Mlrsl trbfjjidf ab eusbmltfripbi

eusbmltfripbi I[BE
Qlrbjl

Qfsb ab abpdlei bj Eusbmltfripbi

Bd slstfhjl afddi eusbmi jfb

prlmfssb ab ipprfjabefjtl
ipprfjabefjtl

Ijjl 3;96

Mlrsbsti? Mgijtiddf Frbni Iddlefddl

Sfditlrf?
Sfditlrf? Altt.ssi Mdiuabi Dlrfjzb

9
Bjabmf hfjfridf

Bjtrlauzbljf ..............................................
.....................................................................
.........................................................
.......................................1
.....1
MI[BQLDL 9.............................................
9....................................................................
..............................................................6
.......................................6
9.9 ]vbduppl `ljldlhbml..................................
`ljldlhbml.........................................................
............................................
.............................
........0
0
9.3 Ipprfjabefjtl afddi dftturi, afddi smrbtturi f afd midmldl.............................8
9.= ]trutturf mfrfcridb mlbjvldtf jfddi dftturi, jfddi smrbtturi f jfd midmldl.........7
9.1 B sbstfeb bepdbmitb jfb prlmfssb ab ipprfjabefjtl (tflrbi ab Efd Dfvbjf)...91
9.1.9 ]bstfei afd pfjsbfrl slmbidf................................................................96
9.1.3 ]bstfei pfrmfttbvl............................................
pfrmfttbvl...................................................................
....................................96
.............96
9.1.= ]bstfei ab mljtrlddl afdd'ittfjzbljf.....................................................90
9.1.1 ]bstfei ejfeljbml....................................
ejfeljbml...........................................................
.........................................98
..................98
9.1.6 ]bstfei dbjhubstbml..........................................
dbjhubstbml.................................................................
.....................................3;
..............3;
9.1.0 ]bstfei ab lrabjiefjtl spizbidf f sfqufjzbidf...................................39
9.1.8 ]bstfei eltlrbl.....................................
eltlrbl............................................................
..............................................
.......................33
33
9.1.7 ]bstfei afd pfjsbfrl supfrblrf............................................................3=
9.6 [sbmldlhbi afdd'ipprfjabefjtl.........................................
afdd'ipprfjabefjtl.....................................................................3=
............................3=
9.6.9 @ittlrb hfjftbmb...............................................
hfjftbmb.....................................................................................31
......................................31
9.6.3 Df felzbljb..........................................
felzbljb.................................................................
.....................................
........................
..........31
31
9.6.= D'bj`dufjzi afb mlftijfb.......................................................................
mlftijfb.......................................................................36 36
9.6.1 Df fspfrbfjzf faumitbvf.............................................
faumitbvf.......................................................................36
..........................36
9.6.6 B vidlrb mudturidb...................................................................................30
9.6.0 B `ittlrb `iebdbirb..................................................................................30
MI[BQLDL 3.............................................
3....................................................................
............................................................38
.....................................38
3.9 Absturcb spfmb`bmb afdd'ipprfjabefjtl..............
afdd'i pprfjabefjtl.....................................
............................................38
.....................38
3.9.9 Bpltfsb fzbldlhbmgf.............................................
fzbldlhbmgf...............................................................................38
..................................38
3.9.3 Absdfssbi..................................................
Absdfssbi.........................................................................
.............................................32
......................32
3.9.= Abshri`bi....................................................
Abshri`bi......................................................................................
..........................................
........=;
=;
3.9.1 Abslrtlhri`bi..............................................
Abslrtlhri`bi.....................................................................
.........................................
...................=9
.=9
3.9.6 Absmidmudbi..........................................................
Absmidmudbi..................................................................................
.................................
.........==
==
3.3 Absturcl ai af`bmbt ab ittfjzbljf............................................................
ittfjzbljf..................................................................=1 ......=1
3.= Mlelrcbdbtë........................................
Mlelrcbdbtë...............................................................
..............................................
...................................=6
............=6
3.1 Ispfttl feltbvl rfdizbljidf........................................................................
rfdizbljidf........................................................................=8 =8
MI[BQLDL =.............................................
=....................................................................
............................................................=2
.....................................=2
=.9 Eusbmi f ismldtl.........................................
ismldtl................................................................
............................................
..........................=2
.....=2
=.3 Eusbmi f dbjhuihhbl..............................
dbjhuihhbl.....................................................
........................................
...............................
..............1;
1;
=.= Eusbmi f icdbtë vbsul-spizbidb.....................................................................19
=.1 Eusbmi f pfrmfzbljf...........................................
pfrmfzbljf....................................................................................
.........................................1=
1=
=.6 Eusbmi f ittfjzbljf.........................................
ittfjzbljf................................................................
.........................................
.....................11
...11
=.0 Eusbmi f efelrbi.........................................
efelrbi.......................................................................................
..............................................16
16
=.8 Eusbmi f elvbefjtl.................................
elvbefjtl........................................................
.........................................
...........................
.........16
16
=.7 Di eusbmi f b prlmfssb mlhjbtbvb supfrblrb...................................................10
=.2 Di eusbmi f df rfdizbljb slmbidb ..................................................................10
=.9; Di eusbmi f df felzbljb........................................
felzbljb............................................................................18
....................................18

3
MI[BQLDL 1.............................................
1....................................................................
............................................................12
.....................................12
1.9 Eusbmi f A]I idd'bjtfrjl afddi smuldi prbeirbi..........................................12
1.3 ]truefjtb utbdbzzitb...........................................................
utbdbzzitb.............................................................................
...........................
.........6;
6;
1.= Eftlaldlhbi....................................
Eftlaldlhbi...........................................................
..............................................
......................................66
...............66
1.=.9 Bjmljtrb..........................................
Bjmljtrb.................................................................
..............................................
................................66
.........66
1.=.3 Bd sfttbjh...............................................
sfttbjh......................................................................
.........................................
.........................66
.......66
1.=.= Lcbfttbvb............................................
Lcbfttbvb...................................................................
...................................................
............................66
66
1.=.1 ]trutturi bjmljtrb...........................................
bjmljtrb..................................................................
......................................
...............60
60
1.1 Sbsudtitb............................................
Sbsudtitb...................................................................
..............................................
.....................................62
..............62
1.6 Eusbmi, dbcrb f `ijtisbi................................................................................09
1.6.9 ]truefjtb utbdbzzitb....................................................
utbdbzzitb...........................................................................
...........................09
....09
1.6.3 Bjmljtrb..........................................
Bjmljtrb.................................................................
..............................................
................................09
.........09
1.6.= Bd sfttbjh...............................................
sfttbjh......................................................................
.........................................
.........................09
.......09
1.6.1 Lcbfttbvb............................................
Lcbfttbvb...................................................................
...................................................
............................03
03
1.6.6 ]trutturi bjmljtrb............................................
bjmljtrb...................................................................
......................................
...............03
03
1.0 Eusbmi f asi jfddi smuldi sfmljairbi..........................................................06
1.0.9 ]truefjtb utbdbzzitb....................................................
utbdbzzitb...........................................................................
...........................06
....06
1.0.3 Bjmljtrb..........................................
Bjmljtrb.................................................................
..............................................
................................06
.........06
1.0.= Bd sfttbjh...............................................
sfttbjh......................................................................
.........................................
.........................06
.......06
1.0.1 Lcbfttbvb............................................
Lcbfttbvb...................................................................
...................................................
............................06
06

1.81.0.6 ]trutturi bjmljtrb

Mljsbafrizbljb ..............................................................
.................................................................................00
pfrsljidb.................................... ...................00
pfrsljidb.............................................................................
.........................................08
08
Iddfhitl9 ? Icstrimt su [rlmfssb slttlstijtb iddi mleprfjsbljf afd tfstl ..............07
Iddfhitl 3? Mljsbafrizbljb afddf bjsfhjijtb mlbjvldtf jfd prlhfttl......................02
Iddfhitl 3? Mljsbafrizbljb afddf bjsfhjijtb mlbjvldtf jfd prlhfttl
eusbmi f asi...........................................
asi...................................................................
............................................................
........................................02
....02
Iddfhitl =? Mljsbafrizbljb afddf bjsfhjijtb mlbjvldtf jfd prlhfttl
eusbmi ,dbcrb f `ijtisbi.................................................
`ijtisbi........................................................................
...........................................89
....................89
Iddfhitl 1? Sfdizbljf Bjsfhjijtf rf`frfjtf asi prfssl
bstbtutl Eirmljb
Eirm ljb (Bepfrbi)...............................................................
(Bepfrbi)......................................................................................
.......................8=
8=
Iddfhitl 6? Icstrimt f triauzbljf irtbmldl bj bjhdfsf........................................
bjhdfsf............................................86
....86
Cblhri`bi..........................................
Cblhri`bi.................................................................
..............................................
................................................80
.........................80
Abspfjsf.................................................................................................................88
]btlhri`bi..............................................
]btlhri`bi.....................................................................
..............................................
...........................................
....................88
88

=
Bjtrlauzbljf

Df abihjlsb ab absturcb ab ipprfjabefjtl f af`bmbt ittfjtbvb

ittfjtbvb sljl sfeprf pbò
juefrlsf. Mlef eib<
]fecri mgf b ciecbjb prfsfjtbjl uj mrfsmfjtf absihbl psbmldlhbml sbi sud vfrsijtf

mlhjbtbvl mgf su qufddl feltbvl, i``f

i``fttbvl
ttbvl f rfdizbljid
rfdizbljidf.
f.
Jfd prbel mipbtldl sb pljf d'ittfjzbljf su quidb sbijl df `ujzbljb jfurlfvldut
jfurlfvldutbvf
bvf
iddi cisf afdd'ipprfjabefjtl f , slprittuttl, quidb sbijl b `ittlrb psbmldlhbmb mgf
spbjhljl uj ciecbjl idd'bjtfjzbljidbtë afdd'ipprfjabefj
afdd'ipprfjabefjtl.
tl.
Jfd sfmljal mipbtldl d'ittfjzbljf vbfjf plsti suddf mleprlebssbljb
mleprlebssbljb afb suaaftt
suaafttbb
efmmijbseb.
Bd mipbtldl summfssbvl
summfssbvl bjaihi su mlef di eusbmi, sbi mlef vidlrf abai
abaittbml
ttbml mgf
mlef fdfefjtl mgf `ivlrbsmf
`ivlrbsmf di rfdizbljf f di mleprfjsbljf afd prlprbl eljal
bjtfrblrf, ibutb eldtbssbel tuttb b prlmfssb mgf `ivlrbsmljl d'ipprfjabefjtl
smldistbml.
D'udtbel mipbtldl rbhuirai di rbmfrmi
rbmfrmi mljaltti su sfb mdissb afddi smuldi prbeirbi f
uj hruppl ab rihizzb afddi smuldi sfmljairbi ab sfmljal hrial. Mlj di prfzblsi
mlddiclrizbljf
mlddiclrizbljf afdd'fqubpf afd [rl`
[rl`.. @rijmfsml Cfjsl jfurlpsbm
jfurlpsbmldlhl
ldlhl mdbjbml f
afddi sui fqubpf, su auf afddf mdissb afddi smuldi prbeirbi sljl stitb sleebjbstritb
sleebjbstritb
b tfst pfr vidutirf b dbvfddb afd sbstfei ittfjtbvl-fsfmutbvl f afddi efelrbi prbei
f alpl hdb bjtfrvfjtb eusbmidb .

1
 MI[BQLDL 9

D‒I[[SFJABEFJQL AFDDI DFQQVSI, ]MSBQQVSI F MIDMLDL

Jfddi prbei bj`ijzbi sb bepiri i pirdirf bj eijbfri spljtijfi , ei jlj ç

idtrfttijtl spljtijfl d'ipprfjabefjtl afddi smrbtturi f afddi dftturi.

[fr bepirirf i dfhhfrf, i smrbvfrf f i `ir ab mljtl iccbiel cbslhjl ab uji hubai f
tuttl mbó ivvbfjf bj ftë pbò ivijziti rbspfttl i quijal iccbiel bepiritl i
pirdirf f ab sldbtl qufstl summfaf quijal sb bjbzbi ia ijairf i smuldi.
Bj issfjzi ab smldirbzzizbljf df icbdbtë ab smrbttur
smrbtturii f dftturi
dftturi jlj sb svbduppijl
jljlstijtf jlj vb sbi idmuji mleprlebssblj
mleprlebssbljff afddf mipimbtë mlhjbtbvf.
B ditbjb abmfvijl —smrbpti eijfjt, vfrci vldijt — mgf trialtti dfttfridefjtf
sbhjb`bmi df pirldf vldijl, hdb smrbttb rbeijhljl , bj f``fttb
f``fttb bd dbjhuihhbl pirditl sb
usi aurijtf uji absmussbljf f plb vldi vbi, efjtrf, di smrbtturi pfreijf jfd
tfepl f jfddl spizbl. Di smrbtturi sb prlbftti jfd `uturl f mljtfeplrijfiefjtf
hirijtbsmf uj dfhief mlj bd pissitl.
Di smrbtturi ç di ripprfsfjtizbljf abrftti afd dbjhuihhbl lridf f prfmbsiefjtf
afddi sui strutturi `ljldlhbmi.

9.9 ]vbduppl `ljldlhbml

Dl svbduppl `ljldlhbml ç bd prlmfssl efabijtf bd quidf sb bepiri i ripprfsfjtirf

efjtidefjtf b suljb mgf mirittfrbzzijl di jlstri dbjhui, df strutturf sbddicbmgf bj

mub qufstb suljb sb plssljl mlecbjirf jfddf pirldf f df struttur

strutturff prlslabmgf>
qufstf ripprfsfjtizbljb efjtidb hubaijl plb bd jlstrl ippiritl irtbmlditlrbl
(clmmi, eijabcldi, diccri, fmm.) pfr di prlauzbljf afddf pirldf. Qri b 1 f b 6 ijjb sb
svbduppi qufddi mlepftfjzi jfmfssirbi pfr di dfttl-smrbtturi mgf ç di mlepftfjzi
efti`ljldlhbmi, lssbi di mipimbtë ab rb`dfttfrf suddi `ljldlhbi afddf pirldf
bjabpfjafjtfefjtf aid dlrl sbhjb`bmitl.
Yufstl tbpl ab mljsipfvldfzzi `ljldlhbmi rbhuirai idmujf mipimbtë mlef qufddi ab
sipfr rbmljlsmfrf f rbprlaurrf rbef, sfhefjtirf f `ljafrf df sbddicf, bafjtb`bmirf

6
di sbddici bjbzbidf f `bjidf f rbmljlsmfrjf d'uhuihdbijzi bj pirldf abvfrsf.
Di mlepftfjzi `ljldlhbmi f efti`ljldlhbmi
efti`ljldlhbmi sljl df mldljjf plrtijtb
afdd‒ipprfjabefjtl afddi dfttl-smrbtturi pfrmgâ b ciecbjb, su qufddf mlepftfjzf,
mlstrubsmljl
mlstrubsmljl bd pissihhbl aid dbjhuihhbl pirditl id dbjhuihhbl smrbttl.

Bd ciecbjl, mgf qubjab spfrbefjt

spfrbefjtii bd pissihhbl aid pirditl iddl smrbttl
smrbttl,, afvf fssfrf
mljsipfvldf
mljsipfvl df mgf mbó mgf smrbvf jlj ç pbò di ripprfs
ripprfsfjtizbljf
fjtizbljf hri`bm
hri`bmii afddi pirldi
(absfhjl), ei mbó mgf smrbvf sljl b suljb mlrrbspljafjtb i qufddi pirldi.
Quttl qufstl rbfsmf i `irdl quijal ç bj hrial ab pfrmfpbrf b suljb sbjhldb
(Efti`ljldlhbi [rl`ljai) f ab mipbrf mgf qufstb suljb afvljl rbspfttirf uji
sfqufjzi prfmbsi.
—]ldl mlj dl svbduppl mlepdftl afddi mlepftfjzi
mlepftfjzi `ljldlhbmi
`ljldlhbmi sb puó irrbvirf iddi

izbljf sljlri afb hri`feb — (]tfddi, 3;;2)

ripprfsfjtizbljf
ripprfsfjt

9.3 Ipprfjabefjtl afddi dftturi, afddi smrbtturi f afd midmldl

Vti @rbtg (9276) f ]fyelur (9276) , pirtfjal ai stuab f``fttuitb

f``fttuitb su ciecbjb
bjhdfsb, gijjl prlplstl uj elafddl ab dftturi f smrbtturi pfr spbfhirf mlef sb
svbduppijl df virbf mlepljfjtb afd prlmfssl ab ipprfjabef
ipprfjabefjtl
jtl fa gijjl
bjabvbauitl
bjabvba uitl quittrl stiab abpfjafjtb tri dlrl ?
9.]tiabl Dlhlhri`bml

3.]tiabl Id`icftbml
=.]tiabl Lrtlhri`bml

1.]tiabl Dfssbmidf
Dl stiabl dlhlhri`bml ç di prbei tippi afd prlmfssl ab ipprfjabefjtl f mljsbstf
jfdd'bepirirf i rbmljlsmfrf uji pirldi suddi cisf afddf suf mirittfrbstbmgf
hri`bmgf ( fs? bd hruppl ee jfddi pirldi eieei). Bd ciecbjl absfhji df pirldf
mlef sf `lssfrl bd dlhl mgf sti id plstl afdd'lhhfttl, mlj di ab``frfjzi mgf utbdbzzi
sfhjb mljvfjzbljidb pbuttlstl mgf rbprlaurrf df mirittfrbstbmgf `bsbmgf afdd'lhhfttl.
Bj qufsti `isf imqubsbsmf di mipimbtë ab rbmljlsmfrf df pirldf ei bj uj juefrl
dbebtitl
dbebtitl bj quijtl jlj ç bj hrial ab ddfhhfrf
fhhfrf df pirldf mgf jlj ippirtfjhljl id

0
sul miepl vbsbvl. Eijmi mljsipfvldfzzi suddi strutturi `ljldlhbmi afddf pirldf.
Dl stiabl id`icftbml
id`icftbml ç di `isf bj mub bd ciecbjl bjbzbi i mlstrubrf bd efmmijbsel ab
rbmlab`bmizbljf `ljldlhbmi, bepiri ia ijidbzzirf di pirldi dfttfri pfr dfttfri f df
dfttfrf sljl efssf bj mlrrbspljafjzi mlj b suljb,sb isslmbi qubjab hri`fei i

`ljfei. ]b bjbzbijl, bj qufstl stiabl, i dfhhfrf pirldf julvf.

Aurijtf dl stiabl lrtlhri`bml bd ciecbjl bepiri i rbmljlsmfrf f ia ippdbmirf df
rfhldf ab mljvfrsbljf `ljfei-hri`fei i pirtb afddi pirldi? sbddicf, elr`feb, fmm.
Ç di `isf bj mub sb mleprfjaf mgf df pirldf vfjhljl sfhefjtitf bj ujbtë pbò
hrijab rbspfttl iddf sbjhldf dfttfrf . Pfjhljl `bssitf df fmmfzbljb iddi
mlrrbspljafjzi hri`fei-`ljfei (fs? hgbrl/hbrl).
Jfddl stiabl dfssbmidf bd ciecbjl sb stimm
stimmii aiddi jfmfssbtë ab utbdbzzir
utbdbzzirff b prlmfssb
pirzbidb f bepiri i divlrir
divlrirff su ujbtë vbsbvf hdlcidb rbmljlsmfjal di pirldi mlef
ujbtë altiti ab sbhjb`bmitl.
Yufstl elafddl bpltbzzi uji strutturi fvldutbvi mgf prfvfaf bd pissihhbl ai uji
`isf idd'idtri, f df virbf `isb sb summfaljl bjtfhrijalsb rfmbprlmiefjtf pfr
rihhbujhfrf d'iutleitbzzizbljf afb prlmfssb.
D'ipprfjabefjtl
D'ipprfjabef jtl afddi smrbtturi, i sui vldti, sb puó abvbafrf bj auf sstiab?
tiab?
9.]tiabl `ljldlhbml
3.]tiabl lrtlhri`bml
Jfddl stiabl `ljldlhbml, bd ciecbjl, usi rfhldf ab mlrrbspljafjzi `ljfeb-hri`feb
efjtrf aurijtf dl stiabl lrtlhri`bml usi ripprfsfjtizbljb dfssbmidb afddi stfssi

pirldi.
D'ipprfjabefjtl afb prlmfssb ab midmldl ivvbfjf bj 1 `isb?
9.;-3 ijjb? Mljlsmfjzi juefrbmi prf-vfrci
prf-vfrcidf
df ab tbpl quijtbtitbvl
3.3-1 ijjb?]vbduppl afddf icbdbtë ab mljtfhhbl
=.=-0 ijjb?]vbduppl afddf icbdbtë ab dftturi f smrbtturi afd juefrl
1.[rbef `isb ab ipprfjabefj
ipprfjabefjtl
tl smldistbml? svbduppl afb efmmijbse
efmmijbsebb ab midmldl

8
9.= ]trutturf mfrfcridb
mfrfcridb mlbjvldtf jfddi dftturi, jfddi smrbtturi f jfd midmldl

Jfddi dftturi

Vji stbeldizbljf vbsbvi mljtbjui vfrsl aftfrebjitb lhhfttb pfrefttf ab i``bjirf di

mipimbtë pfrmfttbvi rbhuiral ia fssb, uj ippissbljitl ab iutl,pfr fsfepbl,

rbmljlsmfrë i mldpl a
rbmljlsmfrë a'lmmgbl
'lmmgbl di eirmi f di tbpldlhbi ab uji vftturi
vftturi,, lppurf uji
pfrslji mgf vbvf bj miepihji ivrë uji eihhblrf beefabitfzzi jfd rbmljlsmfrf
uji quidbtë ab `dlri l `iuji rbspfttl ia uji mgf vbvf bj uj iecbfjtf efjl rbmml
ai qufstl pujtl ab vbsti.
Yufstl efmmijbsel
efmmijbsel ivvbfjf ijmgf mlj df pirldf. Hdb iaudtb pissijl hrij pirtf
afddi vbti dfhhfjal fa gijjl mlsä imqubsbtl di mipimbtë ab rbmljlsmfrf df pirldf
mlj hrijaf f``bmbfjzi.
[fr mleprfjafrf b efmmijbseb mfrfcridb mlbjvldtb jfd prlmfssl ab smrbtturi f
dftturi,
dftturi, cbslhji tfjfrf prfsfjtf mgf df `ujzbljb mlhjbtbvf jlj gijjl sfaf bj uj
mfjtrl jfrvlsl ujbml? pfr d'fspdftiefjtl ab uj quidujquf prlmfssl efjtidf ç
jfmfssirbl uj bjtfrl sbstfei ab irff mlrtbmidb bjtbeiefjtf mlddfhitf tri dlrl, mgf
divlrijl bj sbjtljbi f sb bjtfhrijl.
Df zljf mlbjvldtf jfd efmmijbsel afddi dftturi sljl?
9.Mlrtfmmbi
9.Mlrtfmmbi vbsbvi prbeirbi? Aiddi rftbji d'bj`lreiz
d'bj`lreizbljf
bljf pissi iddi mlrtfmm
mlrtfmmbi
bi vbsbvi
prbeirbi mgf ç uj'irfi idtiefjtf spfmbidbzziti pfr bd prlmfssiefjtl
afdd'bj`lreizbljf
afdd'bj`lreizbljf rbhuiraijtf di `lrei f di mlddlmizbljf ab lhhfttb stitbmb fa bd dlrl
elvbefjtl jfd miepl vbsbvl.

3.Irff mlrtbmidb vbsbvf ab lrabjf supfrblrf? ç d'irfi alvf ivvbfjf d'ijidbsb vbsbvi
fdfefjtirf, lssbi bd rbmljlsmbefjtl afd sbecldl
=.Mlrtfmmbi isslmbitbvi pirbftl-tfeplrl-lmmbpbtidf?
pirbftl-tfeplrl-lmmbpbtidf? Afplsbtl ab rippr
ripprfsfjtizbljb
fsfjtizbljb
lrtlhri`bmgf afddf pirldf? ç di zlji bjmirbmiti ab —vfafrf― df dfttfrf f rfjafrf
iutleitbml bd prlmfssl ab rbmljlsmbefjtl afddf pirldf
1.Irfi ab Xfrjbmnf ? di `lrei vbsbvi afddf pirldf vbfjf mljvfrtbti bj `lrei sljlri

6.Irfi ab Crlmi? qub sb ittbvi bd prlhrieei jfurleltlrbl pfr di prlauzbljf afd

suljl (clmmi,
(clmmi, dbjhui
dbjhui,, dirbjhf )

7
0.Irfi afddi mlrtfmmbi
mlrtfmmbi eltrbm
eltrbmf?
f? Ai qub sb abpirtljl hdb bepuds
bepudsbb eltlrb vldljtir
vldljtirbb
pfr tuttb b eusmldb

Bd dbjhuihhbl, pfró, gi ijmgf `lrtb mljtfjutb felzbljidb fsprfssb mlj abvfrsb

efzzb? tljl afddi vlmf (eljltlji, strbaudi, fmmbtiti, suiafjtf, eusbmidf,
eusbmidf,
mljvbjmfjtf), hfstb, ebebmi `immbidf
`immbidf fa ittfhhbiefjtb >d'irfi prfplsti i qufsti
afmlab`bmi ç qufddi afstri.
D‒febs`frl afstrl ç spfmbidbzzitl jfddi pfrmfzbljf ab `bhurf, strutturf f mljtfstb

jfddi dlrl hdlcidbtë. Ç di sfaf afdd‒bjmljsmbl, usi uj dbjhuihhbl `ittl ab beeihbjb f

pfr qufstl fvlmitbvl.
fvlmitbvl. Bj idtrb tfrebjb ç bd dbjhuihhbl afb slhjb, beeihbjitbvl f
pfrsuisbvl, `i usl ab i`lrbseb, ijfaaltb, efti`lrf, prfsmrbzbljb mleplrtiefjtidb,
fmm.
F‒ qubjab slhjitlrf, sbecldbml, i``fttbvl f sb sfjtf pirtf ab uj tuttl . Fdiclri df
bj`lreizbljbb bj elal bjtubtbvl f beefabitl, plssbfaf uj dbjhuihhbl issib plvfrl.
bj`lreizblj
Jlj plssbfaf bd mljmfttl ab spizbl-tfepl.

2
Jfddi smrbtturi

—....mlef tuttb b prlmfssb mlhjbtbvb, ijmgf bd prlmfssl ab smrbtturi ç uj‒ icbdbtë

mlepdfssi mgf abpfjaf
abpfjaf ai abvfrsf mlepljfjt
mlepljfjtbb , lhjuji afddf quidb mljtrbcubsm
mljtrbcubsmff
bj elal spfmb`bml i tris`lreirf bj `lrei hri`febmi bj`lreizbljb vfrcidb

ismldtitf l pfjsitf ― ^ Cfrjbjhfr f Xgbtinfr 922=U

Di smrbtturi eijuidf
eijuidf jlj ç uj sfepdbmf ittl ab mllrabjizbljf eijuidf, ei uji
mlepdfssi `usbljf tri icbdbtë eltlrbf, mllrabjizbljf vbsul-eltlrbi, pfrmfzbljf,
sfjsbcbdbtë tittbdf f mbjfstfsbmi. Df mlepljfjtb eltlrbf mlrrfditf iddf pfr`lreijmf
ab smrbtturi eijuidf mleprfjaljl bd mljtrlddl eltlrbl `bjf (eijbpldizbljf
eijuidf, bjtfhrizbljf cbditfridf,
cbditfridf, pdijjbjh eltlrbl), d'bjtfhr
d'bjtfhrizbljf
izbljf vbsul-eltlrbi,
di pfrmfzbljf vbsbvi, di mfjfstfsb, df elaidbtë sfjslrbidb, d'ittfjzbljf slstfjuti.
Di eijbpldizbljf eijuidf `i pirtf afd mljtrld
mljtrlddl
dl eltlrbl `bjf f mljsbstf jfddi
mipimbtë ab ihhbustirf hdb lhhfttb jfddi eijl alpl ivfrdb i``frritb.
D'bjtfhrizbljf cbditfridf (d'icbdbtë ab mlepbfrf elvbefjtb afd mlrpl sbeeftrbmb f
isbeeftrbmbb aurijtf uj'ittbvbtë) f bd pdijjbjh eltlrbl sljl fdfefjtb beplrtijt
isbeeftrbm beplrtijtbb
afd mljtrlddl eltlrbl `bjf aurijtf di smrbtturi eijuidf? fssi ç mlstbtubti pfr di
eihhblr pirtf ab elvbefjtb isbeeftrbmb. Df icbdbtë ab pdijjbjh eltlrbl sljl
pirtbmldirefjtf
pirtbmldirefjtf beplrtijtb quijal bd ciecbjl bepiri pfr di prbei vldti i
smrbvfrf,
smrbvfrf, f mblç quijal sb bjbzbijl elvbefjtb julvb.
D'bjtfhrizbljf vbsul-eltlrbi ç uji virbicbdf beplrtijtf jfddi smrbtturi eijuidf,
af`bjbti mlef d'icbdbtë ab mllrabjirf df bj`lreizbljb vbsbvf mlj uji rbsplsti

eltlrbi.
D'icbdbtë mbjfstfsbmi
mbjfstfsbmi ç di mipimbtë ab absmrbebjirf di plsbzbljf, d'iepbfzzi f di
abrfzbljf afb elvbefjtb afd prlprbl mlrpl, sfjzi uj `ffacimn
`ffacimn vbsbvl l uabtbvl.
Fssi bj`dufjzi di prfssbljf mlj mub sb i``frri dl struefjtl hri`bml, d'icbdbtë ab
smrbvfrff utbdbzzijal df rbhgf f `lrjbsmf bj`lreizbljb suddi abrfzbljf jfddi
smrbvfr
`lreizbljf afddf dfttfrf.
Ippuriti di mlepdfssbtë afddl svbduppl afddi smrbtturi eijuidf f afddf suf
mlepljfjtbb vfabiel quidb irff mfrfcr
mlepljfjt mfrfcridb
idb rbsudtbjl mlbjvldtf jfd prlmfssl ab

9;
smrbtturi eijuidf.

Jfd midmldl

—.........Lvvbiefjtf di jlstrf icbdbtë

icbdbtë juefrbmgf jlj sb fsiurbsmljl mlj di mipimbtë

ab `lreirmb uji ripprfsfjtizbljf afddi juefrlsbtë, ijmgf sf qufsti mipimbtë

mipimbtë

bjtubtbvi, jituridf fa bjjiti mlstbtubsmf

mlstbtubsmf di cisf su mub, ittrivfrsl d'ipprfjabefj
d'ipprfjabefjtl
tl

ab struefjtb mudturidb , quidb b sbstfeb

sbstfeb sbecldbmb f df prlmfaurf `lreidb ab midmldl,

mlstrubiel di jlstri mlepftfjzi eitfeitbmi .― (Cuttfrwlrtg, 3;;;).

Ei mlef sljl ripprfsfjtitf qufstf abvfrsf mljlsmfjzf jfd jlstrl mfrvfddl< Bd

pbò bj`dufjtf elafddl mlhjbtbvl afddi mlhjbzbljf juefrbmi, prlplstl ai Afgifjf
(3;;1), issuef mgf di jlstri efjtf ripprfsfjtb b juefrb bj trf abvfrsb mlabmb? bd
mlabmf vbsul-iricbml, mgf ripprfsfjti b juefrb mlef strbjhgf ab mb`rf , bd mlabmf
uabtbvl-vfrcidf, mgf ripprfsfjti b juefrb mlef sfqufjzf sbjtittbmiefjtf
lrhijbzzitf ab pirldf (fs., aufmfjtltrfjtimbjquf) fa uj mlabmf ijidlhbml ab
quijtbtë, bj mub b juefrb sljl ripprfsfjtitb
ripprfsfjtitb mlef plrzbljb ab ittbvi
ittbvizbljf
zbljf dujhl
uj'bpltftbmii dbjfi juefrbmi efjtidf. ]ldl qufst'udtbel mlabmf mljtbfjf
uj'bpltftbm

99
bj`lreizbljbb suddi quijtbtë rippr
bj`lreizblj ripprfsfjti
fsfjtiti
ti ai uj sbecldl juefrbml f sb issuef
mgf tidb bj`lreizbljb sbijl ipprlssbeitbvf. Yufsti ripprfsfjtizbljf sirfccf di
cisf ab qufddi sfjsbcbdbtë bjjiti iddi juefrlsbt
juefrlsbtëë mgf frfabtbiel aid eljal
ijbeidf f mgf hubai d'ipprfjabefjtl afddi eitfeitbmi `lreidf.

D'febs`frl sbjbstrl, fa bj pirtbmldirf df irff mljjfssf id dbjhuihhbl, sirfccfrl

afputitff idd'fdiclrizbljf afd mlabmf juefrbml uabtbvl-vfrcidf, efjtrf hdb idtrb
afputit
auf mlabmb rfmdutfrfccfrl mbrmubtb ripprfsfjtitb bj fjtriecb hdb febs`frb. Bd mlabmf
vbsul-iricbml
vbsul-iricbml sirfccf fdiclrit
fdiclritl
l i dbvfddl afddf irff lmmbpbtl-tfeplridb, prlssbef
iddf rfhbljb mfrfcridb
mfrfcridb mgf sippbiel fssfrf mrumbidb pfr d'ijidbsb afddi `lrei afhdb
stbeldb vbsbvb, efjtrf bd mlabmf ijidlhbml ab quijtbtë trlvfrfccf bd sul mlrrfditl
jfuridf jfddi pirtf bj`frblrf afd dlcl pirbftidf ab fjtriecb hdb febs`frb. Jf
mljsfhuf mgf abvfrsb mlepbtb ab midmldl rfmdutfrijjl
rfmdutfrijjl idefjl bj
b j pirtf abstbjtb
mbrmubtb mfrfcridb (Afgijf, lp. mbt.). Dl svldhbefjtl ab uj midmldl fsittl ittbvi irff
afdd'febs`frl sbjbstrl prbeirbiefjtf isslmbitf idd'fdiclrizbljf dbjhubstbmi,
ivvidlrijal
ivvidlrijal d'bpltfsb mgf df mljlsmfjzf ab midmldl iutleitbmgf sbijl mlab`bmitf bj
`lreitl
`lreitl vfrcidf. Yuijal bd mlepbtl rbmgbfaf bjvfmf uji stbei ipprlssbeitbvi
ipprlssbeitbvi afd
rbsudtitl
rbsudtitl ab uji lpfrizbljf sljl df irff mlrtbmidb dlmidbzzi
dlmidbzzitf
tf jfb dlcb pirbfti
pirbftidbdb ia
fssfrf ittbvf, pfrmgâ pfr rbspljafrf ç prlprbl uji ripprfsfjtizbljf
ipprlssbeitbvi
ipprlssbeitbvi afddf quijtbtë bj hblml ia fssfrf jfmfssirbi. D'bpltfsb mgf bd sldml
bjtripirbftidf sbi sfaf afddi jlstri sfjsbcbdbtë id mljmfttl ab quijtbtë,
bjabpfjafjtfefjtf aid `lreitl mlj mub ç fsprfssi, ç mlj`freiti aid `ittl mgf di

sui ittbvizbljf mirittfrbzzi mlepbtb ab mlepirizbljf sbi ab mb`rf mgf ab juefrlsbtë

jlj sbecldbmgf, mlef di mlepirizbljf ab bjsbfef ab pujtb l ab suljb (lp. mbt.).
Aitl mgf tidf mlepftfjzi ç bd rbsudtitl ab mbó mgf mljabvbabiel mlj abvfrsf spfmbf
ijbeidb, ç plssbcbdf mgf irff mfrfcr
mfrfcridb
idb ijidlhgf i qufddf bafjtb`bmit
bafjtb`bmitff jfdd'ulel
sbijl bafjtb`bmicbdb ijmgf jfd mfrvfddl ab idtrf spfmbf ijbeidb. Qidf fvbafjzi ç stiti
rbsmljtriti hrizbf i sl`bstbmitf tfmjbmgf ab rfhbstrizbljf bjtrimfddudirf mgf gijjl
pfrefssl ab bafjtb`bmirf, i dbvfddl afddf irff pirbftidb ab smbeebf, jfurljb mgf
rbspljaljl bj elal sfdfttbvl
sfdfttbvl iddf bj`lreizbljb juefrbmgf (Jfbafr f Ebddfr
Ebddfr,,

93
3;;3).
]b fvbjmf mgf hdb stuab ab jfurlsmbfjz
jfurlsmbfjzff gijjl lreib sticbdbtl mgf lhjb
mleplrtiefjtl
mleplrtiefjtl ç fsprfssbljf ab uji `ujzbljf afd mfrvfddl. ]fmljal qufstl
prbjmbpbl di efjtf vi mljsbafriti
mljsbafriti mlef bd prlalttl ab uj hruppl ab `ujzbljb

mfrfcridb
D‒ittbvbtë fdfttrbmi f slprittuttl d‒ittbvbtë mgbebmi afd mfrvfddl stijjl qubjab iddi
cisf ijmgf ab mlepdfssf eijb`fstizbljb mlhjbtbvf f i``fttbvf mlef bd pfjsbfrl, di
efelrbi, b sfjtbefjtb, bd dbjhuihhbl, df felzbljb, fmm..
Lhjb irfi afd mfrvfddl ç spfmb`bmi pfr aitf `ujzbljb, ei lhjb `ujzbljf eltlrbi,
sfjsbtbvi f efjtidf sfhuf pbò ab uji vbi jfrvlsi? qufstl pfrefttf uji
mlepfjsizbljf bj misl ab dfsbljf
d fsbljf ab mbismuji irfi.

9.1 B sbstfeb bepdbmitb jfb prlmfssb ab ipprfjabefjtl (tfl

(tflrbi
rbi ab Efd Dfvbjf)

Iddi cisf afdd'ipprfjabefjtl

afdd'ipprfjabefjtl mb sljl df `ujzbljb jfurlfvldutbvf
jfurlfvldutbvf mgf
ripprfsfjtijl b abvfrsb efzzb utbdbzzitb pfr ipprfjafrf f pfr efttfrf bj pritbmi
mbó mgf ç stitl ipprfsl.

Df jlstrf efjtb utbdbzzijl abvfrsb hruppb ab `ujzbljb jfurlfvldut

jfurlfvldutbvf
bvf pfr
ipprfjafrf spfmb`bmgf icbdbtë f pfr prlaurrf pirtbmldirb rbsudtitb .

B sbstfeb jfurlfvldutbvb sb svbduppijl aurijtf hdb ijjb slprittuttl quijal tuttf df

`ujzbljb sljl cfj utbdbzzitf f tfjutf bj fsfrmbzbl mlef sf `lssfrl
`lssfrl afb eusmldb. Vj

9=
sbstfei jfurlfvldutbvl sb aftfrblri sf vbfjf ialpfritl id ab slttl afddf suf
pltfjzbidbtë.

Yufstb sbstfeb
sbstfeb jlj ihbsmljl mlef sldbstb ei mbismujl sb ujbsmf ihdb idtrb pfr
rfidbzzirf aftfrebjitb rbsudtitb .

9.1.9 ]bstfei afd pfjsbfrl slmbidf

Df icbdbtë slmbidb afb ciecbjb gijjl eldti beplrtijzi idd'bjtfrjl afd mljtfstl
smldistbml,
smldistbml, df bjtfrizbljb mlj b mlftijf
mlftijfbb prlaumljl di eihhblr pirtf afddf
hritb`bmizbljb
hritb`bmizbljb l afddf uebdbizbljb.

Mb sljl ciecbjb mgf jismljl mlj uji spbmmiti prfabs

prfabsplsbzbljf
plsbzbljf slmbidf> `ijjl
iebmbzbi `imbdefjtf f rbfsmljl i eijtfjfrf qufstf iebmbzbf jfd tfepl. Idtrb
bjvfmf jlj gijjl qufsti mirittfrbstbmi f di afvljl bepirirf i prlprbf spfsf. ]f
uj ciecbjl ç tbebal l sfepdbmfefjtf fstrfei
fstrfeiefjtf
efjtf bjmdbjf iddi sldbtuabjf
pltrfccf `bjbrf mlj bd sfjtbrsb `rustritl f sucbrf uebdbizbljb qultbabijf, qufstl
beprfsmbjabcbdefjtf ivrfccf uj f``fttl jfhitbvl suddi quidbtë afd sul
ipprfjabefjtl.

Bd sbstfei slmbidf ç aujquf qufd sbstfei mgf mb pfrefttf ab mleprfjafrf df

bjtfjzbljb f b sfjtbefjtb afhdb idtrb, df rfhldf slmbidb f b mleplrtiefjtb mlab`bmitb.

—D‒ipprfjabefjtl ueijl prfsuppljf uji jituri slmbidf spfmb`bmi f uj prlmfssl

ittrivfrsl bd quidf b ciecbjb sb bjsfrbsmljl hriauidefjtf jfddi vbti bjtfddfttuidf ab
mldlrl mgf db mbrmljaijl―? di mlepftfjzi
mlepftfjzi prbei ç slmbidf f plb abvfjti
mlepftfjzi bjabvbauidf. ]f d‒ipprfjabefjtl slmbidf prfmfaf di mlepftfjzi
bjabvbauidf, fssl gi mlef rbsudtit
rbsudtitl
l dl svbduppl mlhjbtbvl, mgf jlj sirfccf
plssbcbdf prfsmbjafjal
prfsmbjafjal ai qufstl tbpl ab ipprfjabefj
ipprfjabefjtl.
tl. —Df `ujzbljb prbei sb
`lreijl jfd mlddfttbvl, jfddi `lrei ab rfdizbljb tri ciecbjb f mlsä abvfjtijl
`ujzbljb efjtidb pfr d‒bjabvbaul― (Pyhltsnbo, lp. mbt.).

91
9.1.3 ]bstfei pfrmfttbvl

D‒ulel mljlsmf fa fjtri bj ripplrtl mlj d‒iecbfjtf mgf dl mbrmljai ittrivfrsl hdb
lrhijb ab sfjsl mgf hdb pfrefttljl ab pfrmfpbrf di rfidtë.

Bd eljal pfrmfttbvl jlj ç uji mlpbi beefabiti f abrftti afdd'iecbfjtf

afdd'iecbfjtf ei ç bd
rbsudtitl
rbsudtitl ab efabizbljb f ittbvbtë svldtf aidd'bjabvbaul> fssl ç pfrtijtl uj prlmfssl
ittbvl f abjiebml ab fdiclrizbljf afhdb stbeldb sfjslrbidb mgf prlmfaf ittrivfrsl
d'ijidbsb, di sfdfzbljf f d'fdiclrizbljf afdd'bj`
afdd'bj`lreizbljf.
lreizbljf.

Di jlstri pfrmfzbljf mb pfrefttf ab mlstrubrf bd eljal ittlrjl i jlb, di rfidtë ç

af`bjbti aiddf mljtbjuf fdiclrizbljb mgf bd jlstrl mfrvfddl, feuditlrf ab rfidtë, mb
mlj`fzblji, bj pirtbmldirf ç di strutturi afd tidiel, idd'bjtfrjl afd jlstrl mfrvfddl,
mgf ç afdfhiti i mleplrrf df jlstrf fspfrbfjzf pfrmfttbvf, i efttfrf issbfef df
sbjhldf fspfrbfjzf sfjslrbidb bj uj'ujbmi fspfrbfjzi pfrmfpbcbdf
pfrmfpbcbdf .

9.1.= ]bstfei ab mljtrlddl afdd'ittfjzbljf

D'ittfjzbljf
D'ittfjzbljf ç uji afddf `ujzbljb mlhjbtbvf supfrblrb f svldhf uj ruldl beplrtijtf
f aftfrebjijtf
aftfrebjijtf jfddi jlstri qultbabijbtë. ]f rb`dfttbiel suddf izbljb mgf
svldhbiel jlreidefjtf plssbiel rfjafrmb mljtl ab quijtl sbi beplrtijtf
eijtfjfrf ujl smgfei prfmbsl, vfdlmf fa immuritl. Id eittbjl, usmfjal ab misi,
mb immfrtbiel ia fsfepbl, ab bjalssirf midzbjb afddl stfssl mldlrf
mldlrf l dl stfssl pibi
ab smirpf, mljtrlddijal di jlstri ittbvbtë efjtrf di fsfhubiel. Sbusmbiel ijmgf i
svldhfrf pbò mlsf bjsbfef f pfr dujhl tfepl, mlef hubairf f sfhubrf uji
trisebssbljf riabl`ljbmi, ivfrf uji mljvfrsizbljf mlj uj pissfhhfrl l rbpissirf
b pujtb ai tlmmirf pfr di rbujbljf mlj bd mipl, efjtrf sfhubiel di striai bjabmiti
aid jivbhitlrf.

Bj lhjb ittbvbtë, bj`ittb,

bj`ittb, mbismujl ab jlb svldhf uji sfqufjzi ab izbljb quisb sfjzi
rfjafrsfjf mljtl, eljbtlrijal mlstijtfefjtf bd prlprbl mleplrtiefjtl bj
elal iutleitbml. D'ittfjzbljf svldhf prlprbl qufstl ruldl ab mljtrlddlrf afd

96
jlstrl lpfritl f mb pfrefttf ab f``fttuirf juefrlsb divlrb jfd mlrsl afddi
hblrjiti.
D'ittfjzbljf pfrtijtl ç uji `ujzbljf afd jlstrl mfrvfddl mgf mb pfrefttf ab stirf
bj iddfrti (irlusid), ab `lmidbzzirmb su uj'ittbvbtë prfvidfjtf (ittfjzbljf sfdfttbvi),

ab mljmfjtrirmb su uj mlepbtl pfr eldtl tfepl (ittfjzbljf slstfjuti) f ab

splstirf bd `lmus —ittfjtbvl― `ri pbò ittbvbtë sbeudtijff (ittfjzbljf abvbsi). Aid
elefjtl mgf ç uji `ujzbljf mlsä mlepdfssi, tuttivbi,
tuttivbi, fssi jlj utbdbzzi uji sldi
pirtf afd mfrvfddl ei, mlef di efelrbi, `ujzblji su pbò dbvfddb f mlbjvldhf abvfr
abvfrsf
sf
strutturf mfrfcridb mljtfeplrijfiefjtf, aib dlcb `rljtidb iddi zlji prf-`rljtidf,
pirtf afd tidiel f afd sbstfei dbecbml.

D'ittfjzbljf puó fssfrf vbsbvi l uabtbvi ei ijmgf vldljtirbi l bjvldljtirbi , puó

fssfrf rbvldti vfrsl d'fstfrjl l vfrsl d'bjtfrjl.
D‒ittfjzbljf `lmidbzziti vbsbvi vbfjf pirihljiti iddi dumf ab uj rb`dfttlrf> Frbnsfj f
]t. Oiefs (9270) spbfhijl d‒ittfjzbljf `lmidbzziti vbsbvi ittrivfrsl bd elafddl ab
lcbfttbvl zlle (`ismbl duebjlsl virbicbdf)> d‒ittfjzbljf ç abrftti vfrsl uji
aftfrebjiti rfhbljf afd miepl vbsbvl, ei d‒irfi afdd‒ittfjzbljf `lmidbzziti puó
fssfrf iuefjtiti l rbaltti bj cisf iddf rbmgbfstf afd mlepbtl .

Di mipimbtë ab prfstirf ittfjzbljf mljsipfvldf ib suljb (ittfjzbljf uabtbvi), ab

rbmljlsmfrdb mlj absmrbebjizbljb sfeprf pbò `bjb f ab ittrbcubrf dlrl uj sbhjb`bmitl
sti iddi cisf afddl svbduppl afd dbjhuihhbl f mlstbtubsmf ujl afb prfrfqubsbtb
prbjmbpidb afddf icbdbtë ab dfttl-smrbtturi.

D'ittfjzbljf
D'ittfjzbljf puó fssfrf vldljtirbi quijal ç di pfrslji stfssi mgf afmbaf ab
mljmfjtrirsb
mljmfjtrirsb su ujl stbeldl> efjtrf bj qufddi bjvldljtirbi ç dl stbeldl mgf
prlvlmi d'ittfjzbljf afd slhhfttl.

9.1.1 ]bstfei ejfeljbml

D'ipprfjabefjtl
D'ipprfjabefjtl ç bd prlmfssl hrizbf id quidf sb imqubstijl
imqubstijl julvf bj`lreizbljb
rfditbvf id eljal mgf mb mbrmljai, efjtrf di efelrbi ç bd prlmfssl mgf hirijtbsmf

90
d'irmgbvbizbljf ab qufddf bj`lreizbljb.
Fsbstf immlral ujijbef mgf di jlstri efelrbi, mleujfefjtf mljmfpbti mlef
uji `ujzbljf ujbtirbi, ç bj rfidtë irtbmlditi bj virbf slttl mlepljfjtb f mlbjvldhf
pbò sbstfeb fa irff afd mfrvfddl, bj mfrti ebsuri sfpiric
sfpiricbdb
bdb f abstbjhubcbdb, ijmgf sf

mljjfssf fa bjtfhritf tri dlrl.

Irff mfrfcridb abvfrsf sljl afputitf i abvfrsb mlepbtb ejfsbmb f qufsti
bjtfrprftizbljf ç ijmgf abelstriti aid `ittl mgf dfsbljb dlmidbzzitf ab idmujf irff
mfrfcridb
mfrfcridb aftfrebjijl af`bmbt bslditb ab uji sldi ittbvbtë afddi efelrbi mlj
rbspirebl prfsslmgâ tltidf afddf idtrf.

Fsbstf qubjab uji abstbjzbljf tri efelrbi sfjslrbidf, efelrbi i crfvf tfrebjf f
efelrbi i dujhl tfebjf.
tfebjf. Di prbei sirfccf mirittfrbzziti aiddi mmipimbtë
ipimbtë ab
eijtfjfrf df bj`lreizbljb pfr uj bjtfrviddl ab tfepl stbeicbdf tri b ebddbsfmljab

f b sfmljab> di sfmljai aiddi efafsbei mipimbtë pfr dissb tfeplridb tri b sfmljab f
b ebjutb>bj`bjf qufddi i dujhl tfebjf pltrfccf mljsfrvir
mljsfrvirff df bj`lreizbljb pfr
hblrjb l ijjb.

Di efelrbi sfjslrbidf mb mljsfjtbrfccf bd rbmlral, sfppur crfvbssbel, afddf

mlsbaafttf trimmf sfjslrbidb mgf gijjl ippujtl di pfmudbirbtë ab afmiafrf bj
tfepb beefabitb.

Alccbiel ia Idij Ciaafdfy (922;) d'bjtrlauzbljf afd mljmfttl

mljmfttl ab efelrbi ab
divlrl. Fssi ç uji mlecbjizbljf ab pbò `ujzbljb triabzbljide
triabzbljidefjtf
fjtf af`bjbtf mlef

ittfjzbljf, mljmfjtrizbljf f efelrbi i crfvf tfrebjf. F‒ di mipimbtë ab

eijtfjfrf prfsfjtb fa ittbvf bj`lreizbljb pfr bd tfepl jfmfssirbl i mlepdftirf
bj tippf summfssbvf lpfrizbljb efjtidb mlepdfssf (ia fsfepbl irtbmldirf uj
absmlrsl, beplstirf f rbsldvfrf efjtidefjtf mlepbtb irbteftbmb, lrhijbzzirf uj
prlhrieei lpfritbvl) bjtfrvbfjf aurijtf d'fsfmuzbljf ab ab``frfjtb mlepbtb
mlhjbtbvb, mlef di mleprfjsbljf, d'ipprfjabefjtl f bd rihbljiefjtl.

Fsbstljl eldtb idtrb tbpb ab efelrbi. Mlgfj f ]qubrf (927;>9271) gijjl

fvbafjzbitl
fvbafjzbitl auf prlmfssb mgbieitb efelrbi abmgbiritbvi f efelrbi prlmfauri
prlmfauridf
df

98
efjtrf ]mgimnfr f Hri` (9270) gijjl abstbjtl tri efelrbi fspdbmbti f efelrbi
bepdbmbti.

Di efelrbi fspdbmbti ç uji qufddi plrzbljf ab efelrbi ab mub sbiel mljsipfvldb,

di efelrbi bepdbmbti ç bjvfmf uji `lrei pbò bjmljsmbi ab efelrbi
efelrbi..

Jfhdb stuab ab psbmldlhbi f jfurlpsbmldlhbi mlhjbtbvi afddi efelrbi

efelrbi,, di `lrei
fspdbmbti ç stiti pfr eldtl tfepl qufddi pbò stuabiti. Fssi mljsbstf jfddi
efelrbi ab bj`lreizbljb prbei mljsipfvldefjtf ipprfsf f plb idtrfttijtl
mljsipfvldefjtf rfmupfritf aidd‒bjabvbaul mgf jf ç bj plssfssl. Di efelrbi
bepdbmbti ç af`bjbti, bjvfmf, mlef qufddi elaidbtë ab efelrbi jfddi quidf di
rbtfjzbljf, lssbi bd eijtfjbefjtl afdd‒bj`lreizbljf
afdd‒bj`lreizbljf jlj â bjtfjzbljidf
bjtfjzbljidf f
mljsipfvldf.

[fjsbiel iddi efelrbi mlef i uj sbstfei mljtrldditl f mljsipfvldf, efjtrf

eldtl spfssl fssl `i rb`frbefjtl i elaidbtë bjmljsmf f iutleitbmgf. Di mgbivf

pfr di mleprfjsbljf f bd pltfjzbiefjtl ab qufsti `imldtë jlj puó qubjab
abefjtbmirf di pirtf bjmljsipfvldf afddi efelrbi.
Di efelrbi fspdbmbti puó fssfrf fvlmiti mlsmbfjtfefjtf, ç bepdbmiti
jfdd‒ipprfjabefjtl, ripprfsfjtizbljf fa usl afddi mljlsmfjzi afb `ittb (efelrbi
sfeijtbmi) fa fvfjtb (efelrbi fpbslabmi) (Qudvbjh,9283)> fa ç isslmbiti
idd‒fspfrbfjzi slhhfttbvi ab stirf rbmlraijal quidmlsi (iutlcblhri`bmi).

Di efelrbi abmgbiritbvi
abmgbiritbvi l fspdbmbti ç di efelrbi afd dbjhuihhbl pirditl, ç di

—mipimbtë efjtidf ab trittfjfrf f rbvbvfrf beprfssbljb lppurf ab rbmgbieirf l

rbmljlsmfrf prfmfafjtb fspfrbfjzf l mljsfrvirf beprfssbljb efjtidb f mlef tidf
bepdbmi sfeprf di mljsipfvldfzzi―(]tfbj 9200).

D‒imqubsbzbljf f bd rfmupfrl ab ipprfjabefjtb bepdbmbtb sb vfrb`bmi aujquf sfmljal

elaidbtë quisb iutleitbmgf, sfjzi mgf vb sbi uji ripprfsfjtizbljf mlsmbfjtf. Di
efelrbi bepdbmbti sb mlddfhi ia fpbslab jlj mlsmbfjtb jâ vfrcidbzzijtb
vfrcidbzzijtb f prfsfj
prfsfjti
ti
abvfrsf abefjsbljb?

97
- bd prbebjh, bjtfsl mlef icbdbtë afd slhhfttl ab bafjtb`bmir
bafjtb`bmirff uj lhhftt
lhhfttl
l
vbsbviefjtf l uabtbviefjtf mlef bd rbsudtitl ab uji prfmfafjtf fsplsbzbljf
ijmgf sf sucdbebjirf rbspfttl id dbvfddl ab mlsmbfjzi, (efelrbi pfrmfttbvi)>
- di efelrbi prlmfauridf, mgf mljsbstf jfddi efelrbi pfr fspfrbfjzf eltlrbf f

mlhjbtbvf, mlef ia fsfepbl b elvbefjtb jfmfssirb pfr suljirf afhdb struefjtb,

pfr `irf splrt l pfr idtrb fvfjtb qultbabijb mgf vfjhljl mlepbutb
iutleitbmiefjtf sfjzi mgf fssb rihhbujhijl bd dbvfddl ab mlsmbfjzi>
”di efelrbi feltbvi fa i``fttbvi, mgf mleprfjaf di efelrbi pfr df fspfrbfjzf
vbssutf bj ripplrtl i aftfrebjitf sbtuizbljb felzbljidb fa i``fttbvf.

9.1.6 ]bstfei dbjhubstbml

Df mlepljfjtb afd sbstfei dbjhubstbml sljl juefrlsf? `ljldlhbi, sfeijtbmi f

dfssbml, elr`l-sbjtissb, tfstuidbtë f priheitbmi .

Vj iafhuitl svbduppl `ljldlhbml pfrefttf ab Bepirirf i ripprfsfjtirf

efjtidefjtf b suljb mgf mirittfrbzzijl di jlstri dbjhui, df strutturf sbddicbmgf bj
mub qufstb suljb sb plssljl mlecbjirf jfddf pirldf f df struttur
strutturff prlslabmgf>
qufstf ripprfsfjtizbljb efjtidb hubaijl plb bd jlstrl ippiritl irtbmlditlrbl
(clmmi, eijabcldi, diccri, fmm.) pfr di prlauzbljf afddf pirldf.

Qri b 1 f b 6 ijjb sb svbduppi qufddi mlepftfjzi jfmfssirbi pfr di dfttl-smrbtturi

mgf ç di mlepftfjzi efti`ljldlhbmi, lssbi di mipimbtë ab rb`dfttfrf suddf pirldf
bjabpfjafjtfefjtf aid dlrl sbhjb`bmitl.
Di mlepftfjzi `ljldlhbmi f efti`ljldlhbmi bj hfjfridf ç uji afddf mldljjf
plrtijtb afdd‒ipprfjabefjtl afddi dfttl smrbtturi pfrmgâ b ciecbjb su qufddf
mlepftfjzf
mlepftfjzf mlstrubsml
mlstrubsmljl
jl bd pissihhbl aid dbjhuihhbl pirditl id dbjhuihhbl smrbttl.
Bd ciecbjl, mgf qubjab spfrbefjt
spfrbefjtii bd pissihhbl aid pirditl iddl smrbttl
smrbttl,, afvf fssfrf
mljsipfvldf
mljsipfvldf mgf mbó mgf smrbvf jlj ç pbò di ripprfs
ripprfsfjtizbljf
fjtizbljf hri`bm
hri`bmii afddi pirldf
(absfhjl), ei mbó mgf smrbvf sljl b suljb mlrrbspljafjtb i qufddi pirldi.
Quttl qufstl rbfsmf i `irdl quijal ç bj hrial ab pfrmfpbrf b suljb sbjhldb

92
(Efti`ljldlhbi [rl`ljai) f ab mipbrf mgf qufstb suljb afvljl rbspfttirf uji
sfqufjzi prfmbsi.
Di sfeijtbmi sb lmmupi afd vfrsijtf sbhjb`bmitl afd sfhjl dbjhubstbml .
Di sfeijtbmi ç bjjijzbtuttl uji tflrbi afddi mleprfjsbljf. Afsmrbvfrf uj

sbhjb`bmitl vuld abrf afsmrbvfrf bd elal bj mub mleprfjabiel df fsprfssbljb

sbhjb`bmitl
dbjhubstbmgf
Ç dlhbml supplrrf mgf uji iafhuiti mlepftfjzi sfeijtbml/dfssbmidf (bd juefrl
ab pirldf mljlsmbutf f rfditbvl sbhjb`bmitl) f elr`lsbjtittbmi (d‒bjsbfef afddf
rfhldf mgf aijjl df mlecbjizbljb plssbcbdb `ri df pirldf pfr prlaurrf df `risb ab
uji dbjhui) sbijl rfqubsbtb jfmfssirb pfr ebhdblrirf df icbdbtë ab dftturi f smrbtturi .
Yufsti mlepftfjz
mlepftfjzii ç dfhiti idd'i
idd'irfi
rfi afb cbslhjb pfrsljidb, `ujzblji
`ujzbljidbdb f slmbidb afd
ciecbjl, plbmgâ svbduppi mlepftfjzf
mlepftfjzf jfmfssirbf pfr di vbti f pfr di
mleujbmizbljf qultbabiji bj mljtfstb slmbidb ab``frfjzbitb> mlepftfjzf mgf
sfrvljl pfr sticbdbrf ripplrtb mljlsmbtbvb/mrbtbmb
mljlsmbtbvb/mrbtbmb mlj df julvf tfmjldlhbf f mlj di
mudturi ab eissi bj mub ç beefrsl
b eefrsl bd ciecbjl `ulrb aiddi smuldi.
Di mlepftfjzi priheitbml-tfstuidf hirijtbsmf icbdbtë ab immfssl ib tfstb,
mljsfjtfjal
mljsfjtfjal mlsä uji ebhdblrf mljlsmfjz
mljlsmfjzii f hfstbljf afd prlprbl beeihbjirbl
bjabvbauidf, f pbò iepbiefjt
iepbiefjtff afdd'bjtfrblrbtë.

9.1.0 ]bstfei ab lrabjiefjtl spizbidf f sfqufjzbidf

D'lrabjiefjtl
D'lrabjiefjtl sfqufjzbidf f spizbidf ibuti ia ipprfjafr
ipprfjafrff su dbvfddb abvfrsb mgf

vijjl aidd'bjtfrprftizbljf
aidd'bjtfrprftizbljf ab sfepdbmb bstruzbljb ib pbò mlepdfssb elab ab
ipprfjabefjtl fa fsfmuzbljf.

Id dbvfddl 9, qufddl cisf, trlvbiel di pfrmfzbljf. Yufsti pfrefttf ab bjabvbauirf

mirittfrbst
mirittfrbstbmgf
bmgf f rfdizbljb beplrtijtb idd'bjtfrjl ab uji sfqufjzi l ab ujl smgfei
(pfr fsfepbl di `lrei ab uji jizbljf su uji mirtbji l d'lrabjf afddf cittutf bj uj
rbtel eusbmidf).
Id dbvfddl 3 iccbiel bd rbmlral. Yufst
Yufstl
l ç jfmfssirbl pfr mljsfrvirf d'lrabjf sfrbidf
l di rfdizbljf spizbidf pfrmfpbtb jfd dbvfddl 9 f pltfrdb utbdbzzirf bj `uturl.

3;
Id dbvfddl = iccbiel di mrfizbljf, lvvfrl di mipimbtë ab fdiclrirf prlalttb
prlalttb
lrhijbzzitb sfmljal ujl smgfei sfqufjzbidf l spizbidf utbdb f/l fstftbmiefjtf
hriafvldb (mrfirf uji efdlabi id pbijl`lrtf l mrfirf uj ml`ijfttl bj dfhjl)
Id dbvfddl 1 trlvbiel d'lrhijbzz
d'lrhijbzzizbljf
izbljf lvvfrl di mipimbtë ab sipfrsb afstrfhhbirf

jfddi hfstbljf afd tfepl (sfqufjzbidf) f afb eitfrbidb (spizbidf).

Id dbvfddl 6 iccbiel bd pfjsbfrl ab dbvfddl supfrblrf. Yufstl pfrefttf ab rbmlrrfrf,
triebtff d'lrabjiefjtl spizbidf f sfqufjzbidf , i mlepdfssb rihbljiefjt
triebt rihbljiefjtb,b,
stritfhbf ab rbslduzbljf afb prlcdfeb f `lreizbljf ab mljmfttb.

9.1.8 ]bstfei eltlrbl

Mbjquf tbpb abvfrsb ab `ujzbljb eltlrbf hlvfrjijl bd divlrl f bd hblml f, issbfef,

mlstbtubsmljl
mlstbtubsmljl b prbjmbpidb fdfefjtb afd sbstfei eltlrbl.

]b tritti afddf `ujzbljb hrlssleltlrbi, `bjleltlrbi, hri`leltlrbi, eusbmidf f

lrleltlrbi.

Df icbdbtë hrlssl-eltlrbf rbhuiraijl elvbefjtb f mljtrl

mljtrlddb
ddb plsturidb (mieebjirf,
stirf sfautb, stirf frfttb, splsirsb, fqubdbcrbl, mllrabjizbljf, ditfridbzzizbljf....) ”

Df icbdbtë `bjl-eltlrbf rbhuiraijl elvbefjtb pbò prfmbsb f sljl mlstbtubt

mlstbtubtff aib
elvbefjtb afb pbmmldb eusmldb afddf eijb f afddf abti, pldsb, crimmbi
crimmbi,, bj strft
strftti
ti
mljjfssbljf mlj di mipimbtë ab mllrabjirf dl shuiral pfr mljaurrf d‒izbljf iddi
sui mlrrftti rfidbzzizbljf.

Df icbdbtë hri`leltlrbf
hri`leltlrbf sljl spfmb`bmgf f ab ab``bmbdf rihhbujhbefjtl
rihhbujhbefjtl,, bd ciecbjl
bjbzbi di sui mljqubsti i vfjtbquittrl efsb mbrmi, ittrivfrsl dl smiriclmmgbl,
pissijal pfr bd absfhjl tri trf f mbjquf ijjb, prlmfafjal iddi trimmbituri ab
id`icftbb bjvfjtitb pfr hbujhfrf i qufddb mljvfjzbljidb vfrsl b sfb ijjb mlj bd sul
id`icft
bjhrfssl jfddi smuldi prbeirbi ab prbel hrial. Bd jfurlpsbml
jfurlpsbmldlhl
dlhl Idfxijafr Durbi
gi af`bjbtl df sfqufjzf fstrfeiefjtf prfmbsf afb eusmldb afddf abti mgf sljl
bepfhjitf i trimmbirf di `lrei afddf dfttfrf mlef efdlabi mbjftbmi, slttldbjfijal
di jfmfssbtë mgf lhjb dfttfri sfhui di sfqufjzi mlab`bmiti ab elvbefjtb eusmldirb,

39
pfr fssfrf fsfhubti bj elal slaabs`imfjtf f `ujzbljidf.

Di `ujzbljf lrleltlrbi rbhuirai di mipimbtë ab irtbmldirf di pirldi, di mipimbtë ab

mlddfhirf bd `dussl afddf baff idd'irtbmldizbljf afddi clmmi.

Di `ujzbljf eltlrbi eusbmidf puó bj`dubrf bj elal plsbtbvl sudd'iutlstbei afd

ciecbjl.

Di prlauzbljf eusbmidf puó issuefrf trf `lref? vlmidf, eijuidf l hrlssl-

eltlrbi. Yufst'udtbei
Yufst'udtbei rbhuirai bd ciddl. Jfd ciddl vfjhljl slddfmbti
slddfmbtitb
tb sfjsl afd
rbtel f afddi miafjzi f pfrmfzbljf afb tljb eusbmidb .

9.1.7 ]bstfei afd pfjsbfrl supfrblrf

Bd sbstfei afd pfjsbfrl supfrblrf bepdbmi di mipimbtë ab rbsldvfrf prlcdfe

prlcdfebb f ab

rihbljirf bj elal dlhbml, ab fdiclrirf f utbdbzzirf mljmfttb, ab mipbrf mlef f

quijal ippdbmirf df rfhldf l ab mlhdbfrf bd jlmmbldl ab uj'bafi
uj 'bafi mlepdfssi. QQidf
idf
sbstfei fjtri bj hblml ijmgf jfd pfjsbfrl mrbtbml f mrfitbvl.

9.6 [sbmldlhbi afdd'ipprfjabefjtl

D'ipprfjabefjtl, mlef iccbiel vbstl jfb pirihri`b prfmfafjtb ç bj`dufjzitl ai

ebhdbibi ab mljjfssbljb jfurljidb afd jlstrl mfrvfddl (sbjipsb) mgf mb pfrefttljl

ab svldhfrf mlepdfssf `ujzbljb dfhitf

dfhitf iddi efelrbi, iddi pfrmfzbl
pfrmfzbljf,
jf, id dbjhuihhbl,
iddi mllrabjizbljf f iddf felzbljb.
Eldtf rbmfrmgf bj qufstb udtbeb ijjb gijjl mfrmitl ab bjabvbauirf quidb `ittlrb
bj`dufjzbjl eihhblrefjtf d'ipprfjabefjtl
d'ipprfjabefjtl smldistbml ijaijal ia bjaihirf df
abefjsbljb mgf sljl iddi cisf ab qufb mleplrtiefj
mleplrtiefjtb
tb mgf `ivlrbsm
`ivlrbsmljl
ljl bd prlmfssl
ab mrfsmbti f ab `lreizbljf afddl stuafjtf.

B `ittlrb sljl eldtfpdbmb bj quijtl mlbjvldhljl sbi d'bjabvbaul jfddi sui spfmb`bmbtë
f ujbmbtë sbi bd mljtfstl bj mub fhdb ç mrfsmbutl, sb ç svbduppitl, sb ç `lreitl.

33
Hdb stfssb tfst pfr di ebsuri afd qulzbfjtf bjtfddfttbvl, eldtl usitb jfd pissitl,
sljl stitb lhhfttl ab `lrtb mrbtbmgf pfr di ab``bmldtë ia fstripldirf afddf icbdbtë
puriefjtf
puriefjtf mlhjbtbvf ai tuttb qufhdb fdfefjtb mgf df plssljl mljabzbljirf. Yufddl
mgf uj bjabvbaul rbfsmf ia ipprfjafrf ç `ujzbljf jlj sldtijtl afd sul dbvfddl ab

qulzbfjtf bjtfddft
qulzbfjtf bjtfddfttbvl
tbvl ei ijmgf ab uj bjsbfef ab `ittlr
`ittlrbb mgf sljl rbmljaumbcbdb
iddi sui pfrsljidbtë l iddi rftf ab rfdizbljb i``fttbvf ab mub `i pirtf.

9.6.9 @ittlrb hfjftbmb

Eldtb prfhb f eldtb ab`fttb sb frfabtijl tltidefjtf l bj pirtf aib prlprb hfjbtlrb.
[uó summfafrf mgf sf uj ciecbjl gi uji mirfjz
mirfjzii jfdd'ipprfjabefjt
jfdd'ipprfjabefjtl,
l, qufddi
stfssi mirfjzi sbi stiti vbssuti bj pissitl ijmgf ai ujl l fjtriecb b hfjbtlrb.
Mfrtl d'frfabtirbft
d'frfabtirbftëë jlj puó fssfrf uj bepfabefjtl jfddi mlrr
mlrrfzbljf
fzbljf afb prlprb
pujtb afcldb.

9.6.3 Df felzbljb

Df felzbljb hblmijl uj ruldl `ljaiefjtidf

`ljaiefjtidf jfddi prfabsplsbzbljf
idd'ipprfjabefjtl.

Ipprfjafrf ‗quidmlsi‒ ç ipprfjafrf ittrivfrsl bd `bdtrl afddf prlprbf felzbljb f

afddi prlprbi stlrbi pfrsljidf.

Df felzbljb, bj`ittb, sljl prlmfssb bjtfhritbvb mgf mlddfhijl tuttf df `ujzbljb f df

ittbvbtë afddi efjtf, mb ibutijl i vidutirf f i mleprfjafrf qufddl mgf sti
immiafjal f mb pfrefttljl ab rfdizbljirmb mlj hdb idtrb

Vji rbsplsti feltbvi jlj ç sldl uj sfjtbefj

sfjtbefjtl,
tl, quidmlsi mgf sfjtbiel sldl
efjtidefjtf ei gi ijmgf uji beplrtijtf mlepljfjtf `bsbmi ? df felzbljb mb
`ijjl irrlssbrf, iuefjtijl di `rfqufjzi mirabimi , di sualrizbljf, bd rbtel
rfspbritlrbl, aftfrebjijl rfizbljb bj tuttb hdb ippiritb mlrplrfb. Yufstb `dussb ab
fjfrhbi l stitb ab ittbvizbljf sljl smitfjitb aiddf bj`lreizbljb mgf irrbvijl f i

3=
dlrl vldti bj`dufjzijl d‒fdiclrizbljf afddf bj`lreizbljb.

Yuijal irrbvi uji bj`lreizbljf qufsti aftfrebji d‒ittbvizbljf ab efmmijbseb ab

ittfjzbljf- pfrmfzbljf- efelrbi - ripprfsfjtizbljb efjtidb? ittrivfrsl
d‒ittbvizbljf ab tuttb qufstb sbstfeb vbfjf vidutiti f df vbfjf aitl sbhjb`bmitl. Bj

qufstl elal ç fvbafjtf

fvbafjtf mlef df felzbljb f bd pfjsbfrl sljl dfhitb.

]f bd slhhfttl ç afprfssl, trbstf l ijsblsl, pfraf bjtfrfssf f svbduppi uji slrti ab

tbelrf jfb mlj`rljtb
mlj`rljtb afddi smuldi, mlsi mgf rbsmgbi ab `rfjir
`rfjirff bd sul svbduppl
jfurlfvldutbvl.

9.6.= D'bj`dufjzi afb mlftijfb

Mbó mgf sb mljabvbaf mlj b mlftijfb gi uji rbdfvijzi jltfvldf slprittuttl bj ftë

ialdfsmfjzbidf quijal dl spfmmgbl afd prlprbl fhl afrbvi ai mbó mgf pfjsijl hdb
iebmb. F' qubjab iccistijzi mgbirl mgf sf d'iecbfjtf `rfqufjtitl ç stbeldijtf f
rbmml ab baff df mipimbtë dbjhubstbmgf, bd pfjsbfrl mrbtbml f bd prl`bdl efjtidf jf
ivrijjl cfjf`bmbl. Ab mljtrl sf di plpldirbtë tri b mlftijfb afrbvi ai bjsummfssb
smldistbmbb f cuddbsel hdb f``
smldistbm f``fttb
fttb sirijjl ab idtrl tbpl. B rihizzb l ciecbjb prbvb ab
bjtfrfssb
bjtfrfssb bjtfddftt
bjtfddfttuidb
uidb `ujzbljijl mlef elafddb jfhitbvb hdb ujb pfr hdb idtrb.

9.6.1 Df fspfrbfjzf faumitbvf

Di quidbtë afdd'bstruzbljf mgf uj ciecbjl rbmfvf bjmbaf suddl svbduppl afd sul
prl`bdl efjtidf, uj culj bjsfhjiefjtl prlaumf miecbiefjtb
miecbiefjtb plsbtbvb .

Yuijal uj bjsfhjijtf rbfsmf i eltbvirf ujl stuafjtf idd'ipprfjabefjtl sti

`imfjal cfjf bd sul divlrl.

Di eltbvizbljf ia ipprfjafrf, i sfmljai afddi mlrrfjtf psbmldlhbmi ab

ippirtfjfjzi, ç mljsbafriti fstrbjsfmi l bjtrbjsfmi? b mleplrtiefjtbstb
mlddfhijl
mlddfhijl di eltbvizbljf id hlabefjtl ab hritb`bm
hritb`bmizbljb
izbljb tijhbcbdb fstfrjf

31
idd‒iddbfvl > b mlhjbtbvbstb, bjvfmf, sljl mljvbjtb mgf di mljabzbljf pbò `ivlrfvldf
idd‒ipprfjabefjtl sbi ripprfsfjtiti aiddi eltbvizbljf bjtrbjsfmi, mljabzbljf bj
mub d‒bjabvbaul sb s`lrzi
s`lrzi ab ipprfjafr
ipprfjafrff pfrmgâ di mlsi hdb rbfsmf abvfrtfjtf l
ippihijtff bj sâ, pfrmgâ rbspljaf i cbslhjb bjjitb. Bd pltfrf afddi eltbvizbljf
ippihijt

bjtrbjsfmi `i hbujhfrf, sfmljal idtrb stuablsb, iddl stitl ab `dussl bj mub hdb
bjtrbjsfmi
bjabvbaub, abefjtbmgb afd tfepl f afddl spizbl, sljl tltidefjtf mlbjvldtb
mlbjvldtb
jfdd‒ittbvbtë ( `bsbmi l efjtidf) mgf stijjl svldhfjal.

9.6.6 B vidlrb mudturidb

D'iecbfjtf mudturidf ab ujl stuafjtf puó mljtrbcubrf i aftfrebjirf quidb trittb

jfurlfvldutbvb
jfurlfvldutbvb sb ri``
ri``lrzfr
lrzfrijjl
ijjl f quidb jl. Bj idmujb iecbfjtb df altb eusbmidb
gijjl uj hrij vidlrf, efjtrf bj idtrb dl plssljl fssfrf qufddf itdftbmgf l bj idtrb
ijmlri qufstb vidlrb plssljl fssfrf mljsbafritb pissitfepb ab plmi rbdfvijzi.

9.6.0 B `ittlrb `iebdbirb

Vj idtl dbvfddl slmblmudturidf puó bjmbafrf bj virb elab, pfr fsfepbl `lrjbsmf uj
iecbfjtf pbò rbmml ab stbeldb f sussbab f mlj stbeldizbljb abrfttf quidbtitbviefjtf
supfrblrb, m‒ç uji eihhblrf sfjsbcbdbtë rbspfttl id prlmfssl ab ipprfjabefjtl f id
vidlrf afddi smuldi f afdd‒bstruzbljf fa ç mlsä pbò `imbdf mgf d'iddbfvl sbi eltbvitl
ia ipprfjafrf f id summfssl smldistbml.

[uó summfafrf, vbmfvfrsi, mgf uji `iebhdbi sbi sv

svijtihhbiti
ijtihhbiti ai uj pujtl ab vbsti
slmblmudturidf, l sbi prlviti ai strfss f tfjsbljb qultbabijf. Bj qufstb misb bd
supplrtl afddi `iebhdbi jfd prlmfssl ab ipprfjabefjtl pltrfccf fssfrf
ab``bmldtlsl l jlj stbeldijtf.

36
 MI[BQLDL 3

MLE[SLEB]]BLJF AFB EFMMIJB]EB AFDDI DFQQL ]MSBQQVSI F AFD MIDMLDL

3.9 Absturcb spfmb`bmb afdd'ipprfjabefjtl

afdd'ipprfjabefjtl

Bd tfrebjf A]I sti pfr AB]QVSCB ][FMB@BMB AFDD'I[[SFJABEF

AFDD'I[[SFJABEFJQL JQL,, fssb sb
rb`frbsmljl
rb`frbsmljl ia uj hruppl ftfrlhfjfl ab abslrabjb mgf sb eijb`fs
eijb`fstijl
tijl mlj
sbhjb`bmitbvf
sbhjb`bmitbvf ab``bmldtë jfdd'i
jfdd'imqubsbzbljf
mqubsbzbljf f usl ab icbdbtë ab mleprfjsbljf
mleprfjsbljf afd
dbjhuihhbl lridf, fsprfssbljf dbjhubstbmi, dftturi, smrbtturi, rihbljiefjtl l
eitfeitbmi.
I``bjmgâ sb plssi pirdirf ab absturcb spfmb`bmb afdd'ipprfjabef
afdd'ipprfjabefjtl
jtl sb afvf fssfrf
mfrtb mgf qufstf ab``bmldtë jlj prlvfjhijl ai ?
• AB]IHBL ]LMBL-IECBFJQIDF ?afhrial slmbidf, bplstbeldizbljf, bpfr
mlj`dbttuidbtë `iebdbirf, bjiafhuitfzzi afdd'l``frti ab rbslrsf eitfrbidb,
i``fttbvf fa faumitbvf
• SBQISAL BJQFDDFQQBPL? sbjarleb hfjftbmgf, sl``frfjzi prf-pfrbjitidf,
aijjb jfurldlhbmb
• I][FQQB FELQBPL-SFDI_BLJIDB? absihbl feltbvl, absturcb efjtidb
• AF@BMBQ AB LSBHBJF JFVSLDL
JFVSLDLHBMI?
HBMI? sbjarleb hfjftbmgf, fpbdfssbi, aijjl
mfrfcridf
B Absturcb afdd' Ipprfjabefjtl vfjhljl abihjlstbmitb i sfhubtl ab rbsudtitb
sbhjb`bmitbviefjtf
sbhjb`bmitbviefjtf id abslttl ab quijtl prfvbstl bj cisf idd'ftë, idd'bstruzbljf f id

dbvfddl ab bjtfddbh
bjtfddbhfjzi,
fjzi, alpl uji sleebjbstr
sleebjbstrizbljf
izbljf ab tfst stijair
stijairabzzitb
abzzitb suddi
dftturi, bd midmldl f di smrbtturi.

3.9.9 Bpltfsb fzbldlhbmgf

Di mleujbtë smbfjtb`bmi bjtfrjizbljidf ç a'immlral jfdd'bjabvbauirf d'lrbhbjf afb

A]I jfddi prfsfjzi ab ijleidbf mljhfjbtf bj idmujf irff mfrfcridb.

Df mljjfssbljb jfurljidb jfmfssirbf idd'fdiclrizbljf afdd'bj`lreizbljf

afdd'bj`lreizbljf sb

30
svbduppijl bj elal abvfrsl aiddi jlrei? jlj sb trit
tritti
ti ab uji eijmijzi ei ab uj
prlmfssl abvfrsl. Qidb af`bmbt gijjl miusf abvfrsf, jlj sljl ab mirittfrf dfsbljidf
ei mljhfjbtl, f mlbjvldhljl bd sucstritl jfurlcbldlhbml bjtfrfssitl jfb prlmfssb
ab dftturi, smrbtturi f midmldl.

Jlj vb ç pfró immlral suddi dlmidbzzi

dlmidbzzizbljf
zbljf afddf sfab bj mub rbsbfaljl df `ujzbljb
idtfritf f rfspljsicbdb afb absturcb.

Df bpltfsb pbò immrfabtitf i qufstl prlplsbtl sljl?

9. Mlep
Mleprle
rlebssblj
bssbljff ab tbpl `l
`ljldlh
jldlhbml
bml,, i mirbm
mirbml
l afddf ir
irff
ff afd dbj
dbjhuihhb
huihhbl>
l>

3. Mlep
Mleprle
rlebssblj
bssbljff i mirb
mirbml
ml afd sbst
sbstfei
fei ab fdiclr
fdiclrizbl
izbljf
jf vbsul-p
vbsul-pfrm
frmftt
fttbvi,
bvi,
mblç uj `ujzbljiefjtl ijleidl ab idmujf mfddudf afddi mlrtfmmbi vbsbvi?
qufstf mfddudf mljtrlddijl
mljtrlddijl b elvbefjtb lmudirb fa gijjl bd mlepbtl ab
fdiclrirff hdb stbeldb rfhbstr
fdiclrir rfhbstritb
itb aihdb lmmgb bj elvbefjtl
elvbefjtl.. Df pfrsljf mlj
A]I jlj fsfhuljl elvbefjtb f``bmimb aurijtf di smijsbljf afddf dfttfrf

=. Mlep
Mleprle
rlebssblj
bssbljff afddi ef
efelrb
elrbii ab divlr
divlrl?
l? ç uj tbpl ab efe
efelrbi,
lrbi, dbebti
dbebtiti
ti
jfddi mipimbtë ab trittfjfrf
trittfjfrf bj`lreizbljb, ei mgf `ujzblji bj elal ittbvl
aurijtff d'fsfmuzbljf ab uj mlepbtl. Jfb slhhfttb mlj asi rbsudti
aurijt
mleprlefssi slprittuttl sf di pfrslji sb trlvi i alvfr fdiclrirf stbeldb
ab abvfrsi jituri mljtfeplrijfiefj
mljtfeplrijfiefjtf
tf (vbsbvb, uabtbvb, ab tbpl juefrbml l
dbjhubstbml-vfrcidf)

1. Mlep
Mleprle
rlebssblj
bssbljff afddf `u
`ujzblj
jzbljbb psbml
psbmleltl
eltlrbf?
rbf? di mllrab
mllrabjizb
jizbljf,
ljf, bd
elvbefjtl f d'fqubdbcrbl. Di mleprlebss
mleprlebssbljf
bljf rbhuirafrfccf df irff
mfrfcridb f df ab``bmldtë plssljl mldpbrf df icbdbtë eltlrbf hfjfridb
(mieebjirf, mlrrfrf, prlcdfeb jfddi plsturi, fqubdbcrbl stitbml f
abjiebml? bd ciecbjl ippirf hl``l f bepimmbitl jfb elvbefjtb) l di
eltrbmbtë `bjf (smrbvfrf, icbdbtë jfd tihdbirf, bj`bdirf pfrdbjf, mlstrubrf tlrrb
ab lhhfttb bj fqubdbcrbl, fmm....)

38
3.9.3 Absdfssbi

]fmljal di rfmfjtf af`bjbzbljf afdd' Bjtfrjit

Bjtfrjitbljid
bljid Aysdfxbi Isslmbitblj (BAI) " di
absdfssbi ç uji absicbdbtë afdd'ipprfjabefjtl ab lrbhbjf jfurlcbldlhbmi
jfurlcbldlhbmi.. Fssi
Fssi ç

mirittfrbzziti
mirittfrbzziti aiddi ab``bmldtë i f``fttuirf uji dftturi immurit
immuriti
i f/l `dufjtf f ai

smirsf icbdbtë jfddi smrbtturi (lrtlhri`bi). Yufstf ab``bmldtë afrbvijl tbpbmiefjtf

tbpbmiefjtf
ai uj af`bmbt jfddi mlepljfjtf `ljldlhbmi afd dbjhuihhbl, spfssl
spfssl bjittfsl bj

ripplrtl iddf idtrf icbdbtë mlhjbtbvf

mlhjbtbvf f iddi hirijzbi ab uj'iafhuiti bstruzbljf

smldistbmi.
smldistbmi. Mljsfhufjzf sfmljairbf plssljl
plssljl bjmduafrf b prlcdfeb ab

mleprfjsbljf jfddi dftturi

dftturi f uji rbaltti pritbmi jfddi dftturi mgf puó bepfabrf

uji mrfsmbti afd vlmicldirbl f afddi mljlsmfjzi hfjfridf".

Bd prbel f``fttl mgf sb puó lssfrvirf ç uji dftturi dfjti f stfjtiti , spfssl
mirittfrbzziti ai frrlrb ab jituri abvfrsi.
Aiddi tfrzi fdfefjtirf sb sticbdbzzi d'icbdbtë ab mljvfrsbljf hri`fei/`ljfei, jfd
ciecbjl mlj absturcl i mirbml afddi dftturi ijmgf bj quirti f qubjti prbeirbi
plssbiel lssfrvirf prlcdfeb ab mljvfrsbljf hri`fei/`ljfei, jljmgâ jltfvldb
frrlrb ijmgf i dbvfddl ab rbmljlsmbefj
rbmljlsmbefjtl
tl f dftturi afddf sbddicf.
Bd ciecbjl spfssl mlepbf jfddi dftturi f jfddi smrbtturi frrlrb mirittfrbstbmb mlef
d'bjvfrsbljf ab dfttfrf f ab juefrb (fs. 39 - 93) f di slstbtuzbljf ab dfttfrf (e/j>
v/`> c/a). I vldtf jlj rbfsmf ia bepirirf df ticfddbjf f idmujf bj`lreizbljb
bj`lreizbljb bj
sfqufjzi mlef df dfttfrf afdd'id`icftl
afdd'id`icftl,, b hblrjb afddi sfttbeiji, b efsb afdd'ijjl.
[uó `irf mlj`usbljf pfr quijtl rbhuirai b ripplrtb spizbidb f tfeplridb

(afstri/sbjbstri> bfrb/aleijb> efsb f hblrjb> dftturi afdd'lrldlhbl) f puó ivfrf

ab``bmldtëë i fsprbefrf vfrcidef
ab``bmldt vfrcidefjtf
jtf mbó mgf pfjsi. Bj idmujb misb sljl prfsfjtb
ijmgf ab``bmldtë bj idmujf icbdbtë eltlrbf (ia fsfepbl iddimmbirsb
iddimmbirsb df smirpf), jfddi
mipimbtë ab ittfjzbljf f ab mljmfjtrizbljf.
Bd ciecbjl ippirf abslrhijbzzitl jfddf suf ittbvbtë, sbi i misi mgf i smuldi.
Gi ab``bmldtë i mlpbirf aiddi divihji f i prfjafrf jlti afddf bstruzbljb bepirtbtf
lridefjtf.
Bd absturcl spfmb`bml mleplrti uj bepittl sbhjb`bmitbvl f jfhitbvl pfr

37
d'iaittiefjtl smldistbml f /l pfr df ittbvbtë afddi vbti qultbabiji.
]pfssl bd ciecbjl `bjbsmf mlj d'ivfrf prlcdfeb psbmldlhbmb, quidf afeltbvizbljf,
smirsi iutlstbei, absturcl a'ijsbi, afprfssbljf, absturcb psbmlsleitbmb.
Df ab``bmldtë jfd slhhfttl absdfssbml sljl qubjab?
•

ab``bmldtë jfdd'isslmbizbljf hri`fei-`ljfei f/l `ljfei hri`fei

• eijmitl rihhbujhbefjtl afd mljtrlddl sbddicbml bj dftturi f smrbtturi

• fmmfssbvi dfjtfzzi jfddi dftturi f smrbtturi

• ab``bmldtë jfdd'bjtljizbljf fa fsprfssbvbtë jfddi dftturi
• ab``bmldtëë vbsul-spizbidb
ab``bmldt
• ab``bmldtë eltlrbf
• ab``bmldtë jfd efelrbzzirf sfqufjzf
• ab``bmldtë lrhijbzzitbvf

3.9.= Abshri`bi
Di abshri`bi ç uji ab``bmldtë ab smrbttur
smrbtturii mgf rbhuirai di rbprlauzbljf afb sfhjb
id`icftbmb f juefrbmb.
Bd ciecbjl mgf prfsfjti abshri`bi
abshri`bi smrbvf bj elal eldtl brrfhldirf,
brrfhldirf, di sui eijl
smlrrf mlj `itbmi sud pbijl ab smrbtturi f d‒bepuhjituri afddi pfjji ç spfssl
smlrrftti.
Di mipimbtë ab utbdbzzirf dl spizbl i absplsbzbljf ç, sldbtiefjtf,
sldbtiefjtf, eldtl rbaltti> jlj

rbspftti b eirhbjb afd `lhdbl, dismbi spizb brrfhldirb tri b hri`feb f tri df pirldf, jlj
sfhuf di dbjfi ab smrbtturi f prlmfaf bj —sidbti― l bj —absmfsi― rbspfttl id rbhl.
Di prfssbljf afddi eijl sud `lhdbl jlj ç iafhuitiefjtf rfhlditi> tidvldti ç
trlppl `lrtf f bd sfhjl dismbi uj'beprljti eirmiti ijmgf jfddf pihbjf sfhufjtb
afd quiafrjl, tidvldti ç trlppl afcldf f svldizzijtf.
]ljl `rfqufjtb df bjvfrsbljb jfddi abrfzbljf afd hfstl mgf sb fvbafjzbijl sbi
jfdd‒fsfmuzbljf afb sbjhldb hri`feb mgf jfddi smrbtturi iutljlei, mgf i vldtf
prlmfaf ai afstri vfrsl sbjbstri.

32
Bd ciecbjl abshri`bml prfsfjti ab``bmldtë jltfvldb ijmgf jfddi mlpbi f jfddi
prlauzbljf iutljlei ab `bhurf hfleftrbmgf
hfleftrbmgf ( tfjaf ia irrltljairf hdb ijhldb f i
jlj mgbuafrf df `lref). Ijmgf bd dbvfddl ab svbduppl afd absfhjl ç spfssl
bjiafhuitl idd‒ftë> di rbprlauzbljf ab lhhfttb l di mlpbi ab beeihbjb ç eldtl

hdlcidf f b pirtbmldirb rbsudtijl plml prfsfjtb.

Di mlpbi ab pirldf f ab `risb ç smlrrftti> sljl prfsfjtb bjvfrsbljb jfdd'ittbvbtë hri`l-
eltlrbi fa frrlrb alvutb i smirsi mllra
mllrabjizbljf
bjizbljf lmudl-eijuidf.
Di mlpbi aiddi divihji rbsudti ab``bmldtlsi, bj quijtl bd ciecbjl afvf plrtirf
ivijtb pbò mlepbtb mljtfeplrijfiefjtf? abstbjzbljf afddi pirldi aiddl s`ljal,
splstiefjtl afddl shuiral aiddi divihji id `lhdbl, rbprlauzbljf afb hri`feb.
Df abefjsbljb afddf dfttfrf jlj sljl rbspfttitf, di `lrei ç brrfhldirf,
d'beplstizbljf bjvfrtbti, bd hfstl ç smirsiefjtf `dubal, b dfhieb tri df dfttfrf
rbsudtijl smlrrfttb. Quttl mbó rfjaf spfssl di smrbtturi bjmleprfjsbcbdf id ciecbjl
stfssl,, bd quidf jlj puó qubjab jfijmgf bjabvbauirf f mlrrfhhfrf fvfjtuidb frrlrb
stfssl
lrtlhri`bmb.
Ijmgf bd rbtel ab smrbtturi rbsudti idtfri
idtfritl>
tl> bd ciecbjl smrbvf mlj vfdlmbtë fmmfssbvi
l mlj fstrfei dfjtfzzi, ei di sui eijl fsfhuf elvbefjtb i —smittb―, sfjzi
ireljbi afd hfstl f mlj `rfqufjtb bjtfrruzbljb.
Di abshri`bi ç, qubjab, uji ab``bmldtë ab smrbtturi mgf rbhuirai di rbprlauzbljf afb
sfhjb id`icftbmb f juefrbmb.
Icbdbtë ab cisf
cisf pirtbmldirefjtf
pirtbmldirefjtf mleprlefssf?
mleprlefssf?

9.Mlepftfjzf hri`l-eltlrbf
3.Mlepftfjzf ab lrbfjtiefjtl f bjtfhrizbljf spizbl-tfeplridf
=.Mlepftfjzff ab mllrabjizbljf lmudl-eijuidf f ab mllrabjizblj
=.Mlepftfjz mllrabjizbljff
abjiebmi hfjfridf
1.Mlepftfjzff ab absmrbebjizbljf f efelrbzzizbljf vbsbvi sfqufjzbidf
1.Mlepftfjz
6.Mlepftfjzf efti`ljldlhbmgf

3.9.1 Abslrtlhri`bi

Di abslrtlhri`bi ç di ab``bmldtë i triaurrf mlrrfttiefjtf b suljb mgf mlepljhljl

=;
df pirldf bj sbecldb hri`bmb> fssi sb prfsfjti mlj frrlrb sbstfeitbmb
sbstfeitbmb mgf plssljl
fssfrf mlsä abstbjtb bj abvfrsf mitfhlrbf?
Mlj`usbljf tri `ljfeb sbebdb
Bd slhhfttl mlj`ljaf mblç b suljb id`icftbmb mgf sb isslebhdbijl, ia fsfepbl @ f P>

Q f A> C f [> D f S, fmm.

Mlj`usbljf tri hri`feb sbebdb

Bj qufstl misl bd slhhfttl gi ab``bmldtë i rbmljlsmfrf b sfhjb id`icftbmb mgf

prfsfjtijl
prfsfjtijl slebhdbijzi jfddi `lrei, ia fsfepbl? c f p>
Lebssbljb

F‒ `rfqufjtf mgf bd slhhfttl tridismb idmujf pirtb afddi pirldi, ia fsfepbl di

alppbi mljsljijtf (piddi-pidi)> di vlmidf bjtfrefabi (`ulml-`lml)>
(`ulml-`lml)> di mljsljijt
mljsljijtff
bjtfrefabi (mirtldbji-mitldbji).
Bjvfrsbljb

Yufstl tbpl ab frrlrf rbhuirai df bjvfrsbljb jfddi sfqufjzi afb suljb idd‒bjtfrjl
afddi pirldf, ia fsfepbl? sf`ielrl ijzbmgâ sfei`lrl.
Di abslrtlhri`bi puó afrbvirf ai uji ab``bmldtë ab dbjhuihhbl, ai smirsf mipimbtë ab
pfrmfzbljf
pfrmfzbljf vbsbvi f uabtbvi, ai uj lrhijbzzizbljf spizbl-tfeplr
spizbl-tfeplridf
idf jlj ijmlri
su``bmbfjtfefjtf imqubsbti, ai uj prlmfssl dfjtl jfddi sbecldbzzizbljf hri`bmi.
Di abslrtlhri`bi ç, qubjab, di ab``bmldtë i triaurrf mlrrfttiefjtf b suljb mgf
mlepljhljl df pirldf bj sbecldb hri`bmb.
Icbdbtë ab cisf
cisf pirtbmldirefjtf
pirtbmldirefjtf mleprlefssf?
mleprlefssf?

•
Ab``bmldtë ab dbjhuihhbl
• ]mirsf mipimbtë ab pfrmfzbljf f absmrbebjizbljf vbsbvi f uabtbvi
• Lrhijbzzizbljf f bjtfhrizbljf spizbl-tfeplridf jlj ijmlri imqubsbti
• [rlmfssl dfjtl jfddi sbecldbzzizbljf hri`bmi.
• Ab``bmldtë efti`ljldlhbmgf
• Alebjijzi ditfridf jlj iafhuitiefjtf imqubsbti

=9
3.9.6 Absmidmudbi

Di absmidmudbi ç uji ab``bmldtë spfmb`bmi jfdd‒ipprfjabefjtl afd midmldl mgf sb

eijb`fsti
eijb`fsti jfd rbmljlsmbefjtl f jfddi afjlebjizbljf afb sbecldb juefrbmb, jfddi
smrbtturii afb juefrb, jfdd‒
smrbttur jfdd‒isslmbizbljf
isslmbizbljf afd sbecldl juefrbml iddi quijtbtë
mlrrbspljafjtf, jfddi juefrizbljf bj lrabjf mrfsmfjtf f afmrfsmfjtf, jfddi
rbslduzbljf ab sbtuizbljb prlcdfeitbmgf
prlcdfeitbmgf..
B sbecldb juefrbmb sljl quijtbti
quijtbtitbviefjt
tbviefjtff bj`frblrb rbspfttl i qufddb id`icftbmb (9;
mb`rf mljtrl
mljtrl 39 dfttfrf), ei mlepdfssi ç di dlrl mlecbjizbljf mgf sb cisi sud
vidlrf plsbzbljidf. [fr eldtb ciecbjb, bj`ittb, jlj m‒ç ab``frfjzi tri 96 f 69
lppurf tri =90 f 0=9, bj quijtl fssb, pur fssfjal bj hrial ab afjlebjirf df
sbjhldf mb`rf, jlj rbfsmljl ia ittrbcubr
ittrbcubrff sbhjb`bmitl iddi dlrl plsbzbljf idd‒bjtfrj
idd‒bjtfrjl
l
afdd‒bjtfrl juefrl.
]pfssl iddi cisf mb sljl ab``bmldtë ab lrbfjtiefjtl spizbidf f ab lrhijbzzizbljf
sfqufjzbidf mgf sb fvbafjzbijl sbi jfddi dftturi mgf jfddi smrbtturi
smrbtturi afb juefrb ( bd
juefrl 2 vbfjf mlj`usl mlj bd 0> bd juefrl 39 mlj bd 93> bd = vbfjf smrbttl id
mljtrirbl mlsä mlef idtrb juefrb...).
Ldtrf i qufstl fsbstljl
fsbstljl mlppbf ab juefrb mgf gijjl tri dlrl uji dbfvf
slebhdbijzi, mlef
mlef ia fsfepbl bd juefrl 9 f bd juefrl 8> bd = f d‒7> bd = f bd 6.
Mlj`ljafrf qufstf mb`rf sbhjb`bmi ijmgf jlj ittrbcubrdf iddi hbusti quijtbtë, pfr
mub jlj ç rirl mgf ijmgf sfepdbmb fsfrmbzb vfjhijl svldtb bj elal frritl.
Ab sldbtl ç prfsfjtf di mipimbtë ab juefrirf bj sfjsl prlhrfssbvl, mblç ab
prlmfafrff ai zfrl bj plb (9-3-=-1-6...), ei jlj qufddi ab juefrir
prlmfafr juefrirff bj sfjsl
rfhrfssbvl, pirtfjal mblç ai uji aftfrebjiti mb`ri f ijaijal bjabftrl ( 0-6-1-=-
3-9-;).
Vj idtrl lstimldl mgf mrfi id slhhfttl sbtuizbljb ab absihbl ç di ab``bmldtë i
efelrbzzirf di tivldi pbtihlrbmi mlj mljsfhufjtf beplssbcbdbtë ia fsfhubrf
mlrrfttiefjtf eldtbpdbmizbljb f abvbsbljb.
Ijmgf iddi cisf afddi absmidmudbi rbtrlvbiel mirfjzf rfditbvf iddf icbdbtë pfrmfttbvl-
eltlrbf, ei, jlj ab rial, df ab``bmldtë dlhbml-eit
dlhbml-eitfeitbmgf
feitbmgf sljl ittrbcubcbdb ijmgf

=3
i uji mirfjzi ab fspfrbfjzf mljmrftf.

Icbdbtë ab cisf
cisf pirtbmldirefjtf
pirtbmldirefjtf mleprlefssf
mleprlefssf

• Dfjtfzzi jfd prlmfssl ab sbecldbzzizbljf

•

Ab``bmldtë pfrmfttbvl-eltlrbf
• Ab``bmldtë prissbmgf
• Alebjijzi ditfridf jlj iafhuitiefjtf imqubsbti
• Ab``bmldtë ab lrhijbzzizbljf f ab bjtfhrizbljf spizbl-tfeplridf
• Ab``bmldtë ab efelrbzzizbljf
• Ab``bmldtë ab fsfmuzbljf ab mljsfhjf bj sfqufjzi

3.3 Absturcl ai af`bmbt ab ittfjzbljf

Bd Absturcl ai Af`bmbt ab Ittfjzbljf ç uj absturcl fvldutbvl afdd‒iutlmljtrlddl.

Fssl bjmduaf ab``bmldtë ab ittfjzbljf f mljmfjtrizbljf,
mljmfjtrizbljf, ab mljtrld
mljtrlddl
dl afhdb bepudsb f
afd dbvfddl ab ittbvbtë
ittbvbtë.. Yufstb prlcdfeb afrbvijl slstijzbidefj
slstijzbidefjtf
tf aidd‒bjmipimbtë afd
ciecbjl ab rfhldirf bd prlprbl mleplrtiefjtl bj `ujzbljf afd trismlrrf
trismlrrfrf
rf afd
tfepl, afhdb lcbfttbvb ai rihhbujhfrf f afddf rbmgbfstf afdd‒iecbfjtf.

Yuidb sbijl df rihbljb afdd‒bjslrhfjzi afd AAI rbeijf uji afddf qufstbljb pbò
bjtrbmitf f tuttlri brrbsldtf ab psbmgbitrbi, psbmldlhbi f hfjftbmi mdbjbmi afdd‒bj`ijzbi.
Idmujb stuab bpltbzzijl
bpltbzzijl di prfsfjzi ab uj jlj cfj prfmbsit
prfmbsitl
l eid`ujzbljiefjtl
afd ]bstfei Jfrvlsl Mfjtridf, mlef miusi smitfjijtf afd absturcl.

Di eihhblr pirtf afddf rbmfrmgf smbfjt

smbfjtb`bmgf
b`bmgf mgf bjaihijl df miusf afd AAI
rbhuiraijl di hfjftbmi.
hfjftbmi. Df rihbljb ab mbó afrbvijl ai uji sfrbf ab bjtfrfssitb
rbsudtitbb lttfjutb su `iebdbirb ab ciecbjb mlj AAI f aiddi hfjftbmi eldfmldirf
rbsudtit eldfmldirf..
Bj`ittb, bd 68% afb hfjbtlrb ab uj ciecbjl mlj AAI prfsfjti i dlrl vldti dl stfssl
absturcl, di pfrmfjtuidf smfjaf id =3% sf sb tritti ab `ritfddb jlj hfefddb>
pfrmfjtuidb
pfrmfjtuidb mgf sljl ai 0 i 93 vldtf supfrblrb rbspft
rbspfttl
tl idd‒bjmbafjzi afd absturcl

==
jfddi plpldizbljf jlreidf.

Di pfrmfjtuidf ab miusidbtë afd AAI ittrbcubcbdf i `ittlrb hfjftbmb sb ihhbri tri bd

8;% f bd 29%, efjtrf bd rfstijt
rfstijtff 9;%-=;% ç ittrbcubcbdf i `ittlrb iecbfjti
iecbfjtidb.
db.
]fecri pfrtijtl pdiusbcbdf bpltbzzirf mgf d‒bjslrhfjzi afd AAI sbi ai ittrbcubrf,
pfr di eihhblr pirtf, i `ittlrb frfabtirb! A‒idtrl mijtl, di hrivbtë, d‒fvlduzbljf f di
prlhjlsb afb sbjtleb abpfjaljl ai `ittlrb dfhitb idd‒faumizbljf f idd‒iecbfjtf
slmbidf bj mub sb trlvi bjsfrbtl bd ciecbjl.

B ciecbjb mlj af`bmbt ittfjtbvl

• gijjl ab``bmldtë i mlepdfti

mlepdftirf
rf quidsbisb ittbvbtë mgf rbmgbfai
mljmfjtrizbljf
• sfecrijl jlj ismldtirf juddi ab quijtl hdb vbfjf afttl
• sljl fmmfssbviefjtf vbvimb, mlrrljl l sb irriepbmijl, sidtijl suddf sfabf
• sb abstrihhljl eldtl `imbdefjtf
• pirdijl bj mljtbjuizbljf, rbspljafjal bj elal brrufjtl prbei ab
ismldtirf tutti di aleijai
• jlj rbfsmljl ia ispfttirf bd prlprbl turjl bj mlai l bj uj hruppl ab
divlrl
• plssljl eijb`fstirf sfrbf ab``bmldtë ab ipprfjabefjtl mgf rbsmgbijl ab
`irdb rfstirf bjabftrl rbspfttl ib mlepihjb ab mdissf, mlj aijjb feltbvb

3.= Mlelrcbdbtë
[fr —Mlelrcbdbtë― f —Mlelrcbabtë― hdb fspfrtb bjtfjaljl qufd `fjlefjl pfr mub bj
uji pfrslji sljl prfsfjtb auf l pbò absturcb ab lrbhbjf abvfrsi.

Di pritbmi mdbjbmi fvbafjzbi uj‒idti prfsfjzi ab mlelrcbdbtë sbi `ri b absturcb

spfmb`bmb afdd‒ipprfjabefj
afdd‒ipprfjabefjtl
tl sbi mlj idtrf mljabzbljb mdbjbmgf quidb absprissbf,
absturcb afd mleplrtiefjtl f afdd‒uelrf, absturcl ai af`bmbt ittfjtbvl, absturcb
a‒ijsbi, fmm. , di prfsfjzi ç mlsä idti ai `irjf quisb uji rfhldi f jlj
uj'fmmfzbljf.

=1
Iddl stitl ittuidf afddf mljlsmfjzf di mlelrcbdbtë jfddf auf mljabzbljb afsmrbttf
vi bjtfsi mlef uji mljtfeplrijfbtë l mljmlebtijzi afddi prfsfjzi ab pbò
absturcb bj issfjzi ab uji rfdizbljf tri dlrl ab tbpl miusidf .

Bj Btidbi jlj fsbstljl rbmfr

rbmfrmgf
mgf mgf iccbijl bjaihit
bjaihitl
l bj elal pujtuidf qufstl
prlcdfei. Quttivbi, aitb rimmldtb bj idtrb [ifsb prlpljhljl bjabmb ab mlelrcbdbtë tri
absdfssbi f absmidmudbi
absmidmudbi mgf sb ihhbrijl tri bd 93 f bd 36% f, sf i qufstb absturcb
absturcb sb
isslmbi ijmgf bd absturcl ab ittfjzbljf/bpfrittbvbtë, bd vidlrf sb ittfsti ittlrjl id
38%.
Id mljtrirbl, ciecbjb i``fttb ai IAGA plssljl prfsfjtirf A]I jfdd'lrabjf afd =;-
6;%? pfr qufstb ciecbjb f pfr df dlrl `iebhdbf bd pfrmlr
pfrmlrsl
sl smldistbml ç
pirtbmldirefjtf hrivlsl.
Di mlelrcbdbtë mlj bd absturcl afddi mllrabjizbljf eltlrbi (mleprfjafjtf
(mleprfjafjtf di
abshri`bi fvldutbvi) sfecri mlddlmirsb ittlrjl id =;%.
B absturcb spfmb`bmb ab ipprfjabefj
ipprfjabefjtl
tl plssljl ijmgf fssfrf isslmbi
isslmbitb
tb ia uj
absturcl psbmlpitldlhbml. Bj qufstl misl di mlelrcbdbtë tri df auf i``fzbljb puó
bepdbmirf rfdizbljb
rfdizbljb f ipprlmmb tflrbmb f mdbjbmb abvfrsb, ijmgf sf jlj sfeprf
mgbiriefjtf abstbjhubcbdb jfd sbjhldl slhhfttl, slprittuttl sf di abihjlsb vbfjf
f``fttuiti tirabviefjtf. Qidvldti bd absturcl psbmlpitldlhbml sfecri fssfrf uji
mljsfhufjzii afd absturcl ab ipprfjabefj
mljsfhufjz ipprfjabefjtl
tl f afd mljsfhufjtf bjsummfssl
smldistbml>
smldistbml> bj qufstb misb bd absturcl psbmlpitldlhbml tfjaf i rbaursb
spljtijfiefjtf
spljtijfiefjtf bj piriddfdl mlj di rbauzbljf afddf ab``bmldtë smldistbmgf>
smldistbmgf> bj idtrb
misb bd A]I abvfjti uj `ittlrf smitfjijtf pfr di strutturizbljf ab uj absturcl
psbmlpitldlhbml
psbmlpitldlhbml hbë prfsfjtf, sbi pur bj `lrei dirviti, jfhdb ijjb prfmfafjtb> bj
qufstl misl d'ijaiefjtl afb auf absturcb ippirf rfditbviefjtf bjabpfjafjtf.
Yufstf auf sbtuizbljb jlj vijjl mleujquf mlj`usf mlj bd pfrmlrsl bjvfrsl,
quijal mblç bd absturcl ab ipprfjabefjtl ç ispfmb`bml f ripprfsfjti
ripprfsfjti sldl uj
sbjtlel afd absturcl psbmlpitldlhbml.
Fsbstljl prlvf
prlvf mgf b rbtirab ab svbduppl afd dbjhuihhbl plssljl bjslrhfrf bj
isslmbizbljf mlj b Absturcb afdd'Ipprfjabefj
afdd'Ipprfjabefjtl
tl (spfmbf bd Absturcl afddi Dftturi),

=6
ijmgf sf qufstb rbtirab plssljl jlj fssfrf su``bmbfjtfefjtf hrivb ai hbustb`bmirf
di abihjlsb sfpiriti ab Absturcl afddi Mleujbmizbljf. B Absturcb
afdd'Ipprfjabefjtl
afdd'Ipprfjabefjtl plssljl ijmgf fssfrf isslmbitb ia uji pbò idti bjmbafjzi afd
Absturcl ab ]vbduppl afddi Mllrabjizbljf. [lssljl fssfrvb ijleidbf slttlstijtb
slttlstijtb

afdd'fdiclrizbljf mlhjbtbvi (pfr fs., af`bmbt afddi pfrmfzblj

afdd'fdiclrizbljf pfrmfzbljff vbsbvi, afddl svbduppl
afd dbjhuihhbl, afdd'ittfjzbljf,
afdd'ittfjzbljf, afddi efelrbi, l uji mlecbjizbljf afb
prfmfafjtb)
prfmfafjtb) mgf spfssl prfmfaljl b Absturcb afdd'Ipprfjabefjtl,
afdd'Ipprfjabefjtl, l sljl isslmbitb
ia fssb.

3.1 Ispfttl feltbvl rfdizbljidf

Hdb ispfttb feltbvl-rfidzbljidb sljl spfssl `ri b `ittlrb mgf aftfrebjbjl summfssl
l bjsummfssl smldistbml
smldistbml bj misl ab A]I.

]fmljal di dfttfrituri, b ciecbjb mlj absturcl spfmb`bml afdd'ipprfjabefjtl,

rbspfttl
rbspfttl ib dlrl mlepihjb sfjzi pirtbmldirb ab``bmldtë, gijjl uj mljmfttl ab sâ pbò
jfhitbvl, sb sfjtljl efjl supplrtitb feltbviefjtf, prlvijl pbò ijsbi f gijjl
plmi iutlstbei, tfjaljl i sfjtbrsb efjl rfspljsicbdb afd prlprbl ipprfjabefjtl
f i pfrsbstfrf plml, lvvfrl ia iccijaljirf bd mlepbtl iddf prbef ab``bmldtë .

Afelridbzzizbljf,
Afelridbzzizbljf, smirsi iutlstbei, f af`bmbt jfddf mipimbtë slmbidb plssljl
fssfrf isslmbitb
isslmbitb ib Absturcb afdd'Ipprfjabef
afdd'Ipprfjabefjtl.
jtl. Di pfrmfjtuidf ab ciecbjb l
ialdfsmfjtbb mlj Absturcb afdd'Ipprfja
ialdfsmfjt afdd'Ipprfjabefjtl
befjtl mgf iccijaljijl di smuldi ç
stbeitii bjtlrjl id 1;% (l mbrmi 9,6 vldtf bj pbò rbspfttl iddi efabi). Hdb iaudtb mlj
stbeit
Absturcb afdd'Ipprfjabefjtl plssljl ivfrf jltfvldb ab``bmldtë jfd divlrl l
jfdd'iaittiefjtl slmbidf.
Quttb jlb sbiel eltbvitb vfrsl b mlepbtb f df ittbvbtë mgf sippbiel svldhfrf mlj
summfssl. ]f uji mlsi jlj mb rbfsmf, lppurf di `immbiel sldl sf mb vbfjf beplsti,
mfrmgbiel ab scrbhirdi id pbò prfstl sfjzi bepfhjl f bjtfrfssf.
]pfssl jlj trlvi slaabs`izbljf jfijmgf jfddf ittbvbtë fxtri-smldistbmgf, i miusi
afddf dimujf pfrmfttbvl-eltlrbf
pfrmfttbvl-eltlrbf mgf plssljl jlj `irdl fmmfddfrf jfddl splrt f jlj

=0
rfjafrdl pbfjiefjtf iutljlel jfddi qultbabijbtë.
Ldtrf idd‒bjtrlauzbljf
idd‒bjtrlauzbljf ab struefjt
struefjtbb tfmjldlhbmb, bd ciecbjl puó fssfrf ibutitl mlj
ri``lrzb ab tbpl feltbvl> bd absdfssbml ç bj`ittb eldtl spfssl uj iddbfvl afeltbvitl,
mlj smirsi tlddfrijzi jfb mlj`rljtb afd ebjbel bjsummfssl, f tfjafjzi i hfttirf di

spuhji iddf prbef ivvbsihdbf ab ab``bmldtë.

[fr rbefabirf i qufsti sbtuizbljf rbsudti utbdf prfsfjtirf mlepbtb sfepdbmb,
bjmrfefjtijaljf hriauidefjtf di ab``bmldtë, fa bjstiurijal rfdizbljb fepitbmgf,
mgf immrfsmijl di sui sbmurfzzi. Bd dbvfddl ab eltbvizbljf puó fssfrf bjjidzitl
ijmgf prfsfjtijal crijb bjtfrfssijtb, iccissijal d‒ijsbi f mrfijal sbtuizbljb
prbvf ab stbeldb abstrifjtb .

=8
 MI[BQLDL =

BD ]L]QFHJL AFDDI EV]BMI JFB [SLMF]]B AB I[[SFJABEFJQL

I[[SFJABEFJQL

=.9 Eusbmi f ismldtl

Mgf rfdizbljf gi d‒ismldtl

d‒ismldtl mlj di dftturi f di smrbtturi< Yuijal sb dfhhf l sb smrbvf
sb ittbvi mljtfeplrijfiefjtf qufddi mgf Xbddfes mgbiei — beeihbjf sljlri―.
]f di hri`bi jlj rbeijaissf ia uj mljtfjut
mljtfjutl
l sljlrl jlj ivrfccf sfjsl, sfjzi bd
suljl dl smrbttl rfsti —dfttfri elrti― f df pirldf prbvitf afddi dlrl eusbmidbtë jlj
rbsuljijl jfd mlrpl.
]lddfmbtirf di `lreizbljf ab uj‒beeihbjf sljlri ibuti di dftturi f di smrbtturi,
d‒beeihbjf sljlri ippirf mgbiri faumijal d‒lrfmmgbl idd‒ismldtl? bd dbjhuihhbl,
d'bjsfhjiefjtl
d'bjsfhjiefjtl f d'ipprfjabefjtl vbihhbijl su uj mijidf mgf ç quisb
fsmdusbviefjtf imustbml, f mbó ijmgf quijal sb tritti ab dftturi sbdfjzblsi l ab
smrbtturi.
Vj mljtrbcutl i slstfhjl ab qufsti tfsb irrbvi ai Id`rfa Qleitbs , efabml
spfmbidbsti
spfmbidbsti bj ltlrbjldirbjhl
ltlrbjldirbjhlbitrbi,
bitrbi, fhdb smlprä uji dfhhf beplrtijtbssbei mgf ç iddi
cisf afd `ujzbljiefjtl afdd'ippiritl `ljitlrbl , qufsti dfhhf abmf —d'ippiritl
`ljitlrbl rbfsmf ia fefttfrf df `rfqufjzf mgf d'ippiritl uabtbvl rbfsmf i
pfrmfpbrf―. ]ummfssbviefjtf Qleitbs smlprf mgf jlj ç jfmfssirbl fssfrf slrab i
aftfrebjitf `rfqufjzf pfr jlj rbusmbrf i rbprlaurdf mlj di vlmf> ç su``bmbfjtf mgf
fssf jlj irrbvbjl mgbirf id mfrvfddl pfr prlaurrf di stfssi ab``bmldtë ab `ljizbljf.

F' qubjab di ab``bmldtë ab ismldtl di miusi afddi ab``bmldtë i mipbrf mlsi vbfjf afttl, i
mljmfjtrirsb su uj absmlrsl f i eijtfjfrf d'ittfjzbljf pfr uj mfrtl tfepl.
Quttb `ittlrb fssfjzbidb jfdd'ipprfjabefjtl.
]feprf Qleitbs pirdijal afd `ittl mgf b prbeb pissb afdd'ipprfjabefjtl sbijl
mljsldbaitb aiddi —dftturi ia idti vlmf―, slstbfjf? —.... Bj f``fttb , trittijalsb
trittijalsb ab idti

vlmf, sirfccf bd mijtl

mijtl di vbi rfhidf pfr bepirirf df dfttfrf afdd'id`icft
afdd'id`icftl.
l. Mlj uj

tidf fsfrmbzbl,
fsfrmbzbl, fssf trlvijl uj vlduef iafhuitl,
iafhuitl, vbcrijl idd'ujbsljl mlj bd dlrl

tbecrl `ljaiefjtidf
`ljaiefjtidf f issueljl di dlrl vfri bafjtbtë efabijtf di prlprbi

=7
spfmb`bmi elaudizbljf. Di vlmf, bepbfhiti jfddi sui fstfjsbljf eihhblrf,
eihhblrf, s`rutti

bjtfriefjtf
bjtfriefjtf b efmmijbseb afddi efelrbzzizbljf. Hrizbf ia fssi bd ciecbjl

ipprfjaf efhdbl f, bjvfmf ab iddljtijirsb, fjtri sfjzi s`lrzl

s`lrzl jfd eljal afddi

smrbtturi.―

=.3 Eusbmi f dbjhuihhbl

Mlj`ljaf b suljb… lefttf suljb… slstbtubsmf suljb…Ç mlrrfttl bd tfrebjf suljl

idd‒bjtfrjl afd dbjhuihhbl pirditl< Jfddi mudturi hrfmi,
hrfmi, id tfepl ab [ditljf, bd
tfrebjf rbtel fri bjtfsl bj qufstl elal? suljb l sbddicf bj lrabjf eitfeitbml.
D‒ipprfjabefjtl afddi dbjhui pirditi, sfmljal bd pfjsbfrl hrfml, rbhuirai suljb
eitfeitbmiefjtf lrabjitb. F‒ d‒lrabjf afd rbtel, fdfefjtl `ljaijtf afddi jlstri
vbti. Mgf mlsi sb abmf, mgf mlsi sb bjtfjaf mlj suljl< Di rbsplsti ç mlepdfssi
pfrmgâ bd suljl ç uj `fjlefjl mlepdfssl.
Di eusbmi f bd dbjhuihhbl smrbttl f pirditl sljl dbjhuihhb, utbdbzzijl mlabmb pfr

=2
trisefttfrf bj`lreizbljb , mlabmb altitb ab uj prlprbl sfjsl f uj prlprbl sbstfei
ab rfhldf. Vtbdbzzijl sbecldb mljjltitb ab sbhjb`bmitl. Ijidlhiefjtf
Ijidlhiefjtf iddi eusbmi bd
dbjhuihhbl ç suljl.
B suljb, sbijl fssb eusbmidb l dbjhubstbmb, sb mirittfrbzzijl pfr di dlrl idtfzzi,auriti,

bjtfjsbtë f tbecrl. D'usl ab qufstb pirieftrb ç jltl bj eusbmi ei sljl pirieftrb

mgf sb iaittijl ijmgf id dbjhuihhbl. ]f prljujmbiel uji `risf trbstf di
prljujmbiel dfjtiefjtf
dfjtiefjtf f mlsb' summfaf ijmgf pfr di rbprlauzbljf eusbmidf ab
uji efdlabi trbstf.
Idmujb stuab gijjl fvbafjzbitl mlef di eusbmi ab uji mfrti mudturi rb`dft
rb`dfttfrfccf
tfrfccf bd
rbtel, bd tfepl f di `dubabtë afd dbjhuihhbl ab ippirtfjfjz
ippirtfjfjzi.
i.
]dlclai (9226), rb`imfjalsb ihdb stuab ab Mglesny f ]mgfjnfr suddi strutturi afd
dbjhuihhbl f afddi eusbmi, slstbfjf bjldtrf mgf —b ciecbjb sfecrijl ivfrf uji
mipimbtë jituridf ab ipprfjafrf df rfhldf afd dbjhuihhbl f afddi eusbmi ittrivfrsl
d‒fsplsbzbljf
d‒fsplsbzbljf i afhdb fsfepb― f mgf —pfr di eusbmi, mlef pfr bd dbjhuihhbl, bd
efzzl jituridf ç uabtbvl-vlmidf―.
Ai uji rbmfrmi mljaltti ai Ousdbj f Diunni (3;;=) suddi rfdizbljf tri b pirieftrb
imustbmb f df felzbljb trisefssf
trisefssf jfd dbjhuihhbl f bj eusbmi, ç fefrsl mgf b
eusbmbstb mleujbmijl
mleujbmijl felzbljb usijal uj mlabmf imustbml mgf afrbvi ai
prlhrieeb
prlhrieeb jfuridb bjjitb pfr dd'fsprfss
'fsprfssbljf
bljf ab felzbljb vlmidb. Afd rfstl bd dlcl
tfeplridf
tfeplridf sbjbstrl ai mub abpfjaf d'fdiclrizbljf afd dbjhuihhbl eusbmidf ç dl
stfssl ai mub
mub abpfjaljl di smrbttu
smrbtturi
ri f di prlauzbljf afd dbjhui
dbjhuihhbl.
hhbl.

=.= Eusbmi f icdbtë vbsul-spizbidb

]b pirdi ab `ujzbljb vbsul spizbidb quijal mb sb rb`frbsm

rb`frbsmff i mlef bd slhhftt
slhhfttl
l
bjtfrihbsmf mlj bd eljal mgf dl mbrmljai? mlef vfaf f pfrmfpbsmf dl spizbl, mlef
vfaf f pfrmfpbsmf sf stfssl, hdb idtrb f hdb lhhfttb jfddl spizbl.
—B af`bmbt vbsul-spizbidb sb plssljl af`bjbrf mlef abslrabjb
abslrabjb mgf aftfrebjijl

uj'frrljfi stbei afhdb ispfttb

ispfttb spizbidb `ri abvfrsb lhhfttb mgf rbhuiraijl bd

ripplrtl tri di pfrslji f d'lhhfttl,

d'lhhfttl, df rfdizbljb stfssf `ri abvfrsb lhhft
lhhfttb
tb f

1;
d'lrbfjtiefjtl
d'lrbfjtiefjtl afhdb stbeldb, isslmbiti ia uji mlrrbspljafjtf
mlrrbspljafjtf miauti jfddf

mipimbtë ab efelrbi f ab pfjsbfrl spizbidf ― (Cfjtlj,9276)

B ciecbjb mgf gijjl qufstl tbpl ab mleprlebss

mleprlebssbljf
bljf plssljl eijb`fstir
eijb`fstirff
ab``bmldtëë bj virb iecbtb smldistbmb? ab``bmldtë i mlpbirf uj absfhjl, ia lrhijbzz
ab``bmldt lrhijbzzirf
irf dl

spizbl afd `lhdbl f afddf dbjff ab smrbttur

smrbtturi,
i, ab``bmldtë jfd midmldl smrbttl, jfddi
hfleftrbi, jfddi dftturi (i``lddiefjtl pfrmfttbvl f mlj`usbljf tri dfttfrf sbebdb
mlj abvfrsl lrbfjtiefjtl).
Bj`ittb
Bj`ittb smrbvfrf uji pirldi sbhjb`bmi triaurrf uji sfrbf ab suljb, mblç uji
stbeldizbljf imustbmi
imustbmi lrabjiti jfd tfepl, bj uji sfrbf ab sfhjb hri`bmb, mblç
uj'ittbvbtëë eltlrbi lrabjiti jfddl spizbl, sticbdfjal tri suljl f sfhjl uji
uj'ittbvbt
mlrrbspljafjzi.
mlrrbspljafjzi. Yufsti triauzbljf bepdbmi di mipimbtë ab ijidbzzirf bd suljl afddi
pirldi jfb sulb fdfefjtb lrabjitb jfd tfepl, ab sticbdbrf uji mlrrbspljafjzi
mlrrbspljafjzi tri
suljl f sfhjl hri`bml, ab plsbzbljirf tidb sfhjb jfddl spizbl bj elal ai rbspfttirf
rbspfttirf
d'lrbfjtiefjtl afddf dfttfrf bj ripplrtl id `lhdbl, f bj`bjf ab rbmleplrrf di
summfssbljf lrabjiti ab dfttfrf mlrrbspljafjtb? sb tritti mblç ab `irf uj
prlhrieei
prlhrieei eltlrbl, uj lutput mlrrbspljafjtf idd'bjput imustbml.
]f bj bjput iccbiel uj sfhjidf abstlrt
abstlrtl
l bj lutput mb sirë ijmlri uj sfhjidf
abstlrtl.
D‒bjput ç mlstbtubtl aidd'ismldtl, aiddi sfjsbcbdbtë sfjslrbidf f aiddi mipimbtë
pfrmfttbvi, plb uji `isf ab fdiclrizbljf f plb d‒fsprfssbljf.
]lddfmbtirf di sfjsbcbdbtë sfjslrbidf sbhjb`bmi i``bjirf di pfrmfzbljf, ç ittrivfrsl b

sfjsb mgf sb mleujbmi f sb mljlsmf, b mbjquf sfjsb afvljl ivfrf uj culji

`ujzbljidbtë tijtl
tijtl pbò sljl sfjsbcbdb fa faumitb ia uji pfrmfzbljf slttbdf f
ri``bjiti tijtl pbò di mleujbmizbljf, di rfdizbljf f di mljlsmfjzi sirijjl rbmmgf.
Vj mlepbtl `ljaiefjtidf afdd‒faumizbljf alvrfccf fssfrf qufddl ab faumirf b
sfjsb i uji pfrmfzbljf rbmmi f prl`ljai l``rfjal bd pbimfrf f di hritb`bmizbljf
afdd‒ittl
afdd‒ittl pfrmfttbvl
pfrmfttbvl..

19
=.1 Eusbmi f pfrmfzbljf

Dl stbeldl afddf `imldtë ab ismldtl f bjvfjzbljf gi mlef `bjidbtë dl svbduppl afddf

mipimbtë pfrmfttbvf.
Mlef slstbfjf Afdidijaf(922=) , df mljalttf iddi cisf afdd'ittbvbtë
afdd'ittbvbtë eusbmidf afd

ciecbjl, mlef afdd'iaudtl sljl trf? d' fspdlrizbljf

fspdlrizbljf,, d'fsprfssbljf f
d'lrhijbzzizbljf.
D'fspdlrizbljf
D'fspdlrizbljf afdd' lhhfttl eusbmidf l afddi vlmf plrti bd ciecbjl i `irf uji
rbmfrmi afd suljl f afd hfstl mgf idtrl jlj ç mgf uj hblml sfjsl-eltlrbl.
@irf eusbmi,
eusbmi, slttl eldtb pujtb ab vbsti , vuld abrf lrhijbzzirf. Mipbrf quijal
suljirf, bj quidf spizbl, mlj quidf bjtfjsbtë
bjtfjsbtë,, l bj uji abefjsbljf mlrfut
mlrfutbmi
bmi
ivfrf di pfrmfzbljf ab bjsbfef, vuld abrf bj slstijzi sfhubrf afddf rfhldf.
[fr b ciecbjb afddi smuldi eitfrji prlaurrf uj suljl sbhjb`bmi prbjmbpidefjtf
fsfhubrf uji sfrbf ab hfstb mgf db spbjhf iutleitbmiefjtf id elvbefjtl,
elvbefjtl mljtrlddit
mljtrldditl
l aid suljl! Fhdb bepiri mgf ai uj sul hfstl smi
smiturbsmf
turbsmf uj
aftfrebjitl suljl f bepiri i midbcrirf d' bjtfjsbtë f bd rbtel (struefjtb mgf hdb
sfrvbrijjl plb pfr di hri`bi) iafhuijal d‒i
d‒irtbmldizbljf
rtbmldizbljf afddi eijl, bd pfsl afd
crimmbl, di prfssbljf afdd‒irbi iddi rbsplsti efmmijbmi afddl struefjtl pfr
lttfjfrf qufddi pirtbmldirf sljlrbtë prfsmfdti.
Lssfrvijal f ijidbzzijal
ijidbzzijal df pritbmgf eusbmi
eusbmidb,
db, Afdidijaf bjabvbaui bj fssf trf
mlepljfjtb?b? —…di rbmfrmi ab uj pbimfrf sfjsl-eltlrbl i dbvfddl hfstuidf, tittbdf
mlepljfjt tittbdf
mlef purf uabtbvl> uj bjvfstbefjtl sbecldbml afdd‒lhhfttl eusbmidf efssl bj

ripplrtl mlj uj vbssutl (fspfrbfjzi afd elvbefjtl, i``fttb) l mlj mfrtb ispfttb
afddi mudturi (ebtb, vbti slmbidf)> f bj`bjf, uji slaabs`izbljf bjtfddfttuidf
bjtfddfttuidf mgf
rbsudti aid hblml ab rfhldf…―
Di rbmfrmi afd pbimfrf mgf afrbvi aid hblml ab fsfrmbzbl jfd ciecbjl, mirittfrbzzitl
aiddi rbpftbzbljf, ç ujl afb trittb mgf mirittfrbzzi d'ittbvbtë sfjsl-eltlrbi .
D'ismldtl eusbmidf ittbvi bjfvbticbdefjtf bd ripplrtl `ri hdb lrhijb ab sfjsl f di
efjtf, f qufstl ripplrtl jlj sfeprf puó af`bjbrsb pirbtirbl. Bj`ittb b sfjsb
rbmfvljl f di efjtf bjtfrprfti f ittrbcubsmf sfjsb f vidlrb.

13
Jfdd‒fspfrbfjzi eusbmidf, bj prbjmbpbl ç bd ]fjsl. Bd ]fjsl ç bd vbssutl, lssbi bd
‗sfjtbtl‒ bj tuttb b sfjsb? uabtl, pfrmfpbtl, mldtl imustbmiefjtf jfdd‒
jfdd‒fvfjtl
fvfjtl sljlrl,
jfdd‒lhhfttl eusbmidf> mldtl, mipbtl bj rfdizbljb f rb`frbefjtb mlhjbtbvb f mudturidb>
sfjtbtl jfdd‒beeihbjizbljf, bj fdiclriz
fdiclrizbljb
bljb `ijtiseitbmgf, rb-sfjtbtl
rb-sfjtbtl,, vbssutl jfd

mulrf lssbi jfdd‒i``fttbvbtë> sfjtbtl bj tljbmbtë eusmldirb, bj prlprblmfzbljb eltlrbf

(mlj di pfrmfzbljf prl`ljai afd elvbefjtl), bj sbjfstfsbf (mlef quijal iddi
pfrmfzbljf
pfrmfzbljf ab uj suljl sb iccbji qufddi ab uj pirtbmldirf mldlrf l suljl).
D‒felzbljf eusbmidf ç sfepdbmfefjtf bd ]fjsl bj quijtl vbssutl jfd prl`ljal
(jfd mlrpl) f jlj ijmlri fdiclritl i dbvfddb (efjtidb) ab fsprfssbljf.

=.6 Eusbmi f ittfjzbljf

Vj ciecbjl bj ab``bmldtë jfdd‒bepirirf issuef ijmgf mleplrtiefjtb pirtbmldirb

mgf plssljl virbirf bj uji hieei mleprfsi `ri d‒bpfrittbvbtë f d‒ipitbi
]uljb, rbteb, elvbefjtl sljl df `ljaiefj
`ljaiefjti
ti suddf quidb slrhfr
slrhfrijjl
ijjl hdb
ipprfjabefjtb.
ipprfjabefjtb. Di stlrbi ab lhjb ciecbjl mleprfjaf b eltbvb afb
mleplrtiefjtb,
mleplrtiefjtb, afd dbvfddl ab ittfjzbl
ittfjzbljf,
jf, afdd‒bepfhjl mgf hdb sirë rbmgbfst
rbmgbfstl
l jfddi
vbti smldistbmi. D‒ittfjzbljf jfd ciecbjl mrfsmf mlj bd pissirf afb efsb. I uj ijjl
ab ftë hdb bjtfrfssb afb ciecbjb aurijl pfr plmgb ebjutb, i trf ijjb alvrfccfrl
aurirf pbò i dujhl f mlsä vbi. B tfstb afb pfaihlhbstb sljl rbmmgb ab almuefjtizbljb.
B tfepb ab ittfjzbljf alvrfccfrl prldujhirsb mlj bd pissirf afhdb ijjb.
D‒ittfjzbljf ç `ruttl afddi pritbmi afdd‒ittfjzbljf stfssi. ]b bepiri i rbspfttirf bd

turjl quijal sb mljabvbaf uj‒

uj‒fspfrbfjzi
fspfrbfjzi idd‒bjt
idd‒bjtfrjl
frjl ab uj hruppl.
Vj iddfjiefjtl eusbmidf prfmlmf,
prfmlmf, jfb ciecbjb mgf gijjl afddf ab``bmldt
ab``bmldtëë ab
dbjhuihhbl, puó airf eldtb cfjf`bmb, mlef `ivlrbrf d‒ittfjzbljf sfdfttbvi rbspfttl
ia ujl stbeldl sljlrl f iddi sui strutturi. Ai qufstl ispfttl sb svbduppfrë
d‒ittfjzbljf sfdfttbvi uabtbvi, `ljaiefjtidf pfr dl svbduppl afd dbjhuihhbl f utbdf
pfr di dftturi.

1=
=.0 Eusbmi f efelrbi

Di efelrbi ç uj'icbdbtë `ljaiefjtidf jfb prlmfssb mlhjbtbvb . Fssi rbhuirai bd

eijtfjbefjtl afdd'bj`lreizbljf jfd tfepl ei ijmgf di mipimbtë ab rbmlrairsb
uji mljsfhji f plrtirdi i tfrebjf.

Ijmgf di eusbmi mlbjvldhf qufstf mipimbtë mlhjbtbvf mlepdfssf> bd prlmfssl afddi

efelrbi afddi eusbmi ç sbebdf i qufddl bj mub pfrmfpbiel fa fdiclrbiel tuttf df
bj`lreizbljb.

=.8 Eusbmi f elvbefjtl

Afdidijaf (3;;9) slstbfjf mgf di pfrmfzbljf afddi eusbmi, prbei ab fssfrf

efjtidf, pissi ittrivfrsl bd mlrpl.
Bd ciecbjl quijal ismldti di eusbmi sb eulvf f dl `i sfjzi pfjsirf, di eusbmi
ittrivfrsi prbei bd sul mlrpl. Mfrtl, jlj ç uji prfrlhitbvi sldl afb ciecbjb,
ijmgf hdb iaudtb spfssl pirtfmbpijl `bsbmiefjtf ittrivfrsl uj cittbtl ab eijb l ab
pbfab , uj elvbefjtl afd mlrpl l mijtbmmgbi
mijtbmmgbijal.
jal.
Di pfrmfzbljf afd prlprbl mlrpl bj elvbefjtl `ivlrbsmf di strutturizbljf afddl
smgfei mlrplrfl f di aijzi mljtrbcubsmf i bjtfhrirf f mlepdftirf tidf prlmfssl.
Mlef quidsbisb ittbvbtë abjiebmi bd ciddl jfmfssbti ab uji mllrabjizbljf mlepdfssi
mgf sb triaumf jfddi mipimbtë ab mlepbfrf hfstb ipprlprbitb fa fmljlebmb. Bd
ebhdblriefjtl afddf mipimbtë mllrabjitbvf mljsfjtf id `ijmbuddl ab rihhbujhfrf jfd
tfepl uji eltrbmbtë sfeprf pbò rbmmi, f``bmimf f ireljblsi, mgf sb eijb`fsti

jfddi prfmbsbljf f `dubabtë afb hfstb eltlrb.

Jfddi aijzi , mlef jfddf clay pfrmussblj, vbfjf mlstijtfefjtf stbelditi di
mipimbtë ab ditfridbzzizbljf,
ditfridbzzizbljf, jlj sldl bj rfdizbljf i sâ ei ijmgf rbspfttl ihdb idtrb
f iddl spizbl mbrmlstijtf.

Di mipimbtë `bjl eltlrbi, bjvfmf, vbfjf slddfmbtiti ittrivfrsl d'ipprlmmbl iddl

struefjtl , ei jlj sldl. Ittrivfrsl d'ismldtl eusbmidf sb plssljl slddfmbtirf b
ciecbjb i mlepbfrf dbfvb elvbefjtb mlj df abti l mlj b pldsb ibutijalsb ijmgf mlj
supplrtb mlef jistrb l dfhjftt
dfhjfttb.b.

11
Di mipimbtë lrleltlrbi puó fssfrf slddfmbtiti ittrivfrsl bd mijtl.

=.7 Di eusbmi f b prlmfssb mlhjbtbvb supfrblrb

Di eusbmi ç ijmgf uj `fjlefjl mlhjbtbvl, bepdbmijtf d‒ittbvizbljf,

jfdd‒ismldtitlrf, ab mlepdfssb efmmijbseb fa lpfrizbljb efjtidb a‒fdiclrizbljf,
tris`lreizbljf, beeihizzbjiefjtl f rfmupfrl afdd‒bj`lreizbljf sljlri
mljtfjutii jfdd‒bjput sfjslrbidf.
mljtfjut
Afdidijaf (3;;9) slstbfjf mgf di eusbmi sbi mlef uj hblml sbecldbml, di eusbmi
ebei bd rfidf mlj smgfeb , lrhijbzzizbljb f elvbefjtb mgf sb rbtrlvijl
jfdd'fspfrbfjzi
jfdd'fspfrbfjzi qultbabiji. Di eusbmi fvlmi uji sfjtbefjt
sfjtbefjtl,
l, uji sbtuizbljf
vbssuti ittrivfrsl prfmbsf fspfrbfjzf afd elvbefjtl f afd rfspbrl. B hfstb sljl
bepdbmbtb jfddf felzbljb f hdb stfssb hfstb mgf fvlmijl df stfssf felzbljb sb trlvijl

ijmgf jfddi eusbmi .

=.2 Di eusbmi f df rfdizbljb slmbidb

D'fspfrbfjzii a'ismldtl eusbmidf vbssuti ai pbò ab auf pfrsljf bjsbfef ç sfeprf

D'fspfrbfjz
lmmisbljf ab smiecbl, bjmljtrl f tris`lreizbljf
tris`lreizbljf jfd hruppl< Jfd sul dbcrl
—Hblmgb a'Ismldtl― (3;;3) @. @frrirb slstbfjf mgf jlj ç sfeprf mlsä. D'iutrbmf
slstbfjf mgf spfssl di abjiebmi ab hruppl prfvidfjt
prfvidfjtff sbi qufddi afd piriddfdbsel?
lvvfrl sbiel bj tijtb, `immbiel di stfssi mlsi , ismldtbiel di stfssi eusbmi ei
jlj mb bjmljtrbiel eib.
Yuijal, iddlri, di eusbmi abvfjti uj ibutl jfb prlmfssb rfdizbljidb<
rfdizbljidb< Yuijal m'ç
d'bjtfjzbljf.. Ei d'bjtfjzbljf ai sldi jlj irrbvi sf jlj m'ç uj mljauttlr
d'bjtfjzbljf mljauttlrff
idd'bjtfrjl afd hruppl. Bd mljauttlrf ç ab `ljaiefjtidf beplrtijzi pfr
abrfzbljirf d'ismldtl su ispfttb pirtbmldirb fa ç slprittuttl `ljaiefjtidf pfr di
afjsbtë afddi ismldtl rfdizbljidf .
Iddi cisf m'ç d'bjtfjzblj
d'bjtfjzbljff ab ismldtirf/`irf eusbmi pfr stirf efhdbl bjsbfef, pfr
trlvirff jfdd'ismldtl uj ibutl iddl svbduppl afddi rfdizbljf. D'ismldtl prfvfaf ijmgf
trlvir

16
uji mipimbtë ab elaudizbljf>
elaudizbljf> lhjb bjabvbaul gi fsbhfjzf abvfrsf
abvfrsf fa ç beplrtijt
beplrtijtff
rbusmbrf i `irdf mlecimbirf pfrefttfjal dl smiecbl felzbljidf rfmbprlml.

=.9; Di eusbmi f df felzbljb

Aid mljtrlddl f aiddi rfhldizbljf afddf felzbljb abpfjaljl dl stitl ab sidutf f bd

cfjfssfrff bjabvbauidf.
cfjfssfr
Mgf di eusbmi sbi vfbmldl ab felzbljb ç jltl sbj aib tfepb ab [ditljf mgf jfd sul
elafddl bafidf ab mbttë bpltbzzi di jlj bjmdusbljf ab idmujf eusbmgf mgf ivfvijl
uj f``fttl suddf felzbljb tidf ai smiturbrf mleplrtiefjtb jfhitbvb.
]ljl abvfrsb hdb ispfttb afddi eusbmi mgf mb plrtijl i sfjtbrf uj'felzbljf. Bj
prbel dulhl di strutturi afd crijl, jfddi quidf bd tfepl gi uj ruldl prbjmbpidf. Bd
tfepl vfdlmf `i virbirf di abefjsbljf afdd'irlusid, `ivlrbsmf bj`ittb uuj iuefjtl
afddl stitl ab fmmbticbdbtë.
Yufddl mgf di eihhblr pirtf ab jlb rbmfrmi jfddi eusbmi ç uj‒fspfrbfjzi
felzbljidf. Bj`ittb, d‒ismldtl afddi eusbmi gi uj f``fttl su abvfrsf eijb`fstizbljb
`bsbldlhbmgf afd sbstfei jfrvlsl iutljlel ittrivfrsl uji virbizbljf afd cittbtl
mirabiml, `rfqufjzi rfspbritlrbi, sualrizbljf, sfmrfzbljf histrbmi, tfjsbljf
eusmldirf91,96.
eusmldirf91,96. Ei b ripplrtb tri felzblj
felzbljff f eusbmi jlj sb dbebtijl sldl i
qufstf rbsplstf
rbsplstf `bsbmgf. Di eusbmi rbaumf di sfmrfzbljf ab mlrtbsldl bj rbsplsti iddl
strfss> qufstl `fjlefjl, rbsmljtritl fssfrf prfsfjtf bj ftë prfjitidf f jfd
dittijtf90,98, ç stitl vfrb`bmitl ijmgf jfdd‒ialdfsmfjtf. Di ebsurizbljf afd dbvfddl

ab mlrtbsldl prbei f alpl ittbvbtë strfssi

strfssijtb
jtb bj hruppb ab ialdfsmfjtb gi vfrb`bmitl
uj sbhjb`bmitbvl iccissiefjtl
iccissiefjtl afb dbvfddb ab qufstl lreljf afddl strfss sbi jfddf
`feebjf mgf jfb eismgb aurijtf d‒ismldtl afddi eusbmi97,92. Sfmfjtb rbmfrmgf
gijjl fspdlritl di pfrmfzbljf feltbvi afddi eusbmi jfddf ab``frfjtb mudturf.
]lhhfttb ab mudturi i`rbmiji l lmmbafjtidf mgf gijjl ismldtitl hdb stfssb crijb
eusbmidb gijjl ittrbcubtl ib crijb eusbmidb df stfssf felzbljb (piuri, hblbi,
trbstfzzi)3;. Df felzbljb fsprfssf bj eusbmi plssljl fssfrf mleprfsf id ab dë
afdd‒ippirtfjfjzi mudturidf, bjabpfjafjtfefjtf aiddf ab``frfjzf

10
faumitbvlmudturidb. Yufsti mleujf mipimbtë ab bafjtb`bmirf bd mljtfjutl feltbvl
eusbmidf `i pfjsirf iddi eusbmi mlef uj dbjhuihhbl ujbvfrsidf jlj vfrcidf pfr
mleujbmirf uj mljtfjutl feltbvl Di rbsplsti felzbljidf idd‒ismldtl afd eltbvl
eusbmidf ç pritbmiefjtf beefabiti fa ç prfsfjtf jfb eusbmbstb f jfb jlj

eusbmbstb33. Bd tribjbjh f d‒fspfrbfjzi eusbmidf iuefjtijl di sfjsbcbdbtë pfrmfttbvi

jfd rbmljlsmfrf df felzbljb ldtrf mgf jfddi eusbmi ijmgf jfd dbjhuihhbl
pirditl3=. Ç stitl prlvitl, ittrivfrsl stuab ab beihbjh mfrfcridf (@bhuri 6), mgf di
rbsplsti felzbljidf iddi eusbmi mlbjvldhf df strutturf afd sbstfei dbecbml (jumdfl
immuecfjs, iebhaidi, bjsudi, hbrl lrcbtl-`rljtidf, mlrtfmmbi prf`rljtidf vfjtridf-
efabidf, bpltidiel), f qufstl ivvbfjf sbi bj eusbmbstb prlvfttb mgf bj ismldtitlrb
sfjzi uj tribjbjh spfmb`bml. Bj pirtbmldirf, d‒ittbvizbljf afd jumdfl immuecfjs f
afddi rftf afddf strutturf efsldbecbmgf, mlef d‒irfi sfhefjtidf vfjtridf,
strutturf rbmmgf ab rfmfttlrb f mfddudf alpiebjfrhbmgf, `i rbtfjfrf prlcicbdf bd
mlbjvldhbefjtl afdd‒izbljf afddi alpiebji pfr uj‒fspfrbfjzi ab hritb`bmizbljf31-
38. Bd mlbjvldhbefjtl ab qufstf strutturf aurijtf d‒fspfrbfjzi eusbmidf `i pfjsirf
i uj mlddfhiefjtl ivvfjutl bj ijtbmgbssbei ftë jfddi `bdlhfjfsb, efttfjal bj
rfdizbljf di eusbmi mlj ittbvbtë dfhitf iddi slprivvbvfjzi ueiji f bj ripplrtl mlj
b mfjtrb ab rbmlepfjsi f hritb`bmizbljf, ittbvb jfddf ittbvbtë bjabspfjsicbdb, ippujtl,
pfr di slprivvbvfjzi afdd‒lrhijbsel.

18
 MI[BQLDL 1

SBMFSMI

Bj rfdizbljf i quijtl prfmfafjtfefjtf fsplstl vfjhljl ab sfhubtl prfsfjtitb b

prlhfttb mlj bjtfrvfjt

prlhfttb bjtfrvfjtl l su cisf eusbmidf f eusbmltfripbmi
eusbmltfripbmi idd'bjtfrjl ab pbò
hruppb mdissf id `bjf ab vfrb`bmirf di rbmiauti sub prlmfssb ittfjtbvb, ab efelrbi fa
feltbvl-rfdizbljidb.

1.9 Eusbmi f A]I idd'bjtfrjl afddi smuldi prbeirbi

D'bjtfrvfjtl su cisf sljlrl-eusbmidf ç stitl svbduppitl mlj di mlddiclrizbljf

afdd'fqubpf afd [rl`. @rijmfsml Cfjsl jfurlpsbmldlhl mdbjbml fa bj pirtbmldirf
aiddi Altt. @fafrbmi Sipi psbmldlhi
psbmldlhi f mlj ddii supfrvbsbljf afddi Altt. Mdiuabi
Dlrfjzb tlutlr
tlutlr afd ebl tbrlmbjbl.
B ciecbjb mgf gijjl pirtfmbpitl iddi rbmfrmi ippirtfjhljl
ippirtfjhljl iddi mdissf 3» ( 93
ciecbjb) f =» (9= ciecbjb) afddi smuldi prbeirbi ab
ab Abijl Mistfddl (BE) , tidb
tidb mdissb
sljl stitf smfdtf
smfdtf aiddi `baumbirbi afd pdfssl, di eifstri E.S. , di quidf gi
prlvvfautl i``bjmgç df `iebhdbf immljsfjtbssfrl iddi sleebjbstrizbljf afb tfst
prf f plst bjtfrvfjtl.
Bjbzbidefjtff sb ç tfjuti uji rbujbljf mlj b hfjbtlrb afb ciecbjb id `bjf ab fsplrrf
Bjbzbidefjt
bd prlhfttl fa idmujb ispfttb spfmb`bmb, tri mub?

D‒lcbfttbvl hfjfridf afdd‒bjtfrvfjtl>

•

Di auriti afdd‒bjtfrvfjtl>
•

Di eftlaldlhbi
•

Aurijtf d'bjmljtrl mlj b hfjbtlrb ç stitl spbfhitl bd eltbvl pfr mub sb rbtfjfssf
lpplrtujl f``fttuirf uj prlhfttl eusbmidf f slttldbjfijal mgf d'bjtfrvfjtl jlj
ivfvi di prfsujzbljf ab slstbtubrsb i jfssuj tribjbjh prfmfafjtfefjtf bjtriprfsl
ei vldfvi fssfrf uj slstfhjl suppdfefjtirf iddf ab``bmldtë fvfjtuidefjtf
bjmljtritf jfdd'ipprfjabefjtl smldistbml.

17
]ummfssbviefjtf sb ç mljmlraitl mlj df eifstrf di abspljbcbdbtë jfddi mljmfssbljf
afddf lrf pfr bd prlhfttl. Di eifstri I.H. , bjsfhjijtf afddi mdissf 3 gi mljmfssl
auf lrf sfttbeijidb efjtrf di eifstri E.]. , bjsfhjijtf afddi mdissf = jf gi
mljmfssi uji.

D'bjtfrvfjtl gi qubjab prfvbst

D'bjtfrvfjtl prfvbstl
l =g pfr lhjb ciecbjl pfr di sleebjbstrizbljf afb
tfst f afb rf -tfst pbò =0 bjmljtrb jfddi mdissf 3 f 97 bjmljtrb jfddi mdissf = ai
eftë hfjjibl i eftë eihhbl 3;91.

1.3 ]truefjtb utbdbzzitb

[fr b tfst f b rf-tfst ab vidutizbljf sljl stitb utbdbzzitb?

[islt? Bd sleebjbstritlr
• sleebjbstritlrff dfhhf uj jlef afddi dbsti f bd ciecbjl afvf abrf bd
mljtrirbl afd pfjudtbel jlef dfttl . Yufstl tfst sfrvf pfr di vfrb`bmi afb tfepb
ittfjtbvb fa fsfmutbvb.

Fsfepbl?
prlvi 9 [rlvi 3 [rlvi =
juef
juefrrb rbs
bsp
plst
lst frrlrb juefrb rbsplst frrlrb juefrb rbsplst frrlrb
f f f
cfjf cfjf cfjf
hufrri eidf hufrri eidf hufrri eidf
pbijl pimf pbijl pimf pbijl pimf
prbei `lrtf prbei `lrtf prbei `lrtf
slttl alpl slttl alpl slttl alpl
hblrjl slpri hblrjl slpri hblrjl slpri
cfddl jlttf cfddl jlttf cfddl jlttf
idtl cruttl idtl cruttl idtl cruttl
afjtrl cissl afjtrl cissl afjtrl cissl
hblrjl `ulrb hblrjl `ulrb hblrjl `ulrb
pbijl jlttf pbijl jlttf pbijl jlttf
idtl `lrtf idtl `lrtf idtl `lrtf

Afjlebjizbljf vfdlmf?
• vfdlmf? B ciecbjb sljl bjvbtitb i jlebjirf vfdlmfefjtf
vfdlmfefjtf b mldlrb

12
l hdb lhhfttb prlplstb . Yufstl tfst viduti di mipimbtë ab isslmbizbljf vbsbvl-
vfrcidf, d'irfi afd dbjhuihhbl f bd sbstfei fsfmutbvl

Fsfepbl

]plljfrb sel? Bd ciecbjl ç bjvbtitl i bjvfrtbrf df auf dfttfrf bjbzbidb ab auf

]plljfrbsel?
pirldf dfttf aid sleebjbstritlrf bj elal ai `lreirjf idtrf auf julvf mgf
iccbijl uj sbhjb`bmitl. Fsfepbl? PI]MI-QFDI,
PI]MI-QFDI, PFDI-QI]MI
PFDI-QI]MI――.
Yufstl tfst sfrvf pfr di vidut
vidutizbljf
izbljf afdd'irfi afd dbjhuihhbl f afd sbstfei
sbstfei
fsfmutbvl

Idpgi ]pij? bd ciecbjl ç bjvbtitl i rbpftfrf df pirldf afttf aid sleebjbstritlrf ,

•

di prbei vldti jfdd'lrabjf ab ismldtl f di sfmljai bj lrabjf id`icftbml . Yufstl tfst

6;
sfrvf pfr di vfrb`bmi afddi efelrbi ab divlrl f afd sbstfei fsfmutbvl

•Dftturi crijl? bd ciecbjl vbfjf bjvbtitl i dfhhfrf uj crijl, jfddi dft

dftturi
turi afd
crijl vfjhljl tfstitb hdb frrlrb f bd tfepl ab bepbfhl

•[irldf/jlj [irldf? Bd ciecbjl vbfjf bjvbtitl i dfhhfrf afddf jlj pirldf (fs?
hruj`, cbep). Di dftturi ab jlj pirldf, cisijalsb fsmdusbviefjtf sudd'ippdbmizbljf
ab rfhldf ab tris`lreizbljf hri`fei-`ljfei sfjzi uj immfssl abrfttl i spfmb`bmgf
mljlsmfjzf dfssbmidb, mlstbtubsmf uji ebsuri rfditbviefjtf puri afb efmmijbseb
mlhjbtbvb ab trijsmlab`bmi f ijidbsb `ljldlhbmi mlbjvldtb jfddi `ujzbljf struefjt
struefjtidf
idf
afddi dftturi
•prlvf ab mijmfddizbljf? bd ciecbjl ç bjvbtitl i mijmfddirf bd tirhft bd pbò
vfdlmfefjtf plssbcbdf, sfjzi tlmmirf mlj bd pfjjirfddl b clrab afddf mfddf .
Bd Qfst ab Mijmfddizbljf (Cfjsl & Crimml, 3;;0), ebsuri df abjiebmgf ittfjtbvf, di
rbmfrmii vbsbvi f di mllrabjizbljf lmudleijuidf, mlj d'bjtfjtl ab bsldirf af`bmbt
rbmfrm
ittfjtbvb .

Fsfepbl? mijmfddirf
mijmfddirf b sbecldb
- - T L / T - - T / L / - -
- T | | / / L T / T | | / -
T ; T | T / T / / ; | / | T
| T | / L | | | | / T | / |

T | L / T / / T / L T | | L
| T | / / / / / T T / | / |
/ | / | T L - - L / | T | /

•@bvf pljt tfst ? bd ciecbjl ç bjvbtit

bjvbtitl
l ia ujbrf b pujtbjb bj tuttb b elab plssbcbdb,
d'beplrtijtf ç `lreirf `bhurf abvfrsf bd pbò vfdlmfefjtf plssbcbdf sfjzi pfró mgf
dbjff sbijl sfpiritf. Yufstl tfst vbfjf utbdbzzitl pfr vidutirf df `ujzbljb
fsfmutbvf fa ittfjtbvf.

69
Fsfepbl?
[SBEI [SLPI ? uj ebjutl ab tfepl

F]FE[BL HBV]QL?

F]FE[BL ]CIHDBIQ
]CIHDBIQL?
L?

[SLPI?

63
Efelrbi ab mb`rf iivijtb?
• vijtb? bd ciecbjl ç bjvbtit
bjvbtitl
l i rbpftfr
rbpftfrff jfddl sstfssl
tfssl lr
lrabjf
abjf b
juefrb fdfjmitb aid sleebjbstritlrf
Efelrbi ab mb`rf bjabftrl? Bd ciecbjl afvf rbpftfrf jfddl lrabjf bjvfrsl
bjvfrsl b juefrb
fdfjmitb aid sleebjbstritlrf . Fjtriecb b tfstl sljl stuabitb pfr vfrb`bmirf di

efelrbi ab divlrl f bd sbstfei ittfjtbvl.

@I] @DVFJ_I PFSCIDF ? bd ciecbjl ç bjvbtitl i abrf tuttf df pirldf mgf hdb
•

vfjhljl bj efjtf mlj uji aftfrebjiti dfttfrf aftfrebjiti aid sleebjbstritlrf.

Jlj sljl mljmfssb b jleb prlprb ab pfrslji f b jleb ab mbttë. Di `dufjzi vfrci
vfrcidf
df ç
ujl struefjtl abihjlstbml prlhfttitl pfr vidutirf df mlepftfjzf dfssbmidb f df
`ujzbljb fsfmutbvf dbjhubstbmgf bj ftë fvldutbvi.

Juefrizbljf ivijtb
• ivijtb ;-9;;? bd ciecbjl ç bjvbti
bjvbtitl
tl i juefrirf bj ivijtb `bjl i 9;;
jfd ebjlr tfepl plssbcbdf
Juefrizbljf bjabftrl
bjabftrl 9;;-;?bd ciecbjl ç bjvbtitl i juefrirf bjabftrl `bjl i ;
jfd ebjlr tfepl plssbcbdf- Yufstl tfst sfrvf pfr di ebsurizbljf afd dbvfddl
ittfjtbvl f afddi efelrbi ab divlrl

V[AIQBJH lhhfttb? bd ciecbjl ç bjvbtitl i jlebjirf b auf lhhfttb pbò pbmmldb ab

•

hrijafzzii idd'bjtfrjl ab uji dbsti ab pirldf. Idd'bjtfrjl ab qufsti dbsti pltrfccfrl

hrijafzz
fssfrmb pirldf istrittf ei bd ciecbjl jlj df afvf mljsbafrirf. Yufstl tfst sfrvf
pfr di ebsurizbljf afd dbvfddl ittfjtbvl f afddi efelrbi ab divlrl.

[rlvf mlddfttbvf?
•

9. @bhuri mlepdfssi ab Sfy?bd

Sfy?bd ciecbjl vbfjf bjvbtit
bjvbtitl
l i mlpbirf uji `bhuri
hfleftrbmii mlepdfssi prbvi ab sbhjb`bmit
hfleftrbm sbhjb`bmitl.
l. Dl smlpl ç qufddl ab vidutirf
d'lrhijbzzizbljf pfrmfttbvi f df `ujzbljb vbsul-mlstruttbvf, d'lrhijbzzizbljf f di
pbijb`bmizbljf

6=
3. Mlpbi Q[P ? Qfst
Qfst pfr di vfrb`bmi vbsul pfrmfttbvi fa fsfmutbvi
=. Mleprfjsbljf afd tfstl

[fr hdb bjtfrvfjtb eusbmidb sljl stitb utbdbzzitb?

9unudfdf, 3 mlppbf ab eirimis ab abvfrsf abefjsbljb, 6 sluja sgipfs, 1 tiecurfddb

cismgb, 6 sginfs, 9 cistljf afddi pblhhbi, 3 jimmgfrf, 9 hubrl, 9 xbdl`ljl, 9
nidbeci, 6 trbijhldb, 1 mlppbf ab dfhjfttb, 3 sljihdb, 3 pbittb, bd mlrpl, di vlmf,
lhhfttb ab usl mleujf ippirtfjfjtb idd'iecbfjtf (cijmgb, clttbhdbfttf ab pdistbmi,
pfjjf, ireiab, sfabf, pivbefjtl
pivbefjtl ..), uj pm, uji missi

1.= Eftlaldlhbi

1.=.9 Bjmljtrb
Hdb bjmljtrb sb sljl svldtb bd eirtfaä f efrmldfaä plefrbhhbl aiddf 96.=; iddf 90.=;
pfr di mdissf 3 f bd efrmldfaä aiddf 91.=; iddf 96.=; pfr di mdissf =. D'bjsfhjijtf
fri sfeprf prfsfjtf idd'bjtfrjl afddi mdissf svldhfjal tidvldti bd mlepbtl ab
mljtfjbefjtl? spfssl qufstb bjtfrvfjtb sb rbvfdivijl plsbtbvb pfr rbfqubdbcrirf hdb
stitb a'ijbel tidvldti, bjvfmf, gijjl smiturbtl f``fttb bjbcfjtb.

1.=.3 Bd sfttbjh
Hdb bjmljtrb sb sljl svldtb idd'bjtfrjl afddf mdissb. Dl spizbl jlj fri lttbeidf pfr dl
svldhbefjtl afddf ittbvbtë pfrmgç df iudf frijl pbmmldf? spfssl bj`ittb b ciecbjb

alvfvijl splstirf
splstirf b dlrl cijmgb pfr mrfirf uj ebjbel bjabspfjsicbdf ab irfi
divlrl, idtrf vldtf, bjvfmf, gl alvutl prlhrieeirf ittbvbtë mgf prfvfafssfrl
d'usl ittbvl afd cijml smldistbml.

1.=.= Lcbfttbvb
[ltfjzbirf
[ltfjzbirf df icbdbtë slttlsti
slttlstijtb
jtb d'ipprfjabefjtl jfddl spfmb`bml jfb ciecbjb bd mub
rbsudtitl bjbzbidf ç stitl id ab slttl afb pirb ftë.
Jfddl spfmb`bml sb ç bjtfsl divlrirf pfr bepdfefjtirf di mipimbtë ab ittfjzbljf f

61
mljmfjtrizbljf f bjmrfefjtirf di mipimbtë ab ismldtl.
]b ç ijmgf mfrmitl ab divlrirf su tuttb hdb ispfttb eltlrb pfr ebhdblrirf di
mljsipfvldfzzi
mljsipfvldfzzi afd prlprbl mlrpl mgf sb eulvf jfd tfepl f jfddl spizbl,
ittrivfrsl d'usl mljtrldditl afb elvbefjtb. ]b ç bjtfsl ijmgf prleulvfrf

eihhblrefjtf bd mljmfttl ab ditfridbzzizbljf.

]lttl bd prl`bdl afddi mipimbtë bjtrlspfttbvi hdb lcbfttbvb frijl qufddb ab
bjmrfefjtirf di mipimbtë i hfstbrf df felzbljb f slprittuttl qufddl ab
bjmrfefjtirf di mipimbtë ab rbmljlsmfrdf.
Bd prlhfttl vldfvi ijmgf ivfrf mlef lcbfttbvl prbeirbl d'iuefjtl afdd'iutlstbei
immrfsmfjal di mljsipfvldfzzi ab fssfrf bj hrial ab `irf sfjzi fssfrf hbuabmitb
ei, slprittuttl, trifjal pbimfrf ai lhjb hfstl prlalttl.
]b ç, bjldtrf, mfrmitl ab ibutirf di rfdizbljf mlj b mlepihjb i``bjmgç bd mljtfstl
slmbidf pltfssf fssfrf a'ibutl ijmgf bj `uturl.
Quttf df ittbvbtë prlplstf, sbi strutturitf mgf jlj, mljtfjfvijl idd'bjtfrjl tuttb hdb
lcbfttbvb fdfjmitb.

1.=.1 ]trutturi bjmljtrb

Bj uj prbel elefjtl df ittbvbtë prlplstf sljl stitf eldtl strutturitf.
Hdb fsfrmbzb prlplstb rbhuiraivijl?
D'bjtfjsbtëë vlmidf ittrivf
D'bjtfjsbt
• ittrivfrsl
rsl d'usl sbecldbml ab uj piddljf, prbei pbmmldl, plb
efabl f plb hrijaf

Fsfrmbzb ab clay pfrmussblj utbdbzzijal di sbecldlhbi hfleftrbmi.

•
hfleftrbmi. Bj uj prbel
tfepl hdb fsfrmbzb frijl ab fstrfei `imbdbtë `bjl ia irrbvirf iddi dftturi ab vfrb f
prlprb spirtbtb sbecldbmb.
Fsfrmbzb vlmidb su crfvb `bdistrlmmgf
• `bdistrlmmgf . Bj uj prbel tfepl sldl mlj bd
mlbjvldhbefjtl vlmidf , plb mlj qufddl mlrplrfl f struefjtidf `bjfjal plb mlj di
strutturizbljf
strutturizbljf ab mijljb vfrb f prlprb.
[ldbrbtebi su `risb mljlsmbutf (fs? tijtl vi di hitti id diral) aipprbei bjvbtijal
•

idd'ismldtl afhdb immfjtb

immfjtb , plb d'bjvbtl fri qufddl afddi rbprlauzbljf vlmi
vlmidf
df f

66
mlrplrfi, pfr `bjbrf mlj uji vfri f prlprbi `lreizbljf mlrfutbmi alvf lhjb
pbmmldl hruppl ivfvi uji `risf abvfrsi ai abrf mfrmijal ab jlj `irsb mlj`ljafrf
aiddi prlauzbljf afhdb idtrb hruppb
Bebtizbljf , bjmistrl f abvfrsbtë. B ciecbjb `imfvijl uj mfrmgbl f ujl iddi vldti
•

ijaivijl bj mfjtrl `imfjal afb elvbefjtb. Bd ciecbjl summfssbvl

summfssbvl pltfvi
smfhdbfrf sf bebtirf dl stfssl hfstl, sf prlaurrf dl stfssl hfstl mlj afddf
virbizbljb lppurf miecbirdl tltidefjtf. Lhjb afmbsbljf vfjbvi prbei
vfrcidbzziti.
Sbprlauzbljf ab uj rbtel prlplstl ai lhjb sbjhldl ai pirtf afd hruppl
•

Sbprlauzbljf ab smblhdbdbjhui rbteitb

•

Fsfmuzbljf ab pbmmldf aijzf mlrflhri`itf

•

Aurijtf di `isf
`isf efabi df iittbvbtë
ttbvbtë prlplstf aivijl pbò spizbl id eljal bjtfrblrf f
idd'beprlvvbsizbljf.
idd'beprlvvbsizbljf. Df prlplst
prlplstff rbhuiraiv
rbhuiraivijl?
ijl?
Mljlsmfjzi f spfrbefjtizbljf afddl struefjtirbl, mfrmijal ab `irf fefrhfrf
•

rbmlrab fa felzbljb rbmfrmitf idd'bjtfrjl

idd'bjtfrjl afd prlprbl eljal bjtfrblr
bjtfrblrf,
f, f,
slprittuttl, mljabvbafjaldf mlj bd hruppl.
Abidlhl sljlrl tri b ciecbjb, mfrmijal sfeprf, ai pirtf ebi,ab slddfmbtirf
•

d'ismldtl f bd rbspfttl idtrub. B ciecbjb vfjbvijl bjvbtitb,

bjvbtitb, alpl lhjb abidlhl, ia
fsprbefrf bd dlrl pirfrf su quijtl sb sfjtbvijl ismldtitb f rbspfttitb idd'bjtfrjl
afd hruppl ei ijmgf f slprittuttl, vfjbvijl bjvbtitb i plrrf ittfjzbljf su
quijtl dlrl ivfvijl ismldtitl f rbspfttitl b mlepihjb. ]pfssl df dlrl prlauzbljb
vfjbvijl rfhbstritf f rbismldtitf aijal dlrl dbcfrl spizbl bjtfrprftitbvl f
rbspfttijal sfeprf mldlrl mgf jlj ivfvijl vlhdbi ab fsprbefrf bd dlrl pirfrf.
Ismldtb eusbmidb. Lhjb ciecbjl ç stitl bjvbtitl i absfhjirf dbcfriefjtf mbó mgf
•

smiturbvii aid prlprbl eljal bjtfrblrf i sfhubtl afdd'ismldtl. B crijb smfdtb pfr
smiturbv
d'ismldtl sljl stitb?
Df vfjt , df mrb ab F.Elrrbmljf pfr di sui mi
mirittfrbstbmi
rittfrbstbmi jlstidhbmi
Hyejlpfabf B ab F.]itbf pfr di sui mirittfrbstbmi rbdissijtf f jlstidhbmi

60
Qwbdbhgtsbfda ab ].Ebmus pfr di sui mirittfrbstbmi ittbvijtf f ebstfrblsi
]wbjh 27 -Sleijf pfr di sui mirittfrbstbmi ittbvijtf f hblblsi
B ciecbjb alpl ivfr dbcfriefjtf mrfitl bd prlprbl absfhjl fri bjvbtitl i
spbfhirjf bd mljtfjutl iddi mdissf.

Aurijtf di `isf `bjidf, bd divlrl ç stitl `bjidbzzitl iddi prlauzbljf ab uji pbmmldi
fsfmuzbljf i smlpl abelstritbvl idd'bjtfrjl
idd'bjtfrjl afddl spftt
spfttimldl
imldl ab `bjf ijjl
smldistbml.
B ciecbjb afddi mdissf 3» gijjl divlritl
divlritl suddi prlauzbljf sljlri ab uj mirtljf
ijbeitl ab Qle
Qle f Ofrry afddi auriti ab 3 ebjutb iddi quidf ç stitl tldtl bd sljlrl.
Df tippf ab qufstl divlrl sljl stitf?
]mfdti afd mirtljf ijbeitl sfmljal uj'immuriti ittfjzbljf sudd'fsbstfjzi pbò l
•

efjl rbmmi ab f``fttb sljlrb

Ijidbsb ab lhjb sfmljal afddi sfqufjzi iddi rbmfrmi afd suljl ipprlprbitl. Lhjb
•

ciecbjl vfjbvi bjvbtitl i mfrmirf bd suljl idd'bjtfrjl afddl struefjtirbl, afddi

mdissf, afd prlprbl mlrpl l afddi vlmf f lhjb suljl prlplstl vfjbvi smfdtl aid
hruppl bj eijbfri afelmritbmi alpl uj'ittfjti vidutizbljf. Bjvbtijal sfeprf
iddi mljsipfvldfzzi afddi smfdti.
Sbmfrmi afd ruldl sljlrl ab lhjb pirtfmbpijtf. Lhjb fsfmuzbljf fri bjmistriti mlj
•

qufddi afhdb idtrb f pfr lhjb ciecbjl hdb bjtfrvfjtb sljl rbsudtitb pbò ab ujl.

B ciecbjb afddi mdissf =» gijjl prlplstl uj crijl ab clay pfrmussblj mrfitl

mrfitl ai
dlrl. Df tippf ab qufstl divlrl sljl stitf?
Abvbsbljf afddi mdissf bj 1 pbmmldb hruppb.
•

]mfdti afddi sbecldlhbi eusbmidf mljabvbsi ai tuttl bd hruppl

•

Mrfizbljf ab uji sfqufjzi ab quittrl cit

• cittutf
tutf pfr di —strl`i― utbdbzzija
utbdbzzijall
dbcfriefjtf b suljb afd mlrpl, afddi vlmf l ab uj lhhfttl
Mrfizbljf ab uji sfqufjzi ab quittr
• quittrl
l cittutf pfr bd —rbtlrjfddl― utbdbzzijal
dbcfriefjtf b suljb afd mlrpl, afddi vlmf l ab uj lhhfttl

68
]trutturizbljf
]truttur
• izbljf afddi `lrei mijz
mijzljf
ljf mlj di pirtbturi smrbtti
smrbtti aib ciecbjb. Lhjb
hruppl fsfhubvi di sui strl`i f tuttb bjsbfef bd rbtlrjfddl. Bd rbsudtitl `bjidf ç
stitl ? strl`i- strl`i- rbtlrjfddl- strl`i- strl`i- rbtlrjfddl
1.1 Sbsudtitb

Jfddi ticfddi slttlstijtf rbplrtl b rbsudtitb afb tfst f rftfst

Fsiebjijal di snfwjfss f di Nurtlsbs afddf abstrbcuzbljb afddf auf mdissb

(mleprfsf tri -9 f 9) f bd vidlrf afd tfst Nldelhlrlv-]ebrjlv (p:.;6) sb ç afmbsl
ab utbdbzzirf ijidbsb pirieftrbmgf (Q-tfst
(Q-tfst pfr auf miepbljb abpfjafjtb pfr bd
mlj`rljtl bjtri mdissf prf f plst, t-tfst pfr auf miepbljb bjabpfjafjtb pfr b
mlj`rljtb tri mdissb abvfrsf prf f tri mdissb abvfrsf plst).

Df ijidbsb gijjl elstritl mgf bj sfmljai tri prf f plst ebhdblri

sbhjb`bmitbviefjtf
sbhjb`bmitbviefjtf bd tfepl afddl splljfrbsel, d‒upai
d‒upaitbjh
tbjh sbi di rbpftbzbljf mgf
d‒upaitbjh (prlvf mgf mlbjvldhljl di efelrbi ab divlrl).

Bj tfrzi tri prf f plst ebhdblrijl jfddf sfhufjtb prlvf?

•@ujzbljb fsfmutbvf? @8(ai ;,7= i ;,0=), Jfddi prlvi ab Mijmfddizbljf? Sbm vbsbvi
9(;,0=> ;,=6) , `bvf plbjt tltidb `bhurf mlrrftt
mlrrfttf(92,3=>
f(92,3=> =6,10), tltidb frrlrb
(96,23>2,96),
•Dftturi?dfttu
Dftturi?dftturi
ri pirldf s/s (9,88> 3,90) , jlj pirldf s/s (9,98>9,=2), crijl
s/s)3,33>3,82),
•Efelrbi ab divlrl? pislt tltidb frrlrb (7=,88> 67,96),
6 7,96), splljfrbsel tltidb(98,10>
39,03) f tfepl (18;,96> =13,;), juefrizbljf bjabftrl (9=0,61> 9;0,02),
upaitbjh efelrbi(=,08>1,3=) f rbihh (=,=9>=,88)
•mleprfjsbljf(8,;7>8,23)
mleprfjsbljf(8,;7>8,23) (vfab plstfr iddfhitl bj mub jfddi pirtf afddf
mljmdusbljb spbfhi mlef bd ebhdblriefjtl bj idmujf prlvf mljabzbljb di
mleprfjsbljf afd tfstl ) .

67
Beplrtijtf ai abrf?
Jfd mlj`rljtl t tfst 3prf-=prf? jlj mb sljl ab``frfjzf sf jlj jfdd‒idpgi spij
(qubjab b auf miepbljb sljl lelhfjfb f jlj mb sljl afddf ab``frfjtf bjbzbidb).
Dismbirf ipfrtf df auf bpltfsb (bj rbmfrmi ç beplrtijtf vidutirf idtrf bpltfsb
rbspfttl
rbspfttl i qufddi mgf vlhdbiel vfrb`bmirf jlb, pfr airf di plssbcbdbtë ab ijairf i
vfrb`bmirf bj uj sfmljal elefjtl)?
B ebhdblriefjtb fefrsb jfddf virbf prlvf pltrfccfrl bjabmirf uji eiturizbljf
mlhjbtbvi afb slhhfttb, bpltfsb immrfabticbdf mljsbafriti d‒ftë afb slhhfttb, mgf
sljl bj uj pfrblal ab eiturizbljf f ab mrfsmbti afd sbstfei Ittfjtbvl-Fsfmutbvl.
Lppurf d‒ bpltfsb pfr mub sb ç ff``fttuitl
``fttuitl bd divlrl ç mgf df it
ittbvbtë
tbvbtë prlplstf ib
slhhfttbb iccbiel ivutl uji rbpfrmussbljf suddi eiturizbljf afd sbstfei
slhhftt
Ittfjtbvl-Fsfmutbvl.

62
1.6 Eusbmi, dbcrb f `ijtisbi

B diclritlrb aid tbtldl —Eusbmi, dbcrb f `ijtisbi― sljl stitb svldtb idd'bjtfrjl afddi
mdissf 9»-=»-1»-6» afddi smuldi prbeirbi ab Abijl ]ij [bftrl f afddi mdissf 9» afddi
smuldi prbeirbi
prbeirbi ab Abijl Mistfddl.

I ab``frfjzi afd prfmfafjtf prlhfttl ib ciecbjb jlj sljl stitb sleebjbstritb b

tfst pfr vfrb`bmirf bd hrial ab ittfjzbljf f efelrbi.
D'bjtfrvfjtl
D'bjtfrvfjtl sb ç svldtl ai hfjjibl i eihhbl 3;91 pfr uj tltidf ab 97 bjmljtrb
afddi auriti ab uj'lri pfr lhjb mdissf fa ç stitl mljalttl ai ef pfr quijtl
rbhuirai d'bjtfrvfjtl eusbmidf f aiddi sbh. Clrtldleisb Dumbi ( fspfrti bj dftturf f
tbtldirf ab uji dbcrfrbi) pfr quijtl rbhuirai d'bjtfrvfjtl dftturi.

1.6.9 ]truefjtb utbdbzzitb

[fr hdb bjtfrvfjtb eusbmidb sljl stitb utbdbzzitb?

9unudfdf, 3 mlppbf ab eirimis ab abvfrsf abefjsbljb, 6 sluja sgipfs, 1 tiecurfddb
cismgb, 6 sginfs, 9 cistljf afddi pblhhbi, 3 jimmgfrf, 9 hubrl, 9 xbdl`ljl, 9
nidbeci, 6 trbijhldb, 1 mlppbf ab dfhjfttb, 3 sljihdb, 3 pbittb, bd mlrpl, di vlmf,
lhhfttb ab usl mleujf ippirtfjfjtb idd'iecbfjtf (cijmgb, clttbhdbfttf ab pdistbmi,
pfjjf, ireiab, sfabf, pivbefjtl
pivbefjtl ..), uj pm, uji missi

1.6.3 Bjmljtrb
Hdb bjmljtrb sb svldhfvijl aurijtf df lrf smldistbmgf. D'bjsfhjijtf fri sfeprf

prfsfjtf idd'bjtfrjl afddi mdissf svldhfjal tidvldti bd mlepbtl ab mljtfjbefjtl,

spfssl qufstb bjtfrvfjtb sb rbvfdivijl plsbtbvb pfr rbfqubdbcrirf hdb stitb a'ijbel.

1.6.= Bd sfttbjh
Hdb bjmljtrb ivvfjbvijl tidvldti idd'bjtfrjl afddf mdissb f tidvldti jfd dlmidf iabcbtl
i cbcbltfmi. Dl spizbl fri lt
lttbeidf
tbeidf pfr dl svldhbefjtl afddf ittbvbtë pfrmgç df iudf
frijl mipbfjtb f utbdbzzitf sldl bj misl bj mub `lssf prfvbstl d'utbdbzzl afd cijml.
Jfhdb idtrb misb d'iepbl dlmidf mgf di smuldi efttfvi i absplsbzbljf fri

0;
su``bmbfjtfefjtf iepbl ai mljsfjtbrf dl svbduppl afddf ittbvbtë

1.6.1 Lcbfttbvb
Hdb lcbfttbvb afd prlhfttl rbhuiraivijl?
•
imqubsbrf uji eihhblrf mljsipfvldfzzi
mljsipfvldfzzi afd prlprbl mlrpl mgf sb eulvf
jfddl spizbl f jfd tfepl
• imqubsbrf uji eihhblrf mljsipfvldfzzi afddi ditfridbzzizbljf
• bjmrfefjtirf b tfepb a‒ittfjzbljf
• ri``lrzirf b efmmijbseb ab efelrbzzizbljf
• iuefjtirf di hritb`bmizbljf i d‒iutlstbei
• iepdb`bmirff di abefjsbljf hruppidf
iepdb`bmir
• `ivlrbrf di mleprfjsbljf afd tfstl
•
stbeldirf di `ijtisbi
• stbeldirf df mipimbtë eijuidb

1.6.6 ]trutturi bjmljtrb

Bj uj prbel elefjtl df ittbvbtë prlplstf frijl eldtl strutturitf.
Hdb fsfrmbzb prlplstb rbhuiraivijl?
• d'bjtfjsbtëë vlmidf ittrivfr
d'bjtfjsbt ittrivfrsl
sl d'usl sbecldbml ab uj piddljf, prbei pbmmldl,
plb efabl f plb hrijaf
• fsfrmbzb ab clay pfrmussblj utbdbzzijal di sbecldlhbi hfleftrbmi.
hfleftrbmi. Bj uj
prbel tfepl hdb fsfrmbzb frijl ab fstrfei `imbdbtë `bjl ia irrbvirf iddi
dftturii ab vfrb f prlprb spirtbtb sbecldbmb.
dfttur
• Fsfrmbzb vlmidb su crfvb `bdistrlmmgf
`bdistrlmmgf . Bj uj prbel tfepl sldl mlj bd
mlbjvldhbefjtl vlmidf , plb mlj qufddl mlrplrfl f struefjtidf `bjfjal
plb mlj di strutt
strutturizbljf
urizbljf ab mijljb vfrb f prlprb.
• [ldbrbtebi su `risb mljlsmbutf (fs? tijtl vi di hitti id diral ) aipprbei
bjvbtijal idd'ismldtl
idd'ismldtl afhdb immfjtb , plb dd'bjvbtl
'bjvbtl fri qufddl afddi
rbprlauzbljf vlmidf f mlrplrfi, pfr `bjbrf mlj uji vfri f prlprbi
09
 `lreizbljf mlrfutbmi
mlrfutbmi alvf lhjb pbmmldl hruppl ivfvi uji `risf abvfrsi
ai abrf mfrmijal ab jlj `irsb mlj`ljafr
mlj`ljafrff aiddi prlauzbljf afhdb idtrb
hruppb
• Bebtizbljf , bjmistrl f abvfrsbtë. B ciecbjb `imfvijl uj mfrmgbl f ujl iddi

vldti ijaivijl bj mfjtrl `imfjal afb elvbefjtb. Bd ciecbjl summfssbvl

pltfvi smfhdbfrf sf bebtirf dl stfssl hfstl, sf prlaurrf dl stfssl hfstl
mlj afddf virbizbljb lppurf miecbirdl tltidefjtf. Lhjb afmbsbljf vfjbvi
prbei vfrcidbzziti.
• Lhjb ciecbjl smfhdbfvi ujl struefjtl f prlpljfvi uj rbtel. Hdb idtrb
frijl bjvbtitb i prlaurrf dl stfssl rbtel
• Sbprlauzbljf ab smblhdbdbjhui rbteitb
• Fsfmuzbljf ab pbmmldf aijzf mlrflhri`itf

Aurijtf di sfmljai `isf df iittbvbtë

ttbvbtë prlplstf aivijl pbò spizbl id eljal
bjtfrblrf f idd'beprlvvbsizbljf. Df prlplstf rbhuiraivijl?
• mljlsmfjzi f spfrbefjtizbljf afddl struefjtirbl, mfrmijal ab `irf
fefrhfrf rbmlrab fa felzbljb rbmfrmitf idd'bjtfrjl afd prlprbl eljal
bjtfrblrf, f, slprittuttl,mljabvbafjaldf mlj bd hruppl.
• Abidlhl sljlrl tri b ciecbjb, mfrmijal sfeprf, ai pirtf ebi,ab slddfmbtirf
d'ismldtl f bd rbspfttl idtrub. B ciecbjb vfjbvijl bjvbtitb,
bjvbtitb, alpl lhjb abidlhl,
ia fsprbefrf bd dlrl pirfrf su quijtl sb sfjtbvijl ismldtitb f rbspfttitb
idd'bjtfrjl afd hruppl ei ijmgf f slprittuttl, vfjbvijl bjvbtitb i plrrf
ittfjzbljf su quijtl dlrl ivfvijl ismldtitl f rbspfttitl b mlepihjb.
]pfssl df dlrl prlauzbljb vfjbvijl rfhbstritf f rbismldtitf aijal dlrl
dbcfrl spizbl bjtfrprftitbvl f rbspfttijal sfeprf mldlrl mgf jlj ivfvijl
vlhdbi ab fsprbefrf bd dlrl pirfrf.
• Ismldtb eusbmidb. Lhjb ciecbjl vfjbvi bjvbtitl i absfhjirf dbcfriefjtf mbó
mgf smiturbvi aid prlprbl eljal bjtfrblrf i sfhubtl afdd'ismldtl. B crijb
smfdtb pfr d'ismldtl sljl stitb?

03
 Df vfjt , df mrb ab F.Elrrbmljf pfr di sui mi
mirittfrbstbmi
rittfrbstbmi jlstidhbmi
Hyejlpfabf B ab F.]itbf pfr di sui mirittfrbstbmi rbdissijtf f jlstidhbmi
Qwbdbhgtsbfda ab ].Ebmus pfr di sui mirittfrbstbmi ittbvijtf f ebstfrblsi
]wbjh 27 -Sleijf pfr di sui mirittfrbstbmi ittbvijtf f hblblsi

B ciecbjb alpl ivfr dbcfriefjtf mrfitl bd prlprbl absfhjl fri bjvbtitl i

spbfhirjf bd mljtfjutl iddi mdissf.

Di tfrzi `isf afd pfrmlrsl prlplstl prfvfafvi d'ipprlmmbl mlj di dftturi ab uj

dbcrl ittrivfrsl d'fspfrbfjzi abrftti . B dbcrb, abvfrsb pfr lhjb mdissf, sljl stitb smfdtb
aiddf bjsfhjijtb f aiddi sbh. Clrtldleisb , df quidb gijjl f``ft
f``fttuitl
tuitl di smfdti bj
cisf iddf abjiebmgf ab mdissf f id efssihhbl mgf vldfvijl `ir irrbvirf
irrbvirf ib ciecbjb.
Bd dbcrl vfjbvi dfttl f id tfrebjf ab lhjb pirihri`l b ciecbjb, vfjbvijl ai ef
bjvbtitb i prfstirf ittfjzbljf id eljal eusbmidf slttlstijtf f i mfrmirf ujl
struefjtl l uj suljl vlmidf l uj suljl mlrplrfl, lppurf ia f``ft
f``fttuirf
tuirf uji
smfdti eusbmidf tri auf crijb prlplstb mgf pltfssf ripprfsfjtirf di smfji l df
mirittfrbstbmgf afd pfrsljihhbl. Di prfefssi fri mgf jfssuji smfdti fri —hbusti― l
—scihdbiti―
—scihdbiti― ei d'beplrtijt
d'beplrtijtff fri eltbvirdi mlj mljsipfvldf
mljsipfvldfzzi
zzi . B ciecbjb sb sljl,
pfr tijtl, sfjtbtb dbcfrb ab fsprbefrsb sfjzi hbuabzbl.
B ciecbjb vfjbvijl ijmgf mlbjvldt
mlbjvldtbb ab vldti bj vldti jfddi ripprfsfjtizbljf
tfitridf ab mbó mgf fri stitl dfttl. Bd dlrl elal ab vbvfrf bd dbcrl ç stitl pfr tijtl
vbssutl i dbvfddl eudtbsfjslrbi
eudtbsfjslrbidf.
df.

0=
1.0 Eusbmi f asi jfddi smuldi sfmljairbi

B diclritlrb sljl stitb

stitb svldtb idd'bjt
idd'bjtfrjl
frjl afdd' Bstbtutl Eirm
Eirmljb
ljb ab Bepfrbi (B][]BI).
B rihizzb mgf gijjl iafrbtl id prlhfttl frijl
frijl 9; ab mub 6 mlj mfrtb`bmizbljf asi, 3
mlj cbslhjb faumitbvb spfmbidb (cfs) f = mlj rfjabefjtl smldistbml smirsl.

Hdb bjtfrvfjtb
bjtfrvfjtb bj tltidf sljl stitb 7 f sb sljl svldtb ai eirzl i eihhbl 3;91 fa
gijjl vbstl ldtrf iddi ebi prfsfjzi , di prfsfjzi ab auf bjsfhjijtb afddi smuldi.

1.0.9 ]truefjtb utbdbzzitb

[fr hdb bjtfrvfjtb eusbmidb sljl stitb utbdbzzitb?

9unudfdf, 3 mlppbf ab eirimis ab abvfrsf abefjsbljb, 6 sluja sgipfs, 1 tiecurfddb
cismgb, 6 sginfs, 9 cistljf afddi pblhhbi, 3 jimmgfrf, 9 hubrl, 9 xbdl`ljl, 9
nidbeci, 6 trbijhldb, 1 mlppbf ab dfhjfttb, 3 sljihdb, 3 pbittb, bd mlrpl, di vlmf,
lhhfttb ab usl mleujf ippirtfjfjtb idd'iecbfjtf (cijmgb, clttbhdbfttf ab pdistbmi,
pfjjf, ireiab, sfabf, pivbefjtl
pivbefjtl ..), uj pm, uji missi

1.0.3 Bjmljtrb
Hdb bjmljtrb sb svldhfvijl id ab `ulrb afdd'lrirbl smldistbml f prfmbsiefjtf bd vfjfrab
plefrbhhbl aiddf 90 iddf 98. Idd'bjtfrjl afd hruppl frijl prfsfjtb
prfsfjtb auf bjsfhjijtb
mgf jlj svldhfvijl uj ruldl ab mljtfjbefjtl ei frijl vfrb f prlprb efecrb afd
hruppl ab divlrl.

1.0.= Bd sfttbjh
Hdb bjmljtrb ivvfjbvijl tidvldti idd'bjtfrjl
idd'bjtfrjl afddi mdissf. Dl spizbl fri lttbeidf pfr
dl svldhbefjtl afddf ittbvbtë pfrmgç d' iudi fri mipbfjtf .

1.0.1 Lcbfttbvb
Hdb lcbfttbvb afd prlhfttl rbhuiraivijl?
• imqubsbrf uji eihhblrf mljsipfvldfzzi
mljsipfvldfzzi afd prlprbl mlrpl mgf sb eulvf
jfddl spizbl f jfd tfepl

01
 • imqubsbrf uji eihhblrf mljsipfvldfzzi afddi ditfridbzzizbljf
• bjmrfefjtirf b tfepb a‒ittfjzbljf
• ri``lrzirf b efmmijbseb ab efelrbzzizbljf
• iuefjtirf di hritb`bmizbljf i d‒iutlstbei
• iepdb`bmirff di abefjsbljf hruppidf
iepdb`bmir

1.0.6 ]trutturi bjmljtrb

Bj uj prbel elefjtl df ittbvbtë prlplstf frijl eldtl strutturitf.
Hdb fsfrmbzb prlplstb rbhuiraivijl?
• fsfrmbzb ab clay pfrmussblj utbdbzzijal di sbecldlhbi hfleftrbmi.
hfleftrbmi. Bj uj
prbel tfepl hdb fsfrmbzb frijl ab fstrfei `imbdbtë `bjl ia irrbvirf iddi

dftturi f idd'fdiclriz
dftturi idd'fdiclrizbljf
bljf ab vfrb f prlprb spirtbtb sbecldbmb.
• Lhjb rihizzl smfhdbfvi ujl struefjtl f prlpljfvi uj rbtel. Hdb idtrb
frijl bjvbtitb i prlaurrf dl stfssl rbtel
• Sbprlauzbljf ab smblhdbdbjhui rbteitb
Aurijtf di sfmljai `isf df iittbvbtë
ttbvbtë prlplstf aivijl pbò spizbl id eljal
bjtfrblrf f idd'beprlvvbsizbljf. Df prlplstf rbhuiraivijl?
• mljlsmfjzi f spfrbefjtizbljf afddl struefjtirbl, mfrmijal ab `irf
fefrhfrf rbmlrab fa felzbljb rbmfrmitf idd'bjtfrjl afd prlprbl eljal
bjtfrblrf, f, slprittuttl,mljabvbafjaldf mlj bd hruppl. Aurijtf qufsti
`isf b rihizzb vfjbvijl ijmgf bjvbtitb i efelrbzzirf bd jlef afhdb
struefjtbb isslmbijaldl id suljl.
struefjt
• Abidlhl sljlrl
• Ismldtb eusbmidb. Lhjb rihizzl vfjbvi bjvbtitl i absfhjirf l smrbvfrf
dbcfriefjtf mbó mgf smiturbvi aid prlprbl eljal bjtfrblrf i sfhubtl
afdd'ismldtl. B crijb smfdtb pfr d'ismldtl sljl stitb?
Df vfjt , df mrb ab F.Elrrbmljf pfr di sui mi
mirittfrbstbmi
rittfrbstbmi jlstidhbmi
Hyejlpfabf B ab F.]itbf pfr di sui mirittfrbstbmi rbdissijtf f jlstidhbmi
06
 Qwbdbhgtsbfda ab ].Ebmus pfr di sui mirittfrbstbmi ittbvijtf f ebstfrblsi
]wbjh 27 -Sleijf pfr di sui mirittfrbstbmi ittbvijtf f hblblsi
B rihizzb i sfhubtl ab qufstb ismldtb ivfvijl di plssbcbdbtë ab mleefjtirf df
felzbljb mgf ivfvijl smiturbtl bj dlrl hdb ismldtb.
•
B rihizzb gijjl plrtitl df dlrl eusbmgf afd mulrf ai mljabvbafrf mlj bd
hruppl. Jlj ç stitl plssbcbdf ism
ismldtirf
ldtirf tut
tuttf
tf df eusbmgf ei sldl auf ab
dlrl gijjl pltutl mljabvbafrf mlj bd hruppl bd dlrl eljal eusbmidf.

1.8 Mljsbafrizbljb pfrsljidb

Iddi dumf afb aitb fefrsb aiddf rfdizbljb afddf bjsfhjijtb , bj tuttf df mdissb sb
rbsmljtri uj f``fttl plsbtbvl mlj rbmiautf suddi rfdizbljf tri b efecrb afd hruppl,
suddi hfstbljf afddf felzbljb, sud mljmfttl ab sf' f suddi mipimbtë fsprfssbvi.
Jfddf auf mdissb tfstitf aiddi alttlrfssi @. Sipi, psbmldlhi ippirtfjfjtf
idd'fqubpf afd [rl`. @. Cfjsl, sb rbsmljtri uj f``fttl plsbtbvl suddi efelrbi ab
divlrl f sub efmmijbseb afdd'ittfjzbljf, ijmgf sf jlj abrfttiefjtf beputicbdb id
pfrmlrsl eusbmidf .
Mlef iccbiel prfmfafjtfefjtf vbstl b efmmijbseb mgf slttlstijjl
d'ipprfjabefjtl
d'ipprfjabefjtl jlj sljl sldl ab lrbhbjf jfurldlhbmi. Bd culj `ujzbljiefjtl
afddf rfdizbljb idd'bjtfrjl afd hruppl mdissf, d'iccijaljl ab mljmftt
mljmfttbb jfhitbvb
rbhuiraijtbb di prlprbf mipimbtë , di hfstbljf afdd'feltbvbtë f uj culj
rbhuiraijt
`ujzbljiefjtl sfjslrbidf sljl mfrtiefjtf `ittlrb mgf dl `ivlrbsmljl.

Bd pfrmlrsl f``fttuitl jfddf mdissb id `bjf ab `ivlrbrf qufstb efmmijbseb ç stitl ab

lrbhbjf eusbmltfripbmi.
Di abaittbmi eusbmidf, mlj df suf rfhldf f bd sul mljtfjbefjtl spizbl-tfeplridf
eb gi pfrefssb ab divlrirf, bjvfmf, sub efmmijbseb jfurlfvldutbvb.
Bd prlhfttl gi fquiefjtf bjtfhritl di pritbmi eusbmltfripbmi mlj di abaittbmi,
lttfjfjal, i ebl ivvbsl, culjb rbsudtitb.

00
Iddfhitl9 ? Icstrimt su [rlmfssb slttlstijtb
slttlstijtb iddi mleprfjsbljf afd tfstl

08
Iddfhitl 3? Mljsbafrizbljb afddf bjsfhjijtb mlbjvldtf jfd prlhfttl eusbmi f asi

07
02
Iddfhitl =? Mljsbafrizbljb afddf bjsfhjijtb mlbjvldtf jfd prlhfttl eusbmi ,dbcrb f

`ijtisbi

8;
89
Iddfhitl 1? Sfdizbljf Bjsfhjijtf rf`frfjtf asi prfssl bstbtutl Eirmljb (Bepfrbi)

[SLHFQQL EV]BMI F A]I

Ijjl smldistbml? 3;9=/3;91

]muldi? Bstbtutl Eirmljb (Bpsbi)
[rlvbjmbi? Bepfrbi
Mdissf? J idujjb?
Aiti ab mlepbdizbljf?
[rlhfttl mljalttl ai ? Iddlefddl Mgijtiddf

Df aleijaf mgf sfhuljl gijjl dl smlpl ab rimmlhdbfrf idmujb fdfefjt

fdfefjtbb rfditbvb
id prlhfttl svldtl dl smlrsl ijjl smldistbml mgf vfrrijjl bjtfhritb mlj b aitb
rimmldtb ittrivfrsl b tfst sleebjbstritb aiddf psbmldlhgf bjmirbmitf aid prl`. Cfjsl

• ]fmljal dfb, quidb f``fttb gijjl ivutl df ittbvbtë suddf rfdizbljb tri b
rihizzb<

Hdb f``fttb sljl stitb iccistijzi plsbtbvb> —hblmirf― mlj di eusbmi plrti i
rfdizbljirsb pbò `imbdefjtf.

• ]fmljal dfb, quidf f``fttb gijjl ivutl df ittbvbtë sud tljl feltbvl afb
rihizzb<
Di eusbmi aë felzbljb f mlj qufsti ittbvbtë gijjl bepiritl ia ismldtirdi
jfd elal hbustl aijal vbti iddf prlprbf felzbljb, tbrijaldf `ulrb.

83
 • ]fmljal dfb, quidb f``fttb gijjl ivutl df ittbvbtë suddi mljsipfvldfzzi
afddf prlprbf felzbljb<
Hdb f``fttb sljl stitb, jfd mlepdfssl, plsbtbvb ijmgf sf ç ab``bmbdf iprbrsb
iddf felzbljb lhhb.

• ]fmljal dfb, quidb f``fttb gijjl ivutl df ittbvbtë sudd‒iutlstbei afb

rihizzb<
Sbusmbrf i divlrirf f i efelrbzzirf hdb fsfrmbzb, gi aitl di plssbcbdbtë ab
rfjafrsb mljtl mgf plssljl `irmfdi!

• ]fmljal dfb, quidb f``fttb gijjl ivutl df ittbvbtë suddi mipimbtë ab

fsprfssbljf pfrsljidf afb rihizzb<
]bmuriefjtf culjb pfrmgâ qufstf ittbvbtë efttljl bj sfmljal pbijl di
tbebafzzi f pfrefttljl ab ebhdblrirf ijmgf b rbsudtitb smldistbmb.

Iddfhl rfdizbljf afdd'bjsfhjijtf Hicrbfddi ]pijó rf`frfjtf Asi afdd'Bstbtutl Eirmljb ab Bepfrbi

D‒idujjl ç irrbvitl idd‒Bstbtutl —H. Eirmljb― = ijjb `i mlj uji mfrtb`bmizbljf ab

absdfssbi rfaitti aiddi I]D ab Bepfrbi.

Di mfrtb`bmizbljf
(absdfssbi, rbvfdiabshri`bi)
absmidmudbi, mgf bd rihizzl gi ab``bmldtë
f slttldbjfi ijmgfabuji
ipprfjabefjtl
ab``bmldtë efabl
ab``bmldtë jfddi hrivb
efelrbi
i crfvf tfrebjf.
Bd rihizzl jlj ivfvi struefjtb pfr i``rljtirf mlj trijqubddbtë dl stuabl.
D‒ijjl smlrsl d‒bstbtutl gi lrhijbzzitl afb plefrbhhb ab rrfmupfrl.
fmupfrl.
Aurijtf qufstb bjmljtrb iccbiel rfidbzzitl uj pfrmlrsl ab eusbmltfripbi.
D'idujjl gi sfhubtl bd mlrsl mlj ittfjzbljf f mlj bjtfrfssf.
Hrizbf id mlrsl gi bepiritl mlef ieebjbstrirf di sui efelrbi i crfvf tfrebjf,
lttfjfjal rbsudtitb slaabs`imfjtb.

8=
Iddfhitl 6? Icstrimt f triauzbljf irtbmldl bj bjhdfsf
Cfjf`bmbid lutmlef `rle FFH-jfurl`ffacimn lj mrfitbvf eusbm pfr`lreijmf,

ittfjtblj
ittfjtblj ija wfdd-cfbjh bj smglld mgbdarfj
mgbd arfj

O.G. Hruzfdbfr, , E. @lns

@lns,, Q. ]tf``frt
]tf``frt,, E.O.-D. Mgfj
Mgfj,, Q. Sls

Icstrimt
Xf firdbfr rfplrtfa cfjf`bts `lr mrfitbvbty bj rfgfirsfa eusbm pfr`lreijmf `rle
idpgi/tgf
idpgi /tgfti
ti (I/Q) jfur
jfurl`f
l`ffaci
facimn
mn bj mljs
mljsfrvi
frvitlbr
tlbrff stu
stuabfs
abfs (Fhjfr & Hruzfdbfr,
3;;=)) wg
3;;= wgbmbmg
g wfwfrf
rf jl
jltt `l
`luj
ujaa wb
wbtg
tg ]E
]ES,S, Cf
Cfti
ti9,
9, ef
efjtjtid
id sn
snbdbdds
ds,, if
ifrl
rlcb
cbms
ms lr
Idfxijafr tribjbjh, lr bj stijacy mljtrlds. Gfrf tgf `lmus wis tgf bepimt lj
jlvbmf eusbm pfr`lreijmf. I/Q ija ]ES tribjbjh wfrf mlepirfa bj 99-yfir lda
smglld mgbdarfj idljh wbtg jlj-bjtfrvfjtblj mljtrlds wbtg lutmlef efisurfs efisurfs jlt
ljdy l` rfgfirsfa eusbm pfr`lreijmf cut idsl l` mrfitbvf beprlvbsitblj, is wfdd
is sustibjfa ittfjtblj ija pgfjlefjldlhy. Fvbafjmf l` f``fmtbvf dfirjbjh bj tgf
smglld sfttbjh wis lctibjfa `lr I/Q ija ]ES/cfti3 ritbls. [rf`frfjtbid cfjf`bts
`rle
`rle I/Q `l `lrr rf
rfgfi
gfirs
rsfa
fa eus
eusbm
bm pf
pfr`
r`lre
lreijm
ijmff wf
wfrfrf rf
rfpdb
pdbmi
mitf
tfa
a bj mgb mgbdar
darfj
fj `l`lrr
tfmgj
tf mgjbqu
bquff ija ml mleeu
eeujbmjbmit
itblj
blj ri
ritbj
tbjhs.
hs. Cfj
Cfjf`
f`bts
bts fx
fxtf
tfjaf
jafaa tl mr mrfi
fitbv
tbvbty
bty ija
mleeujbmitblj ritbjhs `lr mrfitbvf beprlvbsitblj wgbmg wfrf sgirfa wbtg ]ES
tribjbjh, absmdlsbjh ij bj`dufjmf l` ]ES lj ujrfgfirsfa eusbm pfr`lreijmf it i
jlvbmff dfv
jlvbm dfvfd
fd wbtg bts hrfi
hrfitfr
tfr mlhjbtbvf
mlhjbtbvf afeijas.
afeijas. Bj i `br`brst
st ippdbmitblj
ippdbmitblj l` I/Q `lr
beprlvbjh sustibjfa ittfjtblj (QLPI), bt wis `luja tl cf elrf summfss`ud tgij
]ES tribjbjh, wbtg i jlticdf rfaumtblj bj mleebssblj frrlrs bj tgf mgbdarfj,
96/== l` wgle gia ittfjtblj bjabmfs bj tgf IAGA rijhf. [gfjlefjldlhbmid
rfplrts wfrf bj `ivlur l` jfurl`ffacimn ija wfdd-cfbjh cfjf`bts. Bepdfefjtbjh
jfurl`ffacimn bj tgf aibdy smglld sfttbjh prlvfa `fisbcdf ija gldas pfaihlhbm
prlebsf.

F]QSIQQL
Iccbiel prfmfafjtfefjtf abmgbiritl B cfjb`bmb jfddf prlvf ab pfr`lreijmf
eusbmidb ab idpgi/tgfti (i/t) rfizbljf jfurldlhbml bj stuab afd
mljsfrvitlrbl(Fhjfr&Hruzfdbfr 3;;=) quidb jlj sljl stitb trlvitb mlj ]ES, Cfti
9, mipimbtë efjtidb, ifrlcbms l Idfxijafr tribjbjh l bj mljtrlddb ab ittfsi(rbsfrvi).
Yub bd mfjtrl ab ittfjzbljf fri d‒bepittl mlj df pfr`lreijmf eusbmidf ab uj
prbjmbpbijtf.
prbjmbpbijt f. I/Q f ]ES tribjbjh sljl stitb mlj`rljtit
mlj`rljtitff mlj smldirb ab 99 ijjb
bjsbfef i mljtrlddb jlj bjtfrvfjtl mlj rbsudtitl jlj sldl ab prlvf ab pfr`lreij
pfr`lreijmfmf
eusbmidb ei ijmgf ab beprlvvbsizbljb eusbmidb mlef ijmgf ittfjzbljf slstfjuti
slstfjuti
f `fjlefjldlhbi .Di prlvi ab ipprfjabefjtl f``fttbvl i smuldi ç stitl lttfjutl
pfr I/Q f ]ES/cfti 3 ripplrtl. Cfjb`bmb prbjmbpidb ai I/Q pfr prlvf ab
pfr`lreijmf eusbmidf sljl stitf rbprlalttf pfr ciecbjb pfr tfmjbmi f
vidutizbljf mleujbmitbvi. Cfjb`bmb pbò fstfsb pfr mrfitbvbtë f vidutizbljf
mleujbmitbvi pfr beprlvvbsizbljb mrfitbvf mgf sljl stitf mljabvbsf mlj ]ES

81
tribjbjh, rbvfdijal uj bj`dufjzi ab ]ES su pfr`lreijmf eusbmidb beprlvvbsitf
beprlvvbsitf ia
uj dbvfddl ai prbjmbpbijtf mlj aleijaf mlhjbtbvf pbò hrijab. Bj uji prbei
ippdbmizbljf ab I/Q pfr ebhdblrirf d‒ittfjzbljf ab slstfhjl(QLPI) ç stitl smlpfrtl
ab fssfrf pbò vbjmfjtf mgf ]ES tribjbjh, mlj uj jltfvldf rbauzbljf jfd
mleefttfrf
mleeft tfrf frrlrb jfb ciecbjb, 96/== gijjl ivutl bjabmb ab ittfjzblj
ittfjzbljff jfddi
plrtiti ab IAGA. Sipplrtb `fjlefjldlhbmb frijl i `ivlrf ab rfizbljb
jfurldlhbmgf f cfjf`bmb sud cfjfssfrf . Sfidbzzirf rfizbljb jfurldlhbmgf jfddi
smuldi qultbabiji abelstri `ittbcbdbtë f eijtbfjf prlefssf pfaihlhbmgf .

Qrittl ai smbfjmfabrfmt.mle

86
Cblhri`bi
I.Qleitbs (3;9;)Df ab``bmldtë smldistbmgf- Fa.Bcbs
M. Mippi D. Hrlssl P. Slssb F. Idcijfsb [. Huhdbfdebjl M. Euzbl [. Aiebijb (3;91) Idujjb spfmbidb,

jlj sldl absdfssbi- Af Ihlstbjb smuldi

M. Pbl, [. F. Qrfssldab, H.Dl [rfstb (3;93) Abihjlsb afb absturcb spfmb`bmb afdd'ipprfjabefjtl
smldistbml Fa? Frbmnslj

A.]mglj, D. Inbvi-Nicbrb fQ.

fQ. Pfmmgb
Pfmmgb (3;;8) [sbmldlhbi afddi eusbmi- Fa? Mirlmmb

@. Cfjsl (3;;1)Jfurlpsbmldlhbi afdd'ittfjzbljf ”Fa. Afd Mfrrl

Mfrrl

@.Afdidijaf (922=) Df mljalttf eusbmidb -Fa. Mdufc

@.Afdidijaf (3;;9 ) Di eusbmi ç uj hblml ai Ciecbjb Fa. @rijmlIjhfdb

@.@frrirb (3;;3) Hblmgb a'ismldtl -Fa. @rijml Ijhfdb

H.Cbijmgb (3;9;)Bd —eftlal Cbijmgb―- Ipprfjafrf mlj di eumbmi aib = ib 8 ijjb ” Fa. @rijml Ijhfdb

H.Eijirldl(3;;2) [sbmldlhbi afddi eusbmi f Eusbmltfripbi ” Fa.Mlselpldbs

Fa.Mlselpldbs
D.@frriclsmgb f J. Efbjb (3;91) Sfmupfrl bj lrtlhri`bi- Fa? Frbmnslj

E.Dfvbjf (3;;1) I elal dlrl ” Fa.Eljaialrb

Eidihutb Q. (3;;;) Bjsfhjirf i dfhhfrf f smrbvfrf mlj bd eftlal @LD. Vj prlhrieei `ljldlhbml ,
lrtlhri`bml, dfssbmidf - Ab Qieiri Eidihutb - Fa Frbmnslj

S._ljti (9227) [sbmldlhbi hfjfridf, afddl svbduppl f ippdbmiti- Fa. Fabpsbmldlhbmgf

Fabpsbmldlhbmgf Mrfelji

M.E ]mihdblsl (3;;7)-]uljirf mlef pirdirf? dbjhuihhb f jfurlsmbfjzf, bepdbmizbljb pfaihlhbmgf-

Fa. Ireijal

80
AB][FJ]F

Abspfjsf `lrjbtf aidd'isslmbizbljf IS[I EIHBMI ab EBDIJL

Hubai ib hfjbtlrb IBA? isslmbizbljf btidbiji
btidbiji absdfssbi

Eistfr Asi? i muri ab Dftbzbi Elrfttb ,

Mlrsl Asi sdbaf trittf ai ABAIQQBMI F I[[SFJABEFJQL ” Abpirtbefjtl ab smbfjzf afddi

@lreizbljf Hfjlvi- Altt. Fdfji Hijald`b

EV]BMI F ]MBFJ_F MLHJBQBPF ML]QIJQBJL [IJ_I9 , FDFJI @DIVHJIMML3 9 [fabitri ab

`iebhdbi,, ]ijt‒Bdirbl a‒Fjzi (SF), Mllrabjiefjtl Jizbljidf Jitb pfr di Eusbmi 3 [sbmldlh
`iebhdbi [sbmldlhi,
i, Mfjtrl
pfr di ]idutf afd Ciecbjl-Qrbfstf, Mllrabjiefjtl Jizbljidf Jitb pfr di Eusbmi

]BQLHSI@BI
www.jfurlsmbfjzf.jft
www.bmsmljalvf.bt
gttp?//eitg.ujbpi.bt
www.bmsijhblrhbl.bt/
www.mlj
www. mljvfh
vfhjl
jl abs
abshri
hri`bi
`bi .b
.btt

www.bstruzbljfpbfeljtf.bt
gttp?//eitfeitbmi-lda.ujbclmmljb.bt
www.ibaff.bt
gttp?//www.mbab.bt
www.psbmldlhbibjsbfef.bt
gttp?//www.diabsdfssbi.lrh
www.eftiabaittbmi.mle
www.jfurlpsbmleltrbmbsti.bt
gttp?//www.psymglefabi.bt/
gttp?//www.`ujzbljblcbfttbvl.bt/
gttp?//www.ibaibisslmbizbljf.mle/
www.itfdbfrafddieusbmi.bt
gttp?//www.eusbmltfripbi.bt/
gttp?//www.tbmfi.bt/

88