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2 States Of Matter

1.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases

1. Distinguishing properties of solids, liquids, and gases:

o Solids: Have a fixed shape and cannot flow because their particles
cannot move from place to place. They cannot be compressed because
their particles are close together and have no space to move into.
o Liquids: Flow and take the shape of their container because their
particles can move around each other. They cannot be compressed
because their particles are close together and have no space to move into.
o Gases: Flow and completely fill their container because their particles
can move quickly in all directions. They can be compressed because
their particles are far apart and have space to move into.
2. Structures of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of particle separation,
arrangement, and motion:
o Solids: Particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern. They vibrate
back and forth within their fixed positions.
o Liquids: Particles are close together but can move freely around each
other.
o Gases: Particles are far apart and move in random motion without being
attracted to each other.
3. Changes of state (melting, boiling, evaporating, freezing, and condensing)
in terms of kinetic particle theory:
o Melting and Freezing: When a solid is heated to its melting point, the
energy gained by the particles allows them to partly overcome the strong
forces holding them in place. The particles begin to move from their
fixed positions but are still closely spaced together. The substance has
melted to become a liquid. By cooling the liquid sufficiently, it can turn
back into a solid - a process known as freezing.
o Boiling and Condensing: When a liquid is heated to its boiling point,
the added energy from the heat will cause the liquid to begin to vaporize.
As with the previous state change, the temperature will remain at the
boiling point while the water molecules are going from the liquid to the
gas or vapor state.
o Evaporating: Evaporation can take place below the boiling point of a
substance.
4. Heating and cooling curves in terms of kinetic particle theory: Heating
curves show how the temperature changes as a substance is heated up. Cooling
 curves are the opposite. They show how the temperature changes as a substance
is cooled down. Just like heating curves, cooling curves have horizontal flat
parts where the state changes from gas to liquid, or from liquid to solid.
5. Effects of temperature and pressure on the volume of a gas in terms of
kinetic particle theory: As the pressure on a gas increases, the volume of the
gas decreases because the gas particles are forced closer together. Conversely,
as the pressure on a gas decreases, the gas volume increases because the gas
particles can now move farther apart. When the temperature is increased, the
gas particles move faster and the collisions become harder and more frequent.
This means that the pressure also increases. When the temperature is decreased,
the gas particles move more slowly and the collisions are less hard and less
frequent. This means that the pressure also decreases.

1.2 Diffusion

1. Diffusion in terms of kinetic particle theory: Diffusion is the gradual mixing

of gases due to the motion of their component particles even in the absence of
mechanical agitation such as stirring. The result is a gas mixture with uniform
composition. Diffusion is a result of the kinetic properties of particles of matter.
The particles will mix until they are evenly distributed.
2. Effect of relative molecular mass on the rate of diffusion of gases: The
speed of diffusion of a gas depends on how heavy its molecules are. Molecules
with a lighter mass diffuse faster than those with a heavier mass. The lower the
mass of the gas particles, the faster it will diffuse because the lighter particles
will bounce further than the heavier ones after it collides with other particles.