cyivb XvKvi cwieZ©bkxj AvPvi,

mvKivBb

b„weÁvb wefvM

RMbœv_ wek^we`¨vjq, XvKv-1100

cyivb XvKvi cwieZ©bkxj AvPvi,
mvKivBb

M‡elYv ZË¡veavqK

...................................
mygb Kzgvi gRyg`vi
mnKvix Aa¨vcK
 b„weÁvb wefvM
RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv-1100

cyivb XvKvi cwieZ©bkxj AvPvi,

mvKivBb

Dc¯’vcbvq

...................................
KvšÍv KvwbR e„wó
†ivjt we-180405001
†Kvm© †KvWt GGbwc-4204
wk¶vel©t 2018-2019
b„weÁvb wefvM
 RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv-1100
RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi b„weÁvb wefv‡Mi weGmGm (m¤§vb)
†Kv‡m©i AvswkK kZ© c~i‡bi Rb¨ GB M‡elYv g‡bvMÖvdwU iwPZ
n‡q‡Q

cyivb XvKvi cwieZ©bkxj AvPvi,

mvKivBb

†ivjt we-180405001
†Kvm© †KvWt GGbwc-4204
wk¶vel©t 2018-2019
 b„weÁvb wefvM
RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv-1100

RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi b„weÁvb wefv‡Mi weGmGm (m¤§vb)

†Kv‡m©i AvswkK kZ© c~i‡bi Rb¨

GB M‡elYv g‡bvMÖvdwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q

K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi

RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi b„weÁvb wefv‡M ¯œvZK (m¤§vb) †kªwYi

4_© e‡l©i GKwU †Kvm© (Research Monograph) wnmv‡e GB
M‡elYvKg©wU m¤cv`b Ki‡Z Avwg me©cÖ_g K…ZÁZv cÖKvk
KiwQ gnvb m„wóKZ©vi cÖwZ, hvi KiyYv Qvov Avwg
M‡elYvKg©wU m¤cv`b Ki‡Z cviZvg bv| Avwg K…ZÁZv cÖKvk
KiwQ hviv Avgv‡K Z_¨ w`‡q M‡elYvKg©wU m¤cv`b Ki‡Z mnvqZv
K‡i‡Qb| Z_¨`vZv‡`i AvšZwiK mn‡hvwMZv Qvov †Kv‡bvfv‡eB GB
M‡elYvKg©wU m¤cv`b Kiv m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| Avwg K…ZÁZv cÖKvk
KiwQ Avgvi kª‡×q wk¶K mygb Kzgvi gRyg`vi m¨v‡ii cÖwZ| hvi
AvšÍwiK mn‡hvwMZv, ¯^w`”Qv I ˆah¨© Qvov Avgvi GB ch©vq Avkv
Kiv m¤¢eci wQ‡jv bv| M‡elYv PjvKvjxb mg‡q wewfbœ mnvqZv Avwg
m¨v‡ii wbKU n‡Z †c‡qwQ| wZwb Avgv‡K M‡elYvi welqe¯‘ †_‡K ïiy
K‡i M‡elYv †KŠkjmn M‡elYvKg©wU m¤cv`‡bi j‡¶¨ bvbvwea civgk©
w`‡q mnvqZv K‡i‡Qb †hwU Qvov GB M‡elYvKg© ïiy I m¤c~Y© Kiv
Avgvi c‡¶ m¤¢e wQ‡jv bv| Avwg K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ Avgvi
cwiev‡ii cÖ‡Z¨K m`‡m¨i cÖwZ we‡kl K‡i gv I evevi cÖwZ| Zviv
me©`v Avgv‡K gvbwmK kvwšÍ hywM‡q‡Qb| GQvovI Avgvi fvB-‡evb
hviv mve©¶wYK mnvqZv K‡i‡Q gvVK‡g©i mgq| Avwg K…ZÁZv
cÖKvk KiwQ Avgvi eÜy I eo fvB-‡evb‡`i cÖwZ| †Kbbv, mve©¶wYK
M‡elYvKg©wUi wel‡q Zv‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i welqwU eyS‡Z
myweav n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ Avgvi eÜyi cÖwZ †h
cy‡iv M‡elYvKg©wU K‡¤cvR K‡i w`‡q‡Q| m‡e©vcwi Avwg
b„weÁvb wefv‡Mi mKj wk¶K‡`i cÖwZ K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ|

KvšÍv KvwbR e„wó

†ivjt we-180405001
†Kvm© †KvWt GGbwc-4204
wk¶vel©t 2018-2019
b„weÁvb wefvM
RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv-1100

cÖ_g Aa¨vq

M‡elYv cÖ¯Ívebv

1.1 f‚wgKv

1.2 M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨

1.3 M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv

1.4 mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv

1.5 ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv

1.6 M‡elYv c×wZ

1.7 M‡elYvi mxgve×Zv

 1.8 Aa¨vq cwiKíbv

1.9 Dcmsnvi

cÖ_g Aa¨vq

M‡elYv cwiwPwZ

1.1 f‚wgKv

evsjv‡`‡ki cyivb XvKvi HwZn¨evnx AvPvi mvKivBb| mvKivBb kãwU

ms¯‹„Z kã msµvY †_‡K G‡m‡Q| hvi AvwfavwbK A_© "we‡kl
gyn~Z©" A_©vr, we‡kl gyn~Z©‡K mvg‡b †i‡L †h Abyôvb cvwjZ nq
Zv‡K mvKivBb e‡j (‰`wbK B‡ËdvK, 2021)| AvPvi nj A½fw½, kã,
wµqv ev e¯‘i mv‡_ RwoZ Kvh©Kjv‡ci µg (Turner, 1973)| evOvwj
ms¯‹„wZi Ask wn‡m‡e mvKivB‡bi mv‡_I RwoZ i‡q‡Q GgbwKQy
ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi I Abyôvb| cyivb XvKvBqv‡`i Kv‡Q C` wKsev c~Rv
cve©‡Yi g‡ZvB mvKivBb eo Drme| GB Drm‡e Zviv Zv‡`i AvZ¥xq-
¯^Rb‡`i `vIqvZ w`‡q _v‡K| mvKivBb‡K g~jZ †cŠl msµvwšÍ ev gKi
msµvwšÍ ejv nq| cyivb XvKvBqviv G‡K nvKivBb e‡j _v‡K| †h‡nZy
mKj ag©, e‡Y©i gvbyl GKwÎZ n‡q GB w`bwU cvjb K‡i| ZvB
mvKivBb‡K eÜy‡Z¡i cÖZxK I ejv nq| cÖwZeQi 14B Rvbyqvwi XvKvi
j²xevRvi, ZvuZxevRvi, †jvnvicyj, wks‡Uvjv, ivRvi‡`Dwo, m~Îvcyimn
†ek wKQy GjvKv‡Z mvKivBb cvjb Kiv nq| Avi kvuLvwievRv‡i
DrmewU 15B Rvbyqvwi cvjb Kiv nq| A_©vr, evsjv e‡l©i beg gvm
†cŠ‡li †kl w`‡b GB DrmewU cvjb Kiv nq|

ïaygvÎ evsjv‡`kB bq, `w¶Y Gwkqvi wewfbœ †`‡k GB w`b‡K wN‡i

wewfbœ ai‡bi Drm‡ei Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| fvi‡Z †cŠl msµvwšÍ bv‡g,
†bcv‡j GUv cwiwPZ gvw_ bv‡g, _vBj¨v‡Û msµvšÍ, jvI‡m wc gv jvI,
wgqvbgv‡i w_s Bqvb K‡¤^vwWqvq gnvmsµvb bv‡g cwiwPZ (‰`wbK
B‡ËdvK, 2021)| fvi‡Z GB Drm‡ei Ask wn‡m‡e _v‡K wcVv LvIqv,
Nywo Dov‡bv BZ¨vw`| mvivw`b Nywo Dov‡bvi ci cUKv dywU‡q,
dvbym Dwo‡q mgvwß Uvbv nq| fvi‡Zi exif~‡gi †K›`yjx MÖv‡g GB
w`bwU‡K wN‡i HwZn¨gq Rq‡`e †gjv e‡m| evDj Mvb nj GB †gjvi
Ab¨Zg AvKl©Y (Kv‡ji KÚ, 2022)| Ab¨w`‡K †cŠl gv‡mi ïiæ †_‡KB
cyivb XvKvi gvbyl †cŠl msµvwšÍi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z ïiæ K‡i| bvbv i‡Oi
evnvwi Nywo wb‡q †gjv e‡m GB w`‡b| bvUvB, myZv I Nywoi gRy`
evov‡Z _v‡K Nywoi e¨emvqxiv| XvKvi wewfbœ cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨vb¨
GjvKvi ZiæY-ZiæYxivI GB Drm‡e †hvM w`‡q _v‡K| Gw`b mKvj †_‡K
evmvevwoi Qv‡` P‡j Nywo Iov‡bvi cÖ¯‘wZ| Nywo Iov‡bvi Rb¨ myZv
gvÄv †`qv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wcVv Drm‡eiI Av‡qvRb P‡j| ¯’vbxqiv Rvbvq,
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxb Drme mg~‡ni g‡a¨ cyivb XvKvi mvKivBb Drme
Ab¨Zg|

c~‡e© †`Lv †hZ XvKvi beveiv Lye RvuKRg‡Ki m‡½ G DrmewU cvjb
Ki‡Zv| DrmewU‡K †K›`ª K‡i e¨vcK Av‡qvRb Ki‡Zv XvKvi beveiv|
bvbv AvKvi I e‡Y© Nywo ˆZwi Kiv n‡Zv, gReyZ I fvix bvUvB ˆZwi
Kiv n‡Zv| KL‡bv KL‡bv KvV-evuk-‡jvnv I wcZj w`‡qI bvUvB ˆZwi
Kiv n‡Zv| myZv‡K aviv‡jv Kivi Rb¨ wmwil, is I Kvu‡Pi ¸ov ev Kvu‡Pi
Pyi e¨envi Kiv n‡Zv| XvKvi beveiv mvKivB‡bi w`‡b Nywoi g‡a¨ UvKv
jvwM‡q Nywo Iov‡Zb Ges Nywo KvUvKvwU †Lj‡Zb (gvbeRwgb,
2023)|

BwZnvm †_‡K Rvbv hvq, 1740 mv‡ji GB w`‡b gyNj mgªvU bv‡qe-B-
bvwRg bIqv‡Rk †gvnv¤§` Lv‡bi Avg‡j Nywo Iov‡bv nq| †mB †_‡K GB
w`bwU cvwjZ n‡”Q| hyM hyM a‡i GB Drme cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q cyivb
XvKvevmx (ingvb, 2018)| mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ mvKivB‡b bvbv Abyl½
hy³ n‡”Q| B`vwbsKv‡j Qv‡` D‡V Nywo Iov‡bvi cvkvcvwk cUKv I
AvuZkevwR †dvUv‡bv, D”P k‡ã jvDW w¯úKv‡i we‡`wk Mvb
evRv‡bv, dvbym Iov‡bv, iv‡Z †jRvi jvBU †kv Kiv, wW‡R cvwU© Kiv
Kiv n‡”Q| GB D`hvc‡bi Ab¨ GKUv w`KI Av‡Q| D”P k‡ã Mvb
evRv‡bvi d‡j wkï I eq¯‹iv †fvMvwšÍi wkKvi nq| eq¯‹iv A‡bK mgq
Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o| Avevi dvby‡mi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Av¸b †j‡M
hvIqvi gZ `yN©UbvI N‡U| GQvovI ivZfi cvwU©‡Z ZiæYiv wewfbœ
AcK‡g© wjß nq| GB ev¯ÍeZvq Avwg GB M‡elYvi gva¨‡g †`L‡ev †h
GB AvPvi Abyôvb¸‡jv †K‡bv cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q, wKfv‡e n‡”Q Ges Gi
†cQ‡b †Kvb †Kvb cÖfveK KvR Ki‡Q Ges eZ©gv‡b cvwjZ
ixwZbxwZ¸wj cwi‡e‡ki Dci wKiæc cÖfve †dj‡Q|

1.2 M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨

eZ©gv‡b mvKivB‡b G‡m‡Q e¨vcK cwieZ©b| mvKivB‡b Avmv GB

cwieZ©b‡K †`LvB n‡jv Avgvi M‡elYvi g~j D‡Ïk¨| GQvovI Avgvi
M‡elYvi wKQy mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv-

1. mvKivBb Gi c~‡e©i Ae¯’v †Kgb wQj Ges eZ©gvb Ae¯’v †Kgb

Zv Rvbvi †Póv Kiv|
2. eZ©gv‡b mvKivB‡b †Kv‡bv cwieZ©‡b G‡m‡Q wKbv Zv Rvbvi
†Póv Kiv Ges cwieZ©b G‡m _vK‡j mvKivB‡bi AvPvi ev
ixwZbxwZ¸‡jv †K‡bv cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q Zv AbymÜvb Kiv|
 3. ¯’vbxqiv A_©vr GB ms¯‹„wZi hviv aviK Zviv GB cwieZ©b‡K
wKfv‡e †`L‡Q Zv AbymÜvb Kiv|
4. wek¦vqb, ewntms¯‹„wZ I Z_¨ cÖhyw³i cÖmvi GB cwieZ©b wb‡q
Avmvi †cQ‡b wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Q Zv Rvbvi †Póv Kiv|
5. mvKivBb cvj‡bi ixwZbxwZ¸wji cwieZ©‡bi †¶‡Î eZ©gvb
cÖR‡b¥i f~wgKv †Kgb Zv AbymÜvb Kiv|
6. eZ©gv‡b mvKivB‡b cvwjZ ixwZbxwZ¸wj I Kg©Kvиwj
cwi‡e‡ki Dci wKiæc cÖfve †dj‡Q Zv AbymÜvb Kiv|

1.3 M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv

cyivb XvKvi HwZn¨evnx AvPvi mvKivBb| mvKivB‡b Avmv e¨vcK

cwieZ©bkxjZv Ges cwieZ©bkxjZvi †cQ‡b hy³ KviY‡K Zy‡j aivi Rb¨
Avgvi M‡elYvKg©wU A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wek¦vqb, B›Uvi‡bU I
wkívq‡bi cÖfv‡e mvKivB‡b cwieZ©b Avmvi cvkvcvwk Gi mv‡_ hy³
n‡q‡Q bvbv Abyl½ Ges ewn:ms¯‹„wZ PP©v| d‡j cÖfvweZ n‡”Q
cÖfvekvjx evOvwj ms¯‹„wZ| †Zgwb A‡bK ¯^xq ms¯‹„wZi HwZn¨evnx
bvbv welq‡K cvk KvwU‡q Ab¨ ms¯‹„wZi bvbv welq‡K Aejxjvq MÖnY
Ki‡Q| hvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv AvuZkevwR, wW‡R cvwU©, dvqvi weªw`s
BZ¨vw`| mvKivB‡bi g~j Av‡qvRb Nywo Dov‡bv‡Z GLb Avi †KD
AvMÖnx bq| Gi cvkvcvwk eZ©gv‡b mvKivB‡b †h Av‡qvRb _v‡K Zv
cwi‡e‡kiI A‡bK ¶wZ K‡i| K¨vc‡mi cÖavb Ges ¯U¨vg‡dvW©
BDwbfvwm©wUi weÁvb Abyl` Gi wWb Aa¨vcK W±i Avng`
Kvgiæ¾vgvb gRyg`vi e‡jb, mvKivBb XvKvi GKwU HwZn¨evnx Drme|
Nywo Dov‡bvi cvkvcvwk GB Drm‡e dvbym Dov‡bv Ges
AvuZkevwRmn kã I evqy `~l‡Yi bvbv Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| Zvi g‡Z
Ah_v kã I evqy `~lY Kiv AvBb wbwl× _vKvi ciI cÖkvm‡bi bxie
f~wgKvi Kvi‡Y MZ 31 wW‡m¤^i _vwU©dvm©&U bvBU el©eiY I
mvKivB‡b GwU AwZwi³ gvÎvq †cŠu‡Q wM‡qwQ‡jv| G‡Z fxZ n‡q
GKwU wkï cÖvY nvwi‡q‡Q (‰`wbK Avgvi msev`, 2022)|

Avevi DËib evZ©vi "HwZn¨evnx mvKivBb Drme AvR" bvgK

cÖwZ‡e`‡b AvwRg eLk e‡jb, 'Avwg 72 Qy‡qwQ, †QvU‡ejvq GB cyivb
XvKv wQj evOvwj ms¯‹„wZi †K›`ªwe›`y| GLv‡b Nywo Drme n‡Zv|
GLb Avi †mB iKg Nywo Dov‡bv †`wL bv| A‡bK cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| GLb
†RŠjym †e‡o‡Q, bvbv iKg wRwbm G‡m Xy‡K‡Q| AwiwRbvjUv
nvwi‡q †h‡Z e‡m‡Q (DËiY evZ©v, 2023)|'

g~jZ GLb Avi †mB Av‡Mig‡Zv mvKivBb cvjb Kiv nq bv| cÖhyw³i
cÖmv‡ii d‡j ZiæY-ZiƒYxiv mvKivBb‡K AvaywbKfv‡e D`hvcb K‡i| d‡j
ms¯‹„wZ‡Z I Gi mv‡_ hy³ AvPvi cÖ_vq G‡m‡Q e¨vcK cwieZ©b| Z‡e
evOvwji ms¯‹„wZ wb‡q †jLv‡jwL ev M‡elYv n‡jI mvKivBb wKsev
mvKivB‡b Avmv cwieZ©b¸wj wb‡q †jLv‡jwL cvIqv hvq bv| ZvB
Avwg g‡b Kwi, Avgvi M‡elYvKg©wU mvKivB‡b Avmv cwieZ©b‡K I
Gi †cQ‡b hy³ KviY‡K Zy‡j ai‡e| GQvovI Avgvi M‡elYvKg©wU
M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvR‡b cieZ©x‡Z †m‡KÛvwi WvUv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv
hv‡e Ges b„‰eÁvwbK Ávb Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î †hŠw³KZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e|

1.4 mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv

M‡elYvi welq m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYv †bIqvi Rb¨ Avgvi M‡elYvi

mv‡_ mswkøó wKQy mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv gva¨‡g M‡elYvi welq
m¤ú‡K© aviYv †bIqvi †Póv K‡iwQ| GB avivevwnKZvq Avwg †h mKj
mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡iwQ wb‡¤œ Zv Zy‡j aiv n‡jv -

Abusaleh Ges Islam (2022) Zvu‡`i "Changing patterns of ritual and

festivals" G wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e cyivb XvKvi Drme we‡q, ag©xq AvPvi-
Abyôv‡bi †h cwieZ©b¸‡jv G‡m‡Q Zv Zy‡j a‡i‡Qb GLv‡b hviv esk
ci¤úivq emevm Ki‡Qb, Zv‡`i Drme, weevn, Abyôvb Ges ag©xq ixwZi
mvs¯‹„wZK cwieZ©‡bi AmsL¨ D`vniY †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b AZx‡Zi
Zyjbvq eZ©gv‡b †h cwieZ©b¸‡jv †`Lv w`‡”Q Zv Zy‡j aivi †Póv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GB M‡elYvKg©wU AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi cwieZ©‡b eZ©gvb
cÖR‡b¥i f~wgKv †Kgb Ges GB cwieZ©b wKfv‡e cwi‡e‡ki ¶wZ Ki‡Q
Zv Zy‡j a‡iwb| hv Avwg mvKivBb wb‡q M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g
Zy‡j ai‡ev|

Auni, Manan Ges Abubaker (2022) Zvu‡`i M‡elYv cÖeÜ "Factors

changing the Gayo Ethninc's Traditional Marriage Procession in Lut
Tawar - Sub District of Takengon, Central Aceh, Indonesia" M‡elYv
cÖeÜwU‡Z Mv‡qv‡`i weev‡ni aib, †kvfvhvÎvi wewfbœ ch©vq Ges GB
we‡qi ixwZ-bxwZ‡Z †hB cwieZ©b¸‡jv G‡m‡Q Zv Zy‡j a‡i‡Qb| Mv‡qv
Rb‡Mvôx nj B‡›`v‡bwkqvi mygvÎv, Av‡Pn cÖ‡`‡ki D”Pf~wg‡Z
emevmKvix GKwU RvwZ‡Mvôx| M‡elYvwU cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q
¸YMZ M‡elYv c×wZ B›UviwfD, WKz‡g‡›Ukb Ges AeRvi‡fkb c×wZ
e¨envi K‡i| M‡elYvwU‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Mv‡qv mgv‡R Ggb cwieZ©b
n‡q‡Q hvi d‡j †mLv‡b wewfbœ HwZn¨ Ges AvPvi Abyôvb¸wj
eZ©gv‡bi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q wb‡”Q| wKš‘ c~‡e© GB mKj AvPvi-
Abyôvb, g~j¨evb evZ©v I A‡_© cwic~Y© wQj| dj¯^iƒc eZ©gv‡b †`Lv
hv‡”Q ZiæY‡`i GB weev‡ni aib, ixwZbxwZ c~e©-cyiæl‡`i mvs¯‹„wZK
HwZn¨ m¤ú‡K© Ávb Kg| weev‡ni ixwZbxwZ‡Z GB ai‡bi cwieZ©b
Avmvi †cQ‡b `vqx wn‡m‡e M‡elKiv wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb - miKvi, ag©xq
gZ cwieZ©‡bi wewfbœ P¨v‡bj, wk¶vi µgea©gvb DbœwZ, gvby‡li
MwZkxjZv, ch©Ub wkí, MYgva¨g Ges cÖhyw³‡K| GB M‡elYvq
Mv‡qv‡`i weevn‡K †K›`ª K‡i msNwUZ nIqv ixwZbxwZ, weev‡ni ai‡bi
Avmv cwieZ©b‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q B›UviwfD Ges AeRvi‡fkb Gi
gva¨‡g| wKš‘ GLv‡b Zv‡`i AvPvi-AvPiY I wg_w¯Œqv c‡h©e¶‡Yi Rb¨
Dc‡hvMx †g_W I G_‡bvMÖvwd e¨envi Kiv nqwb| Avevi GB M‡elbvq
ïaygvÎ cwieZ©b‡KB †`Lv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ Mv‡qviv GB cwieZ©b‡K
wKfv‡e †`L‡Q Zvi Dci †Kv‡bv †dvKvm Kiv nqwb| GKBfv‡e Avwg
Avgvi mvKivBb wb‡q M‡elYvq mvKivB‡bi cwieZ©b Ges G wel‡q
¯’vbxqiv Kxfv‡e †`L‡Q Zv Avgvi M‡elYvwU‡Z AbymÜvb Ki‡ev|

Hansepi Ges Laisram (2022) Zvu‡`i "Ritual of the Dead: Karbi

Chomangkan Festival in It's Cultural Context" M‡elYv cÖeÜwU‡Z
Avmv‡gi Kvwe©‡`i "Death Ritual" Zy‡j a‡i‡Qb| †ewkifvM DcRvZxq
mgv‡Ri g‡Zv Avmv‡gi Kvwe©‡`i mvgvwRK-ag©xq e¨e¯’v g~jZ
hv`ywe`¨v, AvZ¥v Ges Ancestral Cult Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| Kvwe©iv
wek¦vm K‡i '‡PvgvsKvb' g„‡Zi AvZ¥v‡K Zvi ciKv‡ji hvÎvq cwiPvwjZ
K‡i| Chomangkan n‡jv Zv‡`i g„Z‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvPvi| Z‡e GwU †Kvb
mvaviY A‡šÍwówµqvi Abyôvb bq| g„‡Zi AvZ¥xqiv mvaviYZ Gi
e¨vqeûjZv I we¯Í„Z cÖK…wZi Kvi‡Y GwU m¤úv`b Ki‡Z K‡qK eQi
mgq †bq| AvPv‡ii GKwU Acwinvh© w`K n‡jv 'Kacharhe Alan' Ges
'Mosera Kihir' MvIqv, G¸‡jv g~jZ g„Z‡`i hvÎv wb‡q †jLv †jvKMvb| GB
Kvwe©iv MZ K‡qK `k‡K wn›`y ag© I wLª÷vb ag© Øviv cÖfvweZ
n‡q‡Q d‡j Zv‡`i wek¦vm e¨e¯’vq GLb bZyb wKQy hy³ n‡q‡Q| d‡j
Chomangkan eZ©gv‡b GKwU weij AvPvi-Abyôv‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| hv
Kvwe©‡`i BwZnvm I ms¯‹„wZ msi¶‡Y LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| b„ˆeÁvwbK
M‡elYv c×wZ e¨envi K‡i GB M‡elYv cÎwU Avmv‡gi Kvwe©
m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ g„‡Zi AvPi‡Y Avmv cwieZ©b I
avivevwnKZv‡K mgv‡jvPbvg~jKfv‡e cix¶v Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Q| GB
M‡elYvKg©wU‡Z Chomangkan m¤ú‡K© AwZ we¯Í„Z AvKv‡i Zy‡j
aiv n‡q‡Q †hgb: Gi DZcwË msµvšÍ Z_¨, †PvgvsKvb Gi cÖKvi‡f`,
†PvgvsKvb‡K †K›`ª K‡i msNwUZ nIqv cvwjZ ixwZ wb‡q †ewk Z_¨
Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GB Chomangkan G Avmv cwieZ©b,
cwieZ©‡bi †cQ‡b KviY, Ges ewn-ms¯‹„wZi cÖfve GB M‡elYvq
fv‡jvfv‡e Zy‡j aiv nqwb| hv M‡elYvi mvgwMÖKZv wb‡q cÖkœ
Zy‡j‡Q, hvi d‡j Avwg Avgvi mvKivBb wb‡q m¤úvw`Z M‡elYvq GB
w`K¸‡jv Zy‡j ai‡ev|

Yasin (2022) Zvui "Ritual and Change in Society" cÖe‡Ü AvPvi

Abyôv‡b Avmv cwieZ©b‡K Zy‡j a‡i‡Qb| AvPvi Abyôvb cÖwZwU
mgvR Ges mf¨Zvi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask, †Kbbv †jv‡Kiv Gi gva¨‡g
Zv‡`i ag©xq wek¦vm¸wj Abykxjb K‡i| GB AvPvi¸wj †ewkifvMB G‡K
Ac‡ii †_‡K Avjv`v wKš‘ Zviv me GKB bxwZ wb‡q MwVZ hv wKQy
K‡Vvi wbqg AbymiY K‡i| †ewkifvM AvPvi Abyôvb Zv‡`i UªvB‡ei
†bZv ev a‡g©i Øviv cÖwZwôZ g~j AvPvi i¶v Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i Abykxj‡b
†Kvb cwieZ©b Avkv K‡ibv| hvB‡nvK GB AvPvi AvPiY¸‡jv hZB Zv‡`i
AbymiYKvixiv msi¶‡Yi †Póv KiæK bv †Kb Zviv mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi
g‡a¨ w‡q hv‡e hv ïiæ‡Z Zv‡`i c‡¶ MÖnY Kiv KwVb n‡e| Ggb A‡bK¸wj
KviY GLv‡b M‡elK wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, hv eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i AvPvi-
Abyôv‡b cwieZ©b wb‡q Avm‡Q| M‡el‡Ki g~j D‡Ïk¨B GLv‡b Ggb me
¸iæZ¡c~Y© PvwjKv kw³i Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv hv AvPvi Ges mvgvwRK
KvVv‡gv‡Z `xN©¯’vqx cwieZ©b wb‡q Av‡m| GB M‡elYvq M‡elK
Yasin a‡i wb‡q‡Qb †h AvPvi-Abyôvb mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q
hv‡eB, hv M‡elYvi g~j wfwˇKB `ye©j K‡i w‡q‡Q| Avwg Avgvi
mvKivBb wb‡q Kiv M‡elYvq GB ai‡bi nvB‡cvw_wmm Gwo‡q Pje|
†mB mv‡_ GLv‡b AvPvi Abyôv‡bi cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv‡Z
Avmv cwieZ©b †`Lv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ GLv‡b GB cwieZ©b¸‡jvi Kvi‡Y
cwi‡ek KZUv ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡”Q Zv Zy‡j aiv nqwb hv Avwg Avgvi
M‡elYvq Zy‡j ai‡ev| M‡elK GLv‡b †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó AvPv‡ii Dci
M‡elbv K‡ib wb| d‡j A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ ev` c‡o hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
Av‡Q| ZvB Avwg AvPvi wb‡q M‡elbvi †¶‡Î wbw`©ó GKwU AvPvi‡K
wbe©vPb K‡iwQ, hv‡Z Avgvi M‡elbv †_‡K †Mvcbxq I ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Z_¨ ev` bv c‡o hvq|

Rashid (2020) Zvui "Meaning & Rituals of Death: An Insight into

selected Ethnic and Religious Communities of Bangladesh"
M‡elYvKg©wU‡Z wewfbœ AvPvi-Abyôvb I Abykxj‡b †h wfbœZv
i‡q‡Q Zv Zy‡j a‡i‡Qb| wZwb Zvi M‡elYv cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb, evsjv‡`k nj
ag©xq m¤cÖxwZi ¯’vb| cvj, †mb, gyNj Ges weªwUkn AmsL¨ ivR
‰bwZK kvm‡bi Aax‡b GLv‡b mvs¯‹„wZK I ag©xq Abykvm‡bi
wekvj‡¶Î 5 nvRvi eQi a‡i ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| d‡j wewfbœ †Mvôxi ag©xq
Ab¨vb¨ AvPvi-Abyôvb cvj‡b e¨vcK wfbœZv †Lv hvq Ges GLv‡b
wewfbœ ag©xq I mvs¯‹„wZK †Mvôxi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z cweÎ Abykxjb
m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ e¨vL¨v i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b M‡elK g~jZ ag©xq I
mvs¯‹„wZK †Mvôxi g„Zy¨ m¤úwK©Z ag©xq AvPvi Abyôv‡b †h
wfbœZv i‡q‡Q Zv †`‡L‡Qb| GLv‡b M‡elK ïaygvÎ wfbœZv Zy‡j
a‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ AvPvi-Abyôv‡b †h cwieZ©b¸‡jv
Avm‡Q Zv †`‡Lbwb| †mB mv‡_ GB cwieZ©b¸‡jvi †cQ‡b †h KviY ev
cÖfveK i‡q‡Q Zv †`‡Lbwb| hv Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvKg©wU‡Z Zy‡j
aivi †Póv Ki‡ev|

Rohman Ges Dey Zvu‡`i "New Media, changing Rituals and Impact on
Married Couples with Special Reference to Assamese Weddings" cÖe‡Ü
†`wL‡q‡Qb wKfv‡e bZyb wgwWqv Øviv mgv‡Ri gvby‡li `„wófw½ I
weevn‡K †K›`ª K‡i msNwUZ nIqv AvPv‡ii cÖwZ mgv‡Ri `„wófw½
cwieZ©b n‡”Q| wZwb Zvi M‡elYvq mKj cwieZ©‡bi †cQ‡b
wgwWqv‡K cÖavb KviY wn‡m‡e †`‡L‡Qb| wZwb Zvi M‡elYvq
e‡j‡Qb, eZ©gv‡b we‡qi Rb¨ mevB Qwe †Zvjvi K_v fv‡e Ges hZ `ªyZ
m¤¢e mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g Qwe Avc‡jv‡Wi K_v wPšÍv K‡i|
†mB mv‡_ AvRKvj e¨v‡Pji cvwU©‡KI AvPv‡ii Ask wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq|
GB M‡elYvq wZwb g~jZ bZyb wgwWqv we‡kl K‡i †dmeyK we‡qi
ixwZbxwZ¸‡jv‡K wKfv‡e cwieZ©b Ki‡Q Zv †`‡L‡Qb Ges Zvi
M‡elYvwU m¤úv`b Ki‡Z wZwb Survey cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Qb| G‡¶‡Î wZwb
ïaygvÎ cÖhyw³‡K cÖfveK wn‡m‡e †`‡L‡Qb| mvgwMÖKfv‡e Ab¨vb¨
d¨v±i †`‡Lbwb, ‡hgb: ewntms¯‹„wZi cÖfve, bZyb cÖR‡b¥i wfbœag©x
gvbwmKZv I AvPib| hv Avwg Avgvi mvKivBb wb‡q Kiv M‡elYvi ga¨
w`‡q AbymÜv‡bi †Póv Ki‡ev|

Bist.S Ges Bist.P (2021) Zvu‡`i "Changing Patterns of Marriage in Rana-

Tharu Communities" M‡elbv cÖeÜwU‡Z ivbv-_viæ‡`i HwZn¨evnx
we‡qi AvPvi-Abyôv‡b †hmKj cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q Ges Zviv cwiewZ©Z
AvKv‡i †hmKj AvPvi cvjb K‡i Zv Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| weevn mgv‡Ri
GKwU cÖwZôvb hv cwievi cÖwZôvi w`‡K wb‡q hvq| weevn msµvšÍ
ivbv-_viæ‡`i wbR¯^ c¨vUvb©, ms¯‹„wZ, AvPvi-Abyôvb, ixwZbxwZ
Ges g~j¨‡eva i‡q‡Q| ivbv _viæiv n‡jb †bcvj Ges fvi‡Zi G_wbK
KwgDwbwU| GB Aa¨q‡bi g~j j¶¨ wQj ivbv-_viæ weevn e¨e¯’vq
cwieZ©bkxj wb`k©b¸wj we‡kølY Kiv| GB M‡elYvq M‡elK ¸YMZ
M‡elYvi Situational analysis design e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| GB M‡elbvi Rb¨
M‡elK Avav-KvVv‡gvMZ mv¶vrKvi Ges c‡h©e¶Y Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni
miÄvg wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡i‡Qb | GB M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨,
ïKjvdvubZv †cŠimfv-11, KvjIqvcyi MÖvg, KvÂbcy‡ii ivbv _viæ †_‡K
`kRb Z_¨`vZv‡K †e‡Q †bIqv n‡qwQj| Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ w_g¨vwUK
we‡kølY e¨envi Kiv n‡qwQj| we‡køwlZ Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv †M‡Q, ivbv-
_viæi HwZn¨evnx we‡q‡Z †hme ms¯‹„wZ, AvPvi-Abyôvb cÖPwjZ
Av‡Q, Zv eZ©gvb †cÖ¶vc‡U cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| ïaygvÎ †mBme AvPvi,
wbqg AbymiY Kiv nq hv Zv‡`i mvs¯‹„wZK cwiPq‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i
Ges wKQy AvPvi cwiewZ©Z AvKv‡i cvjb Kiv nq| eZ©gvb †cÖ¶vc‡U
Ggb wKQy AvPvi-Abyôvb hv GZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j g‡b nq bv Ges AZ¨šÍ
e¨qeûj Ges mgqmv‡c¶ Zv cwiZ¨vM Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB M‡elbvq ïaygvÎ
AvPvi Abyôv‡b Avmv cwieZ©b‡KB †`Lv n‡q‡Q, cwieZ©‡bi †cQ‡b
†hB cÖfveK¸wj KvR K‡i Zv AbymÜvb Kiv nqwb| hv Avwg Avgvi
mvKivBb wb‡q Kiv M‡elbvq AbymÜvb Ki‡ev|

Mukherjee (2021) Zvui "The Transformation of Traditional Childbirth

Rituals and Customs in Japan: A Case Study on Anzankigan and Haraobi
Rituals in Nagoya" M‡elYvcÎwU‡Z wkï Rb¥‡K †K›`ª K‡i msNwUZ
nIqv AvPvi Ges cÖ_v †hgb AvbRvbwKMvb (å~‡Yi wbivc` cÖm‡ei Rb¨
GKwU cÖv_©bv) Ges †nvivIwe-jIqvB (Mf©ve¯’vq Mf©eZx gwnjvi
†c‡U GKwU cÖm~wZ k¨vk †eu‡a ivLvi cÖ_v) Gi g‡a¨ N‡U hvIqv
cwieZ©b¸wj Zy‡j a‡i‡Qb| Mf©ve¯’vi cÂg gvm †_‡K †mLv‡b
cÖm~wZiv k¨vk †eu‡a iv‡L hv cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K Rvcv‡b Mf©ve¯’vi
mgq cvjb Kiv cÖPwjZ GKwU wbqg| Rvcv‡bi bv‡Mvqv kn‡i GB
M‡elYvwU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| M‡elK GLv‡b g~jZ Aa¨qb K‡i‡Qb †Kb
Rvcvwb ms¯‹„wZ‡Z AvbRvbwKMvb Ges nviæwe-jIqvB-Gi g‡Zv
HwZn¨evnx AvPvi-Abyôvb¸wj GLbI PP©v Kiv nq Ges †Kb Rvcvwb
gwnjviv GwU Kiv cÖ‡qvRb g‡b K‡ib| Mf©ve¯’vq AvbRvbwKMvb ev
†nvivIwe-jIqvB Gi g‡Zv cyiv‡bv AvPvi-Abyôvb¸wj 21 kZvãx‡ZI wU‡K
Av‡Q, hLb `ªyZ AvaywbKxKiY Ges bMivqb BwZg‡a¨B †Kej AvPvi
cvj‡bi HwZn¨MZ c×wZ‡Z A‡bK cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q ZvB bq, AvPvi-
Abyôv‡bi A_© I Zvrch© Gi cÖfv‡e e¨vcKfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q|
mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ GB HwZn¨evnx AvPvi-Abyôvb¸‡jv‡K Kxfv‡e
AvaywbK ixwZ‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_, AvaywbK ˆeÁvwbK c×wZ wkï cÖm‡ei
cÖwµqvq cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q ïay ZvB bq, evwo †_‡K nvmcvZv‡j cÖm‡ei
cÖPjb n‡q‡Q Ges ewa©Z cwievi †_‡K Aby cwiev‡ii cvwievwiK
KvVv‡gvI GB iƒcvšÍi G‡b‡Q Ggb Z_¨ M‡elK Zvi M‡elbvq Zy‡j
a‡i‡Qb| Rvcv‡b mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡bi AvPvi I ixwZbxwZ c~e©eZ©x mgx¶vi
wecix‡Z, cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv cÖkœvejx mgx¶vi gva¨‡g Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| GB
M‡elbv cÎwU Rvcvbx gwnjv‡`i `„wó‡KvY †_‡K cÖ_vMZ mšÍvb
Rb¥`v‡bi AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi iƒcvšÍi‡K Zy‡j a‡i‡Q| hviv wkIMvgvi gZ
ag©xq cÖwZôvb cwi`k©‡bi mgq mivmwi Rwi‡c AskMÖnY K‡iwQj|
cwi‡k‡l M‡elYvcÎwU GB Dcmsnv‡i G‡m‡Q †h, Av‡Mi mg‡qi gZ,
AvbRvbwKMvb ev nvivIwe AvPvi-Abyôvb m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨, AvRKvj
†ewkifvM Rvcvwb gwnjviv RbwcÖq ag©xq cÖwZôvb †e‡Q wb‡Z cQ›`
K‡i| GLb GKwesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m †`Lv hvq, Rvcvwb gwnjviv Av‡Mi
w`‡bi Zyjbvq RvuKRgKc~Y©fv‡e mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡bi AvPvi cvjb K‡i bv
KviY cwieZ©bkxj mgq Ges bZyb cÖR‡b¥i mv‡_ mv‡_ GB AvPvi
cvj‡bi A_© ¤øvb n‡q †M‡Q|

Ramadhan, Yurisman Ges Satria (2023) Zvu‡`i "Ritual Function of Atik

Talak Bala in Tanjung Bonai Aur Village, Sumpur Kudus Sub-District"
M‡elbv cÎwU‡Z Tanjung Bonai Aur village, Sumpur Kudus District Ges
Sijunjung Regency -†Z msNwUZ nIqv AvwZK ZyjyK evjv Abyôv‡bi
Kvh©vejx wb‡q Zy‡j a‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj ZvbRys ebvB
Ai †Rjvq ZyjK evjv AvwZK Abyôv‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv Ges wKfv‡e ZyjK
evjv AvwZK ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq Zv Lyu‡R †ei Kiv| GB M‡elYvq M‡elKiv
g¨vwj‡bvw¯‹i "wµqvev`" Z‡Ë¡i e¨envi K‡i‡Qb hv AvPv‡ii
Kvh©KvwiZv m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v K‡i| †mB mv‡_ Zv‡`i Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni
†KŠkj¸wj nj c‡h©e¶Y, mv¶vrKvi Ges WKz‡g‡›Ukb| Zv‡`i M‡elYvi
djvdj¸wj nj †h, ZyjK evjv mgv‡Ri gy‡LvgywL nIqv Lvivc wRwbm¸‡jvi
cvkvcvwk Mevw` cï ev dm‡ji Dci Avµg‡bi weiæ‡× †iva Kivi GKwU
Dcvq wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| AvwZK ZyjK evjv mgv‡R we`¨gvb Ø›Ø `~i
Kivi GKwU Dcvq wn‡m‡eI KvR K‡i| KviY mgv‡R †h wefvRb N‡U Zv
bMix‡Z wec‡h©qi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| MÖv‡gi GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨
cÖv‡šÍ †nu‡U AvwZK ZyjK evjv ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq| GB m¤cÖ`vq
mwZ¨B wek¦vm K‡i †h, wech©q Av‡m Ges Zv mgMÖ m¤cÖ`vq‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡i, ZvB Aek¨B GKmv‡_ KvR Kivi gva¨‡g GB wech©q
KvwU‡q DV‡Z n‡e| GB wUªc PjvKvjxb, AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Aa©c‡_
AvPvi-Abyôvb †Q‡o †h‡Z wb‡la Kiv nq, hw` Zv‡`i nvuUvi mvg_©¨ bv
_v‡K Z‡e AskMÖnYKvixiv †h‡Kv‡bv evn‡bi e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib, G‡¶‡Î
kZ© nj †h Zv‡`i‡K †kl we›`y ch©šÍ AvwZK Pvwj‡q †h‡Z n‡e, Zvici
†`vqv cvV K‡i AvwZK eÜ Kiv n‡e| GB †`vqvwU Kiv nq evjv
cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨| GQvovI wbivcËvi Rb¨ cÖv_©bv Kiv nq, hv‡Z
mg¯Í gvbyl †iv‡Mi cÖv`yf©ve †_‡K myiw¶Z _v‡K Ges Zv‡`i RxweKv
wbe©v‡ni KvR myweavRbK nq| Ae‡k‡l, AskMÖnYKvix‡`i evwo‡Z
hvIqvi Av‡M, Zv‡`i cÖ_‡g wekÖvg wb‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ_‡g GKmv‡_
†L‡Z n‡e| GB M‡elbvq Zviv AvwZK ZyjK evjv AvPviwU‡K we¯Í„Z
AvKv‡i Zy‡j a‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ GB AvPv‡i †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q
wKbv Zv Zy‡j a‡ibwb| ZvB Avwg Avgvi mvKivBb wb‡q Kiv M‡elbvq
mvKivBb cvj‡bi cvkvcvwk Gi AvPvi I ixwZbxwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b
G‡m‡Q wKbv Zv Zy‡j aivi †Póv Ki‡ev|

1.5 ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv

ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv M‡elYv cÖwµqvi Ab¨Zg GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K|

GB b„‰eÁvwbK M‡elYvq wbw`©ó ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv _vKv
Acwinvh©| ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gvi mvnv‡h¨ M‡elYvi welqe¯‘ Abyaveb
mnRZi nq| GQvov cÖvß Z_¨‡K A©_c~Y© K‡i †Zvjvi †¶‡Î Z‡Ë¡i
cÖ‡qv‡Mi welqwU ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Abyaveb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q Eisenhart e‡jb, "GwU GKwU
KvVv‡gv hv AvbyôvwbK Z‡Ë¡i Ici wfwË K‡i M‡elYvi c_ wb‡`©kK
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i" (Eisenhart, 1991)| ZvB welq I D‡Ï‡k¨ we‡ePbvq G
M‡elYvKg©wU‡K Avwg "Diffusionism" aviYv Gi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³
K‡i ms¯‹„wZ I Gi mv‡_ hy³ AvPvi cÖ_vi cwieZ©bkxjZv‡K we‡køl‡Yi
†Póv K‡iwQ|

e¨vwßev‡`i aviYvwU n‡jv, `yBwU mvs¯‹„wZK †Mvôx hLb cvi¯úwiK

ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m ZLb `yBwU †Mvôxi g‡a¨ mvs¯‹„wZK Dcv`v‡bi
Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g mvs¯‹„wZK cwieZ©b msNwUZ nq| mivmwi
†hvMv‡hvM bv _vK‡jI gva¨wgK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g ms¯‹„wZi
e¨vwß NU‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î Z…Zxq †Mvôx cÖ_g †Mvôxi mv‡_ mivmwi
ms¯ú‡k© bv Avm‡jI ga¨eZ©x †Kvb †Mvôx, †hwU c~‡e© cÖ_g
†Mvôxi mv‡_ mivmwi msN‡l©i gva¨‡g mvs¯‹„wZK Dcv`vb MÖnY
K‡i‡Q, Zvi gva¨‡g e¨vwß NU‡Z cv‡i| Avevi, wbR¯^ cÖ‡qvR‡bi
†cÖw¶‡Z †Kvb ms¯‹„wZ Ab¨ ms¯‹„wZi Dcv`vb MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K
cwieZ©b-cwigvR©b K‡i ¯’vbxq ms¯‹„wZi mv‡_ Awf‡hvR‡bi gva¨‡g
mvs¯‹„wZK e¨vwß N‡U _v‡K|

e¨w³ev‡`i ¯‹yj cÖavbZ wZbwU| h_v;-

1. British School of Diffusion.

2. German-Austrian School of Diffusion.
3. American School of Diffusion.

GB ¯‹yj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ German-Austrian School of Diffusion Gi ZvwË¡K Leo

Frobenius Ges Fritz Graebner Gi ZË¡ Avgvi M‡elYvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|
Giv `vwe K‡ib †h wKQy g~j ms¯‹„wZ Zv‡`i Drcw˯’j †_‡K mg‡qi
mv‡c‡¶ wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q wQwU‡q c‡o "cvwb‡Z Drcbœ †XD" Gi
g‡Zv| hv ms¯‹„wZi cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ `vqx G‡K Zviv 'Kultur-Kreise' ev
'Culture Circle' e‡j‡Qb| A_©vr GB c×wZ‡Z ms¯‹„wZi wewfbœ Dcv`vb,
†hgb- ÷vBj, ag©, cÖhyw³, fvlv, aviYv GK ms¯‹„wZ †_‡K Ab¨
ms¯‹„wZ‡Z Qwo‡q c‡o| Avgvi M‡elYvq Avwg GB German-Austrian
school of Diffusionist -‡`i ZË¡ MÖnY K‡iwQ|

†Kbbv Avgvi M‡elYvi welq mvKivB‡bI eZ©gv‡b e¨vcK cwieZ©b †`Lv

hv‡”Q| mvKivB‡b ewntms¯‹„wZi wewfbœ PP©vi AbycÖ‡ek N‡U‡Q|
cÖhyw³ I B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g cwðgv ms¯‹„wZ Øviv eZ©gvb cÖRb¥
cÖfvweZ n‡”Q| wKš‘ ewntmvs¯‹„wZK Dcv`v‡bi Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g
cwiewZ©Z n‡q hv‡”Q Avgv‡`i wbR¯^ ms¯‹„wZ I Gi mv‡_ hy³ AvPvi
cÖ_v| A_©vr cwðgv ms¯‹„wZi wewfbœ Dcv`vb †hgb- d¨vkb, ag©,
cÖhyw³, fvlv Avgv‡`i ms¯‹„wZ‡Z Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q|

GQvovI mvs¯‹„wZK cwieZ©b msMV‡bi Av‡iKwU Dcvq nj

mvs¯‹„Zvqb ev Acculturation | mvaviYfv‡e mvs¯‹„Zvqb Ges
mvs¯‹„wZK e¨vwßwU‡K GKB cÖwµqv g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
mvs¯‹„Zvq‡bi †¶‡Î `yBwU †Mvôx wbweo ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m Ges GKwU
†Mvôx A‡c¶vK…Z †ewk KZ©…Z¡ev`x n‡q _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î `ywU `‡ji
ms¯‹„wZB cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e AwaKvsk †¶‡Î A‡c¶vK…Z `ye©j
ms¯‹„wZwUi cwieZ©b nq| mvs¯‹„Zvq‡bi †¶‡Î †Rvi Av‡ivc Kiv ev
cÖfve LvUv‡bvi welqwU AwaKvsk †¶‡Î Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| Robert E. Park
cÖ_g e¨w³ wQ‡jb whwb Process of Acculturation Gi weKvk NwU‡q
wQ‡jb| Zvi ZË¡‡K Unidirectional Acculturation ejv nq| eZ©gv‡b
mvKivB‡b AvuZkevwR, wW‡R cvwU© Ges jvBwUs mn †hme
Av‡qvRb Kiv nq Zv ewntms¯‹„wZ †_‡K AvZ¥¯’ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b
cwðgv ms¯‹„wZ KZ…Z¡ev`x ms¯‹„wZ n‡q D‡V‡Q, †hLv‡b `ye©j n‡jv
evOvwj ms¯‹„wZ|

1.6 M‡elYv c×wZ

Avgvi GB M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †ek wKQy c×wZ Avwg Aej¤^b
K‡iwQ †m¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv n‡jv:

bgybvqb M‡elYvi Rb¨ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c×wZ| Avi GB M‡elYvi Rb¨

Avwg Purposive Sampling Gi e¨envi K‡iwQ| †h‡nZy Avwg cyivb
XvKvi cwieZ©bkxj AvPvi mvKivBb wb‡q M‡elYv KiwQ ZvB ¯’vbxq
hviv mvKivBb Drm‡e AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K Ges Avw` XvKvBqv
Rb‡Mvôx hviv mivmwi GB ms¯‹„wZi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Zv‡`i ‡_‡K Z_¨
msMÖn K‡iwQ| G‡¶‡Î Avwg Purposive Sampling Gi gva¨‡g 30 Rb
Z_¨`vZv †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡iwQ| g~jZ Purposive Sampling c×wZ‡Z
M‡elK D‡Ïk¨g~jKfv‡e wb‡Ri B”Qv gvwdK I cQ›`mB bgybv wbe©vPb
K‡ib| †h‡nZy mvKivBb mgMÖ XvKvq cvwjZ nq bv ïaygvÎ wbw©`©ó
wKQy ¯’v‡b cvjb Kiv nq| we‡klZ cyivb XvKvq mvKivBb
RvuKRgKfv‡e cvwjZ nq| ZvB Avwg G‡¶‡Î D‡Ïk¨MZ bgybvqb e¨envi
K‡i cyivb XvKvi ¯’vbxq evwm›`v‡`i †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡iwQ|

M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Avwg 2 Rb g~j Z_¨`vZv wnmv‡e wbe©vPb K‡iwQ|

Ggb 2 Rb‡K g~j Z_¨`vZv wnmv‡e †i‡LwQ hviv Avgvi M‡elYvi wel‡q
Rv‡bb Ges Zv‡`i GB wel‡q Lye fv‡jv Ávb Av‡Q| Key Informant
Interview n‡jv GKwU Qualitative Ges RwUj mv¶vrKvi †mBmKj
gvbyl‡`i mv‡_ hviv Zv‡`i m¤cÖ`v‡q wK NU‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© AeMZ|
GB B›UviwfD Gi D‡Ïk¨ nj †h †Kv‡bv m¤cÖ`v‡qi †bË„e„›`, †ckv`vi
e¨w³ Ges hv‡`i Kv‡Q g~j¨evb Z_¨ Av‡Q, Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn
Kiv|

Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvq AbvbyôvwbK ev KvVv‡gvnxb mv¶vrKvi

wb‡qwQ d‡j M‡ewlZiv ¯^v”Q‡›` Zv‡`i Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|
GLv‡b M‡elK wbi‡c¶ _v‡K weavq Zv‡`i Z_¨ cÖ`v‡b †Zgb Amyweav
nqbv| ZvB M‡elYvi myweav‡_© Avwg GB c×wZ e¨envi K‡iwQ| Avwg
Avgvi M‡elbvKg©wU‡Z KvVv‡gvnxb Gi cvkvcvwk Avav KvVv‡gve×
mv¶vrKviI MÖnY K‡iwQ| KviY KvVv‡gvnxb mv¶vrKv‡i Zviv gy³fv‡e
DËi w`‡q _v‡Kb| hvi d‡j Z_¨`vZv‡`i `„wófw½ eySv mnR n‡jI
cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖ‡n mgm¨v nq|

†Km ÷vwW‡K GKRb e¨w³, GKwU †Mvôx ev GKwU BDwbU m¤ú‡K©

GKwU wbweo Aa¨qb wnmv‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv nq|M‡elYvi g~j D‡Ïk¨‡K
mvg‡b †i‡L Avwg wKQy †Km ÷vwW K‡iwQ| Gi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i †ckv,
wk¶v, AvšÍm¤úK© cÖf„wZ cÖK…Z Ae¯’v e¨vL¨v Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ|

†dvKvm MÖyc wWmKvk‡bi gva¨‡g M‡ewlZ‡`i AvPvi-AvPiY,

`„wófw½ BZ¨vw` eySv hvq| ZvB Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni
myweav‡_© GB c×wZwU Aej¤^b K‡iwQ| hv‡Z Avwg M‡ewlZ‡`i cÖ`Ë
Z_¨¸‡jv µm †PK Ki‡Z cvwi Ges GKwU Z‡_¨i †cÖw¶‡Z Av‡iKwU welq
†evSv mnR nq| ZvQvov GB c×wZi gva¨‡g Avgvi M‡elYvi Rb¨ Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni mgq Kg †j‡M‡Q|

M‡ewlZ Rb‡Mvôxi ms¯‹„wZi cÖwZ m¤§vb eRvq †i‡L, Rb‡Mvôxi

BwZnvm HwZ‡n¨i cÖwZ m‡PZb `„wó‡i‡L Zv‡`i wek¦vm, Av`k©,
g~j¨‡eva, cÖ_v I PP©vi cÖwZ kÖ×v‡i‡L Z_¨ msMÖn K‡iwQ| G‡¶‡Î
Holistically Zv‡`i cÖK…Z Ae¯’v Practical Observation-Gi gva¨‡g Zy‡j
Avbvi †Póv K‡iwQ| GQvov c¶cvwZZ¡ bv †i‡L Zv‡`i cÖK…Z Ae¯’v
dywU‡q †Zvjvi †Póv K‡iwQ| mvwe©Kfv‡e †Kv‡bviƒc Ethic-Gi e¨Z¨q
bv K‡i Zv‡`i †MvcbxqZv i¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1.7 M‡elYvi mxgve×Zv

Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvKg©wU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z wM‡q wKQy mxgve×Zvi

m¤§yLxb n‡qwQ| †h‡nZy Avwg GKRb bexb M‡elK Ges GKRb
wk¶v_©x ZvB Z_¨ msMÖ‡n wKQy mxgve×Zv wQ‡jv| Zvic‡iI Avwg
Avgvi M‡elYvKg©wU e¯‘wbô K‡i †Zvjvi †Póv K‡iwQ| ¸YMZ
M‡elYvi GKwU g~j ˆewkó n‡jv gvV ch©v‡q wM‡q M‡elYv Kiv| Z‡e
GRb¨ Avgvi wWcvU©‡g‡›U eivÏK…Z †Kv‡bv Znwej †bB| d‡j
m¤ú~Y© wb‡Ri A‡_© Avgv‡K Avgvi M‡elbv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|
hv GKRb wk¶v_©x wn‡m‡e Avgvi Rb¨ h‡_ó e¨qeûj| GQvovI Avwg hLb
Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z hvB ZLb A‡bK Z_¨ `vZvB wKQyUv wbivcËvnxbZv
wb‡q m‡›`n cÖKvk K‡ib| Zviv †f‡ewQ‡jv nq‡Zv Zv‡`i cwiPq dvum
n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i we‡kl K‡i gwnjv Z_¨`vZviv Kvib G‡`i gv‡S K‡qKRb
gymwjg cwiev‡ii wQ‡jb Ges gvb-m¤§vb wb‡q Zviv A‡bK wPšÍv
cÖKvk K‡ib| G‡¶‡Î wKQy Z_¨`vZv‡K Avk¦¯Í Ki‡Z h‡_ó †eM †c‡Z
n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov Avgvi M‡elbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨¸‡jv msMÖn Ki‡Z
n‡q‡Q wewfbœ †ckvi gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K, hv‡`i g‡a¨ †`vKvb`v‡iivI
wQj, †`vKvb¸‡jv evRvi msjMœ nIqvq A‡bK †ewk †Kvjvnjc~Y© wQ‡jv
hvi d‡j Z_¨`vZviv Z_¨ †`Iqvi mgq †ek Zvovû‡iv K‡i‡Qb Gi cvkvcvwk
†`vKv‡b †µZv Avmvi `iæb Avgv‡K Z_¨`vZv Z_¨ †`Iqvi cvkvcvwk Zvi
wb‡Ri KvR K‡i‡Qb, d‡j Z_¨cÖ`v‡b Zvi g‡bv‡hvM Kg wQj| hw`I Avwg
h‡_ó †Póv K‡iwQ Mfxifv‡e Z_¨ Zy‡j Avb‡Z| Avevi A‡bK Z_¨`vZv Z_¨
cÖ`v‡bi mgq mveavbZv Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb †h‡bv Zv‡`i ¯ck©KvZi
welq¸‡jv mvg‡b P‡j bv Av‡m| †hwU Zv‡`i A½fw½ Ges cieZ©x Z_¨
cÖ`v‡bi mgq eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ| Gi cvkvcvwk Avgv‡K Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨B
wPšÍv fvebv K‡i M‡elbvwU m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| ZeyI Avwg Avgvi
M‡elbvq GBai‡bi mxgve×Zv¸wj‡K h_vm¤¢e KvwU‡q M‡elbvKg©wU
m¤úv`b K‡iwQ|

1.8 Aa¨vq cwiKíbv

1.9 Dcmsnvi

GB Aa¨vqwU‡Z M‡elYvwU m¤ú‡K© mvwe©K aviYv Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|

GLv‡b AšÍf©y³ i‡q‡Q f~wgKv, M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨, M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv,
mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv, ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv, M‡elYv c×wZ, M‡elYvi
mxgve×Zv I Aa¨vq cwiKíbv| GB welq¸‡jvi gva¨‡g M‡elYv Kg©
m¤ú‡K© mvwe©K aviYv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cieZ©x Aa¨v‡q
Z_¨`vZvi cwiwPwZ I cwimsL¨vb web¨vm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
 wØZxq Aa¨vq

Z_¨`vZv‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v welqK cwimsL¨vwbK

web¨vm

2.1 f‚wgKv

2.2 M‡elYv GjvKv

2.3 M‡ewlZ‡`i wj½wfwËK web¨vm

2.4 M‡ewlZ‡`i eqmwfwËK web¨vm

2.5 Z_¨`vZv‡`i cwiev‡ii aiYwfwËK web¨vm

2.6 Z_¨`vZv‡`i wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv wfwËK

web¨vm

2.7 Z_¨`vZv‡`i †ckvwfwËK web¨vm

2.8 Z_¨`vZv‡`i ag© msµvšÍ web¨vm

2.9 Dcmsnvi
 wØZxq Aa¨vq

Z_¨`vZv‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v welqK cwimsL¨vwbK

web¨vm

2.1 f~wgKv

b„weÁvwbK M‡elYvq ¸YMZ c×wZ‡Z M‡elYv AwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨|

¸YMZ c×wZ nj M‡ewlZ Rb‡Mvôx n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Ab¨Zg
¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU welq hvi gva¨‡g M‡elYvKg©wU AwaK
MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv cvq| GLv‡b Z_¨`vZv Ab¨Zg f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| hw`I
Avgvi M‡elYbvwU ¸YMZ c×wZ‡Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Z_vwc GB Aa¨v‡q
Z_¨`vZv‡`i cwigvYMZ Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avwg Avgvi GB
Aa¨vqwU mvwR‡qwQ Z_¨`vZv‡`i cwiwPwZ w`‡q| Z_¨`vZviv wQ‡jb
20-25 eQi eqmx ZiæY-ZiæYx, ga¨eqmx Ges eq¯‹ bvix I cyiæl| M‡elYvq
g~jZ GB wZb ai‡bi Z_¨`vZvB cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| 2.2 G M‡elYv GjvKv
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges ch©vqµ‡g 2.3 G Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q M‡ewlZ‡`i wj½wfwËK web¨vm, 2.4 G M‡ewlZ‡`i eqmwfwËK
web¨vm, 2.5 G cwiev‡ii aiYwfwËK web¨vm, 2.6 G wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv
wfwËK web¨vm, 2.7 G †ckvwfwËK web¨vm, 2.8 G Z_¨`vZv‡`i ag©
msµvšÍ web¨vm Ges me‡k‡l 2.9 G Dcmsnvi Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB
welq¸‡jv Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g M‡ewlZ‡`i m¤ú‡K© GKwU my¯úó aviYv
cvIqv hvq, hv M‡elYvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask|

2.2 M‡elYv GjvKv

GB M‡elYvKg©wU Kiv n‡q‡Q XvKv †Rjvi cyivb XvKv GjvKvq| GwU
XvKv `w¶Y wmwU Ki‡cv‡ik‡bi Aax‡b 23°42'25'' DËi †_‡K 90°24′34''
c~e© ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z| cyivb XvKv ej‡Z XvKv `w¶Y wmwU
K‡c©v‡ik‡bi g~jZ m~Îvcyi _vbvi j²xevRvi I KjZvevRvi IqvW© bv¤^vi
42, †jvnvicyj IqvW© bv¤^vi 43, evsjvevRvi IqvW© bv¤^vi 37 Ges
†KvZqvjx _vbvi ZvuwZevRvi, ivRvi †`Dix I kvuLvixevRvi IqvW©
bv¤^vi 36 GjvKv †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB GjvKv¸wj
mvKivBb Drme cvj‡bi †¶‡Î XvKv kn‡ii g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg HwZn¨evnx GjvKv|
cyivb XvKvq `xN©w`b Aa¨qbiZ GKRb wk¶v_©x nIqvi myev‡`
GjvKv¸‡jv cÖZ¨¶ c‡h©e¶‡Yi my‡hvM †c‡qwQ| GLv‡b mvKivB‡b
Avgš¿YI †c‡qwQ| GLv‡b †h‡nZy mvKivBb Drme HwZ‡n¨i mv‡_ cvjb
Kiv nq ZvB Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvKg©wU m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ GB
GjvKv¸‡jv †e‡Q wb‡qwQ| GB ¯’vb¸‡jv‡Z mvKivBb Drm‡ei mv‡_ hy³
e¨w³‡`i †_‡K Avwg Avgvi Z_¨ msMÖn K‡iwQ|

wPÎ: cyivb XvKvi m~Îvcyi _vbv I †KvZqvjx _vbvi gvbwPÎ

2.3 wj½wfwËK web¨vm

Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvq eq¯‹ cÖRb¥ I bZyb cÖR‡b¥i †Q‡j Ges †g‡q Dfq
†_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡iwQ| Avgvi M‡elYvwU g~jZ mvKivB‡b
AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wb‡q ZvB `ywU cÖR‡b¥i `„wófw½ I cwieZ©b wb‡q
Z_¨ msMÖn K‡iwQ| eq¯‹ I bZyb cÖRb¥ Df‡qiB mvKivB‡b
AskMÖn‡Yi cÖeYZv i‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ miYxi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-

mviYx 1: wj½wfwËK web¨vm

Z_¨`vZvi wj½ msL¨v (Rb) kZKiv (%)

cyiæl 16 53.33%
bvix 14 46.67%
†gvU 30 Rb 100%

mviYx : wj½wfwËK web¨vm (gvV M‡elYv, 2023)

†jLwPÎ 1: M‡ewlZ‡`i wj½wfwËK web¨vm

bvix
47% cyiæl
53%

†jLwPÎ : M‡ewlZ‡`i wj½wfwËK web¨vm (gvV M‡elYv, 2023)

GLv‡b †jLwPÎ I mviwY‡Z M‡ewlZ‡`i wj½wfwËK web¨vm Zy‡j aiv
n‡q‡Q| wj½wfwËK web¨v‡m †gvU 25 R‡bi g‡a¨ cyiæ‡li msL¨v 16 Rb
Ges bvixi msL¨v 14 Rb| hv kZKivq cÖKvk Ki‡j `vovq h_vµ‡g 53.33% I
46.67%| myZivs, Avgvi M‡elYvq bvixi Zyjbvq cyiæ‡li msL¨v AwaK j¶¨
Kiv hvq|
2.4 M‡ewlZ‡`i eqmwfwËK web¨vm
Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvKg©wU K‡iwQ g~jZ ZiæY-ZiæYx, ga¨eq¯‹ Ges
eq¯‹‡`i wb‡q hviv mvaviYZ mvKivB‡b AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| wb‡P
mviwY Ges †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g welqwU Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:

mviYx 2: M‡ewlZ‡`i eqm wfwËK web¨vm

eqm (eQi) msL¨v (Rb) kZKiv (%)
21-30 16 53.33%
31-40 03 10.00%
41-50 07 23.33%
51-60 02 6.67%
61-70 02 6.67%
†gvU 30 Rb 100%
mviYx : M‡ewlZ‡`i eqm wfwËK web¨vm (gvV M‡elYv, 2023)
†jLwPÎ 2: M‡ewlZ‡`i eqm wfwËK web¨vm

7%
7%

21-30
31-40
23% 41-50
53%
51-60
61-70
10%

†jLwPÎ : M‡ewlZ‡`i eqm wfwËK web¨vm (gvV M‡elYv, 2023)

eq‡mi wfwˇZ †gvU M‡ewlZ‡`i msL¨v wQ‡jv 30 R‡bi g‡a¨ 21-30 eQi
eqmx 16 Rb, 31-40 eQi eqmx 03 Rb, 41-50 eQi eqmx 07 Rb, 51-60 eQi
eqmx 02 Rb, 61-70 eQi eqmx 02 Rb| hv h_vµ‡g 53.33%, 10.00%,
23.33%, 6.67%, 6.67%|
2.5 cwiev‡ii aibwfwËK web¨vm

Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvq Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g `yB ai‡bi cwievi †c‡qwQ|
cÖ_gZ, GKK cwievi wØZxqZ, †hŠ_ cwievi| Z‡e †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii Zyjbvq
GKK cwiev‡ii msL¨v †ewk| M‡ewlZ‡`i g‡Z c~‡e© †hŠ_ cwiev‡ii
msL¨v †ekx wQ‡jv wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b †ewkifvM GKK cwievi cQ›` K‡i|

mviYx 3: Z_¨`vZv‡`i cwiev‡ii aiYwfwËK web¨vm

cwiev‡ii aib msL¨v (Rb) kZKiv (%)

GKK cwievi 23 76.67%

†hŠ_ cwievi 07 23.33%

†gvU 30 Rb 100%

mviYx : Z_¨`vZv‡`i cwiev‡ii aiYwfwËK web¨vm

†jLwPÎ 3: Z_¨`vZv‡`i cwiev‡ii aiYwfwËK web¨vm

23%

GKK cwievi
†hŠ_ cwievi

77%

†jLwPÎ : Z_¨`vZv‡`i cwiev‡ii aiYwfwËK web¨vm (gvV M‡elYv, 2023)

†jLwPÎ I mviwYi gva¨‡g M‡ewlZ‡`i cwiev‡ii aiYwfwËK web¨vm Zy‡j

aiv n‡q‡Q| †gvU 30wU cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ GKK cwievi wQ‡jv 23 wU hv
kZKivq cÖKvk Ki‡j `vovq 76.67% Ges †hŠ_ cwievi wQ‡jv 7 wU hv
23.33%|

2.6 Z_¨`vZv‡`i wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv wfwËK web¨vm

Avgvi 30 Rb Z_¨`vZvi g‡a¨ 15 Rb D”PZi wk¶vq wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨qb
K‡i‡Qb| GQvov 03 Rb D”Pgva¨wgK, 07 Rb gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i cov‡kvbv †kl
K‡i‡Qb| GQvovI wbi¶i 05 Rb|

mviYx 4: Z_¨`vZv‡`i wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zvi wfwˇZ web¨vm

wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv msL¨v (Rb) kZKiv (%)
D”PZi wk¶v 15 50%
D”Pgva¨wgK 03 10%
gva¨wgK 07 23.33%
wbi¶i 05 16.67%
†gvU 30 Rb 100%
mviYx : Z_¨`vZv‡`i wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zvi wfwˇZ web¨vm (gvV
M‡elYv, 2023)
†jLwPÎ 4: Z_¨`vZv‡`i wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv wfwËK web¨vm

17% D”PZi wk¶v

D”Pgva¨wgK
50%
23% gva¨wgK
10% wbi¶i

†jLwPÎ : Z_¨`vZv‡`i wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv wfwËK web¨vm (gvV M‡elYv,

2023)
†jLwPÎ I mviwYi gva¨‡g Z_¨`vZv‡`i wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv wfwËK
web¨vm Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| †gvU 30Rb Z_¨vZvi g‡a¨ D”PZi wk¶vq 15 Rb
wek¦we¨vjq †_‡K cov‡kvbv K‡i‡Qb| 03 Rb D”Pgva¨wgK I 07 Rb
gva¨wgK ¯Íi ch©šÍ cov‡kvbv †kl K‡i‡Qb| GQvov 05 Rb Av‡Qb hviv
wbi¶i| hv kZKivq cÖKvk Ki‡j `vovq h_vµ‡g 50%, 10%, 23.33%,
16.67% |

2.7 Z_¨`vZv‡`i †ckvMZ ˆewPÎZv

Avgvi Z_¨`vZv‡`i g‡a¨ eZ©gv‡b wk¶v_©x i‡q‡Qb 10 Rb| GQvov evwK
20 Rb Z_¨`vZvi g‡a¨ 6 Rb M„wnYx, 7 Rb e¨emvqx I 7 Rb PvKzwiRxex|
Z_¨`vZv‡`i †ckv m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ wb‡¤œv³ †Uwe‡j †`Iqv n‡jv-

mviYx 5: Z_¨`vZv‡`i †ckvMZ ˆewPÎZv

†ckv msL¨v (Rb) kZKiv (%)
miKvwi PvKzwiRxex 01 3.33%
†emiKvix 06 20%
PvKzwiRxex
Nywo, is, k•Lgvjv 04 13.33%
e¨emvqx
gyw` †`vKvb`vi 02 6.67%
Nwo †`vKvb`vi 01 3.33%
M„wnYx 06 20%
wk¶v_©x 10 33.34%
†gvU 30 Rb 100%
mviYx : Z_¨`vZv‡`i †ckvwfwËK web¨vm (gvV M‡elYv, 2023)
†jLwPÎ 5: Z_¨`vZv‡`i †ckvMZ ˆewPÎZv
 3%
miKvwi
PvKzwiRxex
33% 20% †emiKvix
PvKzwiRxex
Nywo, k•Lgvjv
13% †`vKvb`vi
gyw` †`vKvb`vi
Nwo †`vKvb`vi
7%
20% M„wnYx
3% wk¶v_©x

†jLwPÎ : Z_¨`vZv‡`i †ckvMZ ˆewPÎZv (gvV M‡elYv, 2023)

†jLwPÎ I mviwYi gva¨‡g Z_¨`vZv‡`i †ckvwfwËK web¨vm Zy‡j aiv

n‡q‡Q| †gvU 30Rb Z_¨vZvi g‡a¨ PvKzwiRxex 7 Rb, hvi g‡a¨ 1 Rb
miKvwi PvKzwiRxex I 6 Rb †emiKvwi PvKzwiRxex| e¨emvqx 7 R‡bi
g‡a¨ 4 Rb Nywo, is, k•Lgvjv we‡µZv, 2 Rb gyw` †`vKvb`vi Ges 1 Rb
Nwoi †`vKvb`vi| M„wnbx 06 Rb Ges wk¶v_©x 10 Rb|

2.8 Z_¨`vZv‡`i ag© msµvšÍ web¨vm

cyivb XvKvi GjvKvq Bmjvg I mbvZb ag©vej¤^x DfqB †`Lv hvq| GB
GjvKvq Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvi Zyjbvq mbvZb ag©vej¤^x‡`i msL¨v Zyjbvg~jK
†ewk| mvKivBb Drm‡ei mv‡_ wn›`y ag©vej¤^x‡`i gKi msµvwšÍ
m¤úK©hy³, ZvB Avwg h_vm¤¢e wn›`y ag©vej¤^x Z_¨`vZv wbe©vP‡bi
†Póv K‡iwQ| wb‡¤œ †Uwe‡ji gva¨‡g Z_¨`vZv‡`i ag© msµvšÍ Z_¨
cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv-
mviYx 6: Z_¨`vZv‡`i ag© msµvšÍ web¨vm
ag© msL¨v (Rb) kZKiv (%)
mbvZb 23 76.67
Bmjvg 07 23.33
 †gvU 30 Rb 100%
mviYx: Z_¨`vZv‡`i ag© msµvšÍ web¨vm (gvV M‡elYv, 2023)
†jLwPÎ 6: Z_¨`vZv‡`i ag© msµvšÍ web¨vm

23%

mbvZb
Bmjvg
77%

†jLwPÎ : Z_¨`vZv‡`i ag© msµvšÍ web¨vm (gvV M‡elYv, 2023)

Avgvi M‡elYvq mbvZb ag©vej¤^x Z_¨`vZvi AvwaK¨ i‡q‡Q| mbvZb

ag©vej¤^x 23 Rb, Bmjvg ag© Abymvix 07 Rb| hv kZKivq cÖKvk Kiv
n‡j h_vµ‡g 76.67% Ges 23.33%|

2.9 Dcmsnvi

G Aa¨v‡q Z_¨`vZvi cwiwPwZ I cwimsL¨vwbK web¨vm Av‡jvPbv Kiv

n‡q‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g M‡ewlZ‡`i m¤ú‡K© GKwU my¯úó aviYv cvIqv hvq|
hv Avgvi M‡elYvKg©wU‡K A‡bK †ekx A_©en K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| cieZ©x
Aa¨v‡q HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vcU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vcU

3.1 f‚wgKv

3.2 cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjvi Ae¯’vb

3.3 cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm

3.4 BwZnv‡m evsjvi ¯^Y©hyM

3.5 evsjvq gymjxg kvmK‡`i DÌvb

3.6 gymwjg weR‡qi cieZ©xKv‡j gymwjg emwZ

3.7 evsjvq gymjgvb‡`i e„w× Ges †eŠ× I wn›`y‡`i

ag©všÍwiZ nIqv
 Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vcU

3.1 f~wgKv

GKwU Av`k© mgvR wewbg©v‡Y ms¯‹„wZi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| we‡k¦i

BwZnv‡m evOvwj e¨wZµgx RvwZ| ms¯‹„wZi ga¨ w`‡q evOvwj wVK
K‡i †bq Zvi mvs¯‹„wZK AvZ¥cwiPq| Avi GB evOvwj RvwZi i‡q‡Q
`xN©w‡bi BwZnvm I HwZn¨| BwZnvm n‡”Q mg‡qi cwiµgvq N‡U
hvIqv wewfbœ f~L‡Ði ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv| Avi HwZn¨ n‡”Q Ggb wKQy
hv hyM hyM a‡i †Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ wU‡K i‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K †Kvb
wbw`©ó A‡ji gvbyl A‡bK eQi a‡i †h mKj AvPvi Abyôvb gvb¨ K‡i
Avm‡Q †hgb- bvP cQ›` K‡i Avm‡Q Zv‡K ms¯‹„wZ e‡j| Z‡e
HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vcU Abyhvqx †`Lv hv‡”Q evOvwji ms¯‹„wZ‡Z
G‡m‡Q e¨vcK cwieZ©b| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg AvPvi nj mvKivBb| mvKivB‡bi
mv‡_ hy³ i‡q‡Q wn›`y-gymwj‡gi `xN© BwZnvm| hvi HwZnvwmK
†cÖ¶vcU wb‡q GB Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~jZ AvPvi
Abyôvb¸‡jvi †ewkifvMB ag©xq Kvh©Kjvc, HwZn¨, g~j¨‡eva Ges
wbw©ó m¤cÖ`v‡qi ms¯‹„wZi mv‡_ hy³| cÖvqkB G¸wj‡K Dcvmbv I
wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ hy³ KvR e‡j g‡b Kiv nq, wKš‘ G¸wj BwZnvm I mgv‡Ri
HwZ‡n¨i mv‡_I hy³|

3.2 cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjvi Ae¯’vb

evsjvi BwZnvm nj evsjv‡`k, fvi‡Zi cwðge½, wÎcyiv Ges Avmv‡gi eivK
DcZ¨Kvi weMZ Pvi mnmªv‡ãi BwZnvm| M½v I eªþcyÎ b`x Øviv evsjv
fvi‡Zi evwK Ask †_‡K wew”Qbœ| wew”Qbœ n‡jI fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m
evsjv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| eûKvj Av‡M, †ivgvb Ges
MÖxKiv GB AÂjwU‡K M½vwiWvB bv‡g WvKZ| evsjvq mf¨Zvi
m~Pbv n‡q‡Q eûKvj Av‡M| evsjv wewfbœ A‡j wef³ wQj Ges
cÖvPxbKv‡j GLv‡b A‡bK kni M‡o D‡VwQj| cÖvPxb evsjvi †jv‡Kiv
fviZ gnvmvM‡ii Øxc¸wj‡Z Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb K‡iwQj Ges cvim¨, Avie
Ges f~ga¨mvMixq A‡ji mv‡_ Zv‡`i fv‡jv evwYR¨ m¤úK© wQj| evsjv
wQj †gŠh© I ¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i g‡Zv wewfbœ fviZxq mvgªv‡R¨i Ask| evsjv
wewfbœ mg‡q kvmK‡`i ivRavbxI wQj| cÖvPxb `yM© bMi †MŠo
GKwU ivRavbx‡Z cwibZ n‡qwQj| †eŠ× I wn›`y kvmK‡`i kvmbvg‡j
evsjv fvlv, mvwnZ¨, m½xZ, wkí I ¯’vc‡Z¨i weKvk N‡U| 13 kZ‡Ki c‡i,
gymwjg myjZvb, ev‡iv f~uBqv Ges wn›`y m¤£všÍiv GB AÂj kvmb
K‡iwQj| †`kwUi cÖviw¤¢K BwZnvm GB A‡j AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨
wn›`y I †eŠ× mvgªv‡R¨i g‡a¨ Pjgvb Ø›Ø Ges cÖwZØw›ØZv Øviv
wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 wPÎ: evsjvi gvbwPÎ

3.3 cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm

eûKvj Av‡M evsjv GKwU eo †`k wQj bv| cwie‡Z©, GwU A‡bK¸wj
†QvU iv‡R¨i mgš^‡q MwVZ n‡qwQj hv KLbI KLbI c_„K Ges KLbI
KLbI GKmv‡_ wQj| GB ¶y`ª ivR¨¸wji g‡a¨ K‡qKwUi bvg wQj cyÛ«,
myþ, e½, mgZU Ges nwi‡Kj|

†gŠh© mvgªv‡R¨i mgq, evsjvi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask GKwU cÖ‡`k

wnmv‡e kvwmZ n‡qwQj, Z‡e, ¯^vaxb evsjv ivR¨¸wj GB AvÂwjK
e¨e¯’vi AšÍf©y³ wQj bv| GB cÖkvmwbK cv_©K¨ m‡Ë¡I, GB ivR¨¸wj
kw³kvjx kvmK A‡kv‡Ki mv‡_ eÜyZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© eRvq †i‡LwQj|
¸ß‡`i Øviv Zv‡i P~ovšÍ civR‡qi Av‡M, evOvwj ivR¨¸wj Ki ivR¨
wnmv‡e KvR K‡iwQj| ¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi ci, evsjv †kl ch©šÍ ivRv
kkv‡¼i †bZ…‡Z¡ GKxf~Z nq, BwZnv‡m cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv GB AÂjwU
GKK ¯’vbxq kvmK Øviv kvwmZ nq| `yf©vM¨ekZ, kkv‡¼i iv‡R¨i cZ‡bi
d‡j GB bZyb HK¨ ¯^í¯’vqx wQj, hvi d‡j AveviI evsjv Ry‡o AmsL¨
†QvU I LwÐZ iv‡R¨i cybiæÌvb N‡U|

3.4 BwZnv‡m evsjvi ¯^Y©hyM

ms‡¶‡c, †Mvcv‡ji DÌvb (750 wLªóv‡ã) Ges cvj mvgªv‡R¨i cieZ©x kvmb
evsjvq AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq w¯’wZkxjZv I mg„w× wb‡q Av‡m| GB
mgqKvj wkí, mvwnZ¨ Ges ¯’vcZ¨mn wewfbœ †¶‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨
mvd‡j¨i mv¶x wQj| cieZ©x ivResk¸wj, †hgb: P›`ª, †mb Ges †`e
ivResk¸wj evsjvi e„w× I weKv‡k AviI Ae`vb †i‡LwQj| †`e ivRes‡ki
kvmb wQj kvwšÍi, ZvB G‡K ¯^Y©hyM wn‡m‡eI D‡jøL Kiv nq|
hvB‡nvK, †mb‡`i ivRZ¡Kv‡jB wn›`yag© mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© mgMÖ
evsjvq Qwo‡q c‡o| †mb ivResk GB A‡j cÖavb ag© wnmv‡e
wn›`yag©‡K cÖPvi I cÖwZôvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj| Zv‡`i
cÖfve I c„ô‡cvlKZv wn›`y gw›`i I ag©xq ixwZ evsjvi ag©xq I
mvs¯‹„wZK f~L‡Ð D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb iv‡L| †`e ivRes‡ki Abymi‡Y,
evsjv P›`ªØxc I †KvPwenv‡ii g‡Zv ivR¨ †_‡K wn›`y gnvivRv‡`i
kvmbvax‡b Av‡m| GB kvmKiv evsjvi mg„× mvs¯‹„wZK HwZn¨ I
HwZn¨‡K mgybœZ †i‡L‡Qb, hv GB A‡ji BwZnv‡m ¯’vqx cÖfve
†d‡j‡Q| cvj mvgªvR¨ Ae‡k‡l bZyb ivRes‡ki c_ †`Lvq, Øv`k kZvãx‡Z
evsjvq P›`ª, †mb Ges †`e ivRes‡ki DÌvb N‡U| GB ivRes‡ki cÖwZwUi
kvmb GB A‡j wbR¯^ Abb¨ Ae`vb wb‡q G‡m‡Q| †`e ivResk, we‡kl
K‡i, evsjvi BwZnv‡m cÖvqB GKwU "¯^Y©hyM" wnmv‡e D‡jøL Kiv
nq| GwU Ggb GKwU mgq wQj hv kvwšÍ, mg„w× Ges m„Rbkxj
†kÖô‡Z¡i GKwU AZyjbxq ¯Íi Øviv wPwýZ Kiv n‡qwQj| Zv‡`i kvm‡bi
Aax‡b, evsjv wewfbœ †¶‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AMÖMwZ cÖZ¨¶ K‡i‡Q,
GKwU mvs¯‹„wZK I eyw×e„wËK †K›`ª wn‡m‡e Gi Ae¯’vb‡K AviI `„p
K‡i‡Q| 750 wLª÷v‡ã, †Mvcvj GKRb wewkó e¨w³Z¡ wnmv‡e
Avwef©~Z nb Ges wn›`y †eŠ× cvj mvgªv‡R¨i kvm‡bi Aax‡b evsjvi
cybwg©jb NUvb| cvj hyM bv‡g cwiwPZ GB mgqwU‡K evsjvi
BwZnv‡m GKwU †MŠiegq hyM wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| GwU eû kZvãxi
weaŸsmx M„nhy‡×i ci w¯’wZkxjZv Ges mg„w×i GKwU AZ¨šÍ
cÖ‡qvRbxq Abyf~wZ wb‡q Av‡m| Z`ycwi, GB mgqwU wkí I ¯’vc‡Z¨i
weKv‡ki mv¶x wQj, hv `y`©všÍ gv÷viwc‡mi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q hv AvRI
Avgv‡i we‡gvwnZ K‡i| cvj mvgªvR¨ cvK-evsjv fvlvi weKv‡k
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj, hv GB mg‡q bZyb D”PZvq
†cŠu‡QwQj| D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e, cvj Avg‡jB evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g
mvwnZ¨Kg© †hgb Ph©vc` ˆZwi n‡qwQj| GB mvwnZ¨Kg©¸wj †Kej GB
A‡ji fvlvMZ `¶ZvB cÖ`k©b K‡iwb eis evsjvi mvs¯‹„wZK mg„w× Ges
†eŠw×K cÖvYešÍZvi cÖgvY wnmv‡e KvR K‡i‡Q|

ejøvj †mb KZ©„K iwPZ eB‡qi cÖ`Ë HwZnvwmK weeiY Abymv‡i, †mb
ivRes‡ki DrcwË 900 kZ‡KiI Av‡M| evsjvi kw³kvjx cvj ivRv‡`i mv‡_
cÖwZØw›ØZv Kivi †Póv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GK mgq Zviv cvj kvmK‡`i
civwRZ K‡i Ges cieZ©xKv‡j Zv‡`i mvgªvR¨ Rq K‡i GKwU AmvaviY
K…wZZ¡ AR©b K‡iwQj| †mb ivRv‡i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨¸wji g‡a¨
GKwU wQj ivR‰bwZK, ag©xq Ges mvgvwRK cwigÐj‡K AšÍf©y³ K‡i
GKwU e¨vcK kvmb e¨e¯’v cÖwZôv Kivi ¶gZv| †mb mvgªv‡R¨i cÖfve
e‡½vcmvMi †_‡K DËi fviZ, we‡kl K‡i K‡bŠR AÂj ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z wQj|
cÖv_wgKfv‡e, †mb ivRviv ivpf~‡gi Avw` KY©mye‡Y© emevm
Ki‡Zb, hv Zv‡`i ˆcZ…K wbevm wn‡m‡e KvR KiZ| GUv j¶Yxq †h
†mbiv eªvþY RvwZ wQj, hv Zv‡`i DbœZ mvgvwRK gh©v`v Zy‡j a‡i|
exi †mb, mvgšÍ †mb, †ngšÍ †mb, weRq †mb, myL †mb, ejøvj †mb, Ges
j²Y †mb evsjvi †mb es‡ki cÖfvekvjx e¨w³Z¡ wn‡m‡e e¨vcKfv‡e ¯^xK…
Z, hv fvi‡Zi HwZnvwmK AvL¨v‡b GKwU A‡gvN wPý †i‡L †M‡Q|

†mb ivResk mvgšÍ †mb Øviv cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj Ges weRq †m‡bi
kvmbvg‡j †mb esk cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡i| ejøvj †mb Ges j²Y †mbI
ivRes‡ki AMÖMwZ‡Z cÖPyi Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb| hvB‡nvK, 1204
wLª÷v‡ã eLwZqvi LjwRi nv‡Z j²Y †m‡bi civR‡qi gva¨‡g evsjvq †mb
ivRes‡ki Aemvb N‡U|

3.5 evsjvq gymjxg kvmK‡`i DÌvb

evsjvq 1204 mv‡j BLwZqvi DwÏb †gvnv¤§` eLwZqvi wLjwRi evsjv

weRq †_‡K gymwjg kvm‡bi ïiæ| †mB †_‡K AvR‡Ki 2020 mvj ch©šÍ
816 eQi Ges 1757 mv‡j evsjvi †kl ¯^vaxb beve wmivR-D˜-‡`Šjvni cjvkxi
cÖv½‡Y lohš¿g~jK hy‡× civRq Ges AZci 1947 ch©šÍ 190 eQi Bs‡iR
kvmb, GB mgqKvj ev` w`‡j 626 eQi evsjv wQ‡jv gymwjg kvmbvaxb| Gi
gv‡S wKQy mgqKvj w`jøx I Bmjvgvev` ‡K›`ªxK kvm‡bi Aax‡bI evsjv
kvwmZ n‡q‡Q|

hLb 1204 mv‡j BLwZqvi DwÏb †gvnv¤§` eLwZqvi wLjwR evsjv Rq

K‡ib, w`jøx‡Z ZLb †gvn¤§` Nyix ivReskxq kvmb ejer| Avi 1757 mv‡j
evsjvi †kl ¯^vaxb beve wmivR-D˜-‡`Šjvni mg‡q w`jøx‡Z ¶gZvmxb
wQ‡jb †gvMj mgªvU AvjgMxi kvn, hvi mgqKvj 1754 †_‡K 1758 mvj
ch©šÍ| G‡¶‡Î evnv`yi kvn Rvdi wQ‡jb fvi‡Z †kl †gvMj mgªvU, hvi
mgqKvj 1837 †_‡K 1857 ch©šÍ| 1857-Gi ¯^vaxbZvhy× Z_v gnvb
wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni ci GB Dcgnv‡`k †_‡K 315 eQ‡ii †gvNj kvm‡bi
†MŠi‡ev¾¡j BwZnv‡mi cwimgvwß N‡U| evsjvq †eŠ× I cvj ivR‡Z¡i ci
1070 mv‡j †ngšÍ †mbB wn›`y †mb ivRZ¡ cÖwZôv K‡ib| †mbiv wQ‡jb
KY©vU‡Ki wn›`y eªvþY| `w¶Y fviZ †_‡K fvM¨ A‡š^lvq G‡m Zviv
ms¯‹„Z fvlv‡K ivRfvlv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| evsjvq `ªvweo, †cŠËwjK,
wn›`y, †eŠ×, cvj Ges cv‡ji ci cybivq ïiæ wn›y`y †mb kvmb| AZci
BLwZqvi DwÏb †gvnv¤§` eLwZqvi wLjwRi evsjv weR‡qi m‡½ gymwjg
kvmb m~wPZ|

3.6 gymwjg weR‡qi cieZ©xKv‡j gymwjg emwZ

1203 wLª÷v‡ã gynv¤§`-web-eLwZqv‡ii weR‡qi m‡½ m‡½ evsjvi

AvMg‡bi c_ gymjgvb ewnivMZ‡i Rb¨ Db¥y³ n‡q hvq Ges wewfbœ
†`‡ki gymjgvbMY G‡`‡k kvmbKZ©v, ˆmwbK, †mbvcwZ, ag©-cÖPviK,
wk¶K, e¨emvqx I fvM¨v‡š^lYKvixiƒ‡c AvMgb K‡ib| GB gymwjg
ewnivMZ‡`i m‡½ Avie¨ gymjgvbMYI AvMgb K‡ib| GB Avie
ewnivMZ‡`i g‡a¨ AwaKvskB wQ‡jb m~wd, ag©-cÖPviK I ewYK-
m¤cÖ`vq| bZyb AwaK…Z cÖ‡`‡k ag©-cÖPviKvix I Bmjvg wk¶v`vZv
K‡qKkZ mvay cyiæl‡i cÖ‡Z¨‡KB 120 Rb wkl¨ I AbyPimn G‡`‡k
AvMgb K‡ib| †kL kvn Rvjvj 360 Rb wkl¨mn AvMgb K‡ib Ges Zvuiv
mK‡jB evsjvq emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| G‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h Avie‡`i †ek eo
GKUv `j evsjvq AvMgb K‡ib| GB Avie ewnivMZ‡`i g‡a¨ AwaKvskB
wQ‡jb m~wd, ag©-cÖPviK I ewYK-m¤cÖ`vq| bZyb AwaK…Z cÖ‡`‡k
ag© cÖPviKvix I Bmjvg wk¶v`vZv K‡qKkZ mvay cyiæl‡i cÖ‡Z¨‡KB
120 Rb wkl¨ I AbyPimn G‡`‡k AvMgb K‡ib| †kL kvn Rvjvj 360 Rb
wkl¨mn AvMgb K‡ib Ges Zvuiv mK‡jB evsjvq emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| G‡Z
cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Avie‡`i †ek eo GKUv `j evsjvq AvMgb K‡ib m~wd I
ag©-cÖPviKiƒ‡c| evi‡_gv I evi‡evmv, mxRvi †d«WvwiK, i¨vjd wdP I
cZ©yMxR‡`i eY©bv †_‡K AbywgZ nq †h, evsjvi DcK~‡ji mgy`ª
e›`img~‡n Ges †mvbviMvuI I ûMjx‡Z emevmKvix GKwU
cÖwZcwËkvjx gymjgvb ewYK m¤cÖ`vq wQj Ges G‡`i AwaKvskB wQj
Avie‡`kxq| cÂ`k kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M Avieiv evsjvq GKwU we‡kl
cÖwZcwËkvjx m¤cÖ`vqiƒ‡c cwiMwYZ nq Ges Gi d‡j ˆmq` AvjvDwÏb
†nv‡mb kv‡ni (1493-1517 wLª.) wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q
GKwU Avie ivRes‡ki cÖwZôvi my‡hvM nq| 1538 wLª÷v‡ã - †kikvn
KZ©„K GB es‡ki Aemv‡bi c~e© ch©šÍ ˆmq` ivRes‡ki GKwU
mg„×kvjx ivR¨ wQj| GKwU Avie ivRes‡ki ivRZ¡ ¯^fveZB Ab¨vb¨
¯’v‡bi Avie‡`i‡K ev¯ÍZ¨v‡M I evsjvq emevm cÖjyä K‡i|

3.7 evsjvq gymjgvb‡`i e„w× Ges †eŠ× I wn›`y‡`i ag©všÍwiZ nIqv

GBP, †efviwj I GBP. GBP. wiRjx AcÖZ¨vwkZ gymwjg msL¨vMwiôZvi

cÖkœ A‡hŠw³K gšÍe¨ K‡i mgvavb K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i g‡Z, ev½vwj
gymjgvb‡`i cÖvq mK‡jB evsjvi AšÍR© †kÖYx †_‡K ag©všÍwiZ| Zv‡`i
GB AwfgZ Bs‡iR kvmKeM© I †jLK‡`i g‡b cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iwQj|

1872 wLª÷vã †_‡K ïiæ K‡i weªwUk kvmbvg‡ji Av`gïgvixi weeiYx¸‡jv

evsjvi gymjgvb RbmsL¨v m¤^‡Ü GKwU g~j¨evb mZ¨ D˜‌NvwUZ K‡i|
G‡`‡k weªwUk kvmbvg‡j ev½vwj gymjgvb‡`i msL¨v eûj cwigv‡Y e„w×
cvq| 1891 m‡bi Av`gïgvixi wi‡cv‡U© wm. †R. I. †Wv‡bj e‡jb, "1872
m‡b evsjv‡`‡k gymjgvbiv msL¨vq wn›`y‡`i †P‡q cÖvq cvuP j‡¶i g‡Zv
Kg wQj| eZ©gv‡b (1891 wLª.) Zviv wn›`y‡`i‡K c‡bi j‡¶i Øviv AwZµg
K‡i †M‡Q|

fqvbK `ywf©‡¶i c~‡e© 1770 wLª÷v‡ã †gvU ev½vwj gymjgvb‡`i msL¨v

wQj 1 †KvwU 6 j¶ Ges Zb¥‡a¨ 30 j¶ 27 nvRvi wQj ewnivMZ gymjgvb,
70 j¶ 33 nvRvi wQj ag©všÍwiZ gymjgvb|
g~jZ gymwjgiv GB †`‡k G‡mB m¤£všÍ eªvþY cwiev‡ii bvix‡`i‡K we‡q
K‡iwQj, †mBmv‡_ Bmjvg a‡g©i wbqg Kvbyb wQj A‡bK mnR mij hv
wb¤œ †kÖwYi wn›`y‡`i ag©všÍwiZ nIqvi cÖavb Kvib wQ‡jv|

ZvB †`Lv hvq, c~‡e© ag©všÍwiZ Gme gymwjgivI GKmgq c~Rv-

AP©bvi mv‡_ hy³ wQj|

Avi fviZxq †RvwZl kv¯¿ g‡Z, ivwkPµ Abyhvqx 12wU ivwki 12wU
msµvwšÍ Av‡Q| GBiæc gKi msµvwšÍ m~‡h©i GK ivwk †_‡K Ab¨
ivwk‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| gKi msµvwšÍ nj †mB¶b
hv‡K wN‡i wewfbœ AvPvi cvwjZ nq| msµvwšÍi GB D`hvcb K‡e †_‡K
P‡j Avm‡Q Zv my¯úó †Kvb Z_¨ †bB| n‡Z cv‡i nvRvi ev ZviI Av‡Mi
cyi‡bv G gKi msµvwšÍi gnvwfwË wn›`y kv¯¿ e‡j, gnvfvi‡Zi mg¯Í Aïf
kw³i webvk n‡q ïf kw³i D`q n‡qwQj| ZvB gvbv n‡q _v‡K| Ab¨ g‡Z,
gKiivwki †`eZv kwbi evwo GKgv‡mi Rb¨ †eov‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb ZvB
w`bwU evev-‡Q‡ji m¤ú‡K©i GKUv we‡kl w`b wn‡m‡e aiv nq|
cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB gKi msµvwšÍ‡K wN‡i c~Rv Kiv nq| †mBw`K †_‡K
ag©všÍwiZ Gme gymwjgivI GKmgq GB c~Rv K‡i‡Q|

me a‡g©B P›`ª, m~h©, b¶‡Îi cÖfve Av‡Q| Zv‡`i Rxeb,AvPvi,ms¯‹vi,

wek¦vm I Drme GB¸‡jvi cÖfvevaxb| ag©xq fv‡e XvKvi wn›`yiv we‡klZ¡
kvuLvix evRv‡ii mbvZb ag©vej¤^xiv mKvj †_‡K `ycyi ch©šÍ bv †L‡q
_v‡Kb| †KD gv‡Ni cÖ_gw`b evmvi Kv‡Q †Lvjv RvqMvq †cŠl
msµvwšÍi cyRv K‡i ¸”Q Kv‡Vi ¸wo‡Z Av¸b R¡vwj‡q| bvbv iK‡gi kvwo
Rwo`vi Kvco c‡o †QvUeo me eq‡mi bvixiv Av¸‡bi Pvwiw`‡K cyRv
mvgMÖx mvwR‡q e‡m eyoveywoi cyRv Drhvcb K‡i †cŠl gvm‡K
we`vq Rvwb‡q gvN‡K MÖnb Ki‡Z|

1840 mv‡j XvKvq †Rgm †Uji Zvi wi‡cvU© G e‡j‡Qb "G †`‡k Avi
GKwU †kÖó Av‡gv‡`i w`b nj gKi msµvwšÍ ev †cŠl gv‡mi †klw`b| GB
w`‡b wn›`y Rwg`viMb Zv‡`i Rwg`vwi‡Z eªv¤§Y I cÖRve„›`‡K
AvwZw_qZv cÖ`vb K‡ib| Db¥y³ gv‡V †fvR Drme nq| weZib Kiv nq
Pvj,¸o,‡Z‡ji ˆZix wcVv I Wv‡ei cvwb| GwU ev¯‘y cyRv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
G Dcj‡¶ weµgcy‡i Kzw¯Í,j¤^vb BZ¨vw` cÖwZ‡hvMxZv n‡q _v‡K"|
GLv‡b XvKvi Nywoi K_vwU wKš‘ Avgiv GL‡bv cvBwb| G‡Zv †Mj
msµvwšÍi ag©xq w`K| Gevi Avwm mvKivB‡bi mvs¯‹„wZK Drm‡ei
w`‡K|

Avw`Kvj †_‡KB G kn‡i gvbyl NywoevR wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Gi Aek¨

KvibI i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Nywo Dov‡bvi †ckv`vwiZ¡ KviæKvR I Kjv‡KŠk‡j
AevK n‡q HwZnvwmKivI Gi gy»Zv cÖKvk K‡i wM‡q‡Qb| XvKvq
Nywoi AvMg‡bi BwZnvm Rvb‡Z Avcbv‡K †h‡Z n‡e †ekx `~‡i bq
fvi‡Zi bevex kni jvL‡bŠ ch©šÍ| Rv‡bb wK? jvL‡bŠ †gvMj I bevex
Lvbvwcbv QvovI Avi wK `y‡Uvi wRwb‡li Rb¨ weL¨vZ wQj? GK myi-
m½xZ Av‡iKwU Nywo| XvKvi bv‡qe bvwRg I bev‡eiv wQj GB K…wó
I ms¯‹„wZi aviK I evnK| GK mgq ¯’vbxq beve‡i c„ó‡cvlKZvq jL‡bŠi
AvKvk is‡ei‡½i Nywo Avi AvuZkevwRi Av‡jvK m¾vq c~b© _vKZ|
abxiv ¯^Y© I iæcvi Svji I KviPywc LwPZ bvUvB Ges Nywo Dov‡Zb| G
Drme‡K cvZvsevRx ejv nZ| beve IqvwR Avjx kvn'i mgq GB bv‡g †`Lv
hvq| Avi Nywo Dov‡bv Drme wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv cvq beve
AvmvdD‡ÏŠjvi mgq †_‡K|

wn›`y ¯^vwkZ kn‡i Zviv c„ó‡cvlKZvi gva¨‡g me m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvby‡li

ü`q Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| hv mve©Rbxb HK¨ cÖwZôvq mgv‡R ¸iæZ¡c~b©
f~wgKv †i‡LwQj| D‡Ïk¨ wQj wn›`y gymwjg mym¤úK© cÖwZôv|
XvKvi †kl beve MvwRDwÏb whwb cvMjv beve bv‡g cwiwPZ wQ‡jb
Zvi Nywo Dovevi †bkv Avi Avnmvb gw›R‡ji beveevoxi Nywo cÖxwZ
kn‡ii mevi Rvbv| kxZ †gŠmy‡gi wZb gvm XvKvi †jvK‡i evrmwiK
Nywo Dov‡bv cÖwZ‡hvMxZv I we‡bv`‡bi Ab¨Zg gva¨g wQj| wQj bv
wbw`ó †Kvb w`b| †cŠ‡li †kl w`bUv‡KB Zviv †e‡Q wb‡Zb Nywo
Dovevi †kl †gŠmygx Dcj¶ wn‡m‡e| AviI GKUv Dcj¶ wcVvcywj I
RvgvB Avc¨vqb|

XvKvi NywoevRiv †b‡g co‡Zv †Lvjv gvV I gnjøvi Qv`¸‡jv‡Z| XvKvi

†Lvmevmx‡`i fvlvq Nywoi GB cÖwZ‡hvMxZv‡K ejv nZ nvwiwd ev
nvwid| wewfbœ Dcj‡¶B Zviv bvg‡Zv nvwid †Ljvq| XvKvi beveiv wQ‡jb
Gi g~j c„ó‡cvlK| PKevRvi, kvnevM, cëb gq`vb (w`jKzkv),
Avigvwb‡Uvjv gvV mn me Db¥y³ ¯’v‡bB Pj‡Zv GB Av‡qvRb| Z‡e
nvwid †Ljvi wKQy wbqg Kvbyb wQj| B‡”Q n‡jB †h †Kvb Nywo
Avcwb KvU‡Z cvi‡eb bv| GB wbqg †g‡bB cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq e›Ub Kiv
n‡Zv c‡q›U| hvi wfwˇZ wba©vwiZ n‡Zv weRqx| †cŠl †M‡j kxZUv
†ek RgvU evu‡a| XvKvi N‡i N‡i ZLb imv‡jv wcVv ˆZixi Av‡qvRb
Pj‡Z _v‡K| kïievox‡Z RvgvB‡K †cŠl †k‡l Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv XvKvB
ixwZ| RvgvB G‡j Zv‡`i nv‡Z awi‡q †`qv nZ Nywo Avi bvUvB| bZyb
Pv‡ji wcVv †L‡q ïiæ nZ w`be¨vcx Nywo Dov‡bvi Drme|

cyivb XvKvq kïievox †_‡K RvgvB‡`i bvUvB I evnvwi Nywo Dcnvi

†`qv Ges wcVvcywji Wvjv cvVv‡bv wQj Aek¨B cvjbxq| GB wcVv I
Lvevi wewj Kiv nZ AvZ¡xq ¯^Rb I cvov cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i g‡a¨|
cÖwZ‡hvMxZv PjZ Kvi kïievox n‡Z KZ eo Wvjv G‡m‡Q| gywoi
†gvqv,‡fRv evKiLvwb Avi evnvwi me wcVv evbv‡bvi a~g coZ|
RvgvB‡`i mv‡_ GB Nywo Dov‡bv cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq Ask wbZ evoxi
evjK,Ziæb,hyeK I gnjøvevmxivI| Z‡e RvgvB‡`i Rb¨ Nywo †Ljvi
e¨vcviUv wQj AvZ¥m¤§vb I GjvKvi gh©v`vi cÖkœ! gnjøvi RvgvB‡i
Nywo KvUvKvwU †k‡l A_©vr hvi Nywo w‡q Ab¨Uv evKvUªv n‡q‡Q
Zv‡K Kvu‡a K‡i ev`K`j mn mܨvi c~‡e© cy‡iv gnjøvq P°i †`qv nZ|
kn‡ii gvby‡li gv‡S ˆZix KiZ D‡b¥v`bv Ges Nywo‡K †K›`ª K‡i
evuafv½v Avb‡›i Abym½| Ggb evox ev gnjøv wQj bv hviv GB w`‡b
Askx`vi n‡Zb bv| Ges Zv‡`i evox‡Z bvUvB Nywoi Aw¯ÍZ _vKZ bv|
†cŠ‡li we`vq ¶bwU A_©¨vr †klw`b nj GB jovB I wcVvcywj LvIqvi
Drm‡ei w`b| Avevi XvKvi ZvwZevRvi I kvuLvixevRv‡ii wn›`y
m¤cÖ`vq GB Nywo †Ljvi DrmewU 1jv gvN †g‡b GKw`b c‡i cvjb K‡i|
mܨvq †Ljv †kl n‡j wn›`y m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jv‡Kiv Nywo bvUvB me Av¸‡b
cywo‡q ïf¶b‡K eib K‡i wbZ Avi gymjgvbiv bvUvB wP‡j‡KvVvq Zy‡j
ivL‡Zv c‡ii Drm‡ei A‡c¶vq| mܨv bvg‡ZB AvKv‡k ïiæ nZ cUKv Avi
AvuZkevwRi †Ljv| eywoM½vi Zxi Av‡jvwKZ n‡q DVZ Av‡jv Sjg‡j
i½xb Avfvq| 60 `k‡K hy³ nq gvB‡Ki `vcU| beve‡`i mgq cë‡b e¨v‡Ûi
evRbv evwR‡q `yB`j‡K Drmvn †hvMvb †`qv nZ| weeZ©b I cÖhyw³
†hvM Ki‡Q nvB cvIqvi mvDÛ wm‡÷g I Mvb| wewiqvwb, wLPywi,
KvwjqvI ev hv‡”Q bv|

Kv‡ji avivewnKZvq Drm‡e Abym‡½i cwieZ©b G‡jI Av‡gR I

Av‡eMUv wKš‘ GLbI cÖRb¥všÍ‡i i‡q †M‡Q wVK Av‡Mi gZB| hv
bvMwiK gb‡K we‡bvw`ZB KiZ bv †i‡L †hZ cieZ©x †cŠ‡l †`Lv nevi
cÖ¯‘wZi P¨v‡jÄ| mv‡_ wb‡q †hZ HK¨ Avi eÜy‡Z¡i evZ©v| kZ eQ‡ii
bvbv mv¤cÖ`vwqK msNvZ D‡ËRbvi gv‡SI †cŠl msµvwšÍ ev mvKivBb
GB kn‡i wn›`y gymwjg mevi mve©Rbxb GK mvs¯‹„wZK Drme
wn‡m‡e AvRI wU‡K Av‡Q| cvwjZ n‡”Q HK¨ I eÜy‡Z¡i cÖZxK n‡q| hv
mK‡ji AbyKibxq e‡U| (ingvb,2018)

4_© Aa¨vq
eZ©gv‡bi mvKivBb

4.1 f~wgKv

4.2 mvKivB‡bi c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ

4.3 mKvj‡ejvi mvKivBb

4.4 weKvj‡ejvi mvKivBb

4.5 mܨvi c‡ii mvKivBb

4.6 Dcmsnvi

4_© Aa¨vq

eZ©gv‡bi mvKivBb
4.1 f~wgKv

evsjv †cŠl gv‡mi †k‡l kxZ †gŠmy‡gi Drme mvKivBb cvjb Kiv nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki cyivb XvKvi kvuLvixevRvi, ZvwZevRvi, †Mvqvj bMi,
j²xevRvi, myÎvcyi, †jvnvicyj, ivRvi‡`Dwi, †MÛvwiqv, jvjevMmn †ek
wKQy GjvKvq eZ©gv‡b †ek RvKRgKc~Y©fv‡e GB DrmewU cvjb Kiv
nq| wecyj Drmvn I DÏxcbvi ga¨ w`‡q mevB †g‡Z D‡V GB Drm‡e| cyivb
XvKvq DrmewU '‡cŠl msµvwšÍ' ev Nywo Drme bv‡gI cwiwPZ| GB
Drme m¤ú‡K© cyivb XvKvi GKRb evwm›`v ejwQ‡jb, mbvZb
ag©vej¤^xiv G‡K “‡cŠl msµvwšÍ” e‡j _v‡Kb| ms¯‹„Z kã “msµvwšÍ”
XvKvBqv Acås‡k mvKivBb iƒc wb‡q‡Q| GwU †cŠl gv‡mi †kl w`‡b nq|
wKš‘ evsjv el©cwÄ Ges wbqwgZ K¨v‡jÛv‡ii wgj bv _vKvq cyivb
XvKvi gvbyl cÖwZ eQi `yB w`b GB Drme cvjb K‡i| mvKivB‡b mKj
ag©, e‡Y©i gvby‡li mgvMg N‡U, Zviv mevB w`bwU‡K GKBfv‡e cvjb
K‡i| GB mvKivB‡bi 2wU w`K i‡q‡Q: ag©xq w`K I mvs¯‹„wZK w`K|
ïaygvÎ mbvZb ag©vej¤^xiv GBw`b‡K †K›`ª K‡i c~Rv K‡i| GwUB nj Gi
ag©xq w`K| mvKivB‡bi cÖavb AvKl©Y Nywo †Ljv| ZvB Drm‡ei w`b
we‡Kj †_‡K cyivb XvKvi cÖwZwU evwoi Qv` †_‡K kZ kZ Nywo
Do‡Z _v‡K| XvKvi Ab¨ AÂj †_‡KI nvRv‡iv gvbyl wfo Rgvb
HwZn¨evnx GB DrmewU Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z| Avi Nywo Dov‡bv, wcVvcywj
LvIqv nj mvKivB‡bi mvs¯‹„wZK w`K| mܨv bvg‡j †Ljv †k‡l ïiæ nq
AvuZkevwR, kZ kZ dvby‡m †Q‡q hvq eywoM½v ZxieZ©x kn‡ii
AvKvk| m‡½ _v‡Kb wewfbœ wkíx| Mvb †M‡q, †Ljv †`wL‡q Zviv
`k©K‡`i gvwZ‡q iv‡Lb| GQvovI eZ©gv‡b mvKivBb‡K wN‡i _v‡K
cÖPyi Av‡qvRb, ivZfi P‡j cvwU©|

GB Aa¨vqwU‡Z mvKivBb‡K eZ©gv‡b †hfv‡e cvjb Kiv nq Zv Zy‡j aiv

n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b 4.2 G mvKivB‡bi c~e©cÖ¯‘wZ Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| 4.3 G
mKvj‡ejvi mvKivBb| 4.4 G weKvj‡ejvi mvKivBb| 4.5 G mܨvi c‡ii
mvKivBb Ges 4.6 G Dcmsnvi Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
4.2 mvKivB‡bi c~e©cÖ¯‘wZ

eZ©gv‡b mvKivB‡bi e¨vcK we¯Í„wZ N‡U‡Q| Avi Gi †cQ‡b cÖavb

KvibB n‡jv Gi e¨vcK Av‡qvRb| mvKivBb Avm‡j cyivb XvKvi gvby‡liv
we‡klZ eZ©gvb cÖR‡b¥i mK‡jB Pvq Zv‡`i Qv‡` †hb AbyôvbwUi
Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| Z‡e †h ïaygvÎ cyivb XvKvBqvivB GB Avb›` Drm‡e
†g‡Z I‡V e¨vcviUv Zv bq| M‡ewlZ Rb‡Mvôxi g‡Z bZyb XvKv
(¸jkvb,ebvbx,DËiv) †_‡KI A‡bK gvbyl mvKivB‡bi †cÖvMÖvg Dc‡fvM
Ki‡Z cyivb XvKvq Av‡m| d‡j mvKivBb cvj‡b _v‡K e¨vcK cÖ¯‘wZ I
Av‡qvRb|

4.2.1 ev‡RU wba©viY

mvKivB‡bi 2-3 mßvn Av‡M †_‡K ïiæ n‡q hvq cwiKíbv Ges 1 mßvn
Av‡M †_‡K ïiæ nq †KbvKvUv| mvKivBb Dcj‡¶ eZ©gv‡b cÖvq me
evwo‡ZB eo ai‡bi ev‡RU wba©viY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GB‡¶‡Î 30 nvRvi
UvKv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i 5/6 jvL UvKv ch©šÍ ev‡RU wba©viY Kiv nq| Ges
†mB †gvZv‡eK cÖ‡Z¨K evmv †_‡K 2-3 mßvn Av‡M †_‡KB Pvu`v
†Zvjv nq| M‡ewlZ‡`i g‡Z, GB‡¶‡Î Av‡qvRK‡`i GKUv MÖyc _v‡K|
ZvivB mewKQyi e¨e¯’v K‡i| Ges Av‡M †_‡KB eÜyevÜe mevB‡K
BbfvBU K‡i| Gfv‡e bZyb XvKv †_‡KI A‡b‡K Av‡m|

4.2.2 Nywo, bvUvB I myZv †Kbv

mvKivB‡b cyivb XvKvq w`bwUi Ab¨Zg Abyl½ n‡”Q Nywo Iov‡bv ev

Nywo Drme| G Dcj‡¶ cyivb XvKvi AwjMwj‡Z ïiæ n‡q hvq mvKivBb
Drm‡ei cÖ¯‘wZ| cyivb XvKvi A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q mvKivBb Nywo Iov‡bvi
Drme bv‡gI cwiwPZ| mvKivBb‡K wN‡i cyivb XvKvi Awj‡Z Mwj‡Z
†e‡o hvq Nywo †ePv‡Kbvi ayg| wkï, ZiæY, e„×iv mevB bvUvB, Nywo I
myZv †Kbvq e¨¯Í n‡q c‡o| wKQy ¯’v‡b myZvq gvÄv †`Iqvi KvR ïiæ
nq| 14 Rvbyqvwi ïµevi cvjb Kiv nq mvKivBb Drme| G Dcj‡¶ mvR‡Z ïiæ
K‡i cyivb XvKvi wewfbœ GjvKv|

Nywoi †`vKvb¸‡jv‡Z Gmgq †ek igigv e¨emv P‡j| cÖ‡Z¨K †`vKv‡b

cvIqv hvq †PvL`vi, iK`vi, Miæ`vi, †fvgv`vi, KvDVv`vi, gvQ‡jÄv,
wdZv‡jÄv, GKiOv, PvbZviv, mvcNywo, cÖRvcwZ Nywo, †cuPv Nywo,
ev· Nywo, cvb`vi, CMj, wPj, jvj, mv`v BZ¨vw` bvbv c‡`i iO‡ei‡Oi
Nywo|

†Km ÷vwW - 01

Rvnv½xi Avjg (QÙbvg), eqm 38| †ckvq GKRb e¨emvqx| wZwb Zvui eo
fvB Kvgiæ¾vgvb (QÙbvg) Gi m‡½ Nywo-bvUvB-myZv wewµi
†gŠmywg e¨emv K‡ib| Rvnv½xi Avjg e‡jb, '¯^í mg‡q Aí cyuwR w`‡q
Nywo-bvUvB-myZvi e¨emv ïiæ Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv †ePvwewµi †¶‡Î
GKai‡bi AvZ¥Z…wß KvR K‡i| g‡b nq Drm‡ei g‡a¨B AvwQ| gv‡K©‡U
Zvi GKwU Km‡gwUK‡mi †`vKvb i‡q‡Q| †gŠmywg e¨emvq hy³ nIqv
m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡jb, 1 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K Zvuiv Nywo wewµ ïiæ K‡ib|
G‡¶‡Î Zv‡`i jvf Pvi-cvuP ¸b n‡q _v‡K|'

4.2.3 AvZukevwR I dvbym †Kbv

eZ©gv‡b mvKivB‡bi Ab¨Zg AvKl©Y nj AvZukevwR Avi dvbym| GB

Dcj‡¶ mvKivB‡bi 1 mßvn Av‡M †_‡K G¸‡jv †Kbv ïiæ nq| wewµI nq
A‡bK| GmKj AvuZkevwRi g‡a¨ Av‡Q cvuP kU, ev‡iv kU, GKzk kU,
ewÎk kU, Avwk kU, GKk wek kU, †`ok kU, K`g dyj, Zvuiv kU, SY©v,
e¨vUvwi †evg, PK‡jU †evg, kjZv †evg, i‡KU †evg, cvZv †evg / 28 †evg,
†d¬g UP©| dvby‡miI i‡q‡Q n‡iK c`| Z‡e cywj‡ki f‡q GB eQi
mvKivB‡b nv‡Z nv‡Z wewµ Kiv n‡q‡Q AvuZkevwR|

4.2.4 mvDÛ wm‡÷g I kviwd jvBU fvov Kiv

mvKivB‡bi Av‡Miw`‡bB Qv` cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq mvDÛ wm‡÷g, kviwd

jvB‡Ui Rb¨| cÖ‡Z¨K evmv‡ZB 2 †cqvi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i 5/10 †cqvi mvDÛ
e· †Zvjv nq| mvDÛ wm‡÷g, kviwd jvBU mvKivB‡b †hvM K‡ib bZyb
gvÎv| †KD †KD Qv‡` mvDÛ e· †Zvjvi Av‡M evwoi aviY¶gZv hvPvB
K‡i †bq| mvaviYZ GB Abyl½¸wj fvov K‡i Avbv nq| †hgb: mvDÛ
wm‡÷g¸wj 1.5 jvL †_‡K 2 jvL UvKv‡ZI fvov nq| Avevi kviwd jvB‡Ui
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mycvi kviwd G¸‡jv †cqvi Abyhvqx wewµ nq| GQvovI
n¨v‡jv‡Rb jvB‡Ui i‡q‡Q e¨vcK Pvwn`v| mvKivB‡bi mgq mvDÛ
wm‡÷g, jvBU fvov †`Iqvi †`vKvb¸‡jv‡Z †µZv‡`i ayg c‡o hvq| cÖ‡Z¨K
evmv‡ZB `„wó AvKl©YKvix jvBU I mvDÛ wm‡÷‡gi e¨e¯’v _v‡K| hvi
hZ †ewk ev‡RU _v‡K †m ZZ †ewk †cqvi mvDÛ e· Qv‡` IVvq| ZvB
mvKivB‡bi mßvnLv‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB ZiæY‡`i gv‡S _v‡K e¨vcK
e¨¯ÍZv|

4.3 mKvj‡ejvi mvKivBb

mvKivB‡b wecyj Drmvn I DÏxcbv wb‡q †QvU-eo mK‡jB AskMÖnY

K‡i| GB w`b‡K †K›`ª K‡i mbvZb ag©vej¤^xiv c~Rv K‡i| mKv‡j Zviv
Zv‡`i ixwZ Abyhvqx wZjv, K`gv, wcVv, cv‡qm Lvq| bZyb Pvj †f‡O
wcVv ˆZwii KvRUv evwoi gv‡qiv Av‡Mi w`b K‡i †d‡j| GQvovI `ya
Avi Pvj w`‡q Zviv cv‡qm evwb‡q Lvq| cyivb XvKvi mbvZb
ag©vej¤^x‡`i g‡Z, GB w`b‡K †K›`ª K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K mbvZbx‡`i evwo‡ZB
c~Rv nq| †KD eyoveywoi cyRv K‡i, Avevi †KD wke VvKz‡ii c~Rv|
c~Rv‡Z Zviv g‡bi evmbv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖv_©bv K‡i| wbtmšÍvb `¤úwZiv
GB †cŠl msµvwšÍ‡Z VvKz‡ii Kv‡Q mšÍvb jv‡fi Avkvq cÖv_©bv K‡i|
eyoveywoi c~Rv †cŠl msµvwšÍ I ˆPÎ msµvwšÍ‡Z †K›`ª K‡i Kiv nq|
M‡ewlZ‡`i g‡Z, Zv‡`i c~e©cyiæliv †cŠl msµvwšÍ‡K †K›`ª K‡i GB
c~Rv Ki‡Zv †mB †_‡K ZvivI GB c~Rv K‡i Avm‡Q| G c~Rvq my¯’Zv
Kvgbv K‡i VvKz‡ii `qv cÖv_©bvq A‡b‡KB gvbZ K‡i _v‡Kb| G cyRvq
c~Rvixiv VvKz‡ii mvg‡b bZyb Pv‡ji ˆZwi wcVvcywj, dj †i‡L AvMi
evwZ R¡vwj‡q cÖv_©bv K‡i _v‡Kb| Avevi A‡b‡K GB w`b‡K †K›`ª
K‡i ev¯‘c~Rv K‡i _v‡K| c~Rvi ce© †k‡l ïiæ nq `ycy‡ii cÖ¯‘wZ| †cŠl
msµvwšÍ‡Z mbvZbxiv wbivwgl Lvq| evwoi bvixiv GB w`b D‡cvm
_v‡Kb| evwoi †QvUiv mKvj †_‡K Qv‡` D‡V Nywo wb‡q †Ljv K‡i|

4.4 weKvj‡ejvi mvKivBb

`ycy‡ii ci †_‡K ïiæ nq Nywo Iov‡bv| eo †_‡K †QvU mevB †g‡Z I‡V
GB Avb‡›`| A‡b‡KB Nywo Dov‡bvi Rb¨ eo feb‡K †ewk cQ›` K‡i| cyivb
XvKvBqv‡`i g‡Z, wfbœ wfbœ Qv‡` eÜy I AvZ¥xqiv wg‡j 7-8 Rb Nywo
Iovq| evwoi bvix, cyiæl, e„× mevB ZLb Qv‡` D‡V hvq Ges GB Avb›`
Dc‡fvM K‡i| GB mgq Nywo Dov‡bvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv nq| G
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv nq g~jZ m~Zvq m~Zvq c¨vP jvwM‡q| wewfbœ eqmxiv
GB cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq Ask †bq| ¯’vbxq fvlvq G‡K e‡j KvUvKvwU|
KvUvKvwUi ci weRqx Nywo AvKv‡k Do‡Z _v‡K Avi †n‡i hvIqv
A_©vr †K‡U hvIqv Nywo evZv‡m `yj‡Z `yj‡Z `~‡i wgwj‡q hvq| Avi
fv‡MUUv nIqv Nywo †c‡Z GjvKvi A‡c¶vK…Z †QvUiv jwM wb‡q
Ny‡o †eovq| Zviv wPKb gywjevuk w`‡q Nywoi m~Zv †cuwP‡q Nywo
wb‡P bvwg‡q Av‡b| GB wPKb evuk‡K jwM ev jMwM e‡j| Zviv cÖ_g
w`b Nywo a‡i Rgvq Ges wØZxq w`b G Nywo¸‡jv Dovq|

Nywo Dov‡bv †k‡l ïiæ nq dvqvi weªw`s| AvuZkevwR Avi dvby‡m

AvKvk †Q‡q hvq| GB cÖm‡½ AwMœ (QÙbvg), eqm 25 e‡jb, GB eQi
Avgv‡`i Qv‡`I Avgiv mvDÛ e·, AvuZkevwR, dvbym I Lvev‡ii
Av‡qvRb K‡iwQjvg| me wgwj‡q Avgv‡`i LiP n‡q‡Q 50 nvRvi UvKv|

cyivb XvKvBqv‡`i g‡Z mܨv Nwb‡q Avmvi m‡½ m‡½ wewfbœ i‡Oi
wWwRUvj I n¨v‡jv‡Rb jvB‡U mw¾Z n‡q hvq cÖwZwU Qv`| †mB
mv‡_ Zv‡`i Kv‡Q dvqvi weªw`s n‡”Q Drm‡ei Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask|
Z_¨`vZviv Rvbvq, evwoi eq¯‹ivI dvqvi weªw`s Dc‡fvM K‡i| gy‡L
†K‡ivwmb wb‡q Av¸‡b dy †`Iqv nq, gy‡L †K‡ivwmb wb‡q Av¸‡bi
KvwV‡Z dy w`‡j nVvr Av¸‡bi KzÐjx Qwo‡q c‡o| cyivb XvKvi ¯’vbxq
evwm›`v Beªvwng myRb, 27 (QÙbvg) Rvbvb, dvqvi weªw`s G †ewk gRv
jv‡M| Z‡e hviv dvqvi weªw`s K‡i Zviv Hw`b gy‡L †K‡ivwm‡bi M‡Üi
Kvi‡Y wKQyB †L‡Z cv‡ibv|

4.5 mܨvi c‡ii mvKivBb

mܨvi c‡i mvKivBb eZ©gv‡b wfbœ iƒc †bq| wW‡R cvwU© ïiæ n‡q
hvq| bvP-Mv‡b †g‡Z I‡V ZiæY-ZiæYxiv| ivZfi P‡j mvDÛ e‡·i Zv‡j
Zv‡j bvP-Mvb cvwU©, Mv‡bi ZvwjKvq _v‡K wnw›` I Bswjk Mvb|
bZyb XvKv †_‡KI ZiæY-ZiæYxiv Av‡m iv‡Z cvwU© Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z|
GQvovI mdU wW«sKm, g`, eviwewKD cvwU© mewKQyiB e¨e¯’v
_v‡K| G cÖm‡½ - bxjvÄbv †PŠayix (QÙbvg) eqm 25, wZwb Rvbvb
mvKivB‡bi ïay cvwU©‡ZB wZwb Ask †bb Ges A‡bK Dc‡fvM K‡ib|
Zvi g‡Z GB w`‡b cvwU© Avi Mvb-bvP bv n‡j †m KL‡bvB ïaygvÎ
Nywo Dov‡bv †`L‡Z Qv‡` DV‡Zvbv|
Dcmsnvi

GB Aa¨v‡q eZ©gv‡b mvKivBb‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h Av‡qvRb _v‡K Zv Zy‡j

aiv n‡q‡Q| GB Av‡qvR‡bi Rb¨ _v‡K eo ai‡bi ev‡RU I c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ|
†mBmv‡_ mKvj‡ejv, weKvj‡ejv, mܨv‡ejv I iv‡Z †hfv‡e mvKivBb
cvjb Kiv nq Zv Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
cÂg Aa¨vq
 lô Aa¨vq

mvKivB‡bi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK cÖfve

6.1 f~wgKv

6.2 G mvKivB‡bi BwZevPK cÖfve

6.3 mvKivB‡bi †bwZevPK cÖfve

6.4 Dcmsnvi
 lô Aa¨vq

mvKivB‡bi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK cÖfve

6.1 f~wgKv

†cŠl msµvwšÍ ev gKi msµvwšÍ evsjv‡`‡ki XvKvi Av‡kcv‡k G‡K ejv nq

mvKivBb| Z‡e Avmv‡gi fvlvq GwU "weû Drme" bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB
w`bwU evOvwj ms¯‹„wZ‡Z GKwU we‡kl Drm‡ei w`b|

fviZe‡l©i g‡Zv GKwU Dò A‡j åg‡Yi Rb¨ me‡P‡q AvivgcÖ` mgq

kxZKvj| GLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi Lvevi Ges Ab¨vb¨ Dcnvi QvovI †cŠl‡gjvi
gva¨‡g †cŠlmsµvwšÍ D`hvwcZ nq| wewfbœ ai‡bi mvs¯‹„wZK Abyôvb,
we‡kl K‡i evDj Mv‡bi Avmi e‡m|

Z‡e evOvwj‡`i †cŠl msµvwšÍ D`hvc‡b G‡m‡Q cwieZ©b| c~‡e©

evOvwjiv mvivw`be¨vwc Nywo Dov‡Zv| GBw`‡b Nywo Dov‡bvi Rb¨
Zviv Av‡M †_‡K Nywo evwb‡q Ges myZvq gvÄv w`‡q cÖ¯‘wZ wbZ|
Nywo Drme evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxb HwZn¨evnx GKwU Drme| gyNj Avgj
†_‡K GB Drme cvwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q| GB Drm‡e cÖPyi †jvK mgvMg
N‡U| cyivb XvKvi Awaevmx‡`i Kv‡Q GwU AZ¨šÍ DrmegyLi w`b| Z‡e
eZ©gv‡b †hfv‡e DrmewU cvjb Kiv n‡”Q Zvi BwZevPK cÖfve Gi †P‡q
†bwZevPK cÖfveB †ewk| GB Aa¨v‡q eZ©gv‡bi mvKivB‡bi BwZevPK
Ges †bwZevPK cÖfve wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b 6.2 G
mvKivB‡bi BwZevPK cÖfve Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| 6.3 G mvKivB‡bi
†bwZevPK cÖfve Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cwi‡ek `~lY, kã `~lY,
evqy `~lY, Rxe ˆewP‡Îi ¶wZ mvab, eq¯‹ I wkï‡`i gvbwmK I kvixwiK
¯^v‡¯’¨i ¶wZ, Ges AbvKvw•¶Z `~N©Ubv| 6.4 G Dcmsnvi Av‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g Aa¨vqwU †kl Kiv n‡q‡Q|

6.2 mvKivB‡bi BwZevPK cÖfve

XvKvi eo eo Drm‡ei g‡a¨ mvKivBb Ab¨Zg| Drme wn‡m‡e mvKivBb
†ek RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i‡Q| eZ©gv‡b GB w`bwU‡K Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z `~i-
`~ivšÍ †_‡K gvbyl Av‡m cyivb XvKvq| 1740 mv‡j mvKivB‡b Nywo
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb K‡iwQj beveiv| Zv‡`i j¶¨ wQj ag©-eY©
†f`v‡f` bv †i‡L mK‡j †hb GB Drme cvjb K‡i †mB e¨e¯’v Kiv| eZ©gv‡b
GwU †mfv‡eB cvwjZ n‡”Q| cyivb XvKvBqv‡`i g‡Z mvKivBb GLb
wn›`y-gymwjg mevi Drm‡e cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i g‡Z, GLb Av‡qvRb
†e‡o‡Q| Avb›`Uv mevB wg‡j Kiv nq| c~‡e© cyivb XvKvi ïaygvÎ
kvuLvixevRvi I ZvuwZevRvi GjvKv‡Z mvKivBb cvjb Kiv n‡Zv, wKš‘
GLb GwU cyivb XvKvi cÖvq me GjvKv‡Z cvjb Kiv nq| mvKivBb cvjb
cÖm‡½ P›`ªwe›`y mvnv (QÙbvg), eqm 42 e‡j‡Qb, "Av‡Mi Zyjbvq
Avb›`Uv GLb Kg bq eis †ewkB nq| AvgivI †Q‡j‡c‡j Avb›` Ki‡Z PvB‡j
Zv‡`i‡K bv Kwibv| GKw`‡bi e¨vcviB †Zv| XvKvq †Zv †Ljvayjvi
RvqMvI †bB| GBw`K †_‡K mvKivB‡b Iiv eÜyevÜe me GKmv‡_ gRv
K‡i| gv wn‡m‡e I‡`i nvwm-Lywk †`L‡Z fv‡jvB jv‡M|" g~jZ Pvi †`qv‡j
†Niv N‡ii g‡a¨B kn‡ii ev”Pviv †e‡o I‡V| †mLv‡b mvKivB‡bi gZ GZ eo
Drm‡e Zviv eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †gjv‡gkv I Avb›` Kivi A‡bK eo my‡hvM cvq|
†mB mv‡_ GB ai‡bi Drme cvj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q wn›`y-gymwjg †Kv‡bv
†f`v‡f` _v‡K bv| GK ai‡bi m¤cÖxwZi eÜb ˆZwi nq|

6.3 mvKivB‡bi †bwZevPK cÖfve

mvKivB‡bi BwZevPK w`K _vK‡jI Gi †ek wKQy †bwZevPK w`K

i‡q‡Q| c~‡e© mvKivBb †hfv‡e cvjb Kiv n‡Zv eZ©gv‡b †mfv‡e cvjb
Kiv n‡j mvKivB‡b †Kvb †bwZevPK cÖfveB _vK‡Zv bv| c~‡e©
mvKivB‡b Nywo Dov‡bv n‡Zv, wcVvcywj evbv‡bv n‡Zv, cÖ‡Z¨K
mbvZb ag©vej¤^x‡i evmvq A‡bK Av‡qvRb K‡i c~Rv Kiv n‡Zv| Avevi
gvBK w`‡q Mvb evRv‡bv n‡Zv cÖ‡Z¨K GjvKvq| GB mKj Kg©KvÛ ev
AvPv‡ii †Kvb †bwZevPK cÖfve ZLb wQj bv| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b
mvKivB‡b D”P k‡ãi Mvb evRv‡bv nq, nvB cvIqvi mvDÛ wm‡÷g Avbv
nq, dvqvi weªw`s, AvuZkevwR dyUv‡bv nq| M‡ewlZ‡`i g‡Z G¸‡jv
cwi‡e‡ki gvivZ¥K ¶wZ K‡i| G‡¶‡Î bxwZevPK cÖfve¸wji g‡a¨ AšÍf©y³
i‡q‡Q- cwi‡ek `~lY, kã `~lY, evqy `~lY, Rxe‰ewP‡Îi ¶wZ mvab, eq¯‹-
wkï‡`i gvbwmK Ges ˆ`wnK ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci cÖfve Ges AbvKvw•¶Z
`yN©Ubv NUvi m¤¢vebv|

6.3.1 cwi‡ek `~lY

we‡k¦i cÖvq me †`‡kB bvbv ai‡bi Drme Avb›` wN‡i AvuZkevwR

cyov‡bv nq| cÖej k‡ãi m‡½ iv‡Zi AÜKvi †f` K‡i Av‡jvi †ivkbvB
Qwo‡q c‡o AvKv‡k| Ac~e© †mB `„‡k¨ we‡gvwnZ nq gvbyl, evsjv‡`kI
Gi e¨wZµg bq| Ab¨iKg GK Avb‡›` †g‡Z I‡V me eqmxivB, we‡kl K‡i
mvKivB‡b AvuZkevwR †cvov‡bv I dvbym Dov‡bvi g‡nvrm‡e †g‡Z
I‡V cyivb XvKvi gvbyl| M‡ewlZ‡`i g‡Z, K‡ivbvi mgq miKvi †_‡K
evwR dyUv‡bv wbwl× Kiv n‡qwQj| ZviciI evmv-evwoi Qv‡`
e¨w³MZfv‡e mvKivB‡b evwR †dvUv‡bv nq| Gi d‡j weKU kã nq I Gi
†fZ‡i _vKv welv³ M¨v‡mi `iƒY cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq| Avevi Nywo Dov‡bvi
Rb¨ c~‡e© KvuPv myZvi e¨env‡ii cÖPjb _vK‡jI GLb Pvqbv, BwÛqv
†_‡K wmb‡_wUK Gi myZv Avbv nq| hv cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ gvivZ¥K ¶wZKi
Ges †µZv‡`i Pvwn`vI GB wmb‡_wU‡Ki myZvi cÖwZ †ewk| Ggb
GKwU welq †Km ÷vwWi gva¨‡g Zy‡j aiv n‡jv :

†Km ÷vwW

AwMœ †PŠayix (QÙbvg) eqm 25, †m cyivb XvKvi ¯’vbxq evwm›`v|

AwMœ e‡jb, "Avwg cÖwZeQiB mvKivB‡b Ask †bB, KL‡bv wb‡R‡`i
Qv‡` mvKivB‡bi Av‡qvRb Kwi, Avevi KL‡bv eÜy‡`i mv‡_ Ask †bB|
mvKivB‡bi Ab¨Zg AvKl©Y Nywo Iov‡bv, Avwg me mgq †Póv Kwi
cÖwZeQi Nywo Dov‡bvi, Avi GRb¨ wb‡RB hvB Nywo I myZv wKb‡Z|
Av‡M myZvq gvÄv w`‡q myZv aviv‡jv KiZvg, Avi GLb †iwW‡gU
aviv‡jv wmb‡_wU‡Ki myZv evRv‡i cvIqv hvq| d‡j mgq †hgb †eu‡P
wM‡q‡Q †Zgwb gvÄv †`Iqvi g‡Zv Sv‡gjvI bvB| GB wmb‡_wUK Gi
myZv cwi‡e‡ki ¶wZ K‡i wKbv Zv Rvb‡Z PvB‡j †m e‡j cwi‡e‡ki ¶wZ
†Zv K‡iB, fvi‡Z ï‡bwQ GB myZv wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k
†Zv Ggb †Kvb AvBb ïwb bvB| gv‡K©‡U GLb G¸jvB †ewk cvIqv hvq|
mevB wK‡b ZvB GB myZv AvwgI wKwb| Avgvi GKvi m‡PZb n‡q †Zv
Avi jvf bvB|"

†gvUv`v‡M K…wÎg Zš‘ `yB cÖKvi| b¨vPvivj cwjgvi I wm‡š’wUK

cwjgvi dvBevi ev Zš‘| Gi g‡a¨ wmb‡_wUK cwjgvi ˆZwi‡Z cøvw÷‡Ki
†evZj †ewk e¨eüZ nq| hv bevqb‡hvM¨ bq (cÖ_g Av‡jv, 2021)| d‡j Gi
Øviv ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq cwi‡ek| Avevi cyivb XvKvBqv‡`i g‡Z GLb cwjw_b
w`‡qI Nywo ˆZwi Kiv nq| Avgiv BwZg‡a¨B Rvwb cøvw÷K I cwjw_b
Df‡qB ¯^vfvweKfv‡e bó nq bv ev cu‡Pbv| G¸‡jv gvwU‡Z †M‡j gvwUi
¯^vfvweK De©iZv bó nq| cøvw÷K Ggb GK c`v_© hv gvwUi wb‡P 500
eQi ch©šÍ A¶q _v‡K (cÖ_g Av‡jv, 2018)|

6.3.2 kã `~lY

mvKivB‡b D”P k‡ã Mvb evRv‡bv nq, AvuZkevwR †dvUv‡bv nq,

dvbym Dov‡bv nq| hv kã `~l‡Yi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| cyivb XvKvBqv‡`i
g‡Z GB w`b A‡bK D”Pk‡ã Mvb evRv‡bv nq hvi d‡j evmv-evwo
Kvuc‡Z _v‡K| Ggwb‡ZB kã `~l‡Y we‡k¦i kxl© kni XvKv| RvwZms‡Ni
cwi‡ek Kg©m~wPi (BDGbBwc) me©‡kl cÖwZ‡e‡b GB Z_¨ D‡V
G‡m‡Q| 'd«w›Uqvim 2022: b‡qR, †eø‡Rm A¨vÛ wgmg¨v‡Pm' kxl©K
cÖwZ‡e`‡b †`Lv hvq, kã `~l‡Yi ZvwjKvq evsjv‡‡ki ivRavbx XvKvi
Ae¯’vb cÖ_g| GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi wb‡`©kbvi K_v
D‡jøL K‡i ejv nq AvevwmK GjvKvi Rb¨ AbygwZ‡hvM¨ k‡ãi gvÎv
n‡”Q 55 †Wwmej Ges evwYwR¨K GjvKvi Rb¨ 70 †Wwmej| Z‡e
†mLv‡b XvKvq k‡ãi gvÎv 119 †Wwmej (The Daily Star, 2022)| Avi
†h‡Kv‡bv Drm‡e GB k‡ãi gvÎv Av‡iv †e‡o hvq| Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z
GKwU †Km ÷vwW †`Iqv nj :

†Km ÷vwW

`xß `vm (QÙbvg), eqm 25 †m cyivb XvKvi ¯’vbxq evwm›`v| Zvi g‡Z,
cÖwZeQi Qv‡` mvKivBb D`hvcb Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K Qv‡`B Mvb
evRv‡bvi Rb¨ 2 †cqvi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i 5-10 †cqvi ch©šÍ mvDÛ e· †Zvjv
nq| Avi D”P k‡ãi Mvb evRv‡bv nq| GKB mg‡q Pvwiw`‡K A‡bK
AvZukevwRI †dvUv‡bv nq| G mgq evmv-evwo¸wj Kvuc‡Z _v‡K|
GQvov evwo‡Z †Kvb eq¯‹ e¨w³ _vK‡j Zviv A‡bK A¯^w¯Í Abyfe K‡ib|
Avwg wb‡RB MZ 3 eQi hveZ gvivZ¥K k‡ãi Kvi‡Y Avgvi VvuKz`v‡K
cyivb XvKvq ivwLbv| Zv‡K Avgvi AvZ¥x‡qi evmvq †i‡L Avwm|

evsjv‡`‡k mvKivBb, _vwU© dv÷© bvBU Gi gZ Drme¸wj‡Z AvBb

k„•Ljv i¶vKvix evwnbxi c¶ †_‡K wb‡lavÁv Rvwii ciI _vg‡Qbv
AvuZkevwR †dvUv‡bv, mvDÛ e‡· D”P k‡ã Mvb evRv‡bv, dvbym
Dov‡bv| eis AvuZkevwR I dvbym wewµi nvi †e‡o wM‡q‡Q| cÖwZ eQi
14B Rvbyqvwi mvKivBb Drm‡ei Rb¨ _vwU©dvm©&U bvBU Gi †P‡qI
10 ¸Y †ewk AvuZkevwR wewµ nq (‰`wbK Avb›`evRvi, 2023)|

¯U¨vg‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evqygЇji `~lY Aa¨qb †K›`ª K¨vcm|

K¨vc‡mi M‡elYvq D‡V G‡m‡Q PvÂj¨Ki Z_¨| el©ei‡Yi iv‡Z Ab¨ mg‡qi
Zyjbvq 78 kZvsk †ewk kã `~lY nq| Avi mvKivB‡b Zvi †_‡KI †ewk
(‰`wbK Avgvi msev`, 2023 )| GB cÖm‡½ cyivb XvKvBqv‡`i g‡a¨
wgkÖ cÖwZwµqv †`Lv hvq| Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z GB Kg©Kvи‡jv
cwi‡e‡ki ¶wZ Ki‡Q| we‡klZ eq¯‹iv g‡b Ki‡Q GB Kg©Kvиwji Kvi‡Y
cwi‡e‡ki A‡bK ¶wZ n‡”Q| Z‡e Aí eqmxiv g‡b K‡i, GKw`bB †Zv gvÎ
AbyôvbUv nq ZvB †Zgb mgm¨v nevi K_v bq| Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z
GKwU †Km ÷vwW Zy‡j aiv n‡jv :

†Km ÷vwW

gg ivq (QÙbvg), eq¯‹ 25 ¯’vbxq evwm›`v| m¤cÖwZ †m cov‡kvbv †kl

K‡i GKwU †emiKvwi PvKwi ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Zv‡K AvuZkevwR †dvUv‡bv,
dvbym Dov‡bv, D”P k‡ãi Mvb evRv‡bvi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki Dci wKiƒc cÖfve
co‡Q GB cÖkœ Kiv n‡j †m Rvbvq, "mvKivB‡b AvuZkevwR †dvUv‡bv,
dvbym Dov‡bv, Mvb-evRbv Kiv‡ZB †ewk gRv nq| GLb Avcwb g‡b
Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h G¸‡jv cwi‡e‡ki Av‡Q wKš‘ Avgvi g‡Z Zv bq| GKw`‡bi
Rb¨ GZ †ewk `~lY, kã `~lY nq bv e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi| Avi G¸‡jv bv n‡j
†Zv Avwg mvKivB‡bB Avm‡ev bv|"

G †_‡K †evSv hvq hviv mvKivBb cvjb Ki‡Q I hviv G‡Z Ask †bq Zv‡i
A‡bKB GmKj Kg©Kv‡Ûi Kvi‡Y gvÎ GKw`‡b cwi‡e‡ki KZUv ¶wZ
n‡Z cv‡i †mm¤ú‡K© Rv‡b bv| mvaviYfv‡e 70 †Wwmej kã gvÎv †Kvb
e¨w³i Rb¨ wbivc` e‡j †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e 1997 mv‡ji XvKvq
cwiPvwjZ GK mgx¶vq †`Lv hvq, ivRavbx‡Z m‡e©v”P kã `~lY 75
†Wwmej (‡eMg, 2000)| eZ©gv‡b Gi gvÎv AviI e„w× †c‡q‡Q Avi
mvKivB‡bi g‡Zv Drme¸wj‡Z Zv wظY e„w× cvq| GB kã `~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y
gvby‡li ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i Dci Pvc m„wó nq| gvbywlK mgm¨v †`Lv †`q, fxwZ,
weiw³Ki fve BZ¨vw` †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|

6.3.3 evqy `~lY

evqy`~lY bvbvfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e evqy `~lY †hme Kg©Kv‡Ði Kvi‡Y
n‡q _v‡K †m¸‡jv mvKivB‡b AKc‡U Kiv nq| cyivb XvKvBqv‡`i g‡Z
Abyôvb Av‡qvR‡bi mgq G¸‡jv wb‡q †KDB fv‡ebv| mvKivB‡b eZ©gvb
Abyl½ n‡jv AvuZkevwR I dvbym| G¸‡jv cÖwZwU gvby‡li Rb¨B
¶wZKi| G‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq Kve©b I mvjdvi| GB `ywU †gŠj cy‡o ˆZwi
nq Kve©b g‡bv·vBW, Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW I mvjdvi-WvB-A·vBW
(wK‡kvi Av‡jv, 2023)|

GB M¨vm¸‡jv gvby‡li ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ fqven ¶wZKi| Kve©b g‡bv–A·vBW

M¨vm evZv‡mi gva¨‡g gvby‡li dymdy‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i i‡³ wg‡k hvq| d‡j
kix‡ii i³ cwien‡b mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| cvkvcvwk dymdy‡mi K¨vbmv‡ii Rb¨I
`vqx GB M¨vm| Kve©b g‡bv–A·vBW I mvjdvi WvB-A·vBW wg‡j ˆZwi
K‡i †iwWK¨vj| dymdy‡mi K¨vbmvi nIqvi Rb¨ GB †iwWK¨vjB `vqx
(wK‡kvi Av‡jv, 2023)| M‡ewlZ‡`i g‡Z, c~‡e© Ggb †Kvb Av‡qvRb Kiv
n‡Zv bv hv gvby‡li g‡b AvZ‡¼i m„wó K‡i ev gvby‡li Rb¨ ¶wZKi nq|
Z‡e eZ©gv‡b ZiæY-ZiæYxiv G¸‡jv K‡i Avb›` cvq|

cwi‡ek evuPvI Av‡›`vjb (cev) Gi †Pqvig¨vb Avey bv‡mi Lvb e‡jb,

GKwU Pxbv AvuZkevwR‡Z 46.88 kZvsk cUvwkqvg bvB‡UªU, 23.44
kZvsk mvjdvi, 23.43 kZvsk A¨vjywgwbqvg I 6.25 kZvsk †ewiqvg
bvB‡UªU e¨eüZ nq| ¯’vbxq AvZkevwR‡Z Gme ¶wZKi Dcv`vb e¨env‡ii
AbycvZ AviI †ewk (mgKvj, 2023)|

6.3.4 Rxe‰ewP‡Îi ¶wZmvab

eZ©gv‡b gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri Kg©Kv‡Ði Kvi‡YB ¶wZi wkKvi n‡”Q|

†mBmv‡_ ¶wZi gy‡L †dj‡Q cwi‡ek I cÖvYxRMZ‡K| cÖwZeQi
_vwU© dv÷© bvB‡U I mvKivB‡b AvZukevwR †dvUv‡bv, dvbym
Iov‡bv GKUv ixwZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| miKv‡ii bvbv evav wb‡la _vK‡jI
Zv gvb‡Qb bv †KDB| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY, †ewki fvM gvbylB Rv‡bb bv
AvZukevwR cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ KZUv ¶wZKi| Avevi ¶wZi welqUv Rvbvi ciI
A‡b‡K Avb›`Uv‡K †ewk cÖvavb¨ †`q| cyivb XvKvBqv‡`i †KD †KD
Avevi g‡b K‡ib GKw`‡b †Zgb †Kv‡bv ¶wZB n‡ebv| Zv‡`i g‡Z m‡PZb
n‡Z n‡j GK`g †Mvov †_‡K m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|

AvZukevwR KZUv ¶wZKi, Zv Rvbvi Av‡M Rvb‡Z n‡e, GUv Kv‡`i

Rb¨ ¶wZKi| gvbyl †Zv e‡UB, cïcvwLi Rb¨I AvZukevwR n‡Z cv‡i fqsKi
¶wZi KviY| AwZwi³ k‡ãi Kvi‡Y nvU© A¨vUv‡K gviv hvq cvwL| 2021
mv‡j _vwU© dv÷© bvB‡U AvZukevwR †dvUv‡bvi Kvi‡Y BZvwji
†ivg kn‡i K‡qK nvRvi cvwL g‡i iv¯Ívq c‡o wQj| GB cvwL¸‡jv nvU©
A¨vUv‡K gviv wM‡qwQj AvZukevwRi weKU k‡ãi Kvi‡Y (wK‡kvi
Av‡jv, 2023)| †h‡Kv‡bv Drm‡e evsjv‡`‡kI GB NUbv¸‡jv GLb gv‡S
g‡a¨B N‡U| mvKivB‡bI Ggb NUbv cÖvq cÖwZeQiB N‡U| Gi mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z GKwU †Km ÷vwW Zy‡j aiv nj-

†Km ÷vwW

ivwÎ Rvnvb (QÙbvg), eqm 41, wZwb GKRb M„wnYx, wZwb XvKvi
¯’vbxq evwm›`v I GKwU evwoi gvwjK| Zvi GK †Q‡j I GK †g‡q Av‡Q|
Zvi †Q‡ji cvwL I KeyZi cvjvi kL Av‡Q| GB cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb, "Avgvi
†Q‡j cvwL Avi KeyZi‡K A‡bK †ewk fv‡jvev‡m| †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB
†Q‡j evmvq G¸‡jv †cv‡l| cÖvq cÖwZeQiB mvKivBb Gi mgq LvuPvi
1Uv wKsev 2Uv cvwL gviv hvq, A‡bK mgq KeyZi¸wj D”P k‡ãi Kvi‡Y
nvU© A¨vUv‡K gviv hvq| Avgvi †Q‡jUv †mB mgq A‡bK
KvbœvKvwU K‡i| Ii k‡Li wRwbm †Zv| Kv‡K wK ej‡ev| Avgvi evwoi
Qv‡` G¸‡jv eÜ Ki‡jI Ab¨ Qv‡` †Zv evwR †dvUv‡eB| ZvB GLb Avi
KvD‡K wKQy ewjbv|"

gvbyl I Rxe‰ewP‡Îi Rb¨ ¶wZKi nIqvq mvKivBb Drmemn me ai‡bi

Drm‡e evwR, kã I evqy`~lYKvix Kvh©µg wbwl‡×i `vwe Rvwb‡q‡Q
¯U¨vg‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evqygÐjxq `~lY Aa¨qb †K›`ª- K¨vcm|
Bs‡iwR beel©eiY Ges mvKivBb‡K wN‡i AvZukevwR I dvbym
Iov‡bv‡K †K›`ª K‡i `yN©Ubvi NUbv Zy‡j a‡i K¨vcm Rvbvq, el©ei‡Yi
iv‡Z K¨vc‡mi M‡elYvq Ab¨ mg‡qi Zyjbvq 78 kZvsk †ewk kã I 33
kZvsk †ewk evqy~l‡Yi Z_¨ D‡V G‡m‡Q (‰`wbK Avgvi msev`, 2022)|

6.3.5 eq¯‹ I wkï‡`i gvbwmK Ges kvixwiK ¯^v‡¯’¨i ¶wZ

mvKivB‡b msMwVZ nIqv Kg©Kv‡Ûi Kvi‡Y ¶wZi m¤§yLxb nq eq¯‹-

wkïiv| G e¨vcv‡i K¨vc‡mi cwiPvjK I ¯U¨vg‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
cwi‡ek weÁvb wefv‡Mi †Pqvig¨vb Aa¨vcK Avn‡g` Kvgiæ¾vgvb
gRyg`vi e‡jb, el©eiY I mvKivBb cvjb Ki‡Z wM‡q kã I evqy`~lY
NUv‡bv †`‡ki cwi‡ek msi¶Y AvB‡bi j•Nb| GKB m‡½ Zv bvMwiK‡`i
g‡a¨ hvuiv `~l‡Yi d‡j ¯^v¯’¨SyuwK‡Z †ewk _v‡Kb A_©vr eq¯‹ I wkï‡`i
¯^v‡¯’¨i wec` AviI evwo‡q †Zv‡j| Mf©¯’ å~‡Yi †¶‡ÎI AvZkuevwR ¶wZ
Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvZukevwR I dvbym cÖvwYRM‡Z fqven wec` †W‡K Av‡b
(mgKvj, 2023)|

GB cÖm‡½ cyivb XvKvBqv‡`i g‡a¨ eq¯‹ A‡b‡KB Zv‡`i kvixwiK

mgm¨vi K_v Zy‡j a‡i‡Qb| Gi GKwU †Km ÷vwW Zy‡j aiv n‡jv :

†Km ÷vwW

myeY©x Kg©Kvi (QÙbvg), eqm 52, cyivb XvKvi ¯’vbxq evwm›`v|

mvKivBb cÖm‡½ ej‡Z wM‡q wZwb e‡jb, "Av‡M mvKivBb Avm‡j
A‡bK Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z cviZvg| wKš‘ GLb Avi †mfv‡e cvwibv| eqm
†e‡o‡Q ZvB Avgvi KvR Kivi kw³I GLb Kg| Z‡e Gevi mvKivB‡b Avwg
†ek A¯^w¯Í‡Z c‡owQjvg| mvKivB‡bi iv‡Z D”P k‡ãi Mv‡bi Kvi‡Y
AwZwi³ gv_v e¨v_v ïiæ nq Avgvi| hvi d‡j c‡ii w`b evmvq †gngvb Avmv
m‡Ë¡I weQvbv †_‡K DV‡ZB cvwi bvB| mvivw`b gv_ve¨_v nB‡Q Avi
†Pv‡L A‡bK Svcmv †`LwQ|"

ïaygvÎ myeY©x Kg©Kvi bq, D”P k‡ãi Kvi‡Y A‡bK eq¯‹ivB evmvq
_vK‡Z cv‡i bv ev Amyweav nq| Avgvi evwoi wkïivI A‡bK fq cvq|
_vwU© dv÷ bvB‡U †Zv GgbB GKwU `yN©Ubv 2022 mv‡j N‡U
wM‡qwQ‡jv, AvuZkevwRi weKU k‡ã GKwU wkï gviv wM‡qwQ‡jv|
cyivb XvKvBqv‡`i g‡Z Zviv mvKivB‡b weKU AvIqvR Gi f‡q evmvq
nvU© GUv‡Ki †ivMx ev eq¯‹ KvD‡K ivL‡Z cv‡ibv| Avi Zviv hw`
mvKivB‡b evmvq _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡`i gv_v aiv, ewg ewg fvemn Amy¯’ n‡q
hvIqvi gZ mgm¨v †`Lv †`q|

6.3.6 AbvKvw•¶Z `yN©Ubv NUv

mvKivB‡b dvbym Dov‡bv, AvuZkevwR †dvUv‡bvi Rb¨ Ges mvivivZ

cvwU© Pjvi Rb¨ AbvKvw•¶Z yN©Ubv NUvi m¤¢vebv A‡bK †e‡o hvq|
dvqvi mvwf©m Kg©KZ©viv ej‡Qb, XvKv kn‡ii g‡Zv NbemwZ
GjvKvq dvbym Iov‡bvi Kvi‡Y fqven AwMœKv‡Ði m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
_vwU© dv÷ bvB‡U I mvKivB‡b Iov‡bv dvbym¸‡jv hw` ivRavbxi
†Kv‡bv ew¯Í GjvKvq c‡o, Zvn‡j AviI fqven AwMœ`yN©Ubvi mv¶x
n‡e GB †`k| ZvB Drm‡e dvbym Iov‡bv eÜ Pvq dvqvi mvwf©m| dvqvi
mvwf©m A¨vÛ wmwfj wW‡d‡Ýi XvKv †Rjvi Dc-cwiPvjK w`jgwb
kg©v e‡jb, ÔRbM‡Yi ¯^v‡_© dvbym Iov‡bv eÜ Kiv DwPZ| AwMœ I
`y‡h©vM we‡klÁ †gRi G †K Gg kvwKj †bIqvR e‡jb, Ôdvby‡mi Kvi‡Y
Gw·‡W›Uvj Av¸b a‡i KjKviLvbv, RbemwZ I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GjvKvq eo
ai‡bi ¶q¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i| dvbym Iov‡bv eÜ Kiv DwPZ (‰`wbK Avgvi
msev`, 2023)| Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z GKwU †Km ÷vwW Zy‡j aiv nj:

†Km ÷vwW

Abycg `Ë (QÙbvg), eqm 37, cyivb XvKvq Zvi GKwU gyw`i †`vKvb
Av‡Q| Z‡e mvKivB‡bi mgq wZwb Zvi †`vKv‡b Nywoi †gŠmywg
e¨emvi ïiæ K‡ib| mvKivB‡b Zvi †ePv‡Kbv A‡bK †e‡o hvq| Zv‡K cÖkœ
Kiv n‡qwQj †h wZwb †`vKv‡b Nywoi cvkvcvwk dvbym I AvuZkevwR
wewµ K‡ib wKbv, GB cÖ‡kœi Dˇi wZwb e‡jb, "GB eQi dvbym Avi
AvuZkevwR wewµ‡Z cywjk wb‡lavÁv Rvwi K‡iwQj| d‡j Avgiv
A‡b‡KB G¸‡jv wewµ KwibvB wKš‘ A‡bK RvqMvq G¸jv jywK‡q
wewµ nB‡Q| G¸jv wewµ bv nIqvB fv‡jv| GB cÖm‡½ †m e‡jb, Gevi
Zviv dvby‡mi fqvenZv †_‡K A‡íi Rb¨ i¶v †c‡q‡Qb, Gevi mvKivB‡b
GKUv dvbym DBov AvBmv Avgvi †`vKv‡bi Kv‡i‡›Ui Zv‡ii Dci
cowQj| c‡i A‡bK †`vKvb`vi cvwb gvi‡Q, †KD †KD ev‡ki jvwV G‡b
evwo w`‡q Zvici †mB dvbym Kv‡i‡›Ui Zvi †_‡K wb‡P †dj‡Q|"

Avevi eZ©gv‡b mvKivB‡b cyivb XvKvi evmv evwoi Qv‡` ivZfi

cvwU© P‡j| cyivb XvKvBqv‡`i g‡Z GB cvwU©¸‡jv‡ZB cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨K
eQi wKQy bv wKQy `yN©Ubv NUvi Lei †kvbv hvq| GB cÖm‡½
GKwU †Km ÷vwW Zy‡j aiv n‡jv :

†Km ÷vwW

†gŠwgZv mvnv (QÙbvg), eqm 22, †m †QvU †_‡K mvKivBb D`hvcb

K‡i| †m Av‡M Nywo Dov‡Zv Z‡e GLb Avi †Zgb Nywo Dovq bv| †m
Rvbvq, "Zv‡`i Qv‡` mvKivBb †cÖvMÖvg 3 eQi hver ivZ 8Uv ch©šÍ
P‡j Gi †ewk mgq P‡j bv| Gi †cQ‡b †Kvb KviY Av‡Q wKbv wRÁvmv
Ki‡j †m e‡j, "eQi wZ‡bK Av‡MI A‡bK ivZ ch©šÍ Avgv‡`i Qv‡`
†cÖvMÖvg n‡q‡Q, Z‡e Gici Avi ivZ 8Uvi †ewk †cÖvMÖvg Kiv nq bv|
†Kbbv wZb eQi Av‡M Avgv‡`i mvg‡bi wewìs‡q GKUv eo ai‡bi
yN©Ubv N‡U wM‡qwQj| 20-25 eQi eqmx 4 Rb †Q‡j mvivivZ Qv‡`
wQ‡jv Ges †mLv‡b Zviv †gqv‡`vËxY© gv`K `ªe¨ MÖnY K‡iwQj|
mvKivB‡bi ciw`b mKv‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb‡K g„Z Ae¯’vq cvIqv
wM‡qwQj Avi evwK wZbR‡bi g‡a¨ 2 Rb GL‡bv c¨vivjvBRW|"

Dcmsnvi

Aa¨vqwU‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q eZ©gv‡b mvKivBb †hfv‡e cvjb Kiv

n‡”Q Zvi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK cÖfve wb‡q| cieZ©x Aa¨vqwU nj
M‡elYvKg©wUi †kl Aa¨vq, hv Dcmsnv‡ii gva¨‡g †kl Kiv n‡q‡Q|