Capstone Group 6

MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.
Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

Trunklines: 289-2316; 289-2828;289-2799
Email: melchormemorialschool@rocketmail.com
“COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF USING SELF-MADE

ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND COMMERICIAL FERTILIZER IN
GROWING PECHAY (SNOW CABBAGE)”
An Experimental Research Paper presented to

Melchor Memorial School, Inc.
In partial fulfillment of the requirements in the subject

Research Capstone
to:
Ms. Michaela Alejandrei S. Solano
by:
Owen B. Batalla
Jana Leslei C. Saluna
Trisha Mae M. Tumbagahan
Micah Jezreal E. Delostrico
Angel Roqueta B. Palacio
Terrence Joshua Handig
Juliana Vullag
Charlene Bender
Cristina Fe Mariano
Loraine Ordaniel
John Benedick Palan
Hannah Mae Colindres
Loureah Tacuban
April 2022
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is the researchers’ privilege to extend their heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to
the individuals for their unwavering support and assistance throughout the progress of this
study; from the development of research framework, to its first draft, to the revisions, and
up to its completion. The researchers’ immeasurable appreciation, wholehearted gratitude,
and definite thanks to the following:
Mr. Julio M. Estolloso, the school administrator for this study would not have
materialized and the researchers would not be able to showcase their skills in writing this
kind of scheme without your support and consent.
Ms. Michaela Alejandrei S. Solano, our research adviser for her scrupulous
support, willingness, guidance, and professional method of being the researchers’ mentor
and critic. The researchers are grateful to have her as mentor who is responsive and are one
phone call away in times of our needs. The researchers are sincerely thankful for your time
and effort in correcting, revising, and understanding our manuscript, for sharing your
experience and expertise, and for giving set of advice and recommendations to make our
study become better and feasible.
Mr. Junrik Saluta, for sharing his expertise and suggestions as the critic of our
research paper. The researchers sincerely appreciate his effort for sharing your expertise
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and suggestions for the betterment of our study, and for approving to continue our research
work.
Family, friends, and schoolmates, for providing the researchers with positive
thoughts, unwavering support, and encouragement.
Above all, the Almighty Father, the giver of wisdom, for the love, guidance,
knowledge, and blessings bestowed upon the researchers.
The researchers wholeheartedly acknowledge your contributions, efforts, and
support for this study. To return all the love that you have showered upon us, please accept
the following words of heartfelt gratitude from the bottom of our hearts; Thank you and
God bless!
OWEN BATALLA
JANA LESLEI SALUNA
TRISHA MAE TUMBAGAHAN
MICAH JEZREAL DELOSTRICO
ANGEL ROQUETA PALACIO
TERRENCE JOSHUA HANDIG
JULIANA VULLAG
CRISTINA FE MARIANO
CHARLENE BENDER
JOHN BENEDICK PALAN
HANNAH MAE COLINDRES
LORAINE ORDANIEL
LOUREAH TACUBAN
iii
ABSTRACT
In the Philippines, pechay is a popular vegetable. Brassica rapa is the scientific
name for a subspecies of the plant. In English, it's called Snow cabbage, Chinese chard, or
Chinese white cabbage. Pechay is good for our digestive system. It encourages good blood
sugar and cholesterol levels, and helps keep our blood pressure in check. Unfortunately,
people eat pechay without knowing that sometimes, its growth have been influenced by the
application of chemical fertilizer that is not good to the human health that could lead to
health risks, pollution, and insufficient nutrients. Thus, the researchers conducted a study
to know the following; the effects of using self-made organic fertilizer and commercial
fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of the number of the leaves, leaf area (length), and
plant height; to identify which among between the two fertilizers is more effective when it
comes to the growth of pechay. Moreover, to show the possible effects and benefits of
using these two fertilizers. This capstone research used descriptive and experimental
methods to compare the use between organic and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay.
The data comes from the experiment conducted within the house of one of the researchers
for their safety from the coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19). The researchers used molasses,
madre de cacao, water spinach and malunggay (FPJ), molasses, banana, apple and orange
(FFJ), and molasses, sitaw, banana flower, and egg shell (phosphorus) for their self-made
organic fertilizer. The researchers conclude that the use of self-made organic fertilizer is
more effective than the commercial fertilizer when it comes to the growth of the growing
pechay.
Keywords: comparison, organic fertilizer, commercial fertilizer, pechay,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iv
Contents v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures viii
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 4
Hypothesis 4
Theoretical Framework 5
Conceptual Framework 6
Significance of the Study 6
Scope and Limitation of the Study 8
Definition of Terms 8
Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Review of Related Literature 10
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY
v
Research Design 25
Study Area 26
Sampling 26
Research Instruments 26
Data Gathering Procedure 26
Variables 28
Processing and Data Analysis 29
Ethical Considerations 29
Timeline 29
Research Budget 30
Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Results 31
Findings 37
Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary 47
Conclusion 48
Recommendations 50
vi
REFERENCES 51
APPENDICES 56
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page No.
1 Effects of Using Organic Fertilizer and Commercial Fertilizer in 32
Growing Pechay in terms of the Number of Leaves
Growing Pechay in terms of Leaf Area Length
Growing Pechay in terms of Plant Height
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page No.
1 Research Paradigm 6
2 Effects of Using Organic Fertilizer in Growing Pechay in terms of the 37
Number of Leaves
3 Effects of Using Commercial Fertilizer in Growing Pechay in terms of 38
the Number of Leaves
4 Effects of Using Organic Fertilizer in Growing Pechay in terms of 40
Leaf Area Length
viii
5 Effects of Using Commercial Fertilizer in Growing Pechay in terms of 42
Leaf Area Length
Plant Height
Plant Height
ix
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Pechay (Brassica pekinensis L.) is a green vegetable crop native to the Philippines
that belongs to the Cruciferae family. It is one of the most important vegetables in East
Asia as it is favored by small farmers because of its short cropping duration and wide
adaptation to growing conditions.
Pechay, also known as snow cabbage is a native of China, which was cultivated in
Northern China. At present, it is grown all over the world. Used as food, pechay does not
form heads and has green leaf blades with lighter bulbous bottoms instead, forming a
cluster reminiscent of mustard greens. It has a flavor between spinach and water chestnuts
but is slightly sweeter, with a mildly peppery undertone. The green leaves have a stronger
taste than the white bulb. (gardeningknowhow.com)
Fertilizers are what provide plants with nutrients that help them grow strong and
healthy. Additionally, fertilizers also help increase crop productivity and crop yield. This
is for the reason that fertilizers contain essential nutrients including nitrogen, potassium,
and phosphorus that are required by the plants to enhance the water retention capacity of
the soil and also promote its fertility. The necessity of a proper fertilizer is well-understood
by a good gardener for being knowledgeable about which fertilizer is ideal for a plant’s
demand is important to be able to grow a garden more efficiently. Fertilizers come in a few
different forms such as liquid, powder, and granular which all require water for
1
productivity (BYJUS, 2022). Moreover, there are also various kinds of fertilizers, but in
this study, the researchers will focus on commercial fertilizer and organic fertilizer.
Commercial fertilizers or inorganic fertilizers are composed of chemical
compounds which contain necessary nutrients (BYJUS, 2022). In commercial fertilizers,
Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) are the primary ingredient (Fertilizer
Institute, 2014). N contributes to the growth of the plant and this ingredient is useful
especially during the middle stages of a plant’s lifespan when it needs encouragement in
growing larger leaves and new stalks. P, on the other hand, is a nutrient that plants need
constantly for it helps strengthen the plant's root system and stems of a plant and enhances
flowering, seeding, and fruiting. Lastly, K helps plants to develop deeper and stronger roots
and may also help protect the plants from damage if they are deprived of other nutrients.
K is also essential for photosynthesis and can slow down any diseases that could infect the
garden (BYJUS, 2022).
The first synthetic N fertilizer was believed to be calcium nitrate which was made
in 1903 from nitric acid produced by the electric arc process. Coprolites and phosphate
rock soon replaced bones as the P source. Modern K fertilizers are more the product of
physical than chemical processes. TVA was formed with a national responsibility to
increase the efficiency of fertilizer manufacture and use. By that time, more than 75% of
the fertilizer produced in the United States is made with processes developed by TVA. The
availability of synthetic ammonia after 1913 led to many new N fertilizers, but its physical
quality was poor. By then, TVA's fertilizers and fertilizer intermediates had a major impact
on the production of mixed fertilizers, bulk blending, and the fluid fertilizer industry.
(Russel & Williams, 1977)
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On the other hand, organic fertilizers are made from natural and organic material,
mainly manure, compost, or other animal and plant products. These fertilizers are a great
source of nutrients, although there are no exact measurable amounts of specific nutrients
unlike in commercial fertilizers. Organic fertilizers tend to work slowly but one of their
biggest advantages is that they can be done at home. (BYJUS, 2022)
The history of organic agriculture was said to have begun in the 1920s with the
work of British researcher, Albert Howard. Around the same time, organic farming was
widespread in France through the use of techniques such as crop rotation and green
manures. Organic, biodynamic, natural, permaculture, agroecology, and sustainable
agriculture are all forms of organic agriculture (Vieira & Hoppe, 2016). However, in 2013,
a study revealed that humans have been fertilizing their crops with manure, an organic
fertilizer, from about 8000 years ago. Early farmers were said to have figured that out
because cropping and herding were entangled from the start (Balter, 2013).
The pechay is one of the leading plant vegetables planted in the Philippines for it is
an easy-to-grow plant. Due to its short crop duration and wide adaptation to growing
conditions, it makes observation easy. Moreover, fertilizers influence the general growth
of pechay which makes it a perfect subject in comparing the effects of using self-made
organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer.
Thus, the researchers conducted this study to compare the effects between using
self-made organic fertilizer and the use of commercial fertilizer in growing pechay.
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Statement of the Problem
This study was conducted to compare the effects of using self-made organic
fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay.
1. What are the effects of using self-made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer
in growing pechay in terms of:
A. Number of leaves
B. Leaf area (length)
C. Plant height
Hypothesis
This research study aimed to answer the following hypothesis:
Null Hypothesis:
 The major comparison when using self-made organic fertilizer instead of
commercial fertilizer in growing pechay is that the self-made organic
fertilizer’s effects in growing pechay tend to happen slowly but healthily
and naturally.
 The major comparison when using commercial fertilizer instead of self-
made organic fertilizer in growing pechay is that the commercial fertilizer’s
effects in growing pechay tend to happen rapidly.
Alternative Hypothesis:
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 The major difference between using self-made organic fertilizer instead of
commercial fertilizer in growing pechay is that the effects of the self-made
organic fertilizer in growing pechay tend to happen rapidly in a healthy and
natural way.
 The major difference between using commercial fertilizer instead of self-
made organic fertilizer in growing pechay is that the effects of commercial
fertilizer on growing pechay tend to happen slowly.
Theoretical Framework
The study is based on the Trofobiose Theory by Chaboussou (1987) which
postulates that all vital processes depend on the satisfaction of the necessities of living
organisms, be they vegetals or animals. To grow high-quality crops, it is essential to use
fertilizers. In this research, the researchers are determined to know the difference between
using organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay.
Both organic and commercial fertilizers provide plants with nutrients that they need
for them to grow healthy and strong. However, each contains different ingredients and
supplies in different ways. Organic fertilizers work time to create a healthy growing
environment, while organic fertilizers provide rapid nutrition. Thus, in this research, the
researchers was focused on determining which among the two is better based on the
researcher’s preferences in terms of plant quality which includes the number of leaves, leaf
area length, and plant height by the pechay plant specimens.
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Conceptual Framework
In this study, the independent variables are both the self-made organic fertilizer
and commercial fertilizer that are applied in growing pechay while the growing pechay’s
number of leaves, leaf area in length, and plant height will serve as the dependent variables.
The expected relationships among these variables are illustrated below.
Growing
Self-made Pechay's
Commercial
Organic a. Number of
Leaves Fertilizer
Fertilizer b. Leaf area length
c. Plant height
Figure 1. Research Paradigm
Significance of the Study
This study was undertaken to determine the comparison between using self-made
organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer, and to identify their effects on growing pechay.
The researchers believe that this study will be beneficial for the following sectors:
To the local community/barangay. This study will be an effective outreach tool
for the local community to know which fertilizer, either organic or commercial, is best to
use when planting and growing pechay in the barangay. This will also be a stepping stone
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to construct plants and develop measures for planting healthy growing pechay that meet
the demands of the people in the community.
To the school. This study will be an effective outreach tool for the school to have
new and adequate information regarding the use of fertilizers and regarding the growth of
pechay. Moreover, this study could provide additional research for the school.
To the farmers. One of the prioritized recipients of this study are the farmers. This
study will be an effective outreach tool for the farmers to know which among the two
fertilizers (organic and commercial fertilizer) is effective in growing pechay. Moreover,
this will help them decide which among the two fertilizers best fit their preferences or meet
their standards when growing pechay.
To the gardeners. This study will be an effective outreach tool for the gardeners
to obtain more adequate and new information that will help them broaden their knowledge
regarding the application of fertilizers on plants. Additionally, this study will help them
generate more ideas on how to properly take care and how to properly apply fertilizers on
growing pechay.
To the students. This study will be an effective outreach tool for the students to
gain awareness and adequate knowledge regarding the use of fertilizers in growing pechay,
especially for those students that are interested in agriculture and gardening.
To the future researchers. This study will be an effective outreach tool and will
serve as a guide or reference for future researchers who are interested in the same field of
study. Moreover, this study will provide them with enough background about the
difference between using organic and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay.
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Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study is limited and was only focused on identifying the comparison between
the effects of using self-made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing
pechay in terms of the number of leaves, leaf area length, and plant height.
The experiment was conducted in Poblacion, Nabas, Aklan and begun in March 28,
2022.
Moreover, the organic fertilizer used by the researchers in the experiment are
personally made by the researchers. The commercial fertilizer to be used on the other hand
was bought from the market.
The choice of test organisms of this study are only pechay of the same variety and
branding and did not include any other plant species and variety.
Definition of Terms
For a better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined in
conceptual and operational form.
Comparison. Comparison refers to the act of comparing two or more things or the
fact of considering if something is similar or equal of quality to something else (Cambridge
Dictionary).
In this study, comparison refers to the act of finding out the similarities and
differences between using organic and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay.
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Effects. Effects refer to the results of a particular influence (Cambridge
Dictionary).
In this study, effects refer to the results or changes that appeared on the pechay
plant specimens in terms of the number of leaves, leaf area in length, and plant height after
the application of self-made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer.
Fertilizer. Fertilizer refers to the substance that is added to soil to make plants grow
more successfully (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary).
In this study, fertilizer refers to the substances that will be added to the soil and
applied to the leaves of the pechay plant to promote effective overall growth.
Self-made. Self-made refers to being made by oneself or itself (Collins Dictionary).
In this study, self-made refers to the act of personally making the organic fertilizer
used in the experiment.
Organic. Organic refers to a substance that is comprised and is derived from living
organisms, such as plants, animals, or fungus (Dictionary.com).
In this study, organic is a term that is used to describe the fertilizer that is made up
of biodegradable matter that is mainly derived from living things such as plants.
Commercial. Commercial refers to products and services that can be bought by the
public in the market (Cambridge Dictionary).
In this study, commercial refers to the artificial fertilizer which is available and can
be bought from the market.
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Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this study, the researchers applied a narrative or traditional literature approach.
Thus, it will enable the researchers to critique and sum up a part of certain literature
regarding the chosen research topic. The central purpose of the review is to give the readers
and researchers an overall overview of the research topic and to highlight some of the major
areas of research. In addition, it also helps to determine errors in the research and helps
clarify and explain research questions.
Planting pechay
Pechay can be planted or sown straight in the ground. Direct seeding can be done
in two ways: spreading or sowing in rows. By raking or spreading extra topsoil, cover seeds
to a depth of about 1 cm. After sowing, water immediately. Plants should be spaced 10 cm
apart and rows should be 20 cm apart. If seeds are to be transplanted, sow them in seedbeds
first. Plant seedlings at a distance of 10 cm between plants and 20 cm between rows 2-3
weeks after sowing. Water immediately after transplanting, preferably in the afternoon
(Business Diary Ph, 2019). Use the bolo or trowel to make 2 to 3-inch deep holes about 6
to 8 inches apart on the plot where the pechay will be planted. After that, place one seedling
in each hole. Make more holes with the same amount of seedlings and plant them in them.
You must water the seedlings after they have been planted. Each pechay seedling will
receive support from a tiny amount of water. It'll be alright if you keep watering it every
day (Rockets Garden, 2019).
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External factors that affects the growth of growing petchay
External factors that affect pechay's growth include light, temperature, water and
nutrients. Light is the most important factor which affects the growth of the pechay. It I for
the reason that pechay produce their growth hormones, nutrients, food, oxygen etc., with
the help of light using photosynthesis. Hence, a little shortage of light to the pechay can
affect its growth.
The growth of pechay also depends on the temperature that surrounds it. In an
environment that has a warmer temperature, all the life processes like transcription,
respiration, and photosynthesis happen faster. Moreover, the same as other plants need,
water is essential to pechay. Pechay cannot produce any nutrition, hormones, and also
cannot perform processes like respiration, transcription, photosynthesis without water. A
little shortage of water in pechay can lead to death. When the water is given to the pechay,
initially, the water will be converted into minerals inside the soil. Secondly, water is
provided to pechay along with minerals through the process of osmosis.
Lastly, the nutrition that came from the fertilizer helps the pechay to grow freshly.
The application of organic fertilizer in Pechay specifically, compost is recommended since
it influences its growth and yield, especially on the leaf area and fresh weight.
The effects of using organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer in growing petchay and
other plants
According to International Journal of Research Studies in Agriculture Sciences
(URSAS) (2020), the good source of nutrients for the soil is organic fertilizer. It is for the
reason that it improves the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. The
purpose of this study was to examine the influence of organic fertilizer on plant height,
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number of leaves per plant, fresh weight per plant, and leaf area in pechay plants that were
given varied doses of compost as an organic fertilizer. T2 (Recommended Rate (RR)
Inorganic Fertilizer) plants were the tallest in the study, whereas T1 (Control) plants were
the smallest, with mean heights of 14.56 and 8.66 cm, respectively.
T2 plants grow at the fastest rate of 3.015 mm/day, and T7 plants (50 percent RR
Organic) grow at the slowest rate of 3.015 mm/day. With a mean growth rate of 1.237
mm/day, Fertilizer + 50% RR Foliar Fertilizer) was the shortest. T5 (50 percent RR
Inorganic Fertilizer + 50 percent RR Organic Fertilizer) plants have the most leaves, with
a mean of 10.197, while T1 plants have the fewest, with a mean of 6.867. T2 yielded the
most and T1 yielded the least, with mean weights of 225.863 g and 50.853 g, respectively.
Furthermore, the study's findings are being suggested to the Philippines' Department of
Agriculture (DA) and Local Government Units (LGUs) for use in guiding farmers and
considering adopting the study's suggestions. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
has also advised these to help customers identify meals that are free of harmful chemicals.
On the other hand, according to the results of the experiment conducted by
Gonzales et al. (2015) regarding plant productivity, the use of organic fertilizers increases
crop productivity where 25% pure compost provided the best growth and yield. This
conforms with the study of Dalal et al. (2014) in which vegetables applied with organic
fertilizer grew better which resulted to higher total yield, shoot length, and branches than
those applied with chemical fertilizers.
Furthermore, according to Lian et al. (2017) who investigated the impact of various
quantities of inorganic and organic fertilizer on amaranth yield and quality, they discovered
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that inorganic fertilizer is a type of high-nutrient, fast-acting chemical. Moreover, they also
found out that the application of inorganic fertilizer improved the growth and development
of crops faster than the application of organic fertilizers.
Excessive nutritional compounds, but too much inorganic fertilizer will result in
high nitrate levels in vegetables, lowering their quality. Organic fertilizers can give more
complete and long-lasting nutrients for crop growth and development, but too much can
result in a drop in vegetable quality. Many studies have demonstrated that organic and
inorganic fertilizers can work together to supply continuous, comprehensive nutrients to
crops, resulting in higher yield and quality.
On the other hand, according to Purbajanti et al. (2019), the nutrients in organic
fertilizer help the roots grow quickly. This could have boosted leaf growth near the end of
the plant's life because organic fertilizer is a slow-release source of plant nutrition, its
nutrient elements have not been proved to increase the number of leaves.
According to the findings of the study, "Assessing the Impacts of Inorganic and
Organic Fertilizer on Crop Performance Under a Microirrigation-Plastic Mulch Regime,"
by Omidire et al. (2015), inorganic fertilizer yielded more pounds per acre than organic
fertilizer.
Moreover, the effects of inorganic fertilizer on the production of two cucumber
types were investigated by Eifediyi and Remison (2010). (Cucumis sativus L.). In terms of
vine length, number of branches, and leaf area, the results revealed significant variations
(P0.05) between the kinds. Cucumber vine length, number of leaves per plant, number of
branches, leaf area, and other growth and yield characteristics
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With increasing inorganic fertilizer treatment up to the greatest level, the number
of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit weight per plant, fruit number per plant, and
total yield per hectare rose significantly (P 0.05).
The fermented fruit fertilizer (FFJ)
Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) is a nutritional activation enzyme that helps enhance
the soil's condition and, as a result, the crops that grow there. FFJ can improve the flavour
of crops by foliar application (spraying the mixture directly on the flower and fruit of the
plants). It also works as a natural taste enhancer. (Hubilla, 2020). The fermentation process
usually takes approximately a week, but it might take up to a month in some situations. It
is recommended to use overripe fruits to make FFJ because the fermentation time is
reduced and required microbes such as molds are already present. A single type of fruit, or
a combination of two or more, can be used to make FFJ. Citrus fruits, such as lemons and
oranges, are not advised due to their high citric acid content. Fermented Fruit Juice can be
used to speed up the fruiting process in plants and boost production in leafy green
vegetables. FFJ is a very simple and easy dish to prepare. It can be produced from a variety
of non-citrus fruits, including some that are classified as vegetables yet contain a lot of
potassium. Sugar is utilized as a fermentation agent in FFJ, and the process takes seven to
ten days, after which it can be used right away, either on its own or mixed with FPJ or IMO
(Growing Organic, n.d.).
Making the fermented fruit juice fertilizer
Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) is produced from sweet ripe fruits, fruit vegetables,
and root crops that have been fermented. The fermented extract is thoroughly combined
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with crude sugar or molasses and stored for a while before being sprayed to the plants to
enhance blooming and fruit setting. (Business Diary Ph.n.d.). According to the Upland
Holistic Development Project, bananas, papayas and pineapples work well for this task.
Chop the ingredients into little bits to make the juice extraction process easier. Mix 1 kg
chopped materials with 1 kg crude sugar or molasses in a basin with your hands until fully
combined. Ensure that all chopped ingredients are covered in sugar or molasses to help
extracting the juice simpler.
To compress the bagged mixture, place it in a ceramic pot or plastic pail. For
weighting down the mixture, stone is a useful tool. Secure the pot or pail with paper or
fabric by using a string or rubber band. (Business Diary Ph n.d.). Look for a brown liquid
at the bottom of the jar after a week or two. The fruit has fermented if liquid exists. If you
don't plan to use all of the liquid at once, use a syringe to extract part of it from the bottom
of the jar or filter the liquid from the solid stuff with a strainer over a dish. (SF Gate
Contributor, 2021).
The application of the fermented juice fertilizer
This liquid increases nutrients in the soil and therefore in the plants growing in it,
especially potassium levels (SF Gate Contributor, 2021). Pour around 1 tablespoon of
fermented juice per 1 litter of water into a spray bottle; the measurements don't have to be
exact. Using the spray bottle, apply the fermented fertilizer combination to the leaves of
the plants and the surrounding soil. Prepare the same dosage for plants. 1–2 times per week,
spray it on the flowers and fruits. Because the mixture is high in phosphorus and potassium,
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which are required during these stages, it is especially vital during the start of blooming
and fruit set (Hubilla, 2020).
The fermented plant juice fertilizer
FPJ is an organic mixture made from plant material fermented with molasses or
brown sugar, preferably young shoots of actively developing plants. The beneficial
microorganism, also known as indigenous microorganisms or IMO, feeds on the molasses
or brown sugar, which then breaks down the plant material to obtain valuable nutrients.
Chlorophyll and other plant components such as growth hormones are extracted by the
weak alcohol created during fermentation. (Anthony, 2017). The fermentation process may
take from 7 days up to a month. In simple terms, it is extracting the nutrients present in the
plant material so we can use it as fertilizer.
Making the fermented plant juice fertilizer
Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) is a chlorophyll and young shoots of plants such as
axillary buds, leaves, grasses, young fruits, and flowers that has been fermented (Hubilla,
2020). It's mixed with raw sugar or molasses, from which the juice is collected, fermented,
and stored for a while. Chlorophyll, a green chemical found in plants that absorbs sunlight
for photosynthesis, is a key component in the formation of FPJ. Consuming FPJ-
propagated crops may aid in blood purification, wound healing, immune system support,
and cancer prevention (Hubilla, 2020). In the Philippines, the most commonly used plants
in this preparation are those that contain very active high-level growth hormones that aid
in the improvement of any plant's deficiencies. Plants that grow quickly in the area, such
as kangkong, legumes, and grasses. Bamboo shoots, asparagus shoots, actively growing
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plant parts, and young cucumber, squash, melon, watermelon, ampalaya, and other cucurbit
fruits can also be used. (Business Diary Ph, 2022). After chopping and mashing up the
plant, mix with the same weight of Sugar or Molasses (Davenport, 2021). After 7-14 days
your Fermented Plant Juice will be ready. Strain the FPJ and extract as much liquid as
possible.
The application of the fermented plant juice fertilizer
Fermented plant juice provides more nitrogen to plants and enhances the ability of
plants to photosynthesize better (Racoma et al, 2017). By applying the solution to the soil
or immediately spraying it on fruits and flowers, this fertilizer can help plants improve their
health and develop more vigorously. To use FPJ as a fertilizer, dilute it with water first. It
can be used as a foliar spray or a soil drench once it has been diluted. Mix 2 teaspoons of
FPJ with 1 liter of clean water, but double the dosage in extreme situations. Then spray the
juice on the plants' leaves and stems once or twice a week (Hubilla, 2020). If you're going
to use it as a foliar spray, make sure you use it in the late afternoon when the plants' stomata
are open. The liquid fertilizer is rapidly absorbed by the plant in this manner. When sprayed
in the late afternoon, it can also avoid plant damage such as leaf burn.
Phosphorus in organic fertilizer
The role of phosphorus in plants is critical. It aids a plant's conversion of other nutrients
into useable building components. Phosphorus is the "P" in the NPK balance indicated on
fertilizers and is one of the major three nutrients most usually found in fertilizers. Egg shell
fertilizer provides important nutrients to plants and vegetables. The eggshells contain other
minerals that help plants grow, including potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium. The
17
average eggshell contains about. 3% phosphorus and. 3% magnesium and traces of sodium,
potassium, zinc, manganese, iron and copper. Banana flower seems to be very effective in
treating infections in natural ways. The extract in banana flower has ethanol, which
prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria (Butcher & Miles, 2019). Banana flower is
packed with essential minerals such as phosphorous, calcium, potassium, copper,
magnesium and iron, vital for several bodily functions (Binu, 2022). Beans and lentils also
contain large amounts of phosphorus, and eating them regularly is associated with lower
risk of many chronic diseases (Julson, 2018).
The triple-14 fertilizer
Trees, vegetables, fruit plants, bushes, and lawns are commonly fertilized with the
triple 14 fertilizer. It's an all-purpose fertilizer that has an identical ratio of nitrogen,
phosphorous, and potassium, ensuring that the plants and grass get the same amount of
nutrients. The NPK ratio of 14-14-14 indicates that this fertilizer contains 14 percent
Nitrogen, 14 percent Phosphorus, and 14 percent Potassium; the remaining nutrients or
minerals are distributed differently depending on the fertilizer brand. The first is nitrogen,
which has been bonded to other molecules such as ammonia so that plants can absorb its
high nutritional value. Phosphorus, if the plants appear wilted and show signs of stunted
growth, they may be suffering from a phosphorus deficit. This mineral is necessary for
your plant's general growth rate to be catalysed. Potassium, this mineral has a wide range
of advantages. It promotes photosynthesis and enhances the protein intake of the plant,
which aids in its growth. The plants can be fertilize when they are leafing out, blossoming,
or going through a period of rapid growth. However, this may differ based on whether the
plants are indoor or outdoor, as well as whether you're simply trying to fertilize your lawn.
18
One of the main benefits, this fertilizer can be use as is that it will supply the nutritional
value your plants and lawns require to not only survive but also thrive. Plant growth, pest
control, and increased crop yields.
The use of inorganic fertilizers
Chemical fertilizers are used in modern agriculture to correct known plant nutrient
deficiencies; to provide high levels of nutrition, which aid plants in withstanding stress
conditions; to maintain optimum soil fertility conditions; and to improve crop quality.
Adequate fertilization programmes supply the amounts of plant nutrients needed to sustain
maximum net returns (Leonard, 1986). In essence, fertilizers are used to make certain that
soil fertility is not a limiting factor in crop production.
The major nutrients found in inorganic fertilizers that affects plant growth and yield
in crop production
Nitrogen
The N-requirement of crops is comprehensively reviewed by Tisdale et al. (1993).
Nitrogen is a vitally important plant nutrient, the supply of which can be controlled by man
(Adediran and Banjoko, 1995; Shanti et al., 1997). In maize production it is a major yield-
determining factor and its availability in sufficient quantity throughout the growing season
is essential for optimum maize growth (Kogbe and Adediran, 2003).
In the soil, N found in decomposing organic matter may be converted into ammonium N
(N4H+) by soil microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) through mineralization (Pidwimy,
2002).
19
Nitrogen in the form of NH4+ can then be adsorbed onto the surfaces of clay
particles in the soil. The NH4+ ion that has a positive charge may be held by soil colloids
because they have a negative charge. This process is called micelle fixation (Pidwimy,
2002). As this fixation is reversible, NH4+ may be released from the colloids by way of
cation exchange. When released, NH4+ may be chemically altered through bacteria action
or processes resulting in the production of NO3-. Normally NO3- accumulates in the soil.
This is because NO3- has a negative charge; it may not be adsorbed onto the soil colloids,
so most NO3- stays in the soil solution. If NO3- is not taken up by the roots, it can be
transported below the root zone and leached or denitrified. As NO3- is soluble in water, it
is easily leached from the root zone by excessive rainfall of irrigation (Simonne and
Hochmuth, 2003).
In plant nutrition, nitrogen is involved in the composition of all amino acids,
proteins and many enzymes. Nitrogen is also part of the puric and pyrimidic bases, and
therefore is a constituent of nucleic acids (Mills and Jones, 1996). Typically, N content in
plants ranges between 1 and 6 % of the dry weight in leaf tissues. It is absorbed by plants
in the form of nitrate and ammonium ions.
In moist, warm, well-aerated soils the nitrate form is dominant. Once inside the
plant, nitrate is reduced to NH4+-N using energy provided by photosynthesis. Glucose
consumption for protein production is about 50 % higher when N is provided as NO3- rather
than as NH4+. In addition to its role in the formation of proteins, nitrogen is an integral
part of chlorophyll, which is the primary absorber of light energy needed for
photosynthesis.
20
An adequate supply of N is associated with vigorous vegetative growth and a dark
green colour and an imbalance of N or an excess of this nutrient in relation to other
nutrients, such as P, K, and S can prolong the growing period and delay crop maturity
(Marti and Mills, 1991). Stimulation of heavy vegetative growth early in the growing
season can be a serious disadvantage in regions where soil moisture supplies are often low.
Early-season depletion of soil moisture without adequate replenishment prior to the grain-
filling period can depress yield. Application of up to 330 kg of N ha-1 lowered the
percentage water in corn grain at harvest.
The supply of N is related to carbohydrate utilization. When N supply is
insufficient, carbohydrates will be deposited in vegetative cells, which will cause them to
thicken (Sasseville and Mills, 1979; Marti and Mills, 1991; Mills and Jones, 1996). When
N supplies are adequate, and conditions are favourable for growth, proteins are formed
from the manufactured carbohydrates, less carbohydrate is thus deposited in the vegetative
cells and more protein is formed, and because protoplasm is highly hydrated, a more
succulent plant results. Excessive succulence in some crops may have a harmful effect.
With grain crops, lodging may occur.
When plants are deficient in N, they become stunted and yellow in appearance. This
yellowing, or chlorosis, usually appears first on the lower leaves; the upper leaves
remaining green. In cases of severe N shortage the leaves will turn brown and die (Mills
and Jones, 1996). The tendency of the young upper leaves to remain green as the lower
leaves yellow or die is an indication of the mobility of N in the plant. When the roots are
unable to absorb sufficient amounts of this element to meet the growing requirement, N
compounds in the older plant parts will undergo lysis. This involves the conversion of
21
protein N to a soluble form, which are translocated to the active meristematic regions and
reused in the synthesis of new protoplasm.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus (P) is the most important nutrient element (after nitrogen) limiting
agricultural production in most regions of the world (Holford, 1997; Kogbe and Adediran,
2003). It is a structural component of DNA and RNA, the two genetic entities that are
essential for the growth and reproduction of living organisms. Living organisms whether
plants or humans, also derive their internal energy from P-containing compounds, mainly
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This means that
inadequate P supply will result in a decreased synthesis of RNA, the protein maker, leading
to depressed growth (Hue, 1995).
Phosphorus-deficient plants, therefore, are stunted with a limited root system and
thin stems. In many plants, seedlings look stunted and older leaves may turn purple
because of the accumulation of anthocyanins or purple pigments. The plants may produce
only one small ear containing fewer, smaller kernels than usual. Grain yield is often
severely reduced (Jones et al., 2003). Plants concentrate phosphorus in the seed, which is
usually harvested. The stem, leaves and roots of a mature crop tend to be lower in
phosphorus and contribute only a small part of the next crop’s phosphorus requirements.
Internally, most crops need 0.2 to 0.5 % P in the dry matter for normal growth. Plants
extract P exclusively from the soil solution in either H2PO4- or HPO42- form. There is
however a strong competition between plants and soils for P in the solution, and the winner
usually being soils, especially highly weathered soils like those in the tropics. Most soils
in the tropics contain large amounts of iron- and aluminium-oxides or amorphous alumino
22
silicate clays, which tie up P firmly, making P virtually unavailable for plant uptake. It is
estimated that as much as 90 % of added fertilizer phosphorus is fixed in these soils (Potash
and Phosphate Institute, 2003). Generally, phosphorus in all its natural forms, including
organic forms is very stable or insoluble and only a small proportion exists in the soil
solution at any one time (Holford, 1997). This is simply known as “Phosphorus problem”
based on a phenomenon where phosphorus in fertilizer or manure is far in excess than what
the crop actually takes up. Also this problem can be remedied when soil pH is maintained
between 6 and 7. Soil phosphorus fixation is minimized. Amounts of P required vary,
depending on how much P the soil has, to begin with. Addition of P to the soil year after
year, builds up soil P to a point that it becomes detrimental to crops because of excess
(Potash and Phosphate Institute, 2003). However, once P is built to a good level, that level
would remain for many years without any additional P input. The reason is that unlike
nitrogen, P is less soluble in water and leaching is minimal (Hue, 1995).
Potassium
Potassium is needed in large quantities by many crops as indicated by Hue (1995).
It is required for maintaining the osmotic potential of cells and turgidity of plants. Since
K regulates the osmotic potential of cells, and the closure or opening conditions of stomata,
it plays an important role in water relations in the plant. Potassium is involved in water
uptake from the soil, water retention in the plant tissue, and long distance transport of water
in the xylem and of photosynthates in the phloem (Marschner, 1995).
Potassium affects cell extension. With adequate K, cell walls are thicker, thereby
improving plant resistance to lodging, pests and diseases (Bergmann, 1992). Fruits and
vegetables grown with adequate K seem to have a longer shelf life. Consequently, K-
23
deficient plants show low resistance to diseases and their seeds and fruits are small and
shriveled (Martin-Prevel, 1989; Perrenoud, 1993). In maize, the maturity is delayed and
ears are smaller when
K is deficient. The stalks are weak and lodging is common.The most visual K
deficiency symptom is the scorching or firing along leaf tips and margins (Bergmann,
1992; Perrenoud, 1993; Singh and Trehan, 1998).
In soils, potassium is quite mobile as compared to phosphate. It exists as K+ in soil solution
and is absorbed by roots in that form. Although K+ can be retained to some extent by
negative charges on clay surface, Ca2+ or Mg2+ can displace it into the soil solution, when
gypsum or dolomite is added. Thus if K is not taken up by plants, it might be lost by
leaching (Bergmann, 1992; Perrenoud, 1993; Singh and Trehan, 1998). One way to reduce
K leaching is to add organic matter such as compost to the soil. Organic matter usually
has large cation exchange capacity, which can retain K effectively.
24
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the research design, the study area, sampling, methods of data
collection, variables, processing and data analysis, ethical considerations, timeline, and
research budget used in the study.
Research Design
This study is an experimental and qualitative research that uses descriptive and
experimental methods to compare the effects of using self-made organic fertilizer and
commercial fertilizer in growing pechay.
According to Calderon and Gonzales (2006), the descriptive method is a purposive
method of gathering, analyzing, classifying, and tabulating data about prevailing
conditions, processes, trends, cause and effects, relationships, and making an adequate and
accurate interpretation about such data with or without the aid of the statistical tool.
According to Good and Scates (1972), an experimental method of research is a
method of conditions to study the relative effects of various treatments applied to members
of a sample.
The true experimental design was defined by (voxco.com) as a statistical approach
of establishing a cause and effect relationship, as well as using manipulation of independent
variables and random distribution of participants into groups.
25
Study Area
The study was conducted in General Luna Street, Poblacion, Nabas, Aklan.
Sampling
For the experiment, a total of thirty (30) growing pechay were selected to test the
hypothesis of the researchers. The researchers will allot 15 specimens to test each
treatment.
Research Instrument
The researchers conducted a pretest and posttest as an instrument of this study. A
pretest and posttest is an experiment wherein measurements are both taken before and after
treatment. The design used enables the researchers to see the effects of the two types of
fertilizers on two groups. Moreover, the researchers used a randomized control group
pretest-posttest design where they have included both the group where self-made organic
fertilizer is applied and the group where commercial fertilizer is applied.
Data Gathering Procedure
This section includes the methods in studying the comparison between the effects
of using self-made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay. The
procedures include the following:
26
In phase 1, the researchers made their own organic fertilizer. The process of making the
organic fertilizer involves cutting, dicing, and slicing organic ingredients and combining
them in three different containers. The ingredients in making the self-made organic
fertilizer includes madre de cacao, water spinach, and malunggay (FPJ), molasses, banana,
apple, and orange fruit (FFJ), and molasses, sitaw, banana flower, and egg shell
(phosphorus). All the three components are added with molasses in each container that with
every kilo of organic ingredients is a kilo worth of molasses.
In phase 2, the researchers made sure that the three containers are properly sealed and
airtight.
In phase 3, the researchers stored the three containers in a dry and cool area where they
have left them to ferment for two weeks.
In phase 4, the researcher searched for a wide space with moderate sun and a well-drained
soil.
In phase 5, the researchers tilled the soil, the soil is turned using a shovel before planting
in order for the soil to be loose and breathable.
In phase 6, the researchers flattened the soil with a rake in order for the surface to be leveled
out across the whole surface.
In phase 7, the seeds are sown in a seedbed by pressing the finger in the soil of the seedbed
forming a small divot, the researchers placed the seeds, gently covering and ensuring to
add the soil in order to fill the hole.
27
In phase 8, the seeds are watered everyday as the seeds needs constant moisture and soaks
up water in order to germinate and grow.
In phase 9, as the seeds grow they are divided into two groups to determine which group
receives organic and which group receives commercial fertilizer.
In phase 10, the two divided groups of pechay seedlings are then transplanted onto the main
plot.
In phase 11, the researchers applied the fertilizers. The self-made organic fertilizer and
commercial fertilizer were diluted in water before application. The application of both
fertilizer in the growing pechay is through spray.
In phase 12, the researchers water the growing pechay every morning.
Phase 13, the researchers apply self-made organic fertilizers two times weekly, while they
only apply commercial fertilizers once in a week. The researchers do this during Sundays
where they also record the changes in terms of the number of leaves, leaf area length, and
plant height among the growing petchay.
Variables
The independent variables are the self-made organic fertilizer and commercial
fertilizer while the dependent variable is the growing petchay.
28
Processing and Data Analysis
The researchers used qualitative data analysis approach in the study. This type of
data analysis method is used in studying the comparison between the effects of using self-
made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay. Moreover, qualitative
data analysis is used to compare the differences between treatment groups and to make
generalizations about the larger population of the observed subjects.
Ethical Considerations
In this study, the goal is to find out the effects of each treatment used in growing
pechay. Moreover, to find out which among the two treatments are effective in growing
pechay.
Acknowledgment of works of other authors using the APA referencing system will
also be applied in this study. Additionally, the representation of primary data findings in a
biased way is avoided.
The researchers ensure that anything under and beyond the scope of this study is
not subjected to harm in any way - whatsoever.
Timeline
This study’s timeline includes the following events:
February 13, 2022 – the making of organic fertilizer.
29
February 14-28, 2022 – the fermentation of the organic fertilizer.
March 28, 2022 – sowing of pechay seeds in the seedbed.
April 07, 2022 – transplanting the pechay seeds to the main plot.
April 17, 2022 - the recording of growth in the growing pechay before the application of
fertilizers. The application of the self-made organic and commercial fertilizer on the two
groups of the growing pechay.
April 24, 2022 – the second application of fertilizers on the two groups of growing pechay.
The recording of growth in the growing pechay a week after the first application of
fertilizers.
Every day – watering the growing pechay.
Every Sunday – weekly application of fertilizers and weekly recording of growth in the
growing pechay.
Research Budget
As for the research budget, the researchers have spent a minimum of 800 pesos
from February 13, 2022 to April 24, 2020.
30
Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Findings
The study discusses and aims to compare the effects of using self-made organic and
commercial fertilizer in growing pechay. Thirty plant specimens were selected for
observation and the researchers have allotted fifteen plant specimens per treatment.
The researchers have conducted an experiment and observed the growing pechay,
measured their growth, and recorded their findings to analyze the effects of using self-made
organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of the number of
leaves and leaf size, as well as plant height.
Subject’s Profile
The researchers have selected thirty (30) pechay plant specimens for observation
and treatment by allotting fifteen (15) plant specimens per treatment group.
After transplanting the pechay seedlings from the seedbed which mostly had the
same number of leaves ranging from 2 to 3, the same leaf area in length ranging from 1 to
2.7 cm, and the same plant height, ranging from 2 to 3 cm, the researchers have transplanted
the pechay seedlings to a secured plot where it can get sufficient sunlight, wider space for
rooting, and additional nutrients from the soil. Moreover, the researchers have buried the
rest of the pechay seedling beneath the ground, leaving 1 centimeter of the seedling above
the soil to perform photosynthesis.
31
The Effects of Using Self-Made Organic Fertilizer and Commercial Fertilizer in
Growing Pechay in terms of the Number of Leaves
Table 1
Effects of Using Self-Made Organic and Commercial Fertilizer in Growing Pechay
in terms of the Number of Leaves
Self-made Organic
Commercial Fertilizer Observable Changes
Plant Fertilizer
Specimen A week A week
Before Before Organic Commercial
Number after first after first
Application Application Fertilizer Fertilizer
application application
01 2 5 2 3 3 1
02 2 5 2 4 3 2
03 2 4 2 4 2 2
04 2 3 2 3 1 1
05 2 3 2 3 1 1
06 2 3 2 3 1 1
07 2 3 2 3 1 1
08 2 3 2 3 1 1
09 2 4 2 3 2 1
10 2 3 2 4 1 2
11 2 3 2 4 1 2
12 2 3 2 3 1 1
13 2 2 2 3 1 1
14 2 3 2 3 1 1
15 2 3 2 3 1 1
According to the gathered data, before the application of the self-made organic
fertilizer, all of the plant specimens had the same number of leaves. A week after the first
application, 13.3% of the seedlings had 5 leaves, 13.3% had 4 leaves, 67% had 3 leaves,
and 7% had at least 2 leaves.
32
On the other hand, all plant specimens where commercial fertilizer was to be
applied had the same number of leaves. A week after the first application, 27% of the
seedlings had 4 leaves, while 73.3% had 3 leaves.
To compare the findings regarding the effects of using self-made organic fertilizer
and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of the number of leaves, it can be
observed that a week after the application of the self-made organic fertilizer, 13.3% of the
seedlings grew 3 leaves, 13.3% grew 2 leaves, while 73.3% grew at least 1 leaf. On the
contrary, a week after the application of the commercial fertilizer, it can be observed that
27% of the plant specimens grew 2 leaves while 73.3% grew at least 1 leaf.
Growing Pechay in terms of Leaf Area (length)
Table 2
Effects of Using Self-Made Organic Fertilizer and Commercial Fertilizer in
Growing Pechay in terms of Leaf Area (length)
Self-made Organic
Plant Fertilizer
Specimen A week A week
Number after first after first
Application Application Fertilizer Fertilizer
01 1 cm 3 cm 1 cm 2.2 cm 2 cm 1.2 cm
02 1 cm 2.5 cm 1 cm 2.2 cm 1.5 cm 1.2 cm
03 1.5 cm 3.5 cm 1 cm 2.5 cm 2 cm 1.5 cm
04 2 cm 3.3 cm 1 cm 2.5 cm 1.3 cm 1.5 cm
05 2 cm 3.5 cm 1 cm 2 cm 1.5 cm 1 cm
06 2.3 cm 3.5 cm 1 cm 2 cm 1.2 cm 1 cm
07 1.8 cm 3 cm 1.5 cm 2.3 cm 1.2 cm 1.1 cm
33
08 2 cm 3.1 cm 1 cm 2 cm 1.1 cm 1 cm
09 2 cm 3.4 cm 1.2 cm 2 cm 1.4 cm 0.8 cm
10 2.1 cm 3.3 cm 1.5 cm 2 cm 1.2 cm 0.5 cm
11 1.5 cm 3 cm 1 cm 1.5 cm 1.5 cm 0.5 cm
12 2.7 cm 3.7 cm 1 cm 1.5 cm 1 cm 0.5 cm
13 2 cm 3.4 cm 1.2 cm 2 cm 1.4 cm 0.8 cm
14 2 cm 3.4 cm 1.5 cm 2.3 cm 1.4 cm 0.8 cm
15 1.5 cm 2.5 cm 1.5 cm 2.5 cm 1 cm 1 cm
According to the gathered data, before the application of the self-made organic
fertilizer, 7% of the plant specimens had a leaf area length of 2.7 cm, 7% had 2.3 cm long,
7% had 2.1 cm long, 40% had 2 cm long, 7% had 1.8 cm long, 20% had 1.5 cm long, and
13.3% had 1 cm long. A week after the first application, 7% of the plant specimens had a
leaf area length of 3.7cm long, 20% had 3.5cm long, 13.3% had 3.3cm long, 7% had 3.1cm
long, 20% had 3cm long, and 13.3% had 2 cm long.
On the other hand, before the application of the commercial fertilizer, 27% of the
plant specimens had a leaf area length of1.5cm long, 13.3% had 1.2cm long, and 60% had
1cm. A week after the first application, 20% of the plant specimens had a leaf area length
of 2.5 cm, 13.3% had 2.3cm long, 13.3% had 2.2cm, 40% had 2cm, and 13.3% had a leaf
area length of 1.5cm.
and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of leaf area length, it can be observed
that a week after the first application of the self-made organic fertilizer to the growing
pechay plant specimens, 13.3% of the plant specimens grew 2cm long in terms of leaf area
length, 20% grew 1.5cm, 20% grew 1.4cm, 7% grew 1.3cm, 20% grew 1.2cm, 7% grew
1.1cm, and 13.3% grew 1 cm long. On the contrary, a week after the first application of the
commercial fertilizer, it can be observed that 13.3% grew 1.5cm long in terms of leaf area
34
length, 13.3% grew 1.2cm, 7% grew 1.1cm, 27% grew 1cm, 20 grew 0.8cm, while 20%
grew 0.5cm.
Table 3
Effects of Using Self-Made Organic Fertilizer and Commercial Fertilizer in
Self-made Organic
Plant Fertilizer
Specimen
Number
A week A week
after first after first
application application Fertilizer Fertilizer
01 3cm 5cm 2cm 2.5cm 2cm 0.5cm
02 2cm 4.5cm 2.2cm 3cm 2.5cm 0.8cm
03 2cm 3cm 3cm 5cm 1cm 2cm
04 3cm 5cm 2cm 4.5cm 2cm 2.5cm
05 2.5cm 4.5cm 2cm 3cm 2cm 1cm
06 2cm 3cm 2.1cm 4cm 1cm 1.9cm
07 2.3cm 3cm 2.5cm 3.5cm 0.7cm 1cm
09 2.5cm 3cm 2.5cm 3.5cm 0.5cm 1cm
12 2.8cm 5cm 2.3cm 3.5cm 2.2cm 1.2cm
13 2.5cm 4cm 2.5cm 4cm 1.5cm 1.5cm
14 3cm 4.3cm 2.5cm 4.3cm 1.3cm 1.8cm
15 2.2cm 3cm 2.5cm 4.5cm 0.8cm 2cm
35
Based on the gathered data, before the application of the self-made organic
fertilizer, 33.3% of the plant specimens had a plant height of 3cm long, 7% were 2.8cm
long, 20% were 2.5cm long, 7% were 2.3cm long, 7% were 2.2cm long, and 27% were
2cm long. A week after the first application of the self-made organic fertilizer, 27% of the
plant specimens grew to 5cm long. 13.3% grew to 4.5cm long, 7% grew to 4.3cm long,
13.3% grew to 4cm long, and 40% grew to 3cm long.
On the other hand, before the application of the commercial fertilizer in growing
pechay plant specimens, based on the gathered data, 7% of the seedlings were 3cm long,
33.3% were 2.5cm long, 7% were 2.3cm long, 7% were 2.2cm long, while 40% were 2cm
long. A week after the first application of the commercial fertilizer, 7% of the plant
specimens grew to 5cm long, 7% grew to 4.5cm long, 7% grew to 4.3cm long, 27% grew
to 4cm long, 20% grew to 3.5cm long, and 20% grew to 3cm long.
and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of plant height, it can be observed
that a week after the application of the self-made organic fertilizer, 7% of the plant
specimens grew 2.5cm long, 7% grew 2.2cm, 27% grew 2cm long, 7% grew 1.5cm, 7%
grew 1.3cm long, 27% grew 1cm long, and 7% grew by 0.8, 0.7 and 0.5cm. On the contrary,
a week after the first application of the commercial fertilizer, it can be observed that 7% of
the plant specimens grew 2.5cm, 27% grew 2cm, 7% grew 1.9 cm, 7% grew 1.8cm, 7%
grew 1.5cm, 7% grew 1.2cm, 27% grew 1cm, 7% grew 0.8cm, while 7% grew 0.5cm in
terms of plant height.
36
Discussion
Based on the analysis and interpretation of the results, several findings are
summarized as it follows:
Effects of using self-made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing
pechay in terms of number of leaves
1.1 In terms of determining the effects of using self-made organic fertilizer in growing
pechay in terms of the number of leaves, it was shown that:
Effects of using self-made organic fertilizer in growing

pechay in terms of the number of leaves
6
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Number of leaves before application Number of leaves a week after first application
Figure 2 Effects of Using Self-made Organic Fertilizer in Growing Pechay in
terms of the Number of Leaves
1.2 In terms of the effects of using self-made organic fertilizer in growing pechay in
terms of the number of leaves that the 15 plant specimens have grown before the
37
application and a week after the first application of the organic fertilizer, it was found out
that 14 out of the 15 plant specimens where the self-made organic fertilizer was applied
grew at least 1 to 3 leaves.
terms of the number of leaves, most of the pechay plant specimens grew one (1) leaf.
1.4 In terms of the determining the effects of using commercial fertilizer in growing
pechay in terms of the number of leaves, it was shown that:
Effects of using commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in

terms of the number of leaves
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Number of leaves before application Number of leaves a week after first application
Figure 3 Effects of Using Commercial Fertilizer in Growing Pechay in terms of
the Number of Leaves
1.5 In terms of the effects of using commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms
of the number of leaves that the 15 plant specimens have grown before the application and
38
a week after the first application of the commercial fertilizer, it was found out that 14 out
15 plant specimens where commercial fertilizer was applied grew at least 1 to 2 leaves.
of the number of leaves, most of the pechay plant specimens grew one (1) leaf.
and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of the number of leaves, it was found
out that the plant specimens where the self-made organic fertilizer was applied slightly
grew more leaves than the plant specimens where commercial fertilizer was applied.
However, most plant specimens in both groups have grown one leaf a week after the
application of both fertilizers.
There had been no significant comparison and effect between the use of self-made
organic and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of the number of leaves
grown. This somehow relates to the study of Purbajanti et al. (2019) wherein organic
fertilizer constitutes a slow release source of plant nutrients, the reason why its nutrient
elements had not shown positive effects and changes on the number of leaves a week after
the first application of the self-made fertilizer. Moreover, this somehow contradicts the
claim of Lian et al. (2017) where they found out that the application of inorganic fertilizer
improved the growth and development of crops faster than the application of organic
fertilizers.
Therefore, to answer the research question, “What are the effects of using self-made
organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of the number of
39
leaves?”, there have been no significant effect yet that was observed in growing pechay a
week after the first application of both self-made organic fertilizer and commercial
fertilizer in terms of the number of leaves grown. However, if based on the slight significant
effects that was observed by the researchers, the plant specimens where the self-made
organic fertilizer was applied grew more leaves than the plant specimens where
commercial fertilizer was applied.
Effects of using self-made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing
pechay in terms of leaf area (length)
2.1 In terms of determining the effects of using self-made organic fertilizer in growing
pechay in terms of leaf area length, it was shown that:

pechay in terms of leaf area length
4
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Leaf area length before application Leaf area length a week after application
40
terms of Leaf Area Length
terms of leaf area length that the 15 plant specimens have grown before the application and
a week after the first application of the organic fertilizer, it was found out that all plant
specimens where the self-made organic fertilizer was applied grew at least 1 to 2 cm in
terms of leaf area length.
2.3 In terms of the effects of using the self-made organic fertilizer in growing pechay
in terms of leaf area length, most of the plant specimens where the self-made organic
fertilizer was applied grew 1 to 1.5 cm.
2.4 In terms of determining the effects of using commercial fertilizer in growing pechay
in terms of leaf area length, it was shown that:
41
terms of leaf area length
3
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Leaf size before application Leaf size a week after application
Leaf Area Length
leaf area length that the 15 plant specimens have grown before the application and a week
after the first application of the commercial fertilizer, it was found out that all plant
specimens where commercial fertilizer was applied grew at least 0.5 to 1.5 cm.
of leaf area length, most of the plant specimens where commercial fertilizer was applied
grew to 0.5 to 1 cm.
and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of leaf area length, it was found out
that plant specimens where the self-made organic fertilizer was applied slightly grew
42
bigger in leaf area length than the plant specimens where the commercial fertilizer was
applied. Moreover, the plant group that commonly and mostly had slightly bigger leaves
than the other group a week after the first application is the plant group where the self-
made organic fertilizer was applied. The findings somehow contradicts with the findings
of Eifediyi and Remison (2010) where the use of inorganic fertilizer on cucumber revealed
significant differences in terms of leaf area. The findings also disagrees with Omidire et
al.’s (2015) study on the “Impacts of Inorganic and Organic Fertilizer on Crop Performance
Under a Microirrigation-Plastic Mulch Regime” which showed that the inorganic fertilizer
had higher yields (lbs/acre) than organic fertilizer.
organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of leaf size?”, there
have been slightly significant effects that mostly favored the plant specimens where the
self-made organic fertilizer was applied. However, if based on the slight significant effects
that was observed by the researchers, the plant specimens where the self-made organic
fertilizer was applied slightly grew more centimeters in terms of length in leaf area than
the plant specimens where commercial fertilizer was applied
The effects of using self-made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing
pechay in terms of plant height
3.1 In terms of the determining the effects of using self-made organic fertilizer in
growing pechay in terms of plant height, it was shown that:
43
pechay in terms of plant height (cm)
6
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Plant height before application Plant height a week after application
terms of Plant Height
terms of the amount of centimeter/s that the 15 plant specimens have grown before the
application and a week after the first application of the organic fertilizer, it was found out
that all 15 plant specimens where the self-made organic fertilizer was applied grew at least
0.5 to 2.5 cm.
terms of plant height, most of the pechay plant specimens grew 1 to 1.5 cm.
3.4 In terms of determining the effects of using commercial fertilizer in growing pechay
in terms of plant height, it was shown that:
44
terms of plant height (cm)
6
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Plant height before application Plant height a week after application
Plant Height
of the amount of centimeter/s that the 15 plant specimens have grown before the application
and a week after the first application of the commercial fertilizer, it was found out that all
15 plant specimens where commercial fertilizer was applied grew at least 0.5 to 2.5 cm.
3.6 In terms of the effects of using commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of
plant height, most of the pechay plant specimens grew 1 to 1.5 cm.
To compare the findings regarding the effects of using self-made organic and
commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of plant height, it was found out that both
plant groups where the two fertilizers are applied grew between the same height ranges.
45
Moreover, it was also found out that both plant groups mostly have plant specimens that
grew between the same height range. This somehow contradicts with the study of Dalal et
al. (2014) which states that vegetables applied with organic fertilizer grew better which
resulted to higher total yield, shoot length, and branches than those applied with chemical
fertilizers, as well as the study of Lian et al. (2017) which found out that inorganic fertilizer
is a kind of fast and high nutrient chemicals that immediately and significantly increases
overall plant growth rapidly.
organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms plant height?”, there
have been no significant effect yet that was observed in growing pechay a week after the
first application of both self-made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in terms of
plant height. However, if based on the slight significant effects that was observed by the
researchers, both plant specimens where the self-made organic fertilizer was applied and
the plant specimens where commercial fertilizer was applied grew in same range in terms
of plant height.
46
Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of the Study
This experimental and descriptive study focuses on comparing the effects between
using self-made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay. Moreover,
it also describes the effects of using the self-made organic fertilizer and commercial
fertilizer in terms of the number of leaves, length in leaf area, and plant height.
The researchers have tested 15 pechay plant specimens of the same variety and
brand in each treatment group, which makes an overall 30 pechay plant specimens tested
for hypothesis. The 15 plant specimens for each treatment group were planted in same soil,
were ensured to receive the same amount of sunlight during daylight, and were watered
every day. Moreover, the self-made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer were
applied weekly on each plant group.
This study have utilized the pre-test and post-test technique wherein the researchers
have recorded the number of leaves, length in leaf area, and plant height before the
application of the two fertilizers and a week right after the last application of the two
fertilizers. This study also used the qualitative data analysis to effectively compare the
effects of using self-made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay.
Furthermore, the study is supported by the Trofobiose Theory by Chaboussou (1987),
where it states that to grow high-quality crops, it is essential to use fertilizers.
47
Conclusion
The purpose of this study is to know the compare the effects between using self-
made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay. In order to achieve
this goal, a complete step-by-step process is significant.
On the first research question that seeks to know the effects of using self-made
organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in terms of the number of leaves, the researchers
found out that using the self-made organic fertilizer will have the pechay grow you more
leaves a week after application than the commercial fertilizer. However, there was only a
slight gap between the number of leaves that the two plant groups have grown and thus, do
not show any significant effect yet in terms of the number of leaves grown a week after the
first application of self-made organic and commercial fertilizer on the two plant groups.
If based on the slight observable significant effects and changes from before the
application and a week after the application of fertilizers, the plant specimens where the
self-made organic fertilizer was applied slightly grew more leaves than the plant specimens
where commercial fertilizer was applied. Thus, this leaves us with a conclusion that the
self-made organic fertilizer is more effective when it comes to leaf abundance in growing
pechay than the commercial fertilizer.
On the second question, that seeks to know the effects of using organic fertilizer
and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of leaf area in length, the researchers
have found out that using self-made organic fertilizer in growing pechay will increase the
leaf size in length of your pechay leaves than using commercial fertilizer. However, there
was only a slight gap between the length of leaf area that the two plant groups grew and
48
thus, do not show any significant effect yet in terms of the leaf area length grown a week
after the first application of the self-made organic and commercial fertilizer on the two
plant groups.
application of and a week after the application of fertilizers, the plant specimens where the
self-made organic fertilizer was applied slightly grew more centimeters in terms of length
in leaf area than the plant specimens where commercial fertilizer was applied. Thus, this
leaves us with a conclusion that the self-made organic fertilizer is more effective when it
comes to increasing length in leaf area in growing pechay than the commercial fertilizer.
On the third question that seeks to know the effects of using self-made organic
fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay in terms of plant height, the
researchers have found out that the plant height of both plant groups have the same range.
However, there was only a slight gap between the plant height a week after the first
application of organic and commercial fertilizer on the two plant groups and do not show
any significant effect yet in terms of the plant height.
application and a week after the application of fertilizer, both plant specimens where the
self-made organic fertilizer was applied and the plant specimens where commercial
fertilizer was applied grew in same range in terms of plant height. Thus, this leaves us with
a conclusion that both the self-made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer are
effective when it comes to increasing plant height in growing pechay.
49
Based on the findings, and the slight changes and effects that the researchers have
observed in regards with the comparison between the effects of using self-made organic
fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay, they have concluded that the major
difference between using self-made organic fertilizer instead of commercial fertilizer in
growing pechay is that the effects of the self-made organic fertilizer in growing pechay
tend to happen rapidly in a healthy and natural way. On the other hand, the major difference
between using commercial fertilizer instead of the self-made organic fertilizer in growing
pechay is that the effects of commercial fertilizer in growing pechay tend to happen slowly.
Recommendations
The comparison between using self-made organic fertilizer and commercial
fertilizer in growing petchay are the reason why the Department of Agriculture should
recommend the use of organic fertilizer among local farmers because it is more eco-
friendly and is safe for human consumption. Thus, further research is suggested to conduct
the same research study but on a different subject, and by allotting enough and longer
research timeline of experiment to see significant, accurate, and reliable findings regarding
the comparison of using self-made organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer. Moreover,
the researchers also suggest the change in thriving or growing environment to a controllable
one where one can limit the external factors such as light, water, temperature, etc., that
affects the growth of the subject.
50
REFERENCES
Agribusiness. (2021). How to make fermented plant juice or FPJ. Business Diary PH.
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Balter, M. (2013, July 15). Researchers discover first use of fertilizer, manure hit the farm
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8000 year ago. Scince.org. Retrieved from
https://www.science.org/content/article/researchers-discover-first-use-fertilizer
Bandera, A. (n.d.). Inorganic fertilizers (ground and foliar application) and organic
fertilizer: their effects on the growth and yield of pechay (Brassica napus L. subsp.
chinensis var. Black Behi). International Journal of Research Studies in
Agricultural Sciences (IJRSAS). Retrieved from
https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijrsas/v6-i6/5.pdf
Davenport, N. (2022, March 01). How to: make your own organic liquid plant food
Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ). The Nutrient Company. Retrieved from
https://www.thenutrientcompany.com/post/how-to-make-your-own-organic-
liquid-plant-food-fermented-plant-juice-fpj
Gonzales, L.M., Caralde, R., & Aban, M. (2015, February). Response of pechay (Brassica
napus L.) to different levels of compost fertilizer. International Journal of Scientific
and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 2. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319628493_Response_of_Pechay_Brass
ica_napus_L_to_Different_Levels_of_Compost_Fertilizer
52
How to transplant pechay? (2019, September 13). Rockets Garden. Retrieved from
https://rocketsgarden.com/how-to-transplant-pechay/
Hubilla, E.K. (2020, February 08). How to make Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) for fertilizer.
Agriculture Magazine. Retrieved from
https://www.agriculture.com.ph/2020/02/08/how-to-make-fermented-fruit-juice-
for-fertilizer/
Hubilla, E.K. (2020, February 08). How to make fermented fruit juice for fertilizer.
https://www.agriculture.com.ph/2020/02/08/how-to-make-fermented-fruit-juice-
for-
fertilizer/#:~:text=Spray%20it%20on%20the%20flowers,above%2C%202%20tim
es%20a%20week.
Hubilla, E.K. (2020, May 14). Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) can spur plant growth.
https://www.agriculture.com.ph/2020/05/14/fermented-plant-juice-fpj-can-spur-
plant-growth/
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Lozanta, R.A. & Villaflor, J. (n.d.). The effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers to the
growth of pechay plant under drought condition. The Research Paper Factory.
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Organic-And-Inorganic/342959
Pechay production guide. (2019). Business Diary PH. Retrieved from
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Purbajanti, E.D., Slamet, W., Fuskhah, E., & Rosyida. (2019). Effects of organic and
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SF Gate Contributor. (2021, February 16). How to make fermented fruit plant food.
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The benefits of using fermented plant juice (and how to make it). n.d. Garden is Life.
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Retrieved from https://www.gardenislife.com/articles/plant-care/the-benefits-of-
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The Fertilizer Institute. (2014, May 07). Fertilizer 101: the big 3 – nitrogen, phosphorous,
and potassium. TFI.org. Retrieved from https://www.tfi.org/the-feed/fertilizer-101-
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potassium#:~:text=Nitrogen%2C%20phosphorus%20and%20potassium%2C%20
or,key%20role%20in%20plant%20nutrition.
Using fermented fruit juice. n.d. Growing Organic. Retrieved from
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What are fertilizers? – Types, uses, and advantages of fertilizers. n.d. Byjus.com. Retrieved
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https://thetilth.com/14-14-14-fertilizer/
55
Appendices
56
57
58
59
60
61
62

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MELCHOR MEMORIAL SCHOOL, INC.

Purok 2, Laguinbanwa, Ibajay, Aklan

“COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF USING SELF-MADE

An Experimental Research Paper presented to

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in the subject

It is the researchers’ privilege to extend their heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to

up to its completion. The researchers’ immeasurable appreciation, wholehearted gratitude,

and definite thanks to the following:

kind of scheme without your support and consent.

study become better and feasible.

thoughts, unwavering support, and encouragement.

knowledge, and blessings bestowed upon the researchers.

The researchers wholeheartedly acknowledge your contributions, efforts, and

In the Philippines, pechay is a popular vegetable. Brassica rapa is the scientific

Keywords: comparison, organic fertilizer, commercial fertilizer, pechay,

List of Tables viii

List of Figures viii

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 4

Significance of the Study 6

Scope and Limitation of the Study 8

Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Review of Related Literature 10

Data Gathering Procedure 26

Processing and Data Analysis 29

Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND

Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND

Table Page No.

1 Effects of Using Organic Fertilizer and Commercial Fertilizer in 32

Growing Pechay in terms of the Number of Leaves

2 Effects of Using Organic Fertilizer and Commercial Fertilizer in 33

Growing Pechay in terms of Leaf Area Length

3 Effects of Using Organic Fertilizer and Commercial Fertilizer in 35

Growing Pechay in terms of Plant Height

Figure Page No.

2 Effects of Using Organic Fertilizer in Growing Pechay in terms of the 37

3 Effects of Using Commercial Fertilizer in Growing Pechay in terms of 38

the Number of Leaves

4 Effects of Using Organic Fertilizer in Growing Pechay in terms of 40

Leaf Area Length

Leaf Area Length

6 Effects of Using Organic Fertilizer in Growing Pechay in terms of 44

7 Effects of Using Organic Fertilizer in Growing Pechay in terms of 45

Background of the Study

adaptation to growing conditions.

taste than the white bulb. (gardeningknowhow.com)

Commercial fertilizers or inorganic fertilizers are composed of chemical

compounds which contain necessary nutrients (BYJUS, 2022). In commercial fertilizers,

garden (BYJUS, 2022).

(Russel & Williams, 1977)

biggest advantages is that they can be done at home. (BYJUS, 2022)

manures. Organic, biodynamic, natural, permaculture, agroecology, and sustainable

organic fertilizer and commercial fertilizer.

fertilizer and commercial fertilizer in growing pechay.

in growing pechay in terms of:

B. Leaf area (length)

This research study aimed to answer the following hypothesis:

 The major comparison when using self-made organic fertilizer instead of

commercial fertilizer in growing pechay is that the self-made organic

fertilizer’s effects in growing pechay tend to happen slowly but healthily

 The major comparison when using commercial fertilizer instead of self-

made organic fertilizer in growing pechay is that the commercial fertilizer’s

effects in growing pechay tend to happen rapidly.