PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE
Declaration of Helsinki 1964
AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
PRELIMS
LESSON1:
What is Ethics?
- can be defined broadly as a set of moral
principles or values and each of us has
such a set of values.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
- are principles that govern the behaviour
of a person or group in a business
environment.
- Like values, professional ethics provide
rules on how a person should act
towards other people and institutions in
such an environment.
ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF MEDICAL
ETHICS
1. Hippocratic Oath
- Hippocratic Oath- ‘’I swear by
Apollo Healer, by Asclepius, by
Hygieia by Panacea, and by all
the gods and goddesses,
making them my witnesses, that
I will carry out, according to my
ability and judgment, this oath
and this indenture.’’
2. Nuremburg Code 1947
- Nuremburg Code 1947- is a set
of ethical research principles for
human experimentation created
by the court in U.S. v Brandt,
one of the Subsequent
Nuremberg trials that were held
after the Second World War.
- 10 STANDARDS
1. The voluntary consent
of the human subject is
absolutely essential.
2. The experiment should
be such as to yield
fruitful results for the
good of society.
3. Prior Knowledge.
4. suffering
5. injury
6. Protection against risk.
7. Proper preparations.
8. The experiment should
be conducted only by
scientifically qualified
persons.
9. Freedom to withdraw.
10. Termination of the
studies.
3.
- “The well-being of the human
subject should take precedence
over the interests of science
and society.’’
4. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 1973
5. Hemodialysis
Medical Ethics
● Medical ethics is a system of moral
principles that apply values to the
practice of clinical medicine and in
scientific research.•
● Medical ethics is based on a set of
values that professionals can refer to in
the case of any confusion or conflict.
● These values include the respect for;
○ Autonomy- ‘’the patient has the
right to refuse or choose their
treatment’’.
○ Beneficence- Act of mercy and
charity.
○ Non-maleficence- ‘’first, do no
harm’’• Justice- equal rights
● Medical ethics encompasses
beneficence, autonomy, and justice as
they relate to conflicts such as;
○ Euthanasia mercy killing.
○ Informed consent - consent
refers to a patient's right to
receive information relevant to
a recommended treatment, in
order to be able to make a
well-considered, voluntary
decision about their care.
○ Patient confidentiality is
commonly applied to
conversations between doctors
and patients.
○ Conflicts of interest in
healthcare.
MORAL REASONING
- Applies critical analysis to specific
events to determine what is right or
wrong, and what people brought to do in
a particular situation
STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR
Standards of Behaviour
- A set of official guidelines meant to
govern employees' actions, speech,
attitudes and more.
1. Obeying the company's rules.
 2. Effective communication.
3. Taking responsibility and accountability.
4. Professionalism.
5. Trust.
6. mutual respect for your colleagues at
work.
COMPETENCE
- Is the set of demonstrable
characteristics and skills that enable,
and improve the efficiency or
performance of a job.
STANDARD PRACTICE
- something such as a procedure is
normal practice or standard practice, it
is the usual thing that is done in a
particular situation
ETHICAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES
Nature of ethics
- refers to the normative standards of
behaviour pertaining to the ideal code
of conduct of human beings• also
cannot be associated with the influence
of religion.
- Ethics is like a common rule which is
applicable to everybody irrespective of
his/her religion.
ETHICAL VALUE
- Denotes the degree of importance of
some thing or action, with the aim of
determining what actions are best to do
or what way is best to live, or to
describe the significance of different
actions.
HEALTH ETHICS
- is the application of the core principles
of bioethics (autonomy, beneficence,
nonmaleficence, justice) to medical and
health care decisions.
- It is a multidisciplinary lens through
which to view complex issues and make
recommendations regarding a course of
action.
PROFESSIONALISM AND ETIQUETTE
- is an unwritten code of conduct
regarding the interactions among the
members in a business setting.
- When proper professional etiquette is
used, all involved are able to feel more
comfortable, and things tend to flow
more smoothly.
ETHICS - set of values
- ETHOS (customs/behavior)
- MORIS (morals)
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS - standards/code of
conducts set in a specific institutions
- Integrity
- objectivity
- Confidentiality
-
ORIGIN and HISTORY OF MEDICS
Hippocratic Oath
- Widely known medical text
- Take pledge in a god (new license
Physician)
- First expression
RA7431 - Patient Confidentiality - their safety
SECTION 21 0 OATH TAKING (information about their condition) - no
- Required to take oath prior of their guardian/parents - social worker
practice - Conflicts of Interest - matter of public
interest
NUREMBERG CODE 1947
MORAL REASONING
- Most dramatic in human
experimentation - Critical analysis of specific event of
- Nazi doctors what is right and wrong
- Prisoners during wwII
- Gruesome experiments STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR
- No consent
- After this, 10 standards were set - Standards to govern employees’ actions

DECLARATION OF HELSINKI 1964 ETHICAL COMPETENCE

- World medical association declared

rules to guide medical pioneer STANDARD PRACTICE
- Set of balance in interest of humanity
and pioneer of the victims in clinical trial - To provide quality patient care
- Before doing clinical trial, passed first ETHICAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES
the 10 standards in nuremberg
Nature of Ethics
ROE V WADE - Choice of ethics affects significantly by
one’s feelings
- 1973
- Jane ROE PROFESSIONALISM AND ETIQUETTE
- Unmarried pregnant women
- Challenge Texas Law about abortion - How individual present themselves
- Submit about ruling in abortion rights
- Wins
- Abortion became legal in US
- Medical procedure to stop
pregnancy
- pills / affect: cramps

HEMODIALYSIS

- Right of patient who is competent

(conscious) to withdraw/withhold with
any dialysis treatment

MEDICAL ETHICS

- Auto (self) nomy - self governance

- Patient Autonomy - should be
competent (was not a serious) ability to
refuse to treatment
- Omniscient (physicians)
- Paternalistic
- Beneficence (act of mercy) to do good
- Non - maleficence - first, do no harm (to
avoid causing harm)
- Justice - equal rights
- Euthanasia - mercy killing
- Informed Consent - a document state
patient’s right of consent
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE
AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
LESSON2:
Code of Ethics
- Is a guide by which
radiographers/radiologic technologist
should educate the professional
conduct as it related to patient,
healthcare,consumers, employer and
health professionals.
REVISED CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
FOR RADIOLOGIC AND X-RAY
TECHNOLOGIST
ARTICLE I
RELATION WITH THE STATE AND SOCIETY
ARTICLE II
RELATION WITH PATIENTS/CLIENTS
ARTICLE III
RELATION WITH OTHER ALLIED PROFESSION
ARTICLE IV
RELATION TO AGENCY
ARTICLE V
RELATION WITH ONESELF
PRACTICE OF MEDICINE
- The practice of medicine is the applying
of medical or surgical agencies for the
purpose of preventing, relieving, or
curing disease, or aiding natural
functions, or modifying or removing the
results of physical injury.
PHYSICIAN PATIENT RELATIONSHIP
- The relationship between a patient and
a physician is based on trust, which
gives rise to physicians' ethical
responsibility to place patients' welfare
above the physician's own self-interest.
RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PATIENTS
- The patient has the right to discuss his
condition with a consultant specialist, at
the patient's request and expense. He
also has the right to seek for a second
opinion and subsequent opinions, if
appropriate, from another health care
provider/practitioner.
- The Code of Rights applies to both
public and private facilities, and to both
paid and unpaid services. It gives you,
as a patient, the right to be treated with
respect, receive appropriate care, have
proper communication, and be fully
informed so you can make an informed
choice.
● Be responsible for their own
health. Maximize healthy habits
such as exercising, not smoking,
and eating a healthy diet.
● Provide information about their
health and let healthcare
provider know what they
wantand need.
● Be financially and
administratively responsible.
● Be respectful to others.
Legal Doctrines applied to Medical
Malpractice
- It is the rights of patient to sue a
medical staff and institution who suffer
for medical malpractice
Declaration of Rights
1) RIGHT TO APPROPRIATE MEDICAL CARE A
HUMANE TREATMENT
- Every person has a right to health and
medical care corresponding to his state
of health, without any discrimination
and within the limits of the resources,
manpower and competence available
for health and medical care at the
relevant time. The patient has the right
to appropriate health and medical care
of good quality
- If any person cannot immediately be
given treatment that is medically
necessary he shall, depending on his
state of health, either be directed to
wait for care, or be referred or sent for
treatment elsewhere, where the
appropriate care can be provided. If the
patient has to wait for care, he shall be
informed of the reason for the delay.
Patients in emergency shall be
extended immediate medical care and
treatment without any deposit, pledge,
mortgage or any form of advance
payment for treatment.
2) RIGHT TO INFORMED CONSENT
 - The patient has a right To a clear,
truthful and substantial explanation, in a
manner and language understandable
to the patient, of all proposed
procedures, whether diagnostic,
preventive, curative, rehabilitative or
therapeutic, wherein the person who
will perform the said procedure shall
provide his name and credentials to the
patient, possibilities of any risk of
mortality or serious side effects,
problems related to recuperation, and
probability of success and reasonable
risks involved:
a) in emergency cases, when the patient is
at imminent risk of physical injury,
decline or death if treatment is withheld
or postponed. In such cases, the
physician can perform any diagnostic or
treatment procedure as good practice of
medicine dictates without such consent;
b) when the health of the population is
dependent on the adoption of a mass
health program to control epidemic;
c) when the law makes it compulsory for
everyone to submit to a procedure;
d) when the patient is either a min or, or
legally incompetent, in which case, a
third party consent is required;
e) when disclosure of material information
to patient will jeopardize the success of
treatment, in which case, third party
disclosure and consent shall be in order;
f) when the patient waives his right in
writing Provided, That, the patient will
not be subjected to any procedure
without his written informed consent,
except in the following cases:
3) RIGHT TO PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
- The privacy of the patients must be
assured at all stages of his
treatment.The patient has The right to
be free from unwarranted public
exposure,except in the following cases:
a) when his mental or physical condition is
in controversy and the appropriate
court, inits discretion, orders him to
submit to a physical or mental
examination by a physician;
b) when the public health and safety so
demand; and
c) when the patient waives this right. The
patient has the right to demand that all
information, communication and
records pertaining to his care be treated
as confidential. Any health care provider
or practitioner involved in the treatment
of a patient and all those who have
legitimate access to the patient's record
is not authorized to divulge any
information to a third party who has no
concern with the care and welfare of the
patient without his consent, except:
a. when such disclosure will benefit public
health and safety;
b. when it is in the interest of justice and
upon the order of a competent court; and
c. when the patients waives in writing the
confidential nature of such information;
d. when it is needed for continued medical
treatment or advancement of medical
science subject to de-identification of
patient and shared medical
confidentiality for those who have access
to the information. Informing the spouse
or the family to the first degree of the
patient’s medical condition may be
allowed;
e. PROVIDED THAT, the patient of legal age
Shall have the right to choose on whom
toinform. In case the patient is not of legal
age or is mentally incapacitated,
suchinformation shall be given to the
parents, legal guardian or his next of kin
4) RIGHT TO INFORMATION
- In the course of his/her treatment and
hospital care, the patient or his/her
legal Guardian has a right to be
informed of the result of the evaluation
of the nature and extent of his/her
disease, any other additional or further
contemplated medical treatment on
surgical procedure or procedures,
including any other additional
medicines to be administered and their
generic counterpart including the
possible complications and other
pertinent facts, statistics or studies,
regarding his/her illness, any change in
the plan of care before the change is
made, the person’s participation in the
plan of care and necessary changes
before its implementation, the extent to
which payment may be expected from
Phil health or any pay or and any
charges for which the patient may be
liable, the disciplines of health care
 practitioners who will furnish the care
and the frequency of services that are
proposed to be furnished.
- The patient or his legal guardian has the
right to examine and be given an
itemized bill of the hospital and medical
services rendered in the facility or by
his/her physician and other health care
providers, regardless of the manner and
source of payment
5) RIGHT TO CHOOSE HEALTH CARE
PROVIDER AND FACILITY
- The patient Is free to choose the health
care provider to serve him as well as the
facility except when he is under the care
of a service facility or when public
health and safety so demands or when
the patient expressly or impliedly
waives this right.
- The patient has the right to discuss his
condition with a consultant specialist, at
the patient’s request and expense. He
also has the right to seek for a second
opinion and subsequent opinions, if
appropriate, From another health care
provider/practitioner.
6) RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION
- The patient has the right to avail
himself/herself of any recommended
diagnostic and treatment procedures.
Any Person of legal age and of sound
mind may make an advance written
directive for physicians toad minister
terminal care when he/she suffers from
the terminal phase of a terminal illness:
Provided, That
a) he is informed of the medical consequences
of his choice;
b) he releases those involved in his care from
any obligation relative to the consequences of
his decision;
c) his decision will not prejudice public health
and safety
7) RIGHT TO RELIGIOUS BELIEF
- The patient has the right to refuse
medical treatment or procedures which
may be contrary to his religious beliefs,
subject to the limitations described in
the preceding subsection:
- Provided, That such a right shall not be
imposed by parents upon their children
who have not reached the legal age in a
life threatening situation as Determined
by the attending physician or the
medical director of the facility.
8) RIGHT TO MEDICAL RECORDS
- The patient is entitled to a summary of
his medical history and condition, He
has the right To view the contents of his
medical records, except psychiatric
notes and other incriminatory
information obtained about third
parties, with the attending physician
explaining contents thereof.
- At his expense and upon discharge of
the patient, he may obtain from the
health care institution a reproduction of
the same record whether or not he has
fully settled his financial obligation with
the physician or institution concerned.
- The health care institution shall
safeguard the confidentiality of the
medical records and to likewise ensure
the integrity and authenticity of the
medical records and shall keep the
same within a reasonable time as may
be determined by the Department of
Health.
- The health care institution shall issue a
medical certificate to the patient upon
request. Any other document that the
patient may require for insurance claims
shall also be made available to him
within a reasonable period of time.
9) RIGHT TO LEAVE
- The patient has the right to leave A
hospital or any other health care
institution regardless of his physical
condition:
Provided, That
a) he/she is informed of the medical
consequences of his/her decision;
b) he/she releases those involved in
his/her care from any obligation relative to the
consequences of his decision;
c) his/her decision will not prejudice
public health and safety.
10) RIGHT TO REFUSE PARTICIPATION IN
MEDICAL RESEARCH
- The patient has the right to be advised if
the health care provider plans To
involve him in medical research,
 including but not limited to human
experimentation which may be
performed only with the written
informed consent of the patient.
Provided, further, That, An institutional
review board or ethical review board in
accordance with the guidelines set in
the Declaration of Helsinki be
established for research involving
human experimentation:

11) RIGHT TO CORRESPONDENCE AND TO

RECEIVE VISITOR

- The patient has the right to

communicate with relatives and other
persons and to receive visitors subject
to reasonable limits prescribed by the
rules And regulations of the health care
institution

12) RIGHT TO EXPRESS GRIEVANCES

- The patient has the right to express

complaints and grievances about the
care and services received without fear
of discrimination or reprisal and to know
about the disposition of such
complaints.
- The Secretary of Health, in consultation
with health care providers, consumer
groups and other concerned agencies
shall establish a grievance system
wherein patients may seek redress of
their grievances. Such a system shall
afford all parties concerned with the
opportunity to settle amicably all
grievances.

13) RIGHT TO BE INFORMED OF HIS RIGHTS

AND OBLIGATIONS

- As a Patient Every person has the right

to be informed of his rights and
obligations as a patient. The
Department of Health, in coordination
with health Care providers, professional
and civic groups, the media, health
insurance corporations, people’s
organizations, local government
organizations, shall launch and sustain a
nationwide information and education
campaign to make known to people
their rights as patients,as declared in
this Act.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE
AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
LESSON2:
R.A 7431
- AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE
OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES, CREATING THE BOARD
OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY
DEFINING ITS POWERS AND
FUNCTIONS AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES.
Section 1. Title.
- This Act shall be known and cited as the
"Radiologic Technology Act of 1992."
Sec. 2. Statement of Policy
- It is the policy of the State to upgrade
the practice of radiologic technology in
the Philippines for the purpose of
protecting the public from the hazards
posed by radiation as well as to ensure
safe and proper diagnosis, treatment
and research through the application of
machines and/or equipment using
radiation.
Sec. 3. Definition of Terms
- a) "X-ray technology"
is an auxiliary branch of radiology which deals
with the technical application of x-rays as aid in
the diagnosis of diseases and injuries;
- b) "Radiologic technology"
is an auxiliary branch of radiology which deals
with the technical application of radiation, such
as x-rays, beta rays, gamma rays, ultrasound
and radio frequency rays, in the diagnosis and
treatment of diseases;
- c) "X-ray technologist" is a bona fide
holder of a certificate of registration for
x-ray technology issued by the Board of
Radiologic Technology in accordance
with this Act;
- d.) "Radiologic Technologist” is a bona
fide holder of a certificate of registration
for radiologic technology issued by the
Board of Radiologic Technology in
accordance with this Act;
- e.) "Radiology" is a branch of medical
science which deals with the use of
radiation in the diagnosis, treatment and
research of diseases;
- f.) "Radiologist" is a licensed physician
who specializes in the diagnosis or
treatment of disease with the use of
radiation
- g.) "Medical physicist" is a physicist who
specializes in the application of the
principles and techniques of physics in
medicine;
- h.) "Board" refers to the Board of
Radiologic Technology; and
- i.) "Commission" refers to the
Professional Regulation Commission
created under Presidential Decree
Numbered Two hundred and
twenty-three.
Sec. 4. Practice X-ray Technology
- The practice of x-ray technology shall
include any and all acts by which one
renders, furnishes, or contracts to
render or furnished professional service
as an x-ray technologist.
- An x-ray technologist shall also be
considered in the practice of his
profession if the nature and character of
his employment requires professional
knowledge in the art and science of
x-ray technology and such employment
or position requires that the holder
thereof be an x-ray technologist.
- Nothing in this Act shall be construed to
disqualify other professionals duly
registered with the Professional
Regulation Commission from
performing any of the acts
abovementioned; Provided, That under
the law or laws governing their
respective professions, they may
perform the said acts; Provided,
- further, That no person shall use the
title "X-ray Technologist" or any other
title conveying the impression that he is
an x-ray technologist without having
been issued a certificate of registration
as x-ray technologist by the
Commission in the manner provided in
this Act.
Sec. 5. Practice of Radiology Technology.
- The practice of radiologic technology
shall include any and all acts by which
one renders, furnishes, or contracts to
render or furnish professional service as
a radiologic technologist.
- A radiologic technologist shall also be
considered in the practice of his
profession if the nature and character of
his employment requires professional
knowledge in the art and science of
radiologic technology, and such
employment or position requires that
the holder thereof be a radiologic
technologist.
- Nothing in this Act shall be construed to
disqualify other professionals duly
registered with the Professional
Regulation Commission from
performing any of the acts
abovementioned: Provided, That under
the law or laws governing their
respective professions, they may
perform the said acts: Provided, further,
- That no person shall use the title
"Radiologic Technologist" or any other
title conveying the impression that he is
a radiologist technologist without
having been issued a certificate of
registration as radiologic technologist
by the Commission in the manner
provided in this Act.
Sec. 6. Creation of the Board of Radiologic
Technology
- A Board of Radiologic Technology which
shall be composed of Chairman and four
(4) members, all of whom shall be
 appointed by the President of the
Philippines upon the recommendation
of the Professional Regulation
Commission
- The said associations are accredited in
accordance with Presidential Decree
Numbered Two hundred and twenty-three
Sec.7. Qualifications of BoardMembers
- a) Each member of the Board shall at
the time of his appointment:
1. Be a citizen and
resident of the
Philippines
2. Be of good moral
character
3. Be at least thirty (30)
years of age
4. Is neither a member of
the faculty, whether full
time, part time or
lecturer, of any school,
college or university
where a regular course
in radiologic technology
is taught, nor has any
pecuniary interest,
directly or indirectly, in
such institution during
his term of office as a
Board member
- b. ) Three (3) members of the Board,
including the Chairman, shall at time of
their appointment:
1) Be radiologic technologist
2) Have at least ten (10) years
practice as radiologic
technologists prior to their
appointment; Provided, that the
three (3) radiologic
technologists appointed as
members of the first Board shall
be deemed automatically
registered as radiologic
technologists upon assumption
of their duties as members.
- c. ) One (1) member of the Board shall at
the time of his appointment:
1) Be a radiologist.
2) Has at least ten (10) years
practice as a radiologist prior to
his appointment.
- d) One (1) member of the Board shall at
the time of his appointment:
3) Be a medical physicist.
4) Has at least ten (10) years
practice as a medical physicist.
Sec. 8. Term of Office.
- The members of the Board shall hold
office for a term of three (3) years from
the date of their appointment until their
successors shall have been appointed
and duly qualified.
- The first appointees shall hold office for
the following terms:
1) the Chairman for three (3)
years;
2) two (2) members for two (2)
years
3) two (2) members for one (1)
year.
Sec. 9. Duties and functions of the Boards.
- (a) To enforce the provisions of this Act.
- (b) To administer oaths in accordance
with the provisions of this Act;
- (c) To issue and, after due investigation,
suspend or revoke certificates of
registration for the practice of radiologic
technology and x-ray technology;
- (d) To investigate any violation of this
Act of the rules and regulations issued
thereunder, as may come to the
knowledge of the Board and, for this
purpose, to issue subpoena and
subpoena duces tecum to alleged
violators or witnesses to secure their
attendance in investigations or
hearings, and the production of books,
papers and documents in connection
therewith and compel their attendance
by the power to cite and punish for
contempt;
- (e) To conduct yearly board
examinations to radiologic technology
and x-ray technology examinees under
the supervision of the Professional
Regulation Commission;
- (f) To look, from time to time, into the
condition affecting the practice of
radiologic technology and x-ray
technology in the Philippines, and adopt
such measures as may be deemed
necessary for the maintenance of the
standards and ethics of the profession;
- (g) To promulgate such rules and
regulations as may be necessary to
carry out the provisions of this Act:
Provided, That the same shall be issued
only after the approval thereof by the
Commission; and
- (h) To adopt a seal to authenticate its
official documents. The Board shall
exercise these powers and duties in
accordance with Presidential Decree
Numbered Two Hundred and
twenty-three.
Sec. 10. Compensation of the Board.
- The members of the Board shall each
receive the same compensation as
members of other Boards under the
supervision of the Commission as
provided for in the General
Appropriations Act.
Sec. 11. Removal of Board Members.
- May be removed from office by the
President upon the recommendation of
the Commission for neglect of duty,
incompetence or unprofessional,
immoral, or dishonorable conduct, or
commission or toleration of
irregularities in the conduct of the
examinations, after having been given
the opportunity to defend himself in a
proper administrative investigation
conducted by the Commission
Sec. 12. Supervision of the Board and Custody of
its Records.
- No record shall be removed, altered or
examined without the prior
authorization of the Board. All records,
including examination papers,
examination results, minutes of
deliberation, records of administrative
cases and investigations of the Board
shall be kept by the Commission.
Sec. 13. Rules and Regulations.
- Board shall set ethical and professional
standards for the practice of radiologic
technology and x-ray technology and
adopt such rules and regulations as may
be necessary to carry out the provisions
of this Act. Such standards, rules and
regulations shall take effect one (1)
month after publication in any
newspaper of general circulation.
Sec. 14. Annual Report.
- At the end of each calendar year, submit
to the Commission an annual report of
its activities and proceedings during the
year. Other information or data may be
requested by the Commission as often
as may be necessary and practicable.
Sec. 15. Requirement for the Practice of
Radiologic Technology and X-ray Technology.
- No person shall practice or offer to
practice as a radiologic and/or x-ray
technologist in the Philippines without
having obtained the proper certificate
of registration from the Board.
Sec. 16. Exemption from Examination in X-ray
Technology.
- Examination shall not be required of the
following persons:
(a) The first members of the Board
of Radiologic Technology as
provided in Section 7(b) hereof;
(b) Those who, prior to the approval
of this Act, have passed the Civil
Service examination for x-ray
technicians, or the examination
for the private sector x-ray
technicians, or the examination
for chest x-ray technicians, or
the proficiency examination for
medical radiation technicians
administered by the
Department of Health through
its Radiation Health Office,
Radiological Health Service, of
Radiation Health Service.
Sec. 17. Exemption from examination in
Radiologic Technology.
- (a) The first members of the Board of
Radiologic Technology as provided in
Section 7(b) hereof,
- (b) Radiologists from other countries
invited for lectures of consultation or as
visiting or exchange professors to
colleges or universities duly recognized
by the Government: Provided, That such
radiologic technologists are legally
qualified to practice as such in their own
state or country: Provided, further, That
they shall first secure a special permit
from the Board which shall be valid as
the Board may determine: Provided,
finally, That the privilege granted in this
subsection shall be given only to
radiologic technologists from countries
giving similar privilege to their Filipino
counterparts;
- (c) Those who, prior to the approval of
this Act, have passed the proficiency
examination for medical radiation
technologists administered by the
Department of Health through its
Radiation Health Office, Radiological
Health Service, or Radiation Health
Service; and
- (d) Those who prior to the approval of
this Act, have passed the Civil Service
examination for x-ray technicians, or the
examination for private sector x-ray
technicians, or the proficiency
examination for medical radiation
technicians administered by the
Department of Health through its
Radiation Health Office, Radiological
Health Service or Radiation Health
Service, with ten (10) years continuous
practice of radiologic technology after
passing one of these aforementioned
examinations. Those falling under
categories (a), (c) and (d) shall register
with the Board after they shall have
complied with the requirements for
registration as radiologic technologists.
Sec. 18. Examination Required.
- All applicants for registration as
radiologic technologists and x-ray
technologists shall be required to
undergo an examination which shall be
given once a year by the Board, through
the Commission, according to its rules
and regulations and at such time and
place as may be determined by the
Commission.
Sec. 19. Qualifications for Examination.
- Under this Act shall, prior to admission
for examination establish to the
satisfaction of the Board that he:
(a) Is a Filipino citizen:
(b) Is of good moral character and
has not been convicted of a
crime involving moral turpitude;
and
(c) Is a holder of a baccalaureate
degree in radiologic technology
from a school, college or
university recognized by the
Government if he applies for the
radiologic technology
examination or is a holder of an
associate in radiologic
technology diploma from a
school, college or university
recognized by the Government
if he applies for the x-ray
technology examination.
Sec. 20. Scope of Examination in X-ray
Technology.
 - Unless changed or modified by the
Board, the examination in x-ray
technology shall cover the following
subjects with the corresponding weights
as follows:
(a) Radiation Physics 10%
Radiology and Radiation
Protection 10% Equipment
Maintenance 10%
(b) Radiographic Positioning 10%
Radiographic Technique 10%
Special Procedures 10%
(c) Anatomy, Physiology and
Medical Terminology 15%
(d) Photochemistry and Darkroom
Procedures 10%
(e) Film Analysis 5%
(f) (f) Nursing and Departmental
Procedures in Radiology 5%
(g) Professional Ethics 5%
Sec. 21. Scope of Examination in Radiologic
Technology.
- Unless changed or modified by the
Board, the examination in radiologic
technology shall cover the following
subject with the corresponding weights
as follows:
(a) Radiation Physics and
Equipment Maintenance 10%
Radiobiology and Radiation
Protection 10%
(b) Radiographic Positioning 10%
Radiographic Technique 10%
Special Procedures 10%
(c) Anatomy, Physiology and
Medical Terminology 10%
(d) Photochemistry and Film
Analysis 0%
(e) Nursing and Department
Procedures in Radiology and
Professional Ethics 5%
(f) Ultrasound 5%
(g) Radiation Therapy 5%
(h) Nuclear Medicine 5%
(i) Radiologic Pathology 5%
(j) Computed
Tomography/Magnetic
Resonance Imaging 5%
Sec. 22. Report of Ratings.
- The Board shall, within one hundred
twenty (120) days after the date of
completion of the examination, report
the rating obtained by each candidate
to the Commission which shall submit
such report to the President of the
Philippines for approval.
- In order to pass the examination, a
candidate must obtain a weighted
average of at least 75% with no rating
below 60% in any subject.
- An examinee who obtains an average
rating of 75% or higher but gets a rating
below 60% in any subject shall be
allowed to take a reexamination in only
those subjects in which he obtained a
rating below 60%.
- In order to pass the second
examination, the examinee must obtain
a rating of 75% in each of the subjects
repeated. If the candidate still fails the
reexamination, he shall as far as
practicable, be required to repeat said
subjects during the succeeding
examination.
Sec. 23. Oath-taking.
- All successful examinees shall be
required to take a professional oath
before the Board or before any person
authorized by the Board to administer
oaths prior to the practice of their
profession as radiologic technologists
and/or x-ray technologists.
Sec. 24. Issuance of Certificates of Registration.
- All applicants who has satisfactorily
passed the required examination shall,
upon payment of the registration fee as
provided in Section 25, be issued a
certificate of registration as radiologic
technologist and/or x-ray technologist.
Sec. 25. Fees.
(a) For application for examination P350.00
(b) For registration after passing the board
examinations P250.00
(c) For registration without examination
P250.00
(d) For replacement of lost or destroyed
certificate of registration P100.00
(e) For reissuance of revoked certificate
P100.00
Sec. 26. Penal Provisions.
- Any person who shall practice
radiologic technology and/or x-ray
technology in the Philippines, within the
meaning of this Act, with any of the
following attending circumstances shall,
upon conviction by final judgment,
- be punished with a fine of not less than
Ten thousand pesos (P10,000) nor more
than Forty thousand pesos (P4,000), or
by imprisonment of not less than one (1)
year nor more than six (6) years, or
both, at the discretion of the court:
(a) Without a certificate of registration in
accordance with the provisions of this
Act;
(b) Presenting or using as his own the
certificate of registration of another
person;
(c) Using an expired license, or suspended
or revoked certificate of registration;
(d) Giving any false or forged evidence to
the Board of Radiologic Technology in
order to obtain a certificate of
registration;
(e) Posing or advertising as a registered
radiologic and/or x-ray technologist or
using any other means tending to
convey the impression that he is a
registered radiologic and/or x-ray
technologist; and
(f) Violation of any of the provision or
provisions of this Act.
Sec. 27. Appropriations.
- Board shall be included in the General
Appropriations Act of the year following
the approval of this Act and thereafter.
Sec. 28. Repealing Clause.
- All laws, decrees, orders, and other
issuances, rules and regulations, or
parts thereof, inconsistent herewith are
hereby repealed or modified
accordingly.
Sec. 29. (This Section is missing in the original
text)
Sec. 30. Effectivity Clause.
- This Act shall take effect one (1) month
after its publication in any newspaper of
general circulation.
- Approved: April 22, 1992
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE
AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
MIDTERMS
LESSON7-8:
EVOLUTION OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY IN
THE PHILIPPINE
HISTORY OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY
Magnificent Seven
- 1948 –Radiologists formally organized
as a professional group by the seven
pioneers.
1. Dr. Paterno Chikiamco as President
2. Dr. Ramon Paterno as Secretary
3. Dr. Paulino J. Garcia – member
4. Dr. Daniel Ledesma Sr. – member
5. Dr. Carlos Marquez – member
6. Dr. Carlos Vergel De Dios – member
7. Dr. Hilario Zialcita – member
● Dr. Restituto Yuzon
● Dr. Azcona
● Dr. Macaria Roque
FELIPE SOMERA
● First Filipino X-ray Technologist
● Nurse at Philippine General Hospital
(PGH)
● Assigned as technician at the Physical
therapy, Radium and X-ray section in
1931
DR. CIRILO RODRIGUEZ
● Dentist at UST.
SINGIAN CLINIC
- The first equipment was owned by the
Singian Clinic, then later on, San Juan
de Dios
- Hospital and the Philippine General
Hospital acquired their own.
Philippine Society of X-ray Technicians
● In May of 1954
● Its President was M/Sgt. Gilberto V.
Palomique, from the V. Luna Hospital.
- The founding forebears came from
government hospitals such as:
● PGH
● V. Luna Gen. Hospital,
● Children’s and Maternity
Hospital
● North General Hospital
● San Lazaro Hospital
● GSIS Medical Clinic and
National Chest Center of the
DOH.
NORBETO A. PALOMO
- Philippine Society of Medical Radiologic
Technologists (PHISMERT)
- M/Sgt. G.V. Palomique
DR. JOSE T. GAFFUD
- a senior resident of UP-PGH Medical
Center the petition to open the first
formal education for 2 year curriculum
in X-ray Technology was granted by the
Department of Education Culture &
Sports.
Engr. Luciano N. Niguidula
- Medical Physicist.
September 09, 1969
- First school of x-ray technology at the
Family Clinic and Hospital.
September 9, 1969
- The Department of Education, Bureau of
Private Schools approved a permit to
open
November 30, 1969
- first class of 13 students (pioneer
students) majority were already
employed and working x–ray
technicians in different agencies.
– Army Sergeant –Fort Bonifacio Army Hospital
Gregorio L. Dizon – formerly X-ray technicians
of FEU Hospital
-
Serafin Ocampo
Benjamin Hernandez
Jayne Vallarino
Pioneer-educators of Philippine Radiology
● Norberto A. Palomo - Principal
● Dr. Jose T. Gaffud -
Radiologist-Professor
● Engr. Luciano N. Niguidula -
Physicist-Professor
● Oscar C. Romero - Legal
Officer-instructor
● Serafin P. Ocampo - Radiologic
Technologists Instructor
● Elsa Aguila - Nurse Instructor
● Dr. Roberto Reodica -
Radiologist-Professor
1969 MR. NORBETO A. PALOMO
- International Society of Radiographers
and Radiologic Technologists (ISRRT),
through the sponsorship of the
Philippine Radiological Society (now
PCR) and the Japanese Association of
Radiologic Technologists (JART). The
PHISMERT was accepted as its 33rd
member.
1972 to 1973
 - Philippine Society of Radiologic
Technicians (PSRT), a
radiologists-sponsored organization
and the Philippine Institute of
Radiologic Technologists (PIRT) headed
by Mr. Almario Lutap.
1988
- a DECS sub-committee was created to
upgrade the ART curriculum. Dr. Gaffud,
who was instrumental in the creation of
the BSRT curriculum, headed the
Committee.
R.A. 7431
‘’ An Act Regulating the Practice of Radiologic
Technology”
April 22,1992
CORAZON AQUINO
• President
RAMON MITRA
• Speaker of the House
NEPTALI GONZALES
• Senate President
CAMIILLO L. SABIO
• Secretary General of House of
Representative
ANALECTO D. DABOY JR.
• Secretary of the Senate
HERMOGENES POBRE
• Commissioner; Chairman when R.A. 7431
signed into law
FIRST BOARD OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY
Appointed in 1993
• Fortunato C. Gabon (001)
- 1st Chairman
- Radiologic technologist
• Dexter Rodelas (002)
- Radiologic technologist
• Editha C. Mora (003)
- Radiologic Technologist
• Jose T. Gaffud
- Radiologist
• Eulinia M. Valdezio
- Physicist
Requirements to become x-ray technicians
(before 1969)
1. Apprenticeship
2. Through study grant for military
personnel (AFP) to US military schools
for X-ray technicians
Formation of Group and Associations of
X-Ray / Radiologic Technologist
PHISMERT
- Gilbert Palomique
- Norberto A. Palomo,RRT
PSRT
- Gilberto V. Palomique,RRT
PIRT
- Almario G Lutap, RRT
OTHER ASSOCIATION
Philippine Institute of Radiologic Technologist
(PIRT)
President : Mr. Almario Lutap
Philippine Society of Radiologic Technologist
(PSRT)
President Mr. Jose Cervantes
Philippine Association of Radiologic
Technologist (PART)
Its first President was Mr. Jose Cervantes.
Philippine Society of Government Radiologic
Technologist (PSGRT)
President Dolores C. Pambid
EXAMINATION FOR X-RAY TECHNICIAN
- The Ministry of Health thru the
Radiation Health Services and the Civil
Service Commission also contributed
significantly by administering the
licensure examination which started in
1974.
- The mentors close guided the
development of Radiologic Technology
education and finally in 1988, a
Department of Education Culture and
Sports (DECS) sub-committee was
created to upgrade the RT curriculum.
This was headed the Committee.
- September 20, 1993- rules and
regulations governing the examination,
registration, licensure and practice of
x-ray and radiologic technology
promulgated.
- December 27, 1993 – First
computerized licensure examination.
- April 09, 1994- results of first
computerized licensure examination.
RESOLUTIONS
RESOLUTION #1
● May 12, 1993
● Adaptation of seal/logo for Board of RT
RESOLUTION #2
● May 12, 1993
● Registration as RT of 3 members of the
Board
RESOLUTION #3
 ● May 12, 1993
● Reschedule of XT & RT Licensure
Examinations from December 1993 to
June 26 & 27 1993 (First Exam)

RESOLUTION #4
● May 28, 1993
● Promulgation of the Code of
Professional Ethics for XT & RT

PREAMBLE
- We, the Radiologic Technologist/X-ray
Technologists, having agreed to
organized an association in order to
embody our ideals, establish
cooperation among ourselves, the
physicians, radiologists, hospital
authorities and other paramedical
professions, to ensure and promote
common bond of love for a better health
service to the public.

CREED
- I solemnly pledge myself before God
and the presence of this assembly, that
we may serve humanity with fidelity,
honor and objective of the Radiologic
Technology profession to the best of
one/s ability and render service without
any mental reservations to the practice
of Radiologic Technology
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE proximate cause of the injury to another
AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY person or to his property
MIDTERMS FELONIES
LESSON9-10: ETHICAL PRINCIPLES - Acts or omissions punishable by law and
they may be committed not only by
ETHICS means of deceit but also by fault
- A system of moral rules and principles DECEIT
that becomes the standard - The fraudulent withholding or
AUTONOMY misrepresenting of facts whereby a
- Person’s right to make one’s decision person is misled to his injury
RESPECT FOR OTHERS DECEDENT
- Acknowledge the right of individuals to - A person whose property is transmitted
make decision & love by others through succession, whether or not he
BENEFICENCE left a will
- Act of mercy & charity DUE PROCESS OF LAW
FIDELITY - A fair and orderly legal proceedings
which observe fundamental rules and
- Being faithful
designed for the protection and
- It involves keeping promises &
enforcement of individual rights and
agreements
liberties
VERACITY
UNDUE INFLUENCE
- Being honest
- Influence used directly to procure the
- People should always say the complete
will, and which amounts to a coercion
truth
destroying the free action of the
NON-MALEFICENCE testator
- The belief that a medical professional CRIMINAL INTENT
should cause no harm
- The intention to commit a crime
JUSTICE
CONSIDERATION
- Equal rights
- One element of a contract to make a
PATIENT’S RIGHTS promise, a binding and to make an
- Every person/parent must be treated agreement which creates an obligations
with dignity - An agreement upon a sufficient
PATIENT CONSENT consideration, to do or not to do a
- May be verbal, written or implied particular thing
NON-MALEFICENCE MALPRACTICE
- The belief that a medical professional - Implies the ideas of improper or
should cause no harm unskilled care of a patient by a
JUSTICE radiologic technologist
- Denotes a stopping beyond one’s
- Equal rights
authority with serious consequences
PATIENT’S RIGHTS
TORT
- Every person/parent must be treated
- A legal wrong, committed against a
with dignity
person or property independent of a
PATIENT CONSENT
contract which render the person who
- May be verbal, written or implied commits it liable for damages in a civil
action
- Private or civil wrong/injury, including
VALID PATIENT CONSENT action for bad faith, breach of contract,
for which the court will provide remedy
1.) The patient must be of sound mind & in the form of an action for damages
legal age - The failure to comply a duty
2.) The patient must give consent freely - The failure to perform a duty that leads
3.) The patient must be adequately to harm of another person
informed about the procedure
INTENTIONAL TORTS

LEGAL ASPECT AND THE RADIOLOGIC

TECHNOLOGIST

NEGLIGENCE
- Refers to the commission or omission of
an act pursuant to a duty, that
reasonably prudent person in the same
or similar circumstances would or would
not do and acting or non-acting is the
 UNINTENTIONAL TORTS 3.) JUDICIARY
- Department of Justice
- Supreme court
- Court of Appeals
4.) ADMINISTRATIVE
- Executive power of president

TYPES OF LAWS

ELEMENTS OF PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE

1.) Existence of a duty on the part of the

person
2.) Failure to meet the standard of due case
3.) The foreseeability of harm resulting LEGAL MATTERS RELEVANT TO RADIOLOGIC
from failure to meet the standard TECHNOLOGISTS

CAUSES OF NEGLIGENCE CONTRACT

1.) Carelessness - An agreement mutually arrived by two
2.) Ignorance or more individuals to do a particular
3.) Lack of skills thing in exchange for some
consideration
- Meeting of minds between two or more
FOUR ELEMENTS OF NEGLIGENCE (4 D’s)
parties
1.) DUTY - Must have employers and employee's
- To use due case relationship
- Case which should be given
under circumstances
TYPES OF CONTRACT
2.) DERELICTION
- Failure to use due case 1.) FORMAL CONTRACT
- Not giving the case which - Those which cannot be
should be given under the perfected w/o compliance with
circumstances the special formalities required
- Failure to ask like allergy by the law such as donations &
3.) DIRECT CAUSATION mortages of real property
- Failure to use due case causes 2.) INFORMAL CONTRACT
injury - Result of written document or
- Failure to ask like allergy correspondence which the law
- Previous experience, the drugs does not require special
and reaction formalities
4.) DAMAGE OF INJURY 3.) EXPRESS CONTRACT
- Actual harm results - Those contract where the
consent of the parties is given
expressly in writing or verbally
LEGAL LIABILITY
4.) IMPLIED CONTRACT
- An RT has a personal and legal - Those contracts where the
obligation to provide a standard of client consent of the parties is not
care expected of a reasonably given expressly but is deducible
competent professional RT from the conduct or acts of the
parties such as an implied
LAW agency
- RT is governed by civil and criminal law
in roles as a provider of services, CLASSIFICATIONS OF DEFECTIVE CONTRACT
employees of institutions, and private
citizens
1.) VOIDABLE/ANNULLABLE CONTRACT
- Those where the contract of the party is
SOURCE OF THE LAW defective either because of incapacity
1.) CONSTITUTION to give consent or where the consent is
- Presidential decree vitiated by mistake, violence,
- Republic Act intimidation, undue influence or fraud
2.) LEGISLATURE
- Congress
 2.) VOID/INEXISTENCE CONTRACT
- Void abinitio
- Those which produce no legal
effect for they do not exist in
the eyes of the law

3.) UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT

- Those which cannot be
enforced in the court because
of the existence of the following
reasons
4.) RESCISSIBLE CONTRACT
- Those validity entered into by the
contracting parties, but for having
caused economic damage or lesion to
one party or to a third

CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS

1.) MURDER
2.) HOMICIDE
3.) PARRICIDE
4.) PATRICIDE
5.) MATRICIDE
6.) INFANTICIDE

MURDER
- Killing of another with criminal intention
- Any person who, not falling within the
provisions of Art. 246 shall kill another ,
shall be guilty of murder and shall be
punished by reclusion temporal

HOMICIDE
- Killing of another which may be
committed without criminal intention

PARRICIDE
- Killing of one’s father, mother, child,
spouse, ascendants or descendants

ABORTION
- Killing of fetus inside the uterus.

INFANTICIDE
- Killing of a child less than three days
old.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE - Forcible abduction of another
AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY 2.) ILLEGAL DETENTION
- Detaining a person without a warrant.
LESSON13:
3.) TRESPASSING
LEGAL ASPECTS AND RADIOLOGIC - Entering another personal house or
TECHNOLOGIST property without a warrant

➔ FELONY CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS

➔ MISDEMEANOR 1.) ILLEGAL GAMBLING
- Playing for money
CRIMINAL ACTS 2.) INDECENT EXPOSURE
1st DEGREE MURDER - Intentional exposure of one’s private
- Illegally killing another person with parts in public
motive 3.) PROSTITUTION
Premeditated - A crime committed by a women to
Felony murder engage a sexual intercourse for pay

2nd DEGREE MURDER CRIME AGAINST HONOR

- Killing another person without previous 1.) DEFAMATION
deliberation - Injury to the honor and reputation of
another
Stages of Crime - SLANDER: oral defamation
CONSUMATED - LIBEL: written/printed defamation
- All elements executed w/ successful
result CRIME AGAINST CHASTITY
FRUSTRATED 1. Rape – Forcible intercourse with a
- All elements executed w/o successful woman without her consent.
result 2. Adultery- Sexual intercourse of a
married woman with a man other than
ATTEMPTED
her husband.
- Not all elements executed, no
3. Concubinage- Cohabitation of a
successful result
married man with a woman other than
his wife.
DEGREE OF CRIMES
1.) GRAVE FELONIES CRIMES AGAINST THE CIVIL STATUS OF
- Capital punishment or penalty in which PERSON
in accordance with Art. 25 of this Code. 1. SIMULATION OF BIRTH
2.) LESS GRAVE FELONIES - Crime committed by one who enters in
- Penalty of 1 month and 1 day to 6years a birth certificate, a birth that did not
or fine of not more than 6 thousand occur
pesos but not less than 200 pesos 2. SUBSTITUTION OF ONE CHILD TO
3.) LIGHT FELONIES ANOTHER
- Penalty of 1 day to 30 days or fine more - Replacing one child with another
than 200 pesos 3. BIGAMY
- Contracting a second marriage when
CRIME AGAINST PROPERTY already legally married to another
1. Robbery- Unlawful taking of another
person’s property. CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST
2. Arson - Intentional burning of a person’s
1. FORGERY
house
- Altering a written documents for deceit.
2. PERJURY
Types of Arson
- Telling a lie under oath
1st degree arson
2nd degree arson
CRIMES CONNECTED WITH PUBLIC OFFICE
3rd degree arson
1.) GRAFT
- Dishonest transaction in public office
3. Sabotage - Intentional damage to the
2.) BRIBERY
property of the employer by the employee
- Receiving money or gifts in connection
with the performance of official duties
CRIMES AGAINST PERSONAL LIBERTY AND
3.) CORRUPTION
SECURITY
1.) KIDNAPPING
 - Giving money or gifts in connection with
the performance of his duties
CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIES ACCORDING
TO MEANS BY WHICH THEY ARE COMMITTED
1.) INTENTIONAL FELONIES
- Deceit (Dolo/Malice)
2.) CULPABLE FELONIES
- Fault (Culpa)
- Negligence
REQUISITES OF DOLO & CULPA
1.) DOLO
● Freedom
● Intelligence
● Intent
2.) CULPA
● Freedom
● Intelligence
● Imprudent, negligence or lack of
foresight or skill
Persons Criminally Liable for Felonies
A. Principal
The following are considered principals:
1. Those who take a direct part in the
execution of the act;
2. Those who directly force or induce
others to commit it;
3. Those who cooperate in the commission
of the offense by another act without
which it would not have been
accomplished.
B. Accomplices
C. Accessories
1. By profiting themselves or assisting the
offender to profit by the effects of the
crime.
2. By concealing or destroying the body of
the crime, or the effects or instruments
thereof, in order to prevent its
discovery.
3. By harboring, concealing, or assisting in
the escape of the principal of the crime,
provided the accessory acts with abuse
of his public functions or whenever the
author of the crime is guilty of treason,
parricide, murder, or an attempt to take
the life of the Chief Executive, or is
known to be habitually guilty of some
other crime.
PENALTIES FOR CRIMES
1.) ARRESTO MENOR
- Imprisonment from 1 day to 30 days
2.) ARRESTO MAYOR
- Imprisonment for 1 month and 1 day to 6
months
3.) PRISION CORRECTIONAL
- Imprisonment from 6 months and 1 day
to 6 years
4.) PRISION MAYOR
- Imprisonment from 6 years and 1 day to
10 years
5.) RECLUSION TEMPORAL
- Imprisonment for 12 years and 1 day to
20 years
6.) RECLUSION PERPETUA
- Life imprisonment
- No bail
7.) DEATH PENALTY
TYPES OF EXECUTIONS
1. Lethal injection
2. Gas chamber executions
3. Electric chair
4. Execution by firing squad
5. Death by hanging
6. Death by stoning
7. Death by beheading
8. Death by crucifixion
CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIES ACCORDING
TO THE DEGREE OF PUNISHMENT ATTACHED
TO IT
1.) GRAVE FELONY
- A fine exceeding P6,000.00
2.) LESS GRAVE FELONY
- A fine of P200.00-P6,000.00
3.) LIGHT FELONY
- A fine not exceeding P200.00
RA 7877 ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT
- An offense committed in a work-or
education-related environment by an
employer or manager, or teacher,
professor or coach against another over
whom he has authority, influence or
moral ascendancy, by requesting or
demanding sexual favors in return to
favorable treatment or privileges in
matters of employment, promotion, or
similar opportunities, regardless of
whether the demand or request is
accepted or not. Sec. 3, RA 7877
TWO TYPES OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT
Sexual coercion
- an act that has direct consequence to
the worker’s employment status, of gain
or loss of job benefits.
Sexual annoyance
- an act which has no direct relation to job
benefits or harm but creates a hostile
intimidating and bothersome work
environment.
MAJOR CHARACTERISTIC OF SEXUAL
HARASSMENT
● Behavior is unwanted/unwelcome
● Behavior is sexual or related to the sex
or gender of the person
 ● Behavior occurs in context of a
relationship where one person has more
formal power than the other or more
informal power.

Sexual harassment can occur once or several

times
● Sexual innuendos, comments or
bantering
● Asking or commenting about a person’s
sexuality
● Humor or jokes about sex or females in
general
● Persistent sexual attention
● Asking for sexual behavior
● Touching a person
● Touching or grabbing a person’s breast,
crotch, or buttocks
● Giving a neck or shoulder massage
● Leering or ogling
● Spreading rumors about a person’s
sexual activities
● Calling woman names such as “hot
stuff”, “cutie pie”, “bitch”, “whore”, or
slut.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE or a homogenization of cultures, akin to
AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY cultural evolution.
- Appreciating the society is made up of
LESSON15: CULTURAL SENSITIVITY diff groups w/ diff skills, talents and to
recognise people’s cultural beliefs,
CULTURAL SENSITIVITY norms, sexual orientation, religious
beliefs and language
- Is a set of skills that allows us to better
understand and add value to the belief,
concepts, and opinions of others TYPES OF DIVERSITY
different from ourselves.
- You are aware and accepting cultural
differences
- In healthcare, 1.) avoid medical
treatment due to culture; 2.) disparities
- inequality/unfairly treatment

TYPES OF DIVERSITY COMPETENCE

➔ Interacting with differences
- The ability to use
communication skills such as
active listening and
self-monitoring to not respond
with judgement and or unfair
treatment due to differences.
➔ Valuing differences
- refers to embracing diversity in
the workplace.
FOUR KEY CONCEPTS FOR CULTURAL
COMPETENCE
● Awareness
● Attitude
● Knowledge
● Skills
FOUR KEY CONCEPTS FOR CULTURAL
SENSITIVITY
➔ CULTURAL AWARENESS
- To provide quality care
- Esp. minority/ethnic groups
- Awareness means knowing
one’s own individuality &
behavior
➔ CULTURAL ATTITUDE
- Set of familiar values/beliefs
along specific groups & society
that influences one’s
understanding towards their
surrounding
➔ CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE
- Being open minded
- To learn new things to bringout
a healthy/happy relationship in
healthcare setting
➔ CULTURAL SKILLS
- Improving our ability to
communicate by listening,
self-awareness, and empathy
INTERNAL DIVERSITY
- Internal diversity characteristics are
ones related to situations that a person
is born into.
- Characteristics that we are born with
- What humans are born with that cannot
be change, w/c are the following:
● Race - physical characteristics
● Ethnicity - groups of people within a
race
● Age
● National origin
● Sexual orientation
● Cultural identity
● Gender identity
EXTERNAL DIVERSITY
- refers to characteristics that
significantly influence people's lives,
such as education levels, religion, and
family status.
- Characteristics of person that are not
born within and can be change
● Personal interests
● Education
● Appearance
● Citizenship
● Religious beliefs
● Location
● Familial status
● Relationship status
● Socioeconomic status
● Life experiences

CULTURAL DIVERSITY
- Cultural diversity is the quality of
diverse or different cultures, as opposed
to monoculture the global monoculture,
 3 Types of Marginalization
1. Economic marginalization
2. Political marginalization
3. Social marginalization

Causes of Marginalization
● Discrimination and bias
● Poverty
● Structural disadvantages

Effects of Marginalization
● Limited talent pools
● Criminal activity
● Mental health issues

CULTURAL SENSITIVITY AND

AWARENESS IN HEALTHCARE
ORGANIZATIONAL DIVERSITY ● Faith and Religious Beliefs
- refers to equality of opportunity and ● Social and Economic Sensitivity
employment without any bias because ● ]Trust and Respect
of the traits
- Position in workplace

● Job function
● Place of work
● Management status
● Employment status
● Pay type
● Seniority
● Union affiliation

WORLDVIEW DIVERSITY
- Views in the outside world
- Very easy to change

● Political belief
● Moral compass
● Outlook on life
● Epistemology

Marginalization/Social exclusion

- Marginalization, also referred to as

social exclusion, occurs when certain
groups of people get denied access to
areas of society. Many factors can lead
to this denial of access to institutions
and opportunities, including historical
bias and lack of funding.
- Lack of access, rights, opportunity
- More subtle intentional/unintentional
- Consequence of direct discrimination

● Race,
● gender or gender identity,
● Ability,
● sexual orientation,
● socioeconomic status,
● Sexuality,
● Age,
● and/or religion