Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 225 (2016) 270 – 280

³&RQVHUYDWLRQRI$UFKLWHFWXUDO+HULWDJH&$+´1RYHPEHU/X[RU

5HKDELOLWDWLRQRI-DKDQJLU¶V7RPE
(0HKPRRGD0-DZDGD 8,VKDTD).DILD<$OLD1,TEDOE
a
Civil Engineering Department, University of Engineering & Technology, G.T. Road, Lahore 54890, Punjab, Pakistan
b
Shahdra Complex of Monuments, Directorate General of Archaeoloy, Govt. of Punjab, Lahore 54950 , Pakistan

$EVWUDFW

7KLV UHVHDUFK SDSHU GHDOV ZLWK WKH VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ RI WKH /LPH 0RUWDU XVHG LQ WKH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI -DKDQJLU¶V 7RPE RI VDPH
FRPSRVLWLRQ DV FRQVWUXFWHG  WR JHW PD[LPXP VWUHQJWK DQG FUDFNV IUHH VXUIDFH :H ZRUNHG IRU WKH VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ RI WKH
SURSRUWLRQ JUDGDWLRQ RI DJJUHJDWH ZDWHUOLPH UDWLR DQG GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI LQLWLDO VHWWLQJ WLPH IRU WKH PRUWDU )LQDOO\ WKH EHVW
VWDQGDUGV ZHUH HVWDEOLVKHG IRU WKH OLPH PRUWDU WR XVH LQ UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI WKH VDLG EXLOGLQJ ZLWK VXFFHVVIXO UHVXOWV 1RZ WKLV
PDWHULDOZLOOQRWRQO\EHXVHGLQFRQVHUYDWLRQRIWKHVDLGEXLOGLQJEXWDOVRIRURWKHUKHULWDJHVLWHVE\$UFKDHRORJLFDOGHSDUWPHQW
RI3DNLVWDQ

©‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI,(5(.,QWHUQDWLRQDOH[SHUWVIRU5HVHDUFK(QULFKPHQWDQG.QRZOHGJH([FKDQJH
Peer-review under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange
Keywords:.DQNDUOLPHPRUWDU6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ*UDGDWLRQ0L[UDWLR:DWHU/LPHUDWLR






&RUUHVSRQGLQJ$XWKRU7HO

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDQG3UHVHQWLQJ$XWKRU7HO

E-mail addresses MDZDGJKDIRRUXHW#JPDLOFRP 0 -DZDG  \DZDUTDODQGUL#JPDLOFRP < $OL   XVPDQLVKDT#JPDLOFRP 8 ,VKDT  
IDLVDODONDIL#JPDLOFRP ).DIL HKWHVKDPPHKPRRG#JPDLOFRP (0HKPRRG PQL#KRWPDLOFRP 1,TEDO 

1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.06.026
 E. Mehmood et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 225 (2016) 270 – 280 271

,QWURGXFWLRQ

0XJKDOVUXOHGRYHUWKH,QGLDQ6XE&RQWLQHQWIRUPRUHWKDQ\HDUV  'XULQJWKHLUUHLJQ

WKH\FRQVWUXFWHGPDQ\PDJQLILFHQWVWUXFWXUHV2QHRIWKHVHEXLOGLQJVLVWKH7RPERI-DKDQJLU7KHWRPERI(PSHURU
-DKDQJLU ZKR UXOHG ,QGLDQ VXEFRQWLQHQW  LV D MHZHO LQ WKH FURZQ RI 0XJKDO DUFKLWHFWXUH 7KH WRPE LV
VLWXDWHGLQ/DKRUHLQ4XHHQ1RRU-DKDQ¶VROGSOHDVXUHJDUGHQNQRZQDV'LONXVKD*DUGHQ7KHPDXVROHXPLVORFDWHG
DW6KDKGDUDRQWKHEDQNRIWKH5DYLWKUHHPLOHVQRUWKZHVWRIWKHFLW\,QWKHFHQWUHRIZKLFKVWDQGVWKHPDJQLILFHQW
VHSXOFKUH RI -DKDQJLU FRQVLGHUHG E\ VRPH WR EH WKH ³)LQHVW RUQDPHQW RI /DKRUH´ DQG E\ RWKHUV ³7KH PRVW
PDJQLILFHQW HGLILFH LQ WKH VXEFRQWLQHQW DIWHU WKH 7DM 0HKDO DQG WKH 4XWXE 0LQDU´ 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ WKLV PRQXPHQW
VXIIHUHGEDGO\QRWRQO\GXHWRWKHYDJDULHVRIWLPHEXWDOVRGXHWRH[WHQVLYHYDQGDOLVPGRQHE\WKH6LNKUXOHUVDQG
ODWHURQGXHWRLPSURSHUXVHE\%ULWLVK$GPLQLVWUDWLRQRIWKH6XEFRQWLQHQW7KHQDWXUDOFOLPDWHDOVRSOD\HGWKHLUUROH
LQWKHGHVWUXFWLRQDQGGLODSLGDWLRQRIWKHPRVWEHDXWLIXOFRPSOH[RIWKH0XJKDOSHULRGLQWKLVSDUWRIWKHZRUOG7KH
XQSUHFHGHQWHGIORRGRISOD\HGKDYRFZLWKWKHHQFORVXUHZDOORIWKHPRQXPHQWV9DULRXVIORRGVLQWKHVHFRQG
KDOI RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ DOVR FRQWULEXWHG LQ WKH GHYDVWDWLRQ RI WKHQ JDUGHQV DQG WKHVH PRQXPHQWV 7R EULQJ WKLV
KLVWRULFDOMHZHOEDFNWRLWVRULJLQDOVWDWH*RYWRI3DNLVWDQLVSD\LQJDWWHQWLRQWRZDUGVWKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQRIWKLVPDVWHU
SLHFHRI0XJKDODUFKLWHFWXUH2XUUHVHDUFKLVEDVHGRQWKHVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQRIWKHVSHFLDOW\SHRIOLPHPRUWDUZKLFK
ZDVXVHGLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKLVEXLOGLQJ1RZIRUWKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQWKHOLPHPRUWDUZLWKVDPHFRQVWLWXHQWVZDV
UHTXLUHG

7KLVVSHFLDOW\SHRIOLPHPRUWDUXVHGLQWKHVHEXLOGLQJV 0XJKDOHUD GXULQJFRQVWUXFWLRQLVQDPHGDV.DQNDU/LPH

0RUWDU,WFRQVLVWVRI+\GUDXOLF/LPH:KLWH/LPHDQG&RDUVH.DQNDU/LPH)RUWKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQRIGHVWUXFWHG
SDUWVRIWKHVDLGEXLOGLQJWKHPRUWDURIVDPHFRPSRVLWLRQ 1DWXUH ZDVUHTXLUHG DVXVHGLQFRQVWUXFWLRQ %HIRUH
WKLVUHVHDUFKNDQNDUOLPHZDVSUHSDUHGZLWKUDQGRPPL[LQJRIWKHFRQVWLWXHQWVDQGZDVXVHGLQWKHGHVWUXFWHGSDUWV
RIWKHEXLOGLQJ%XWWKLVPDWHULDOGLGQRWVHUYHWKHSXUSRVHDVLWVKRXOG6RWKHVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQRIWKLVPDWHULDOZDV
UHTXLUHGVRWKDWLWFRXOGEHXVHGLQUHKDELOLWDWLRQRIDOOWKHEXLOGLQJVRIVDPHHUD)RUVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQWKHPDLQWDUJHW
ZDVWRILQGWKHPL[LQJWKHPDWHULDOLQVXFKDZD\DQGLQVXFKFLUFXPVWDQFHVVRDVWRJHWPD[LPXPFRPSUHVVLYH
VWUHQJWKDQGFUDFNIUHHVXUIDFHDQGWRXVHWKLVPDWHULDOWRUHSDLUGHVWUXFWHGZDOOVE\PHWKRGVRIUHSDLURIZDOOV7KH
WHFKQLTXHV XVHG LQ WKH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI RWKHU OLPH EDVHG KLVWRULFDO EXLOGLQJ ZHUH UHYLHZHG 7KH UHDVRQ RI
VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQZDVWKDWWKHOLWHUDWXUHDYDLODEOHRQOLPHPRUWDUZDVQRWGLUHFWO\DSSOLFDEOHRQWKHOLPHPRUWDUZKLFK
ZDVWREHXVHGLQUHKDELOLWDWLRQ &RQVHUYDWLRQ RIWKHVDLGWRPE

&RPSRVLWLRQRIOLPHPRUWDU

$V GHVFULEHG EHIRUH WKDW WKLV LV D PDWHULDO ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ XVHG LQ 0XJKDO HUD
 IRUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIEXLOGLQJV,WLVFRPSULVHGRIIROORZLQJFRQVWLWXHQWVDVEHORZ
x 1DWXUDO+\GUDXOLF/LPH 1+/ 
x :KLWH/LPH
x &RDUVHNDQNDU/LPH

2.1 Natural Hydraulic Lime (NHL)

1DWXUDO K\GUDXOLF OLPH LV PDGH IURP OLPHVWRQH WKDW FRQWDLQV LPSXULWLHV VXFK DV
FOD\RUVLOLFDWHV8QOLNHOLPHSXWW\ZKLFKLVQRQK\GUDXOLFOLPH1+/FDQVHWLQGDPSFRQGLWLRQVLQGHHGLWUHTXLUHV
ZDWHUIRUDPLQLPXPSHULRGRIDURXQGKRXUVWRJDLQPD[LPXPVWUHQJWK+\GUDXOLFLW\LVWKHSURSHUW\RIDELQGHU
WRKDUGHQLQFRQWDFWZLWKZDWHUDQGLWLVSURGXFHGE\EXUQLQJDOLPHVWRQHFRQWDLQLQJVLOLFDDOXPLQDDQGLURQR[LGHV
ZKLFK DERYH FHUWDLQ WHPSHUDWXUH FRPELQH WRWDOO\ RU SDUWLDOO\ ZLWK FDOFLXP R[LGH 1+/ ZRUNV E\ VHWWLQJ LQ WKH
SUHVHQFH RI ZDWHU DQG 1+/ PRUWDUV FXUHG DW KLJK KXPLGLW\ OHYHO LQ QDWXUDO DQG DUWLILFLDO HQYLURQPHQWV SUHVHQW
LQWHUHVWLQJUHVXOWVDQGVRPHFRXOGEHXVHGLQROGPDVRQULHVUHSDLU

2.1.1. Properties of NHL mortars

272 E. Mehmood et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 225 (2016) 270 – 280

¾ $ JOREDO DQDO\VLV UHYHDOV WKDW PRUWDUV LQ KXPLG FXULQJ FRQGLWLRQV SUHVHQW KLJKHVW YDOXH RI IOH[XUDO
VWUHQJWK
¾ 7KHPDLQKDUGHQLQJUHDFWLRQLQ1+/PRUWDUVLVFDUERQDWLRQ+RZHYHUK\GUDXOLFFRPSRXQGVDUHDOVR
IRUPHGZKLFKLQFUHDVHWKHPHFKDQLFDOVWUHQJWKDQGLPSURYHWKHUHVLVWDQFHWRZDWHUDFWLRQ

2.1.2. Workability and Strength

1+/ PRUWDUV DUH RIWHQ GHVFULEHG DV KLJKO\ ZRUNDEOH +RZHYHU GXH WR PDQ\
YDULDEOHVFRQWULEXWLQJWRZRUNDELOLW\WKLVLVGLIILFXOWWRTXDQWLI\:RUNDELOLW\ODUJHO\GHSHQGVRQZDWHUFRQWHQW
DQG WKLV ZLOO JUHDWO\ DIIHFW WKH FRPSUHVVLYH DQG IOH[XUDO VWUHQJWK ZKLFK LQ WXUQ ZLOO GHWHUPLQH WKH RYHUDOO
TXDOLW\DQGGXUDELOLW\RIPRUWDU
9HU\KLJKVWUHQJWKLVQRWXVXDOO\UHTXLUHGIRUEXLOGLQJPRUWDUV$QXQQHFHVVDULO\VWURQJPRUWDUZLOOFRQFHQWUDWH
WKHHIIHFWVRIDQ\GLIIHUHQWLDOPRYHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHPRUWDUDQGEULFNZRUNDQGFUDFNVPD\DSSHDUZKLFKFRXOG
UHGXFH WKH GXUDELOLW\ DQG LQFUHDVH WKH ULVN RI SHQHWUDWLRQ E\ UDLQ %XW WKHUH VKRXOG EH DGHTXDWH FRPSUHVVLYH
VWUHQJWKWRRIPRUWDUWREHDUWKHORDGRIPDVRQU\

2.2. White lime

:KLWH OLPH 0DLQO\ FRPSRVHG RI &D2  ZKLFK LV RQH RI WKH PDLQ FRQVWLWXHQW RI WKH NDQNDU OLPH
PRUWDU IRU XVH LQ UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI WKH -DKDQJLU¶V WRPE ,W ZDV XVHG DV D FRELQGHU DORQJ ZLWK 1+/ LQ WKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQRIEXLOGLQJVLQ0XJKDOSHULRG1RZDGD\LWLVDQHDVLO\DYDLODEOHPDWHULDODQGLVXVHGIRUZKLWHZDVK
RIORZTXDOLW\%HIRUHXVLQJLWLVVRDNHGFRPSOHWHO\LQZDWHU VODNLQJ IRUDWOHDVWKRXUVWRUHPRYHLWVKHDWGXH
WRWKHIRUPDWLRQRI&D 2+ %HFDXVHZKHQLWLVXVHGLQGU\IRUP ZLWKRXWVODNLQJIRUWKHUHTXLUHGWLPHSHULRG LQ
WKHPL[LWFDXVHVHYDSRUDWLRQRIZDWHUUHTXLUHGIRUQHFHVVDU\FKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQVWRWDNHSODFH6RWRXVHLQOLPH
PRUWDULWLVVRDNHGLQZDWHUIRUKRXUVDWOHDVWWRDYRLGUDSLGKHDWDFFXPXODWLRQZKLFKFDXVHVFUDFNVDVZHOODV
VWUHQJWKSUREOHPV


2.3. Coarse kankar Lime

7KLV LV D PDWHULDO ZKLFK LV SUHSDUHG E\ EXUQLQJ WKH OLPH QRGXOHV IRXQG LQ VRLO ,W LV WKH
PDLQO\XVHDVFRDUVHDJJUHJDWH,Q0XJKDOHUDWKLVPDWHULDOKDGEHHQXVHGDEXQGDQWO\LQPRUWDUIRUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
RI IRUWV WRPEV DQG RWKHU KLVWRULFDO EXLOGLQJV ,Q WKH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ WKLV PDWHULDO LV XVHG LQ OLPH PRUWDU DORQJ ZLWK
K\GUDXOLF OLPH DQG ZKLWH OLPH 1R GRXEW LWV VWUHQJWK LV PXFK OHVVHU WKDQ VWRQH DJJUHJDWHV EXW IRU WKH VDNH RI
UHKDELOLWDWLRQWKHVDPHPDWHULDO DVFRQVWUXFWHG LVWREHSUHSDUHG7KHSUREOHPDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKLVPDWHULDOLVLWV
KLJKZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQZKLFKFDXVHVUHGXFWLRQLQVWUHQJWKLQILQDOPDWHULDO7RXVHWKLVPDWHULDOIRUUHKDELOLWDWLRQRI
EXLOGLQJVRI0XJKDOHUDZHKDYHSURSRVHGWKHOLPLWVRIZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQDIWHUSHUIRUPLQJYDULRXVWHVWVRQLW


$VVRFLDWHGSUREOHPV

)RU WKH SXUSRVH RI VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ WKH DYDLODEOH OLWHUDWXUH RQ WKH OLPH ZDV WKRURXJKO\
UHYLHZHG SDUWLFXODUO\ UHODWHG WR WKH PL[LQJ PHWKRGV DQG VWUHQJWK DFKLHYLQJ SKHQRPHQRQ RI OLPH PRUWDUV 7KHUH
ZHUHIROORZLQJSUREOHPVZKLFKZHUHQHFHVVDU\WRUHVROYH

x :DWHU1+/UDWLR
x 0L[UDWLR
x ,QLWLDOVHWWLQJWLPH
x :DWHUDEVRUSWLRQOLPLWIRUFRDUVHNDQNDUOLPH
x *UDGDWLRQRIFRDUVHNDQNDUOLPH

:DWHULVPDLQFUDFNFRQWUROOLQJDJHQWLQOLPHPRUWDUV ,WZDVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRGHWHUPLQHWKHWKUHVKROGOLPLWVIRU
 E. Mehmood et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 225 (2016) 270 – 280 273

ZDWHUDPRXQWLQVXFKDZD\WKDWWKHFUDFNVFRXOGEHPLQLPL]HGDVZHOODVFDUERQDWLRQDQGK\GUDWLRQUHDFWLRQVPD\
DOVR UHPDLQ XQGLVWXUEHG 7KH WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH DUHD LQ ZKLFK WKH EXLOGLQJ LV VLWXDWHG UHDFKHV XS WR  & LQ
VXPPHUZKLFKLVWRRKRWWRFDXVHWKHUDSLGHYDSRUDWLRQRIZDWHUOHDYLQJFUDFNVRQWKHVXUIDFHRIPRUWDU6RWKH
ZDWHUFRQWHQWPXVWEHLQVXFKDUDQJHWKDWLWPD\QRWFDXVHVWUHQJWKSUREOHPVZLWKPD[LPXPZRUNDELOLW\,QLWLDO
VHWWLQJ WLPH ZDV QRW NQRZQ 7KH FRPPRQ SUDFWLFH LQ WKH ILHOG ZDV WR SUHSDUH WKH PDWHULDO LQ EXON DQG WKHQ XVH
DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH UHTXLUHPHQW 7KLV ZDV DOVR WKH PDLQ UHDVRQ RI FUDFNV JHQHUDWLRQ DIWHU VRPH WLPH RI OD\LQJ WKH
PRUWDUEHFDXVHQRGRXEWWKLVPDWHULDOJDLQVVWUHQJWKYHU\VORZO\EXWLWKDVDSDUWLFXODULQLWLDOVHWWLQJWLPHZKLFKLI
SDVVHVUHGXFHVWKHVWUHQJWKRIILQDOVXUIDFHVLJQLILFDQWO\
,QWKHSUHYLRXVWZRWRWKUHHGHFDGHVWKHDUFKDHRORJLVWVRI3DNLVWDQWULHGWRUHKDELOLWDWHVRPHRIWKHGHVWUXFWHGSDUWV
RIWKHKLVWRULFDOEXLOGLQJQRGRXEWWKH\GLGDORWRIZRUNWRSUHSDUHWKHPDWHULDORIUHTXLUHGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVEXWWKH\
XVHGWKHWHQWDWLYHFRPSRVLWLRQ7KH\ZHUHQRWVXUHDERXWWKHUHVXOWRIXVLQJWKHOLPHPRUWDU6RDWVRPHSODFHVWKH
PDWHULDOXVHGZDVRIVXFKDJRRGSURSRUWLRQWKDWHYHQDVLQJOHFUDFNLVQRWWKHUHRQWKHVXUIDFHXSWLOOQRZEXWRQ
WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH VDPH PL[ JDYH XQVDWLVIDFWRU\ UHVXOWV 7KLV WKLQJ GUDJJHG XV WRZDUGV VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ RI WKLV
PDWHULDO
7KHDLPZDVWRVWDQGDUGL]HWKHSURSRUWLRQZDWHUWRK\GUDXOLFOLPHUDWLR3DUWLFOHVL]HGLVWULEXWLRQDQGWRGHWHUPLQH
LQLWLDOVHWWLQJWLPHRIWKHELQGHU +\GUDXOLFOLPH:KLWHOLPH 

6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ

)RUVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQWKHIROORZLQJSDUDPHWHUVZHUHGHWHUPLQHG

x 0L[5DWLR
x :DWHU+/UDWLR
x ,QLWLDOVHWWLQJWLPH
x :DWHUDEVRUSWLRQOLPLW
x *UDGDWLRQRIFRDUVHNDQNDUOLPH

7KHSURFHGXUH DQG H[SODQDWLRQRI ZRUNZKLFKZDV FDUULHG RXW DQG REVHUYDWLRQVZKLFK ZHUHZLWQHVVHG DUH JLYHQ
EHORZ

4.1. Mix Ratio

,QUHKDELOLWDWLRQRIWKH-DKDQJLU¶VWRPEWKHUHZHUHWZRGLIIHUHQWDUHDVZKHUHWKHXVHRIOLPHPRUWDU
ZDVUHTXLUHG

x 'HVWUXFWHGZDOOV
x 8VHRIOLPHPRUWDUIRU3ODVWHULQJ

7R VWDQGDUGL]H WKH PDWHULDO IRU UHKDELOLWDWLRQ WKH UDWLRV ZKLFK KDG EHHQ XVHG LQ WKH SDVW IHZ GHFDGHV IRU WKH
UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI RWKHU EXLOGLQJV ZHUH WDNHQ DV VWDUWLQJ SRLQW 7KHQ ZH FKHFNHG WKH UHVXOWV RI WKRVH PDWHULDOV $W
VRPH SODFHV WKH PDWHULDO EHKDYLRXU ZDV YHU\ JRRG DW VRPH RWKHU LW ZDV QRW VDWLVIDFWRU\ $V WKHUH ZDV QR ZRUN
FDUULHGRXWRQWKHVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQLQWKHSDVWVRWKHPL[UDWLRXVHGZDVDOVRWHQWDWLYH7RXVHWKHPDWHULDOWRUHSDLU
GHVWUXFWHGZDOOVWKHPHWKRGVJLYHQLQOLWHUDWXUHZDVIROORZHG

4.1.1. For Plastering

7R VWDQGDUGL]H WKH PL[ UDWLR IRU SODVWHULQJ GLIIHUHQW PL[ ZHUH SUHSDUHG ZLWK GLIIHUHQW
FRQVWLWXHQWVUDWLR         1+/:KLWH/LPH VODNHG &RDUVHNDQNDUOLPH 7KHEHKDYLRXU
ZDVFKHFNHGE\SODFLQJWKRVHPDWHULDOVRQZDOO,WZDVREVHUYHGWKDWZKHQWKHPDWHULDOZDVPL[HGLQUDWLR  ,W
JDYHFUDFNIUHHSODVWHUHGVXUIDFHZKLOHRWKHUVJRWFUDFNHG7KHUHDVRQLVGHILQLWHO\WKHYDULDWLRQLQWKHDPRXQWRI
274 E. Mehmood et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 225 (2016) 270 – 280

1+/ZKLFKLVWKHPDLQELQGLQJDJHQWLQWKHZKROHPL[%\YDU\LQJWKHDPRXQWRI1+/VXUIDFHVKULQNDJHH[WHQW
YDULHV 8VLQJ WKLV UDWLR WKH VXFFHVVIXO UHVXOWV DUH EHLQJ DFKLHYHG ZKHQ DFWXDOO\ XVHG LQ SODVWHULQJ RI VRPH RI WKH
ZDOOVLQWRPE

4.1.2. For laying of bricks (In brick masonry)

)RU WKLV SXUSRVH WKH VDPH SURFHGXUH ZDV UHSHDWHG DV LQ FDVH RI
SODVWHULQJ7KLVWLPHDJDLQWKHVHYDOXHVZHUHWDNHQDQGOLPHPRUWDUZDVSUHSDUHGLQWKHIRUPRI´ FXEHV7KH
FRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIWKHVHFXEHVZDVWHVWHGXVLQJXQLYHUVDOWHVWLQJPDFKLQH 870 ,WFDPHWRRXUQRWLFHWKDW
WKHUHZHUHWZRUDWLRVZKLFKJDYHVDWLVIDFWRU\UHVXOWZLWKDOLWWOHGLIIHUHQFHWKDQWKHDOORWKHUUDWLRV7KRVHWZRUDWLRV
DUH  DQG  ZKLFKJDYHDGHTXDWHVWUHQJWKWREHXVHGDVPL[UDWLRLQEULFNPDVRQU\ OD\LQJRIEULFNV 


7DEOH3URSRVHGPL[UDWLRVWRXVHLQUHKDELOLWDWLRQRIEXLOGLQJVRI0XJKDOUHLJQ
8VHRI.DQNDUOLPHPRUWDU 3URSRVHGPL[UDWLR 1+/:KLWHOLPH&RDUVHNDQNDUOLPH 
,Q3ODVWHU  
,QOD\LQJRIEULFNV %ULFNPDVRQU\   RU  


4.2. Water/Lime ratio

$V OLPH PRUWDUV DUH ZLGHO\ DFNQRZOHGJHG WR EH PRUH HIIHFWLYH LQ WKH UHSDLU RI KLVWRULF
PRQXPHQWV LQIUDVWUXFWXUH  ,W LV DOVR ZHOO NQRZQ WKDW WKH ZDWHUOLPH UDWLR KDV D PDUNHG HIIHFW RQ WKH VWUXFWXUDO
SHUIRUPDQFH RI OLPH PRUWDUV 6R LQ WKH VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ RI NDQNDU OLPH PRUWDU WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI DSSURSULDWH
YDOXHRIZDWHU1+/ZDVQHFHVVDU\WRGHWHUPLQHVRDVWRJHWPD[LPXPSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHPRUWDU$V:DWHU/LPH
UDWLR KDV D JUHDW LQIOXHQFH LQ WKH SUHSDUDWLRQ RI OLPH PRUWDU WKDW¶V ZK\ LW WDNHV D VSHFLDO DWWHQWLRQ ZKLOH
VWDQGDUGL]LQJDPDWHULDO

7R ILQG DQ DSSURSULDWH YDOXH RI ZDWHUOLPH UDWLR $670 & ZDV WDNHQ DV VWDQGDUG DV WKHUH LV DSSURSULDWH
PHWKRG JLYHQ WR ILQG VWDQGDUG FRQVLVWHQF\ RI OLPH SXWW\ 7KH VDPH SURFHGXUH ZDV DGRSWHG IRU GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI
ZDWHU UHTXLUHPHQW LQ UHKDELOLWDWLRQ DV LQ  ([SHULPHQW JDYH UHVXOW DV  DYJ  DQG LQ RUGHU WR FKHFN LWV
SHUIRUPDQFHLWZDVSODFHGRQWKHZDOODVSODVWHUXQGHUQDWXUDOFRQGLWLRQVDQGFXULQJZDVGRQHDIWHUHDFKKRXUV
IURPWKHGD\RISODFHPHQW$IWHUVXQQ\GD\VLWZDVREVHUYHGWKDWVXUIDFHKDGDORWRIFUDFNVZKLFKUHYHDOHGWKDWLW
KDGH[FHVVZDWHULQLWDQGFRQVLVWHQF\ZKLFKZHIRXQGFRXOGQRWEHXVHGDVVWDQGDUGRQH$VLQ)LJ



)LJ6KULQNDJHFUDFNVRQSODVWHU

7KHUHDVRQLVWKHUHDUHWZRELQGHUVLQWKHPL[DQGWKHZKLWHOLPHLVXVHGLQVDWXUDWHGIRUPLQRUGHUWRUHPRYHLWV
KHDWGXHWRWKHIRUPDWLRQRI&D 2+ DV'XHWRWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHVHWZRELQGHUVWKHDFWXDOZDWHUWROLPHUDWLR
ZDV QHFHVVDU\ WR GHWHUPLQH 7KH FUDFNV JHQHUDWHG RQ VXUIDFH RISODVWHU LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH H[FHVV ZDWHU LQ WKH PL[
ZKLFKFRDWVWKHSDUWLFOHVRIOLPHDQGDYRLGQHFHVVDU\&2WRHQWHUZKLFKLVQHFHVVDU\IRUFDUERQDWLRQDOVRLWFDXVHV
VKULQNDJHRIWKHPDWHULDOZKHQLWHYDSRUDWHV,QRUGHUWRILQGWKHVWDQGDUGYDOXHPDWHULDOEHKDYLRXUZDVREVHUYHG
 E. Mehmood et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 225 (2016) 270 – 280 275

LQSODVWHUE\GHFUHDVLQJWKHYDOXHRI:DWHU/LPHDV,WZDVREVHUYHGWKDWDW
DQGOHVVHUUDWLRWKHSHUIRUPDQFHZDVIRXQGVDWLVIDFWRU\%XWDWUDWLRDQGOHVVHUWKHZRUNDELOLW\SUREOHP
ZDVREVHUYHG)XUWKHUPRUHWRFKHFNLWVVWUHQJWKLQFRPSUHVVLRQFXEHVRIGLPHQVLRQ´ ´ZHUHFDVWHGXVLQJUDWLR
DQGDQGWKHLUVWUHQJWKZDVFKHFNHGDIWHUGD\VLQDXQLYHUVDOWHVWLQJPDFKLQH

7DEOH/LPLWVRI:/UDWLRWRXVHLQ.DQNDUOLPHPRUWDU
:DWHU1+/UDWLR
0D[LPXPYDOXH 
0LQLPXPYDOXH 

2EVHUYDWLRQVUHYHDOHGWKDWLWKDGJRRGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKDVZHOO$IWHUWDNLQJWKHVHREVHUYDWLRQVZHFDPHWRWKH
FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW LI RQH XVHV :/ UDWLR DV GHVFULEHG LQ 7DEOH  VKULQNDJH FUDFNV GXH WR H[FHVV ZDWHU FDQ EH
PLQLPL]HG

4.3. Initial Setting

$VLWZDVDZURQJSUDFWLFHLQWKHILHOGSUHSDULQJWKHPDWHULDODWODUJHVFDOHIRUUHKDELOLWDWLRQDQG
XVHLWHYHQDIWHUWRKRXUVRIPL[LQJGXHWRZKLFKFRQVLGHUDEOHUHGXFWLRQLQWKHELQGLQJSURSHUWLHVZDVREVHUYHG
LQWKHIRUPRIFUDFNVODWHURQ7KHUHDUHWZRELQGHUVLQWKHPL[RQHRIWKHPLV1+/DQGWKHRWKHURQHLQZKLWHOLPH
,Q $670 &  ±  WKHUH LV D SURSHU PHWKRG WR ILQG WKH LQLWLDO VHWWLQJ WLPH RI OLPH 8VLQJ WKH VDPH DSSDUDWXV
9LFDWDSSDUDWXV WKHLQLWLDOVHWWLQJWLPHRIWKHPL[RIWZRELQGHUV 1DWXUDOK\GUDXOLFOLPH:KLWHOLPH ZDVWHVWHG
DIWHUPL[LQJLQVWDQGDUGUDWLRIRUSODVWHU  ZLWKSURSRVHGZDWHU1+/8VLQJWKHYDOXHRILQLWLDOVHWWLQJWLPHE\
WKLV DSSDUDWXV ZKLFK FDPH RXW PLQXWHV   PLQXWHV  $IWHU  PLQXWHV IURP PL[LQJ WLPH WKH PDWHULDO ZDV
SODFHGRQDZDOO DVDSODVWHU DQGZDVZLWQHVVHGIRUDFRXSOHRIGD\V7KHFUDFNVJHQHUDWHGRQWKHVXUIDFHRIWKH
SODVWHU MXVW DIWHU D FRXSOH RI GD\V XQGHU VWDQGDUG FRQGLWLRQV 7KHQ WKH PDWHULDO ZDV PL[HG RQFH DJDLQ LQ VDPH
SURSRUWLRQ DV EHIRUH DQG SODFHG RQ WKH ZDOO DIWHU     DQG  PLQXWHV DIWHU PL[LQJ 7KHQ WKH PDWHULDO
EHKDYLRXUZDVREVHUYHG,WFDPHWRRXUQRWLFHWKDWVDPSOHVSODFHGDIWHUPLQXWHVRIPL[LQJJRWFUDFNHGLQSODVWHU
MXVWDIWHUDIHZGD\V2QWKHKDQGXQGHUVDPHFRQGLWLRQVWKHVDPSOHVZKLFKZHUHSODFHGRQZDOODWDQGEHIRUH
PLQXWHVDIWHUPL[LQJUHPDLQHGXQFUDFNHGDIWHUHYHQRQHPRQWK$VLWLVVKRZQLQ)LJ



)LJ7LPHUHJLRQVIRU6DIHDQG&UDFNHGVDPSOHVDIWHUSODVWHULQJRQZDOO

7KHVDIHOLPLWIRUWKHNDQNDUOLPHPRUWDUWRDYRLGFUDFNVGXHWRLQLWLDOVHWWLQJWLPHSUREOHPFDQEHUHVROYHGE\XVLQJ
WKHPDWHULDOPD[ PLQXWHV PLQXWHV DIWHUPL[LQJWKHFRPSRQHQWVRIPRUWDUNHHSLQJDOOWKHRWKHUSDUDPHWHUV
DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH SURSRVHG VWDQGDUGV 7KH 9LFDW DSSDUDWXV GRHV QRW JLYH WKH VHWWLQJ WLPH GLUHFWO\ ZKHQ ERWK WKH
ELQGHUVDUHXVHGFRPELQH3HUKDSVGXHWRWKLVUHDVRQWKHVHWWLQJWLPHZDVGLIIHUHQWWKDQDFWXDOZKHQIRXQGXVLQJWKLV
DSSDUDWXV$QRWKHUUHDVRQLVWKHZKLWHOLPHLVXVHGLQVDWXUDWHGIRUPDQGWKHZDWHURIVDWXUDWLRQIURPZKLWHOLPH
DFFHOHUDWHV WKH FKHPLFDO UHDFWLRQV DQG WKH VHWWLQJ WLPH GHFUHDVH ,Q FDVH RI UHSDLULQJ RI GHVWUXFWHG ZDOOV LW LV
276 E. Mehmood et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 225 (2016) 270 – 280

KRZHYHUDGYLVHDEOHWRXVHWKHVDPHOLPLWDWLRQRIWLPHWRJHWVDWLVIDFWRU\UHVXOWV,WZDVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHFUDFNVFDQ
EHVLJQLILFDQWO\DYRLGHGE\XVLQJDOOWKHPDWHULDOZLWKLQWKHSURSRVHGWLPHOLPLW7KHEHVWZD\RXWLVSUHSDUHWKH
PDWHULDOLQVPDOOEDWFKHVLQVXFKZD\WKDWDOORIWKHPL[HGPDWHULDOLVXVHGEHIRUHLQLWLDOVHWWLQJ
WLPHOLPLWZLWKFRQVLGHUDEOHIDFWRURIVDIHW\WRJHWJRRGUHVXOWV

4.4. Water absorption

:DWHU DEVRUSWLRQ RI D PDWHULDO LV DOVR RQH RI WKH PDMRU FRQFHUQV ZKLOH VWDQGDUGL]LQJ D
PDWHULDO :DWHU DEVRUSWLRQ LV RQH SDUDPHWHU WKDW JLYHV LGHD DERXW WKH ILQDO VWUHQJWK DQG TXDOLW\ RI OLPH PRUWDU
$JJUHJDWHVZKLFKDEVRUEPRUHZDWHUDUHPRUHSRURXVLQQDWXUHDQGDUHJHQHUDOO\FRQVLGHUHGXQVXLWDEOHEDVHGRQ
VWUHQJWK7KHUHLVOLPLWIRUZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQRQFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHVZKLFKDUHXVHGQRZDGD\LQPRGHUQFRQVWUXFWLRQ
%XWIRUWKHNDQNDUOLPHWRXVHLQUHKDELOLWDWLRQWKHUHLVQRVWDQGDUGIRUZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQ$VWKHUHPXVWEHOLPLWRQ
FRDUVHDJJUHJDWHWRDEVRUEZDWHU'HQVLW\RINDQNDUOLPHDJJUHJDWHLVPXFKOHVVHUWKDQWKHVWRQHDJJUHJDWHKHQFH
WKHVWUHQJWKZKLFKLWZLOOLPSDUWWRPRUWDUZLOODOVROHVV
,Q VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ RI FRDUVH DJJUHJDWH ZH VWDUWHG ZLWK $670 &  FULWHULD DQG SURFHHGHG E\ KLW DQG WULDO
PHWKRG :H WRRN GLIIHUHQW VDPSOHV DQG DSSOLHG ZDWHU DEVRUSWLRQ WHVW DQG ZH JRW GLIIHUHQW UHVXOWV IRU GLIIHUHQW
VDPSOHVDVDQG,QRUGHUWRFKHFNWKHLUVWUHQJWKWKHVDPHVDPSOHVZHUHSODFHGDVD
SODVWHU RQ WKH ZDOO DQG DIWHU  GD\V XQGHU WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI ϶& FUDFNV ZHUH REVHUYHG RQ WKH VXUIDFH RI WKHVH
VDPSOHVLQZKLFKDJJUHJDWHVXVHGZHUHRIZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQPRUHWKDQLWJDYHDGLUHFWLQGLFDWLRQWKDWLWKDG
YHU\OHVVVWUHQJWKZKLFKZDVQRWDFFHSWDEOH$FFRUGLQJWR$670&VWDQGDUGWKHPD[LPXPYDOXHIRUZDWHU
DEVRUSWLRQIRUFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHLQFDVHRIFRQFUHWHLVEXWLQRXUFDVHWKHFUDFNVZHUHSURGXFHGHYHQDW
7KLVZDVPXFKOHVVHUWKDQWKHOLPLWRIVWRQHFRDUVHDJJUHJDWH7KLVGLIIHUHQFHPD\EHGXHWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQFKHPLFDO
FRPSRVLWLRQ RI VWRQH DJJUHJDWH DQG NDQNDU DJJUHJDWH DQG WKH GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKHLU IRUPDWLRQ GXH WR ZKLFK WKH
SURSHUWLHVRIERWKW\SHVRIFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHVDUHGLIIHUHQWZKHQXVHGLQPRUWDU$VPRUHZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQPHDQV
OHVV GHQVLW\ DQG OHVV VWUHQJWK 7KDW¶V ZK\ WKLV OLPLW IRU FRDUVH NDQNDU OLPH ZDV QHFHVVDU\ WR GHWHUPLQH 6R DV WR
IDFLOLWDWH WKH FRQWUDFWRU WR FKRRVH FRDUVH NDQNDU OLPH IRU PL[ XVLQJ WKHVH VDPSOHV RI FRDUVH DJJUHJDWH ´ OLPH
PRUWDUFXEHVZHUHSUHSDUHGXVLQJWKHSURSRVHGVWDQGDUGUDWLR  DQGDIWHUPRQWKVWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWK
ZDVFKHFNHGZKLFKLVVKRZQLQ)LJ




)LJ6WUHQJWKFRPSDULVRQEDVHGRQZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQRIFRDUVHNDQNDUOLPH


,W FDQ EH LQIHUUHG IURP )LJ  WKDW WKHUH LV YHU\ VPDOO GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK RI WKH FXEHV KDYLQJ
FRDUVH NDQNDU DJJUHJDWH ZLWK ZDWHU DEVRUSWLRQ OHVV WKDQ RU HTXDO WR  WKDQ WKH RWKHU WKUHH VDPSOHV 6R DIWHU
ZLWQHVVLQJ WKHVH UHVXOWV LW LV SURSRVHG WKDW WKH FRDUVH NDQNDU OLPH ZKLFK LV WR EH XVHG LQ OLPH PRUWDU IRU
UHKDELOLWDWLRQPXVWKDYHZDWHUDEVRUSWLRQPD[LPXP XVLQJWKHPHWKRGGHVFULEHGLQ$670&
WR ILQG ZDWHU DEVRUSWLRQ RI FRDUVH DJJUHJDWH  VR DV WR JHW PD[LPXP VWUHQJWK DQG FUDFN IUHH VXUIDFH LQ EULFN
PDVRQU\DVZHOODVLQSODVWHULQJUHVSHFWLYHO\
 E. Mehmood et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 225 (2016) 270 – 280 277

4.5. Gradation of coarse kankar lime

,QVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQRIWKHPDWHULDOVLHYHDQDO\VLVOLPLWVDUHDOVRYHU\LPSRUWDQW
7KHFKDUDFWHULVWLFRI0XJKDODUFKLWHFWLVWKDWWKHUHPXVWEHWKHOD\HURIPRUWDUHTXDOWRWKHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHEULFN
WKH\ XVHG URXJKO\ HTXDO WR ´  6R WKH FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK RI WKH PDWHULDO LV RI JUHDW LPSRUWDQFH ZKLOH GRLQJ
UHKDELOLWDWLRQRIGHVWUXFWHGSDUWVRIZDOOV)RUWKDWSXUSRVHPD[LPXPGHQVLW\RIWKHPDWHULDOLVUHTXLUHGVRDVWRJHW
PD[LPXPFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWK*UDGDWLRQRIFRDUVHNDQNDUOLPHLVYHU\QHFHVVDU\WRJHWUHTXLUHGGHQVLW\DVWKHUH
DUHVSHFLILHGOLPLWVIRUVWRQHFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHVZKLFKDUHXVHGLQFRQFUHWH

,QVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQRIWKHFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHPDWHULDOZHVWDUWHGZLWK$670&FULWHULDEXWLWZDVREVHUYHGWKDW
WKHPDWHULDOIDLOHGLQFRPSUHVVLRQDWYHU\OHVVHUORDG6RWKHUHZDVQHHGRIXSSHUDQGORZHUOLPLWVIRUWKHFRDUVH
DJJUHJDWH 7R ILQG RXW OLPLWV IRU WKLV ZH WRRN VDPSOHV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW JUDGDWLRQ RI SDUWLFOH VL]H WHQWDWLYHO\ %\
NHHSLQJDOOWKHSK\VLFDOSDUDPHWHUV:/UDWLR SURSRUWLRQFRQVWDQW´ ´FXEHVZHUHSUHSDUHGDQGFRPSUHVVLYH
VWUHQJWKRIDOORIWKHVDPSOHVZDVFKHFNHGDIWHUPRQWKV7KHGXUDWLRQRIPRQWKVZDVVHOHFWHGEHFDXVHWKHOLPH
PRUWDUJHWVPD[LPXPSDUWRILWVILQDOVWUHQJWKDIWHURQHPRQWK,WZDVREVHUYHGWKDWVRPHRIWKHVDPSOHVJDYHYHU\
JRRGVWUHQJWKDQGRWKHUVIDLOHGDWYHU\OHVVFRPSUHVVLYHORDG7KHVDPHVDPSOHVZHUHDOVRWHVWHGE\OD\LQJLQZDOOV
WRFKHFNWKHSURSHUOLPLWVIRUWKHPDWHULDO,WZDVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHVDPSOHVZKLFKZHUHVWURQJLQFRPSUHVVLRQGLGQ¶W
JHWFUDFNHGZKLOHSODVWHUHGRQZDOO%\REVHUYLQJWKLVDVSHFLILHGOLPLWZDVSUHSDUHGIRUWKHFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHZLWK
LQZKLFKLIWKHPDWHULDOIDOOVWKHUHDUHPLQLPXPFKDQFHVRIFUDFNVZLWKPD[LPXPFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKSURYLGHG
WKDWRWKHUSDUDPHWHUVDUHDFFRUGLQJWRVWDQGDUG




)LJ*UDGDWLRQFXUYHVRIGLIIHUHQWFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHVDPSOHV

7KH )LJ  VKRZV WKH JUDGDWLRQ FXUYHV RI GLIIHUHQW FRDUVH DJJUHJDWH VDPSOHV DQG WKH SURSRVHG OLPLWV ZKLFK ZHUH
HVWDEOLVKHGDIWHUWHVWLQJWKHOLPHPRUWDU7KHOLPLWVDUHJLYHQLQWKH7DEOH


7DEOH
D  0D[LPXPOLPLW
6LHYH'HVLJQDWLRQ &XPXODWLYHDJHSDVVLQJ

òLQ 
LQ 
1R 

278 E. Mehmood et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 225 (2016) 270 – 280


E  0LQLPXPOLPLW
 6LHYH'HVLJQDWLRQ &XPXODWLYHDJHSDVVLQJ

 òLQ 
 LQ 
 1R 


,WZDVREVHUYHGWKDWZKHQWKHPDWHULDOZDVWHVWHGLQFRPSUHVVLRQXVLQJWKHDJJUHJDWHVIDOOLQJLQWKHOLPLWV RWKHU
SDUDPHWHUV OLNH :/ UDWLR ZDWHU DEVRUSWLRQ RI FRDUVH DJJUHJDWH ZDV VDPH IRU DOO VDPSOHV  JDYH PXFK PRUH
VDWLVIDFWRU\ FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK ZKHQ WHVWHG DIWHU  GD\V &XEHV RI ´ ZHUH SUHSDUHG DQG WHVWHG RQ XQLYHUVDO
WHVWLQJPDFKLQHZKLFKLVEDVLFDOO\XVHGWRILQGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIFRQFUHWHFXEHV7KHUHVXOWVRIFRPSUHVVLYH
VWUHQJWKDIWHUWZRPRQWKVRIFDVWLQJDUHJLYHQLQ)LJ



)LJ&RPSDULVRQRIFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIOLPHPRUWDUFXEHV

$IWHUGD\VWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIWKHFXEHVZDVFKHFNHG,WZDVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHFXEHVFRQWDLQLQJFRDUVH
NDQNDUDJJUHJDWHZLWKLQWKHUDQJHZKLFKLVJLYHQLQ7DEOHJDYHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKZLWKYHU\VPDOOGLIIHUHQFHLQ
VWUHQJWKZKLOHWKHDJJUHJDWHVIDOOLQJRXWVLGHWKHOLPLWVKDGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKPXFKOHVVHUWKDQWKRVHRILQVLGHWKH
OLPLW7KLVZDVGXHWRWKHGHQVLW\RIWKHPL[:KHQWKHSDUWLFOHVRIFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHDUHZHOOJUDGHGGHQVLW\DQG
VWUHQJWKZLOOEHYHU\KLJKDQGYLFHYHUVDLVDOVRWUXH:KHQWKHFRDUVHNDQNDUOLPHXVHGZDVRXWVLGHWKHUDQJHLW
PHDQVWKHUHZHUHVRPHSDUWLFOHVL]HVPLVVLQJZKLFKGHILQLWHO\KDGFDXVHGWKHORRVHELQGLQJRIWKHPDWHULDO

4.5.1. Physical witnessing

2QFHWKHOLPLWVRIWKHJUDGDWLRQZHUHHVWDEOLVKHGWKHOLPH PRUWDUFRQWDLQLQJWKHFRDUVH
NDQNDUDJJUHJDWHZLWKLQDQGRXWVLGHWKHOLPLWZDVWHVWHGRQDPDVRQU\ZDOOE\NHHSLQJDOOWKHRWKHUSDUDPHWHUVVDPH
IRU DOO ,W ZDV REVHUYHG WKDW WKH PDWHULDO FRQWDLQLQJ DJJUHJDWH IDOOLQJ LQ WKH OLPLW GLG QRW JHW FUDFNHG ZKLOH WKH
VDPSOHRXWVLGHWKHOLPLWJRWFUDFNHGMXVWDIWHUIHZGD\VRIUHSDLURIZDOO6RWKHVHOLPLWVVXFFHVVIXOO\JLYHQYHU\
JRRGUHVXOWVWRXVHLQOLPHPRUWDUIRUUHSDLURIGHVWUXFWHGZDOOVZLWKRXWFRPSUHVVLRQIDLOXUH

7KH VDPH DJJUHJDWH OLPLWV FDQ EH XVHG WR SUHSDUH WKH OLPH PRUWDU IRU SODVWHULQJ DV LQ WKH EXLOGLQJ ZKHUH WKH
UHVHDUFKZRUNZDVFDUULHGRXWKDGSODVWHUWKLFNQHVVDSSUR[LPDWHO\´ZKHQFRQVWUXFWHG(YLGHQFHUHYHDOVWKHXVHRI
FRDUVHNDQNDUOLPHLQWKHSODVWHUHGVXUIDFHVDVZHOO7KH\ 0XJKDOWHFKQRORJLVWV PLJKWKDYHXVHGFRDUVHDJJUHJDWH
LQSODVWHUWRPDNHWKHVWUXFWXUHVHFRQRPLFDOEHFDXVH1+/ 1DWXUDOK\GUDXOLFOLPH ZDVDFRVWO\PDWHULDODQGWRXVH
LWLQEXONFRXOGLQFUHDVHWKHFRVWRIFRQVWUXFWLRQ
,QWKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQLWLVDOVRQHFHVVDU\WRXVHFRDUVHNDQNDUOLPHLQSODVWHULQJ7KHFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHKDVQRWKLQJWR
GR LQ SODVWHU DV LQ EULFN PDVRQU\ LW LV XVHG MXVW WR PDNH WKH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ HFRQRPLFDO DV ZHOO DV RI VDPH
FRPSRVLWLRQDVFRQVWUXFWHGDQGDOVRWRUHGXFHVKULQNDJH6RWKHDJJUHJDWHWRVHOHFWIRUSODVWHULQJSXUSRVHFDQDOVR
 E. Mehmood et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 225 (2016) 270 – 280 279

EHWDNHQVDPHDVOLPLWV 7DEOH RURXWVLGHWKHOLPLWLVDOVRDFFHSWDEOH



&RQFOXVLRQDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV

7KH VWUHQJWK DQG FUDFNV LQ WKH NDQNDU OLPH PRUWDU ZHUH WZR PDLQ SUREOHPV
ZKLFKKDGPDGHWKHXVHRINDQNDUOLPH PRUWDUYHU\GLIILFXOWEHIRUHWKLVUHVHDUFKZRUN$IWHUGHWDLOHGDQDO\VLVRI
VWUHQJWKGHYHORSLQJDQGFUDFNVFRQWUROOLQJSDUDPHWHUVVRPHVWDQGDUGVIRUWKLVPDWHULDOKDYHEHHQHVWDEOLVKHGDIWHU
FDUU\LQJRXWGLIIHUHQWWHVWVZKLFKLISURSHUO\IROORZHGJLYHVDWLVIDFWRU\UHVXOWV$VE\XVLQJWKHVHVWDQGDUGVPDWHULDO
ZDV FKHFNHG LQ WKH VDLG WRPE E\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH JXLGHOLQHV RI SODFHPHQW RI PDWHULDO DV LQ OLWHUDWXUH DQG ZDV
ZLWQHVVHGIRUDSSUR[LPDWHO\RQH\HDU,WJDYHVDWLVIDFWRU\UHVXOWVDVSUHVHQWFRQGLWLRQLVVKRZQLQ)LJ D   E 




 D E













 )LJ8VHRINDQNDUOLPHFRQVLGHULQJWKHSURSRVHGVWDQGDUGV D ,Q3ODVWHULQJ E ,Q%ULFNPDVRQU\


7RXVH NDQNDU OLPH PRUWDU LQ WKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI WKH VDLG KLVWRULFDO EXLOGLQJ RU LQ DQ\ RWKHUEXLOGLQJRI 0XJKDO
SHULRG ZKHUHNDQNDUOLPHPRUWDUZDVXVHGDWFRQVWUXFWLRQWLPH ,WLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRSDVVWKURXJKWKHIROORZLQJ
VWHSVDVVKRZQLQ)LJWRJHWVDWLVIDFWRU\EHKDYLRXUIURPWKLVPDWHULDO




)LJ*XLGHOLQHVWRSUHSDUHWKH.DQNDUOLPHPRUWDU
280 E. Mehmood et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 225 (2016) 270 – 280


$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWVDUHDWWULEXWHGWRWKH&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ'HSDUWPHQW8(7/DKRUH3DNLVWDQ
WKDW KRVWHG WKH PL[WXUHV SUHSDUDWLRQ DQG D SDUW RI WKH PRUWDUV WHVWLQJ DQG SDUWLFXODUO\ WR WKH $UFKDHRORJLFDO
'HSDUWPHQW RI 3DNLVWDQ WKDW SURYLGHG WKH UHTXLUHG PDWHULDO IRU WHVWLQJ 'U =DKLG 6LGGLTL &KDLUPDQ &(' 8(7
/DKRUH 3DNLVWDQ (QJU 0XKDPPDG 1DHHP ,TEDO 3URMHFW 'LUHFWRU DW 6KDGDUD &RPSOH[ RI 0RQXPHQWV DQG WKH
WHFKQLFDOVWXIIIRUWKHLUYDOXDEOHFRQWULEXWLRQ




5HIHUHQFHV
0<$ZDQHWDO3UHVHQW&RQGLWLRQDQG&DXVHVRI'HFD\RI7RPERI-DKDQJLUDW6KDKGDUD/DKRUHPak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 2 Jan 2008

+LQGL./Tarikh-e-Lahore (History of Lahore), /DKRUH  


&ROOHSDUGL0'HJUDGDWLRQDQGUHVWRUDWLRQRIPDVRQU\ZDOOVRIKLVWRULFDOEXLOGLQJV0DWHU6WUXFW±

/LYLQJVWRQ50DWHULDOVDQDO\VLVRIWKHPDVRQU\RIWKH+DJLD6RSKLD%DVLOLFD,Q%UHEELD&$)UHZHU5-%HGLWRUV6WUXFWXUDOUHSDLUDQG
PDLQWHQDQFHRIKLVWRULFEXLOGLQJV6RXWKDPSWRQComputational Mechanics PublicationsS±

6LQJK0Analysis and characterization of Charminar lime plaster&XUU6FL  H

6LQJK 0 6KDUPD 5.  &KHPLFDO FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI %LGDU )RUW ,QGLD  SODVWHU ,Q ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQVHUYDWLRQ
3UHVHQWDWLRQDQG5HVWRUDWLRQTraditions, Trends and Technique%$&5,+\GHUDEDG ,QGLD SSH

$0RURSRXORXHWDO6WUHQJWKGHYHORSPHQWDQGOLPHUHDFWLRQLQPRUWDUVIRUUHSDLULQJKLVWRULFPDVRQULHVCement & Concrete Composites
 ±

6FKDIHU-+LOVGRUI+.$QFLHQWDQGQHZOLPHPRUWDUV±±WKHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHLUFRPSRVLWLRQVWUXFWXUHDQGSURSHUWLHV,Q7KLHO0-HGLWRU
3URFHHGLQJV5,/(081(6&2&RQVHUYDWLRQRI6WRQHDQG2WKHU0DWHULDOVYRO3DULV( )16321&KDSPDQ +DOOS

',1 ±±3DUW  7HVWLQJ RI PRUWDUV FRQWDLQLQJ PLQHUDOELQGHUV )UHVKO\ PL[HG PRUWDUV FRQWDLQLQJ DJJUHJDWHV RI GHQVHVWUXFWXUH KHDY\
DJJUHJDWHV 'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIFRQVLVWHQFHEXONGHQVLW\DQGDLUFRQWHQW

3HURQL67HUVLJQL*7RUUDFD*6HUHD6/LPHEDVHGPRUWDUVIRUWKHUHSDLURIDQFLHQWPDVRQU\DQGSRVVLEOHVXEVWLWXWHVLQ0RUWDUVCements and
Grouts used in the conservation of historic buildings,&&5205RPH  

+DQVHQ () %DOHQ .9 (OHUW . 5RGULTXH]1DYDUUR & 6LPRQ 6 3UHVHUYDWLRQ RI OLPH PRUWDUV DQG SODVWHUV 7KH *&, 3URMHFW %LEOLRJUDSKLHV
6HULHV

)UDQ]LQL0/HRQL//H]]HULQL06DUWRUL)2QWKHELQGHURIVRPHDQFLHQWPRUWDUV0LQHUDO3HWURO  ±

%DURQLR*%LQGD/&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIPRUWDUVDQGSODVWHUVIURPDQFLHQWPRQXPHQWVRI0LODQ ,WDO\ 6WXGLHVRQPRUWDUVVDPSOHGIURPKLVWRULF
EXLOGLQJV6HOHFWHG3DSHUV±3ROLWHFKQLFRGL0LODQR'LSDUWLPHQWRGL,QJHJQHULD6WUXWWXUDOH

%DURQLR * %LQGD / ([SHULPHQWDO DSSURDFK WR D SURFHGXUH IRUWKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI KLVWRULF PRUWDUV ,Q 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO
%ULFN%ORFN0DVRQU\&RQIHUHQFH%HUOLQS±

$GDPV - 'ROOLPRUH ' *ULIILWKV /' 7KHUPDO DQDO\WLFDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQRI XQDOWHUHG &D 2+  LQ GDWHG PRUWDUV DQG SODVWHUV7KHUPRFKLP $FWD
  ±