sindhi and students were encouraged to study the language
● Sindhi literary board was set up in 1948 which had produced many books with
coordination of poets
● Pieces of literature were established in sindhi
● In Benazir's era it was made compulsory to study in sindh schools

n
● Sindhi dramas and movies were made

ra
Q.45) Describe the development of Balochi language after 1947?
● Radio Pak Karachi started broadcasting in Balochi

Im
● Quetta TV centre have been producing marvellous dramas
● Many books have been translated to Balochi and new poets like Atta Shad
and writers have greatly contributed towards its promotion

ed
● Balochi literary Association was set up and there are now weekly and monthly
magazines published in the language
hm
Q.46) Describe the development of Pashto language after 1947?
● Pashto academy made the first ever pashto dictionary
● Peshawar University was established after 3 year of independence where
A

Pashto is taught up to MA (Master of Arts) level

● Pashto dramas and films have also gained importance
ad

● Pashto papers, journals and books have also helped Pashto language to
promote
● New writers & poets have also added to this contribution by producing classic
m

poetry and stories Pashto typewriter has also been prepared

Q.47) Who were the Zamindars?

am

● Landlords/Tax collectors
● Wealthy and influential, some even had private armies
uh

● Imposed Beard Tax which annoyed the Muslims

● Muslims were suppressed by zamindars after 1800 especially in West Bengal
● A zamindar was the semi-autonomous or autonomous ruler of a province
M

11
 Q.48) Who were the Thuggees?
● They were armed robbers, involved in ritual murder, who terrified people
● Members of an organisation known as the thugs
● Present in central and upper India
● Claimed they were serving a goddess, Kali
● East India Company (EIC) used force to destroy them in 1830 and stamped out
the practice
● Indians / Hindus and Muslims

n
ra
Im
ed
hm
A
ad
m
am
uh
M

12
 SECTION 2
Q.1) What was the partition of Bengal?
● In 1905
● Done by Lord Curzon
● Bengal was divided into two parts: East and West Bengal
● Hindus saw this as British’s ‘divide and rule’ policy and were annoyed
● Muslims saw this in a positive manner as they were now not dominated by the
Hindus

n
Q.2) What was the Swadeshi Movement?

ra
● Formed by Hindus

Im
● In response to the partition of Bengal
● Hindus were furious from the partition as they saw it as British’s divide and rule
policy
● This was a boycott of all British goods and people only bought Indian produced

ed
products
● British goods suffered especially
● This movement turned violent when people starting lighting British goods on fire
hm
Q3.) What was the Simla deputation?
● 1906
A

● 35 members
● A delegation under Sir Agha Khan went to meet Minto the viceroy and make
ad

requests
● Muslims demanded separate electorates
● They also wanted extra seats in the council
m

● Minto agreed to these proposals

● This encouraged the Muslims to form their own political party
am

Q.4) What were the Objectives of the All India Muslim league?
● To counter Hindu agitation
uh

● To protect cultural rights (Hindi vs Urdu)

● To protect religious rights (Arya Samaj)
● To protect political rights (Congress a Hindu dominant party)
M

● To show loyalty to British

● To put their demands in an organised manner
● Latter these demands were changed into self-rule and ‘Pakistan’

13
Q.5) What were the Morley Minto reforms/Indian Council Act?
● 1909
● Indian Council Act was passed in the British parliament
● Separate electorates were given to Muslims
● Congress called this ‘undemocratic’
● Muslims were given extra/seperate seats
● Congress called it ‘concession far too much for a minority like Muslims’

n
● Number of Indian representatives were increased in the Executive and Provincial
councils

ra
● However, they had no real powers so congress opposed this

Q.6) What was the Lucknow pact?

Im
● Signed in 1916
● …Between Congress and Muslim League

ed
● Both worked towards self-rule
● Congress agreed on giving separate electorates
● They also agreed on giving Muslims 1/3th seats in the councils
hm
● Protection of minorities; no law would be passed until 75% of the council votes for it

Q.7) Describe Montague-Chelmsford Reform?

A

● 1919
● Voting rights were increased to 2%
●
ad

Council of 108 princely rulers

● System of Dyarchy was introduced
● However, the council had no real power of making or implementing a law
m

● Sweeping powers of viceroy; could dismiss or amend any law

Q.8) Explain the system of Diarchy.

am

● Introduced in 1919
● Power-sharing
●
uh

Two subjects at provincial level (reserved and transferred)

● Transferred given to Indians e.g Forestry, Education
● Reserved kept by British e.g Police, Judiciary
M

● British could make laws and amend the ones made by Indians

14
Q.9) Describe the Rowlatt Act.
● 1919
● Indians had no right of appeal
● People could be ordered to live in a particular place
● Public meetings were banned
● Arrest without warrant
● Detention without bail

n
● Indian protested against this unjust act

ra
Q.10) What was the Amritsar Massacre?
● 1919

Im
● Jalianwala Bagh
● 20,000 Indians
● Indians were carrying out a peaceful protest against anti-Indian policies

ed
● General Dyer opened fire
● As public meetings were banned
● 400 Indians killed
hm
● 1200 wounded

Q.11) Describe the Hunter committee.

A

● It was setup to inquire what Dyer ha done at Amritsar

● Dyer was removed from service
ad

● Was trialled but given no punishment by the committee

● In the eyes of the British he was hero which highly offended the Indians

Q.12) Describe the first Khilafat Conference/What was the All Khilafat
m

Conference?
am

● 1919
● Held in Delhi
● Led by the Ali brothers
uh

● Gandhi and Abdul Kalam Azaad also attended it

● Aim of conference was protection of caliph & caliphate
● A resolution was passed that a delegation would meet the British and make them
M

aware of the Muslim support for the caliph

15
Q.13) Describe the Second Khilafat Conference?
● 1919
● Held in Amritsar
● It was decided that Gandhi would persuade the British not to harm Turkey
● The delegation sent to Britain had returned
● Lloyd George had said that Turkey would be treated the same way as other foes of
British have been

n
Q.14) What was the Hijrat Movement?

ra
● Muslim Ulemas like Abdul Azad Kalam declared India as Dar-ul-Harb and encouraged
the people to migrate to Afghanistan

Im
● Around 20,000 Muslims migrated to Afghanistan
● Afghanistan government rejected entrance to the migrants
● It was a poorly-planned and a Movement with inefficient co-operation

ed
● Jinnah did not support it
● The migrants faced social and economic miseries as they had not left anything
behind and it was hard to resettle and get jobs
hm
Q.15) What was the Non-Cooperation Movement?
● 1920
A

● Gandhi started it against the Montague-Chelmsford reforms

● British clothes were burned and people were encouraged to use Indian clothes
ad

● Teachers and students left english schools

● Boycott of elections
● British started to imprison thousand of supporters
m

● Chauri Chaura incident in which several policemen were burnt made Gandhi call of
this movement as he was against violence
am

Q.16) Describe the Chauri Chaura incident.

● 1922
uh

● A police station was set on fire in Tirur

● Later on, 21 policemen were killed when they fired at a political procession
● Because of this increased violence Gandhi had to call off his Non-Cooperation
M

movement
● This upset may congress leaders and especially Muslims
● It weakened Hindu-Muslim unity and it weakened the Khilafat movement

16
Q.17) What was the Simon Commission?
● 1927
● It was a commission chaired by John Simon
● It was sent to India to make recommendations for future reforms
● It contained no Indian members, this severely offended the Indians
● It produced the Simor report which recommended provincial autonomy and Federal
form of government and it discouraged Diarchy

n
Q.18) Describe the Delhi Proposals.

ra
● 1927
● Jinnah called conference of all Muslim leaders in Delhi

Im
● Proposed that Sindh should be given full provincial status
● Number of seats in Punjab and Bengal should be according to population
● British reforms should be extended to NWFP and Balochistan

ed
● 1/3rd seats for Muslims in central legislative council
● If all the proposals were accepted Muslims would drop the demand of seperate
electorates
hm
Q.19) What was the Nehru Report?
● Presented by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1928
A

● It was a set of demands by the Congress:

● India should be given dominion status
ad

● Everyone should have voting rights

● Minorities to be protected but it discouraged separate electorates
● In response to this Jinnah gave his 14 points in 1929
m

Q.20) What are the 14 points of Jinnah?

am

● 1929
● Given as a response to the Nehru report
● By Muhammad Ali Jinnah
uh

● It supported the two nation theory

● The demand were: separate electorates, 1/3rd seats for Muslims and Sindh to be
made a separate province
M

● These demands proved to be a base

● for any negotiations with the Muslims in the future

17
Q.21) Who was Chaudhri Rehmat Ali?
● He was a student at the cambridge university
● He was a Muslim nationalist and was a strong supporter of separation from Hindus
● He wrote a pamphlet ‘Now or Never’ on his ideas
● He was famous for his composition of the name Pakistan
● Supported the two nation theory and convinced Jinnah on the need for a separate
state for Muslims of India

n
Q.22) How did the name “Pakistan” originate?

ra
● 19333
● Chaudhru Rehmat Ali proposed it in his pamphlet ‘Now or Never’ using it as an

Im
acronym
● P for Punjab
● A for Afghania (NWFP)

ed
● K for Kashmir
● S for Sindh
● Tan for Balochistan
hm
● The name was proposed in the 3rd RTC (the pamphlet was then shown)

Q.23) Who was Allama Iqbal? / Describe the Allahabad Address.

A

● 1930
● It was a meeting which was chaired by Allama Muhammad Iqbal
ad

● He encouraged Muslims to struggle for a separate independent state

● …Supported the two nation theory
● Gave the idea of merging NWFP, Sindh, Balochistan, and Punjab to form a separate
m

Muslim state
● Proved to be the base of Lahore resolutions
am

Q.24) Describe the Communal Award.

● Introduced in 1932
uh

● By british official Ramsay MacDonald

● It increased weightage of Muslims in Hindu majority areas but decreased it in Muslim
majority like Punjab and Bengal as
M

● …All minorities including sikhs, untouchables were given separate electorates

● This protected the rights of all minorities and they were satisfied
● However, many opposed this for e.g Gandhi who fasted in protest to it

18
Q.25) What was the Government of India Act?
● 1935
● Sindh and NWFP were given provincial status
● Muslims were given separate electorates and 1/3rd representation in Central
Legislature
● Federal system of government was introduced
● Diarchy was introduced in the centre

n
● Provincial autonomy was also given
● Two houses in the parliamentary system; upper and lower house

ra
● Voting rights were increased from 2% to 25%

Im
Q.26) What was Arya Samaj?
● 1877
● Hindu extremist group

ed
● Influential in Punjab
● Aimed at purifying Hinduism
● Was doing forceful conversions of people from other religions to Hinduism
hm
● Also carried out militant activities

Q.27) Who was General Dyer?

A

● British General
● Employed in India
ad

● Opened fire at the protestors in Jallianwala Bagh

● Was hated by the Indians due to this
● But the Britishers considered him a hero
m

● He was trialled by the Hunter committee on his actions regarding the Amritsar
Massacre
am

Q.28) What was the Swadeshi Movement?

● 1905
uh

● Hindus started it as protest against the partition of Bengal

● British goods were boycotted and burn in streets; use of Indian goods was
encouraged
M

● British traders suffered economically due to this

● As a result British was forced to reverse the partition of Bengal

19
Q.29) Describe the election of 1937?
● Elections were held for provincial assemblies only
● In 11 provinces these elections were held
● Both Congress and Muslim League participated in it
● Congress was victorious in these election whereas Muslim League could only for
coalition government in 3 provinces

Q.30) What was the Warda Scheme?

● An educational scheme introduced by Congress

n
● …During Congress rule

ra
● Religious education was not allowed; students were to be taught in Hindi
● Spinning of cotton was made part of curriculum

Im
● Students had to bow to Gandhi's portray
● This angered the Muslims as through such practices Hindus were trying to convert
them into Hindus

ed
Q.31) What was Band e Matram?
● Introduced during Congress rule 1937-1939
hm
● This was not a Congress policy, but the singing of the song was made compulsory
before the start of business.
● National anthem of Hindus (Congress)
● Encouraged Hindus to expel Muslims from ‘Hindustan’ (India) ; considered Hindu
A

land
● The Muslims were offended and this worsened Hindu-Muslim relations
ad

Q.32) What was the Vidya Mandir scheme?

●
m

Introduced during Congress rule 1937-1939

● The scheme mentioned that schools would teach hindu religion
● And would become like hindu temples
am

● No other religion was taught and studies were carried out in hindi language
● This offended the Muslims and was viewed as religious intolerance and interference
● Hindered Muslim growth as parents pulled their children from school
uh

Q.33) What was Hindu Mahasba?

● Political party of Hindus found in 1914
M

● It was formed to protect the rights of Hindus in India

● One of the founder was Pandit Mohan Malavia
● …He was also one of its first leader
● The party wanted to make India a Hindu state and did not like Gandhi’s
religious-tolerance towards the Muslims

20
Q.34) What was the Mopilla Rebellion?
● 1921
● There was an uprising in south India by Moplahs; a Muslim religious group
● This violent group was against British and Hindu landlords
● Forcibly converted Hindus to Islam and destroyed Hindu temples
● 10,000 Moplahs set a police station on fire
● Hindus pulled their support from the Khilafat Movement due to this

Q.35) Describe the Day of Deliverance?

n
● 1939

ra
● It was celebrated by Muslims on the resignation of all Congress ministries
● Muslims were previously oppressed by Congress; this was celebrated as finally

Im
Muslims were relieved from the brutality of Congress
● Muslim league celebrated the end of tyrannical Congress rule
● This also showed that Muslims were not supporting Congress as they had resigned
to pressurise British to leave India

ed
● Congress disliked this celebration of Congress rule

Q.36) What was the Pakistan/Lahore Resolution?

hm
● 23rd March, 1940
● Passed on annual session of Muslim League in Lahore
● Maulvi Fazal-ul-Haq put forward the resolution
A

● Official demands of a separate homeland of Muslim majority areas

Q.37) What was the Cripps Mission plan?

ad

● 1942
●
m

Presented by British to get indian support for world war ll

● It stated that:
● Elections would be held after the end of war
am

● Constitute assembly would be established to make a new constitution

● Indian Union would also be formed and be given dominion status
● Province could opt out of future union
uh

● Both the Muslim League and Congress refused it

M

21
Q.38) What was the Quit India Movement?
● 1942
● Started by Congress
● Congress had started civil disobedience
● British were getting weaker in the WWll and Congress thought it was the right
moment to pressurise Britain out of India
● Muslims did not support it; Jinnah called it a ‘blackmail’
● British controlled this by taking harsh measures such as aerial bombing and using
machine guns

n
Q.39) What was the Wavell plan/ Simla Conference?

ra
● 1946

Im
● Viceroy Lord Wavell called the conference
● He proposed in his plan that Muslims and Hindus be given 6 seats each in Executive
council
● 1 seat each for Sikhs and low caste Hindus

ed
● Congress demandes one seat of ML
● Jinnah demanded more than 6 seats
● No solution was reached so the conference and the plan failed
hm
Q.40) What was the 1945-46 election?
● Congress took part in the elections to stop India from being divided
A

● Whereas Muslim League participated to achieve a separate homeland for Muslims

● Muslim League won Muslim votes and was able to form government in Sindh and
ad

Bengal
● Congress had won non-Muslim votes, however formed government NWFP
● This showed that the demand of Pakistan was a democratic one
m

Q.41) What was the Cabinet Mission plan?

am

● 1946
● The purpose of the plan was to bring all political parties of India to one page
● The proposals were:
uh

● Rejection of the idea of Pakistan

● India should be split in 3 parts; Muslim-majority, Hindu-majority and Bengal & Assam
● These states would be given full autonomy and could change their constitution
M

● Congress rejected as they wanted united India

● Muslim League rejected it as Nehru stated that Congress would not be bound to
follow this after British had left

22
Q.42) What was the Direct Action Day?
● 1946
● Jinnah and the Muslims feared that British might just leave India and Hindus and
Muslims would have to decide on partition
● This would have resulted in Hindu domination and Muslims would have suffered
● So ML announced that all Muslims should get ready for struggle against Congress
and British
● Later the Direct Action Day was held and on Jinnah's call Muslims took to streets for
peaceful protest

n
● This conveyed to British that the demand of Pakistan was democratic

ra
● However, this turned violent in Calcutta killing thousands of people

Q.43) What was the 3rd June Plan?

Im
● 1947
● British sent Lord Mountbatten for final negotiations with Indians
● Jinnah was adamant on his demand for Pakistan

ed
● Mountbatten agreed on his demand:
● It was decided that there would be two states each with dominion status
●
hm
Muslim majority areas would vote either to stay in Indian or Pakistan

Q.44) What was the Mutiny Party? / Who was Lala Hardiyal?
● Lala Har Dayal was an Indian nationalist revolutionary and freedom fighter
A

● He found the Mutiny party in 1913

● In the USA
ad

● It was also called the Ghadar party

● Consisted mainly of Pujabi Sikhs
● Was made to end British Raj in India
m

● …By pressuring them as they were weak in the ongoing World War l
am

Q.45) What was the Reversal of Partition of Bengal?

● 1911
● The decision to Partition Bengal in 1905 was reversed and Bengel was amalgamated
uh

again
● Done due to Hindu protests that went to the extent of trying to assasinate Minto
● Also done due to Swadeshi Movement
M

● Hindus were delighted where as Muslims resented this

● Muslims came to know they could not trust British and this was one of the reasons
ML changed its aim to ‘self-rule’

23
Q.46) What was the Independence act?
● 1947
● Act stated that British India would be divided into two parts: Pakistan & India
● Both states will use GOIA, 1935 until they make their own constitution
● On 14th August Pakistan came into being and on 15th India got independence

Q.47) Who was Lord Mountbatten?

● Last viceroy of India
● First governor-general of India

n
● He made speedy arrangements to avoid civil war in India after meeting the political

ra
leaders
● Gave the 3rd June plan

Im
● He brought the date of partition forward to 15th August

Q.48) Who was Dayanand Sayaswati?

●

ed
Found Arya Samaj in 1875
● …To purify Hinduism
● He made Anglo-Vedic schools
hm
● …To teach Hindus both, the Vedas and English
● Though he was not directly involved in the fight for Indian independence, his life and
teachings had a significant impact on a number of significant figures who later
contributed to Indian independence
A

Q.49) Who was Pandit Mohan Malaviya?

ad

● Politician and educationist who was best known for his serviced, twice as president
of Congress and the Indian Independence Movement
● Became the leader of Hindu Mahasaba
m

● Banaras Hindu University was found by him

● Promoted Hindu nationalism in India
am

Q.50) What was the Salt March?

● The Indians were not allowed to keep or sell their own salt
uh

● They were only allowed to buy British salt which was already expensive and then the
imposed taxes on it made it unaffordable for the Indian hoi polloi
● Gandhi started the Salt March in 1930
M

● The British imprisoned Gandhi

● He was later released when the Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed in 1931

24
Q.51) Describe the first Round Table Conference.
● 1930
● Held in London
● Congress was absent
● Jinnah refused to accept any constitution without the inclusion of his 14 points
● Was unsuccessful as no constitution was finalised

Q.52) Describe the second Round Table Conference?

● 1931

n
● Held in London

ra
● Attended by both ML and Congress
● Gandhi refused to grant minority rights

Im
● There was a deadlock as both parties wanted their demands included meaning
Nehru report vs Jinnah’s 14 points
● The government in Britain had changed and new government was not keen on
solving the Indian crisis

ed
Q.53) Describe the third Round Table Conference?
hm
● 1932
● Held in London
● Congress was absent
● Jinnah was not invited and he went into voluntary exile
A

● Viceroy Irwin was replaced by Willington who was less concessionary towards
Indians
ad

Q.54) Describe the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?

●
m

Signed between Gandhi and Lord Irwin in 1931

● Its features were:
● All political prisoners would be released
am

● Congress would participate in the 2nd RTC

● Congress would end the civil-disobedient
uh
M

25
 SECTION 3
Q.1) What was the Boundary Award/ Radcli e Award?
● Was made for the demarcation of the boundary between India and Pakistan
● It was known to be unjust and caused a lot of problems between India and Pakistan
● The areas of Muslim-majority like Gurdaspur and Ferozepur were given to India
which enabled them to enter Kashmir
● Ferozpur allowed India to take control over the rivers leading to Pakistan
● Jinnah and the Pakistanis disliked this

n
Q.2) Describe the Geographical problems faced by Pakistan in 1947.

ra
● Started due to the unjust Radcliffe award

Im
● Gurdaspur and Ferozpur let India enter Kashmir
● Both the wings of Pakistan had thousands of miles distance in between making
communication hard
● Ferozpur allowed India to control Pakistans water supply

ed
● Many Muslim-majority states like Hyderabad and Gurdaspur were given to India
which created refugee problem
hm
Q.3) Describe the Political problems faced by Pakistan in 1947.
● Mainly happened because Pakistan was a newly born state
● Huge gap between East & West Pakistan made communication hard
A

● Language barrier between the wings of Pakistan created political problems

● Both wings wanted the head of state and assembly session to be in their land
ad

● These political problems later on became the reason for the Partition of Bangladesh

Q.4) Describe the Social problems faced by Pakistan in 1947.

m

● West Pakistan and East Pakistan had differemt cultures which made cooperation
hard
am

● …They also had different language making talks harder

● Bengali-Urdu controversy was an internal issue
● There was lack of Educational institutes, offices, and seasoned soldiers
uh

● There was no constitution formed

M

26
Q.5) Describe the Refugee Problem.
● Summer (1947) saw rioting and violence between Muslim and non-Muslim
communities across India
● After the Boundary Award, millions of people found themselves in the ‘wrong’
country and vulnerable to attacks
● Migration then took place with Muslims moving into Pakistan and non-Muslims
moving into India
● Over 10 million people were involved in this migration
● Communal violence lead to many deaths and up to 1 million people were killed as a

n
result of the migration or attacks

ra
● 20 million people were made homeless
● Karachi received 2 million refugees

Im
Q.6) What was the Canal water dispute?
● Main cause was when the fertile and agro-based land of west Punjab was given to
Pakistan and east Punjab with all the headworks of rivers was given to India – as

ed
Firozpur was awarded to them in the Radcliffe award
● Threatened agriculture in Punjab, the irrigation system depended on 6 rivers and 30
hm
canals, some of which were in India
● Both countries argued over who gets the authority on these rivers and has the right
to control their water
● In April 1948 India shut off waters flowing into Pakistan from Ferozepur headworks,
A

threatening millions of acres of agricultural land in Pakistan

● Some waters reinstated in May 1948 but not permanently until 1959 and Indus Water
ad

Treaty

Q.7) Who was Liaquat Ali khan?

m

● He was a member of the Muslim league

● 1st PM of Pakistan
am

● Became head of state after Jinnah’s death

● Ruled from 1948-1951
● 14 army officers planned a coup against him but he survived
uh

● Later was assassinated in 1951

Q.8) What was PRODA?

M

● Public and Representative Disqualification Act

● According to it any officer found guilty of breaching duty would be removed from
service
● It was initially a good law as it was made to end corruption and dishonesty
● But later on it proved to be a bad law as elite class misused it against their political
opponents

27
Q.9) What was Liaquat Nehru Pact?
● 1950
● Also known as minorities act
● Signed between Pakistan PM Liaquat Ali Khan and Indian PM Jawaharlal Nehru
● No more free passage for refugees
● Visa system was introduced
● Minority rights were confirmed

Q.10) What was the Objective resolution?

n
● Put forward in 1949

ra
● Draft presented by Basic Principles Committee
● It said that Pakistan would be ruled on Islamic principles of democracy, equality and

Im
tolerance
● It said minority rights would be protected
● Had no time frame to make constitution and no provisions on how to implement
● Served as the preamble of all future resolutions

ed
Q.11) What was the Rawalpindi Conspiracy?
hm
● Some army officers were unhappy with the government. They began to plan a coup
to take over the government
● Amongst them was Major-General Akbar Khan, and 14 other officers
● However, their plan was discovered by Ayub Khan
A

● Akbar Khan and 14 other officers were arrested, tried and imprisoned

Q.12) Describe the 1st Report of the Basic Principle committee?

ad

● 1950
●
m

It said:
● Equal seats for both wings of Pakistan
● Urdu as official language
am

● Federal government and head of state to have main powers

● This report was unsuccessful as it received criticism from politicians of both East and
West Pakistan
uh

Q.13) Who was Khwaja Nazimudin?

● One of the leading founding fathers of Pakistan
M

● He is noted as being the first Bengali to have governed Pakistan

● First as a Governor-General, and later as a Prime Minister
● Was dismissed by Malik Ghulam Muhammad

28
Q.14) Who was Malik Ghulam Muhammad?
● Educated from Aligarh University
● Became finance minister in 1947 and later on became governor-general
● Ruled from 1951-1955
● Dismissed Khwaja Nazimuddin and the whole assembly later
● Appointed Bogra as PM
● Resigned in 1955 and died in 1956

Q.15) Who was Bogra?

n
● Belonged from East Pakistan

ra
● 3rd PM of Pakistan from 1953-1955
● Presented the Bogra Formula in 1953; as he worked tirelessly to make a constitution

Im
● Presented the bill to curb the powers of governor general and due to this Ghulam
Muhammad dismissed the whole assembly
● Was once dismissed by Malik Ghulam Muhammad but then again appointed as PM

ed
Q.16) What was the second report of the Basic Principle committee?
● 1952
hm
● It said:
● Equal seats for East and West Pakistan
● Language issue would be later decided by assembly
● Muslim head of state
A

● Islamic experts employed to give advice according to Islamic principles

● This report was unsuccessful as it received criticism from politicians of both East and
ad

West Pakistan

Q.17) Describe the Constitutional Crisis of 1954.

m

● Bogra the PM had little political experience, and governor general Ghulam
Mohammad expected him to support his authority – do as he was told
am

● Bogra wanted to curb power of governor general Malik Ghulam Muhammad

● As Ghulam Muhammad was out of the country so Bogra introduced an amendment
to 1935 Government of India Act, trying to take away some powers of the governor
uh

general
● This Caused a political crisis, Ghulam Muhammad declared state of emergency and
dissolved Assembly
M

● Legal challenges were made against Ghulam Muhammad who eventually won
through court proceedings

29
Q.18) Who was Iskandar Mirza?
● Ruled after Malik Ghulam Muhammad from 1955-1958
● His era brought political crisis as he dismissed many PM’s during his regime
● He introduced the One Unit Scheme in the 1956 constitution
● He extended railway and telephone lines
● He had a clash with Ayub Khan who replaced him by imposing martial law

Q.19) What was One Unit Scheme?

● Introduced during Iskander Mirza’s rule

n
● Was part of the 1956 constitution

ra
● All provinces of West Pakistan would be combined as a single unit
● It was introduced to improve administration and promote nationalism

Im
● However, it was highly criticised by Politicians of both Western and Eastern wing of
Pakistan
● …Due to which it had to be abolished

ed
Q.20) What was the 1956 constitution?
● Adopted by the 2nd Constituent Assembly, a compromise between Muslim League
hm
and United Front
● Pakistan was declared an Islamic Republic, Mirza became President who could
choose the Prime Minister
● The President had to be a Muslim and had emergency powers and could dissolve the
A

National Assembly.
● There was a cabinet (advisory only) and a National and Provincial Assembly.
ad

Constitution was scrapped in 1958 and martial law was declared

● Was abrogated by Iskander Mirza in 1958
m

Q.21) How did Ayub achieve power?

● 1958, martial law was imposed by Iskander Mirza, Laws Order was passed and the
am

constitution was repealed

● Ayub Khan, already a powerful figure as Commander in Chief of army, took the role
of Chief Martial Law Administrator and then removed Iskander Mirza from office.
uh

● Power now was totally with Ayub Khan and he took the role of President.
● This event is known as ‘Glorious Revolution’
M

30
Q.22) Describe the U-2 a air.
● 1960
● Pakistan provided Peshawar air base to America
● They used it to fly their U-2 spy plane into USSR territory
● USSR got hold of a plane and threatened Pakistan of the dire consequences if they
kept supporting USA further in this cause
● Pakistan kept supporting USA and USA kept using the base for spy planes

Q.23) What were Basic Democracies?

n
● Introduced by Ayub Khan in 1960

ra
● It was a four-tier setup, people had to elect the representatives at the levels of union
Council, sub-district, district, and divisional

Im
● There were 80,000 representatives equally from East and West Pakistan
● They were called Basic democrats
● They were responsible for the development of their areas
● The basic democrats would choose members of the assembly and head of state

ed
Q.24) What was the Tashkent Declaration?
hm
● 1966
● After Indo-Pak war of 1965 USSR brought India and Pakistan to table talks
● Both countries agreed that they would go back to their previous war fronts
● However, the Kashmir issue still remained unsolved
A

● This improved Pakistan's relationship with India and USSR

● This also made Ayub Khan unpopular as people criticised him for not taking firm
ad

stand on Kashmir issue

Q.25) What was the Indus Water Treaty?

m

● 1960
● There was clash between India and Pakistan on the rivers Indus, Jhelum, Chenab,
am

Ravi and Sutlej about who would own them

● As a solution the Indus water treaty was signed
● Pakistan got rights over Indus, Jhelum and Chenab
uh

● India got rights over Ravi, Beas and Sutlej

● This saved the agro-based economy of Pakistan
M

31
Q.26) What was Decade of development?
● Ayub Khan introduced many reforms in the country
● In agriculture he brought the green and white revolution and increased output and
made country self-sufficient
● In the Industrial sector, there was rapid progress. There was also a good pace of
development in other sectors as well such as education, health and social
● Pakistan’s annual economic growth rate was 7%
● So his era was termed as ‘Decade of Development’ due to high growth rate

Q.27) What was the 1962 constitution?

n
ra
● Introduced by the ministry of Ayub Khan
● The form of government was Presidential and Objective Resolution was its preamble

Im
● President could pass or reject any law suggested by assembly
● Pakistan was then named as Islamic Republic of Pakistan and both East and West
Pakistan were allowed to run their provincial governments
● There was only one house in the central legislature with equal seats for both wings

ed
of Pakistan
● Urdu and Bengali were declared as national languages
●
hm
Assembly sessions were to be held in Islamabad and Dhaka
● President and Speaker of Assembly were to be from different wings of Pakistan

Q.28) Who was Yahya Khan?

A

● Served in WWll
● Became president after Ayub Khan’s regime by imposing martial law
ad

● Ordered the operation searchlight

● He gave the command to surrender
● Fall of Dhaka made him extremely unpopular and he had to resign and handed over
m

the government to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

am

Q.29) Who was Mujeeb ur Rehman?

● He was member of Muslim League, Later he organised Awami League
● He gravely believed that self-government was vital for East Pakistan which led him to
uh

present his six points

● When he won the elections of 1970, the power sharing between him and Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto created deadlock
M

● He is known as the founder of Bangladesh

● He was the first Prime Minister of Bangladesh

32
Q.30) What was Awami League?
● Awami means ‘common people’
● Awami League was found in 1949 by Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman
● Was the expression of Bengali nationalism in the territory then known as East
Pakistan
● The manifesto of Awami League in the 1971 elections were Mujeeb’s six points
● Won the elections of 1970 and did not agree on PPP’s proposal of power sharing

Q.31) What was the Six points formula?

n
● Being leader of Awami League, he presented his famous six points on which he

ra
contested the elections of 1970 and won it overwhelmingly
● Points included. Decision making to be at provincial level

Im
● Separate currencies or financial policies for East and West Pakistan to stop money
flowing
● The provinces to tax their people and send a share to federal government
● Each province to set up its own trade agreements with other countries and to

ed
control the money made through this trade
● Each province to have its own troops
hm
Q.32) What was Mukti Bahini?
● It was formed in 1971 and was known as ‘Bangladeshi force’, it did armed resistance
against West Pakistan for getting independence
A

● It was made as a reaction to Operation Searchlight, conducted by West Pakistan

● The soldiers, police and a lot of citizens from East Pakistan joined this force
ad

● Indian army gave full support to this force and later on they were successful in
getting liberation and made Bangladesh
m

Q.33) What was “Operation Searchlight”?

● It was a planned military operation out by the Pakistani army
am

● The purpose was to curb elements of the separatist Bengali nationalist movement in
East Pakistan in 1971
● The Pakistani state justified commencing Operation Searchlight on the basis of
uh

anti-Bihari violence by Bengalis in early March

● The original plan envisioned taking control of the major cities and then eliminating all
opposition, political or military, within one month
M

● East Pakistanis retaliated due to this and this was one of the reasons for the creation
of Bangladesh

33
Q.34) Describe Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s health reforms.
● He established Rural Health Centres in villages and Basic Health Units in urban areas
● This improved health standard as free medical facilities were offered
● He declared that medicines be sold under medical name and not company name
● …Due to this medicines became cheap for all people
● …But multinational companies stopped investment in Pakistan and shutdown
● …Local companies started producing substandard medicines

Q.35) What was FSF?

n
● Federal Security Force

ra
● It was formed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto during his time as President
● Its purpose was to uphold law and administration in Pakistan and assist police force

Im
● However, it laster was called Bhutto's private force or military as he used it for his
personal use
● Bhutto was found guilty for ordering FSF for a political murder
● Zia-ul-Haq abolished this when he came into power

ed
Q.36) What was the Simla Accord/Agreement?
hm
● 1972
● Was signed between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indian PM Indra Gandhi
● Its clauses stated:
● All prisoners of the 1971 war be returned
A

● Both countries would withdraw from occupied land in Kashmir, Sindh and Punjab
● Pakistan would not discuss the Kashmir issue Internationally but directly with India
ad

Q.37) What was the 1973 constitution?

● The constitution of 1973 was imposed by the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
m

● It gave bicameral parliament with national assembly and senate as lower house and
upper house respectively
am

● It declared Pakistan a Islamic state with Islam as its official religion

● It guaranteed all fundamental rights and focused more on Islamic provisions
● This is still the constitution of Pakistan to-date
uh

Q.38) Describe Bhutto’s downfall from power

● His style of ruling which was dictatorial made him unpopular among masses
M

● His economic policy of denationalisation and his agricultural reforms made him very
unpopular among the industrialists and landlords
● He was charged with the rigging of the 1977 elections
● …PNA (Pakistan National Alliance) protested
● …This caused political instability due to which Zia ul Haq imposed martial law

34
Q.39) What was Federal Shariat Court?
● The court was established in 1980 during the government of the President General
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
● The Federal Shariat Court (FSC) is a constitutional court of the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
● Which has the power to examine and determine whether the laws of the country
comply with Sharia law
● It asked Nawaz Sharif to abrogate all Riba-based transactions done in government
affairs but this could not be acted upon which tells that it did not have enough

n
power to really change laws or modify them

ra
Q.40) What was MRD?

Im
● It was known as Movement for Restoration of Democracy, founded in 1981
● About nine political parties made an alliance called ANP, Awami National Party
● Its purpose was to remove martial law and restore democracy in the country
● The movement showed violence mainly in Sindh but proved to be a failure as it did

ed
not get countrywide support and was not successful in neither NWFP nor
Balochistan
hm
Q.41) Describe “Afghan Miracle”.
● USSR invaded Afghanistan during Zia’s regime
● Pakistan stood up against USSR to defend Afghanistan
A

● Non-communist countries gave full support and aid to Pakistan in this war
● This increased development in Pakistan and strengthened the rule of Zia
ad

● Military help was also provided to Pakistan

● The decision to support Afghanistan is called ‘Afghan Miracle’ as due to it Pakistani
government got immense benefits
m

Q.42) Who was Muhammad Khan Junejo?

am

● Zia-ul-Haq chose him as Prime Minister in 1985

● Muhammad Khan Junejo worked to develop the new Muslim League party
● He called an all-Party Conference in 1988 to discuss the Afghan situation
uh

● He announced an inquiry into an explosion at the army weapons dump/Ojhri Camp in

1988 promising justice
● He was dismissed from office by Zia-ul-Haq on 29 May 1988
M

35
Q.43) Describe the Ojhri camp event?
● Took place in 19888 during Zia ul Haq’s reign
● Ohri camp was an arms and ammunition depot in Rawalpindi
● The weapons in it were used to help the Afghans fight USSR
● It exploded and in result killed many people in Islamabad and Rawalpindi
● Zia dismissed Junejo when he found out that Junejo had started a investigation on
this issue
● Due to this incident Zia became very unpopular

Q.44) What was the Hudood Ordinance?

n
ra
● Introduced by Zia ul Haq as a part of his Islamization programme
● Forceful taking of property and Zina were prohibited

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● Punishments were set according to Islam on wine, theft, gambling, and adultery
● These failed as they remained mostly on paper and when were implemented were
unjust for women as no difference was kept between Adulltry and Rape

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Q.45) What was the Zakat Ordinance?
● In 1980, Zia-ul-Haq imposed a 2.5% wealth tax on savings over a certain amount
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● Money raised was given to Zakat committees in villages and towns for the poor
● Some Muslim groups (Shia) protested against this since their view of Islamic law was
that giving zakat should be voluntary
● In 1984, these groups held demonstrations in Islamabad forcing Zia-ulHaq to accept
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their objections and exempt them from paying the tax

Q.46) What was the 8th Amendment?

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● Introduced by Zia ul Haq in the 1973 constitution

● The eighth amendment changed Pakistan's system of government from a
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parliamentary democracy to a semi-presidential system

● The eighth amendment strengthened the authority of the President and also
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granted additional powers to dismiss the elected Prime Minister's government

● Was later used by Presidents like Ghulam Ishaq Khan and created political instability
in the country
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Q.47) Who was Benazir Bhutto?

● She was the daughter of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
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● She became the leader of the Pakistan's People's Party after her father
● She became PM from 1988-1990 & 1993-1996
● Both times she was dismissed
● Her political rival was Nawaz Sharif
● She was shot dead in 2007 at Rawalpindi

36
Q.48) What was the Pucca Qila Massacre?
● In 1990 the Sindh government launched a crackdown in Hyderabad, the centre of
MQM power
● Shoot-on-sight curfew was imposed, and a police house-to-house search began
● The muhajirs protested at this treatment and fighting broke out
● This resulted in the killing of more than 300 people including 31 women and children

Q.49) What was the Pressler Amendment?

● In 1985, the Pressler Amendment said that the USA could only give aid to a country

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that had no nuclear weapons or was not developing any

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● During the Afghan crisis, this rule was ignored by the USA
● After the war USA refused to declare Pakistan a nuclear free country so blocked its

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aid
● Pakistan complained that this only was applied on Pakistan and not on India
● This deteriorated relations between USA and Pakistan

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Q.50) What was the Brown Amendment?
● In 1993, President Clinton came to power who wanted to restore relations with
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Pakistan
● He agreed that the Pressler amendment was unfair
● He suggested that if Pakistan stopped producing weapon-grade uranium he would
agree to the sale of the F-16s
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● Benazir visited USA in 1996 following which the Brown amendment was introduced
which gave Pakistan $388 million in aid and refunded the payment of 28 F-16s
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Q.51) What problems did Benazir face as PM?

●
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Faced opposition from politicians who wanted her to fail

● Her husband Zardari accused of corruption
● Division in her party
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● IJI criticized her government for being close to USA

● Confrontations with provincial governments
● Violent protests, Pucca Qilla massacre
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● Bad relations and clashes with President

Q.52) Who is Nawaz Sharif?

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● Born in 1949, December 25

● Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif is a Pakistani businessman and politician
● Served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan for three non-consecutive terms. He is the
longest-serving prime minister of Pakistan
● Leader of Muslim League Nawaz
● Served as PM of Pakistan from 1990-1993 & 1996-1999
37
Q.53) What was the 13th Amendment?
● Introduced during Nawaz Sharif’s rule
● Thirteenth Amendment took away the President's reserve power to remove a Prime
Minister by dissolving Parliament and calling new elections
● Political leaders were joyed due to this and so was the government as the previous
8th amendment had caused a lot of political instability in the country

Q.54) What was the 14th Amendment?

● Introduced during Nawaz Sharif’s rule

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● Party leaders received unlimited power to dismiss any of their legislators from

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Parliament if they spoke or voted against their party
● The fourteenth amendment to the constitution of Pakistan was to prevent the

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switching of parties to form a strong coalition government or to become a strong
opposition
● So now politicians could not ‘cross the floor in the assembly’
● This was liked by masses as this prevented no-confidence motions and instant

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regime changes

Q.55) What was the ‘Kalashnikov Culture’?

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● After the Afghan Miracle many Afghanis had migrated to Pakistan
● With them they brought Klashinkovs
● …And started to make cheap copies of it and selling them
A

● This increased crime rate and crimes like theft, rape and mureder became common
● Nawaz Sharifs government was accused for not handling this issue properly
ad

Q.56) Describe the Kargil Issue.

● 1999
m

● Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed the Line of Control and captured the Indian
occupied towns of Kargil and Drass
am

● Firstly the government did not know it but on notice Nawaz Sharif denied any
involvement
● A month later india fired rockest and shells and two of its aircrafts crossed into
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Pakistan’s airspace and one of them was shot down

● Later Nawaz Sharif was convinced by the US president, Clinton and all Pakistani
forces retreated behind the Line of Control
M

● This was a major blow to Pakistan-India relations

38
Q.57) Who is Pervaiz Musharaf?/Describe General Pervaiz Musharafs rise to
power in 1999.
● Nawaz Sharif tried to blame th retreat in Kashmir on Pervaiz Musharaf but he did not
accept it
● Nawaz Sharif tried to sack him when he was visiting Sri Lanka and not allowing him
to return to Pakistan; by not letting his aeroplane land on Karachi airport
● His army staff overthrew Nawaz Sharif and Pervez Musharaf returned and put
Pakistan under military rule
● It was a bloodless coup, life went on as normal

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Q.58) Describe the accession of Princely States.

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● Princely states or native states were states that were not under the direct British

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rule and had a local ruler
● By 1947, there were 565 princely states in India
● These states, pampered by the British, enjoyed autonomy with recognition as
separate units

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● They were very important in terms of revenue and area. For example, the princely
state of Hyderabad had an annual revenue of over 9 crore. The population of Jammu
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and Kashmir and Hyderabad were 9 million and 16 million, respectively
● During the period of the British Raj, there were four princely states in Balochistan:
Makran, Kharan, Las Bela and Kalat. The first three acceded to Pakistan.
● However, the ruler of the fourth princely state, declared Kalat's independence as
A

this was one of the options given to all princely states. The state remained
independent until it was acceded on 27 March 1948.
ad

Q.59) What was Bengali-Urdu Controversy?

● West Pakistan wanted Urdu to be official language whereas East wanted Bengali as
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their population was more

● Was lighted after the first report of BPC declared Urdu as official language
am

● 1954 constitution announced bengali as well a official language

● Was one of the reasons for the separation of Bangladesh

Q.60) Who was Fatima Jinnah?

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● Younger sister of Quad-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

● Remained as an advisor and right-hand for her brother before the creation of
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Pakistan
● Was defeated by Ayub Khan in elections
● She was Leader of the Opposition of Pakistan from 1960 until her death in 1967
● Known as Madr-e-Millat or mother of the nation

39
Q.61) Describe the Kashmir Issue.
● Started when India was given Gurdaspur in the Radcliffe award which enabled them
to enter Kashmir
● The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict over the Kashmir region, primarily
between India and Pakistan and also between China and India in the northeastern
portion of the region
● The issue caused the Indo-Pak war of 1965
● The issue has been the main problem ruining relations between Pakistan and India
● It has been put forward in the UN many times but has not been resolved as of now

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● Due to this the area of Kashmir remains to be disputed territory

ra
Q.62) What is the Karakorum Highway?

Im
● 1966 joint China-Pakistan project to construct an 800-mile highway, opened in 1978
● It is known as the friendship highway in China
● It was financed by Chinese money and built by its engineer
● It was a complicated and dangerous road to build and claimed many lives

ed
● It follows the Silk Road route to China

Q.63) Describe Pakhtoonistan Issue.

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● When Pakistan came into existence, Afghanistan refused to accept the Durand line,
the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan
● And claimed some of the areas of Pakistan because they were conquered by an
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Afghan leader, Ahmed Shah Abdali, 200 years ago, this is known as Pakhtoonistan
issue
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● This created rift between the two countries so much that Afghanistan voted against
Pakistan in UN
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Q.64) What was the importance of Siachen Glacier to both India and
Pakistan?
am

● It is the largest single source of fresh water in the Indian sub-continent; hence
important as it provides fresh water to majority people
● It is located in the Karakoram range
uh

● It is the might source that falls into different rivers and eventually feed Indus
● It is almost like a triangle forming between China, India and Pakistan which occupies
the territory touching the edges
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● Important due its geographical location; being a border

40
Q.65) What was Common Wealth?
● Established in 1931
● It was formed to maintain association with countries that had once been British
colonies but now were considered free nations
● Pakistan first joined it in 1947 then left it in 1972 in protest when it recognized
Bangladesh
● Benazir then again joined Commonwealth in 1989
● Commonwealth did not give desired help to Pakistan in 1965 & 1971 war or even
regarding the Kashmir issue

n
Q.66) What is UNO/UN?

ra
● Formed in 1945

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● United Nations Organization
● Biggest inter-governmental organization in the world
● Its main purpose is to retain international peace and security
● Pakistan joined in 1947 in the hope to get help for the Kashmir issue

ed
Q.67) What is OIC?
hm
● Formed in 1969
● Organization of Islamic Cooperation
● 2nd biggest inter-governmental organization after UN
● Its aim was to fight for the Palestine cause
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● Pakistan joined it hoping for help in return for their Kashmir issue
● Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto hosted the 2nd OIC conference in 1974 in Lahore
ad

Q.68) What was SAARC?

● Set up in 1985
m

● South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

● It aims to accelerate the process of economic and social development within
am

member countries
● Benazir hosted the 4th SAARC summit in which Indra Gandhi was also invited

Q.69) What was RCD?

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● Made in 1964
● Regional Cooperation for Development
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● Pakistan, Iran, and Turkey were member countries

● Afghanistan refused to join it until Pakistan was a part of it
● Its purpose was to promote socioeconomic development in member countries
● It was dissolved in 1979

41
Q.70) What was SEATO?
● South East Asian Treaty Organization
● It was a US-sponsored anti-Soviet military bloc to counter Communism in South East
Asia
● Pakistan joined it during Malik Ghulam Muhammad’s rule; in 1954
● Treaty promised aid to a member country if attacked by a communist country
● Pakistan left SEATO in 1972 as it did not help in the 1971 war
● It was dissolved in 197

Q.71) What was CENTO?

n
ra
● Central Treaty Organization
● Originally known as the ‘Baghdad Pact’

Im
● …or ‘Middle East Treaty Organization
● It was a US-sponsored anti-Soviet military bloc to counter Communism in the Middle
East
● It is generally viewed as one of the least successful of the Cold War alliances

ed
● The alliance did not support Pakistan in its war against India
● It was dissolved in 1979
hm
A
ad
m
am
uh
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 THE GIVE-BACK THEORY

This resource pack has been made as a give-back to the

community. Whoever is reading, learning, and benefiting from
this compilation of knowledge, remember me in your prayers.

n
All the knowledge compiled in the folds of this package

ra
has been done so to make life easier for the upcoming
batch of students. It is obvious that not everyone has

Im
access to every resource, and hence not everyone can
fill their mind with the light of knowledge they deserve.
Treat this book as money, as wealth, because a lot of

ed
time and e ort went into the creation of it only so that
the students reading it can utilize their time better.
hm
It is important that everyone should give back to the community and
its benefit cannot be emphasized enough on. Every good word that
A

one writes and someone else reads, the writer is benefited. Writing a
good book, a guiding source, can make one's world and improve his
ad

hereafter.
Whenever life finds you free of worldly hassle, give a bit from your
m

wealth of knowledge in charity.

am

"Every joint of a person must perform a charity each day that the
uh

sun rises: to judge justly between two people is a charity. To help a

man with his mount, lifting him onto it or hoisting up his belongings
onto it, is a charity. And the good word is a charity. And every step
M

that you take towards the prayer is a charity, and removing a

harmful object from the road is a charity." ~Hadith

Contact email: 2muhammad.ahmed1@gmail.com

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