Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 179

    

   !"" #$&%'

(*)
+-,/.021436567

8:9 (<;>=@?A?CBED=@FHGJILKA?M=NILOQP 9 O@R<OSOS;>BTF*?VULPW?MX<BYKMBEZ 9 =SKMBE; BEF*?C[


P\U]K^?CX_B`D_BTa]KABTB`ULPcb6UedE?MU]KULPgf/X<=SO@U][MU]G_Xh)

i X<BT[A=S[ 3 D_je=S[AU]KTkb6KElnmo=@dpXJILBTO 8 lnqVKCILF_=Sdpr*)

b6BTGJILKs?C;>BTF*?$ULP , OSBTdt?CKA=Sd I O , F<a]=SF_BTBTKA=SF<a>ILF_DvuVU];>G 9 ?MBTK 8 dE=SBEF<dTB


u 3 8 ,+-, 8 i$,#w45xw, 8 ,w2yz,|{5.}yz,w 8 .~iV
3 9 a 9 [s? €‚Lƒ]ƒ_„
u 3 8 ,+-, 8 i$,#w45xw, 8 , w2yz,|{5.}yz,w 8 .~iV
7Yw43 b {3/i$, 8 i${ b . , 8

+ B`X_BTKMBE(*)ILG<G<KAU†jLB`?MX<Bz?CX<BE[M=@[4U P
+-,/.021436567
d I F<D<=SD<I ?CB6P\U]K^?MX<B b6U:dt?CU]KULPgf/X<=SO@U][MULG<X*)
D<BEa]KMBEBLlˆ‡

8 =@a]F<BTD‰k Š
uVXJI =SKM; ILFn‹

bzI ?MB mŒI )&„ <€n ƒ]ƒ_„

‡+ ` B ILOS[AUŽdTBTKs?C=P)?CXJI‘?’$KM=@?A?CBEFŒILG_G<KMU“j ILO2XJI [
(QBTBTFU](_?CIL=SF_BTD”P\U]K$ILF*)HG<KAU]G<KM=@BE?CILKA)•;•I ?MBTKA=NILO
dTULFh?CIL=SF_BTDH?CX<BEKMBT=@F2l
. La KCILF*??CU u^IL[AB + BT[s?CBEKMF w BT[ABTKsj]B { F<=j]BTKA[M=?~)”?CX<BYKM=@a]X*?^?CU
9 [AB`?MX<=S[^’–U]KMrn€J=@KMKMBE[MGQBTdt?C=@jLBYULP/ILF*)”dEU]G*)eKM=SaLXh?T€<P\U]K^?CX_B
{ F_=@j]BEKM[A=@?~)Q—˜[#U“’$F•G 9 KMGQU][MBE[–’$=@?MX<U 9 ?dEU][A?#?CUY?CX_B { F<=@jLBTKA[M=@?~)
U]K^?MU>=?C[[s? 9 D<BEF*?C[T€‚ILa]BEF*?C[4ILF<DBT;>G<OSU“)LBTBT[El . P 9 Ks?CX<BEKI a]KMBEB
?CX<I ??CX<B { F<=@jLBTKM[A=@?~)H; I )KMBEG<KMUeD 9 dEB™I F<DHG<KMU“je=SD<BY[A=SF<a]O@B
dTULG<=SBE[4U PW?MX<Bz’VU]KArn€J=SFILF*)P\U]KA;•I ?$U ?CX<BEK^?CXJILF=SFHU]K^P\KAU];
;>=SdTKAULP\U]KA; [E€e?MU>?MX<BYG 9 (<O@=SdšP\U]K^?MX<BYdTU][s?4ULPgKABTG<KAU:D 9 dE?M=SU]F2l
i Uœ›6=@F
žVŸV_¡WŸV_¢

£#¤¦¥E§>¨n©4ªV«<¬W­¯®e¥‰°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]° ±

£#¤¦¥E§>¨n©4²¤¯³Q´¶µ†®:¥‚°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°·±¶¤

¸”¹†º¼» ¨e½ ­¯®e¾¶³‚¿À® » §†¥š°L°*°L°]°*°]°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°L°*°]°]°*°z±¶¤Á

¸ ¬W¥E§“µ†« ¹ §Â°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°]°Ã±2Á¶¤

Ä °”Å » §“µ†¨¼¾W´ ¹ §†¤\¨ » §“¨Æo®*§Ç½Ã¨nµ º ®e¾-Ȩ » §“µ†¨Q­$ɂʶ¥E§ ®:¿¥°*°]°]°*°L°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]° Ä


„]l„ . F*?CKMUeD 9 dt?C=@U]Fl`l`lÂlYl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l „
„]l„]l@„ , jLU]O 9 ?M=SU]FHULPcuVU];>G 9 ?MBTKsË uVU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTD 8 )e[A?MBT;>[ l`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l „
„]l„]ĺ . F*?MKMUeD 9 dE?M=SU]F”?MU 5 u 8 l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l 
„]ĺ 3Îw BTILOË + ULKMOSD 5 u 8 . ;>G<O@BT;>BTF*?pI ?M=SU]FÏl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ð
„]l˜Ñ Ò 9 F<DJIL;>BTF*?CILO . [M[ 9 BT[=SF 5 u 8 [l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ó
„]l˜Ñ_l@„ i =@; BÇË y ILKs)e=SF<a i KCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULFofÔBTKA=SUeD l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ó
„]l˜Ñ_ĺ 5 BE?~’–U]KMr 8 dpX<BTD 9 OS=SF_al`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l „“ƒ
„]l˜Ñ_lÍÑ 5 BE?~’–U]KMr]Ë . F<D 9 dEBTD b6BEONI )lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l „]„
„]l˜Ñ_l˜ 8 =SF<a]O@BtË~fgILdpr BE?$je[TlQm 9 O?C=@G<OSBÇË fgI dprLBE? i KCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]F l`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l „]„
„]l˜Ñ_lÌÐ b6KAU]G<G<=@F<a 5 Bt?~’VULKMrHfgI dprLBE?M[ lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l „†
„]lՍ w BEONI ?MBTD + U]KMrÖl`lÂlYl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l „“Ñ

j
„]lՍ<l@„ 8 ? 9 D_)ULP 5 u 8 [$’$=@?CX 5 BE?~’–U]KMr]Ë . F_D 9 dTBED&b6BTOSI“)×l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l „“Ñ
„]lՍ<ĺ uVULFh?MKMU]O2’$=?CX 5 ULF:Ë { F<=@P\U]KA; 3 ?A?CBEFh?M=SU]F lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l „†Ó
„]lՍ<lÍÑ uVULFh?MKMU]O2’$=?CX w I ?CB`uVU]F_[A?CKMIL=SF*?M[•lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l „“Ø
„]lՍ<l˜ uVULFh?MKMU]O¶I F<D 8 dpX<BTD 9 OS=SF_a•uVU‘Ë b6BT[A=Sa]F l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l :„
„]lÍÐ Ù6KMa*ILF_=SÚ I‘?C=SULF”ILF<DŒuVU]F*?CKA=S( 9 ?M=SU]F_[ULPW?MX<B i X<BT[A=S[ l`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l LÑ
„]lÍÐ:l@„ i X_BT[M=@[ÙzKAa*ILF<=@Ú I ?M=SU]F l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l LÑ
„]lÍÐ:ĺ i X_BT[M=@[uVU]F*?CKM=@( 9 ?M=SU]F<[xl`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l LÛ

Ü °ŒÉ‰§ «<¬g¤¯­¯¤\§Çʨn©Æ&Ȝɼ¥Ã½ ¤§†Ýª™¤¯¿®]ÞAß«_µ†Ê¼¤ » ³àªVµ†« » ¥T¿á¤¦¥T¥ ¤¯¨ »ãâ ®hµ ¤\¨¼¾Œ°L°]°]°*°]°]°*° ܂ä
:l„ . F*?CKMUeD 9 dt?C=@U]Fl`l`lÂlYl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ]Ó
:ĺ moUeD<BTO@=SF<a 5 u 8 [4’$=?CX i =S;>BtË y ILKA)e=@F<a i KCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]FfWBEKM=@U:D lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l LØ
:l˜Ñ w Btje=SBE’ULP + ILO@[MXáåtæVçLèéS—˜[ w BT[ 9 O@? l`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ñ*
:lՍ i X<BTULKMBE?M=SdTILO w BE[ 9 O?C[êl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ñ]ë
:lՍ<l@„ q–BTOSO@;•I F:Ë 7 KMU]F*’VILOSOQì¼BT;>; IílÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ñ]Ø
:lՍ<ĺ q–U 9 F<DU]F i KMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F , KMKMULKîlYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ñ]Ø
:lՍ<lÍÑ q–U 9 F<DU]F 8 ?pI‘?CB , KMKMULKVl`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l <„
:lՍ<l˜ q–U 9 F<DU]Fb6BTdEKMB I [MB`ULPcì2)]ILG 9 F<U“jÒ 9 F<dt?C=@U]F l`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l h
:lՍ<lÌÐ 8 ?pIL(<=@OS=?~) U P 5 u 8 [lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ]
:lÍÐ qVU 9 F_DoU]F i KCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]FfÔBTKM=@U:DŒlÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ÐLƒ
:l˜Û 3 O?CBTKAFJI ?MBYqVU 9 F<DU]F i KCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]FfWBEKM=@U:Dïl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ÐLÛ
:l˜Û_l@„ q–U 9 F<DU]F”?CX<B ,gð G‚ULF<BTF*?C=SILO¼ULPgI 1 9 KA’$=?CÚ`mŒI‘?CKM= ð l`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ÐLÛ
:l˜Û_ĺ 3 O@?MBTKMF<I ?CBYqVU 9 F<DU]F 8 ?pI ?MB , KAKMU]KÀlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ÐLë
je=
:l˜Û_lÍÑ 3 O@?MBTKMF<I ?CBYqVU 9 F<DU]FŒb6BEdTKAB IL[AB`U Pcì2)*I G 9 F<U“jÒ 9 F<dt?C=SULFlÂl`lÂl`l`l ÐLØ
:l˜Û_l˜ 3 O@?MBTKMF<I ?CBYqVU 9 F<DU]F i KCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULFHfWBTKA=SUeDÏlÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Û]ƒ
:lÍÓ uVU];>GJILKM=@[MU]F”U PW?MX<B i ’VU i X<BTU]KABT;>[”lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Û]Ñ
:l˜ë 5 9 ;>BTKA=SdTILO 8 BTILKMdpXP\U]K^?CX_BÂq–U 9 F<Dl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Û*Ó
:l˜ë_l@„ ,gð XJI 9 [A?C=j]B 8 B I KMdpX 3 OSa]ULKM=@?MX<; lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ÓLƒ
:l˜Ø 3 G<GQBTF_D<= ð lÂl`l`lÂlYl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ó:„

ñ °HÆo®*§Ç½Ã¨nµ º É ¹ ÝÔ®e¾Ô´W­¯¤ » ³¤ » Æ&Ȝɼ¥4°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]° änä


Ñ_l„ . F*?CKMUeD 9 dt?C=@U]Fl`l`lÂlYl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ó]Ó
Ñ_ĺ 8 dpX<BED 9 OS=@F<aœULP 5 u 8 [&l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ÓLØ
Ñ_ĺ:l@„ f/KAU](<OSBE;ïb6BE[MdTKA=SG_?M=SU]F l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ÓLØ
Ñ_ĺ:ĺ qVIL[M=@d`uVU]F<dTBEG_?C[Öl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ë]ƒ
Ñ_l˜Ñ w I‘?CB`moU]F_UL?CU]F_=Sd 8 dpX<BED 9 O@=SF<a>ULP 5 u 8 [ lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ëL
Ñ_l˜Ñ_l@„ w I ?MB`moU]F<UL?MU]F<=@d 8 dpX<BTD 9 OS=@F<a l`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ëL
Ñ_l˜Ñ_ĺ 3 G<G<O@=Sd I‘?C=SULF•?CU 5 u 8 [îl`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ë*Ð
Ñ_l˜Ñ_lÍÑ . ;>G<O@BT;>BTF*?pI ?M=SU]F . [M[ 9 Bl`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ë]ë
Ñ_lՍ 8 dpX<BED 9 OS=@F<a Ù6G_?C=@; =@Ú I ?M=SU]FòlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ë]ë
Ñ_lՍ<l@„ f/KAU](<OSBE;ïÒJU]KA; 9 ONI‘?C=SULFl`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ë]ë
Ñ_lՍ<ĺ 3 F ,gð IL;>G<OSBl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ø]ƒ
Ñ_lÍÐ 5 U]FeË . D<BTILO i KCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]F<[Vó ,cô BEdE?4ULPÔ?CX<B`b6BEONI ) l`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ø*

õ °ŒÉ‰§ «<¬g¤¯­¯¤\§Çʨn©Æ&Ȝɼ¥Ã½ ¤§†ÝÆo®*§Ç½Ã¨nµ º ÞMÅ » ¾Ô´ ¹ ®e¾ö”®e­¯«*Ê °L°]°*°]°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°ø÷nù

j:=@=
<l„ . F*?CKMUeD 9 dt?C=@U]Fl`l`lÂlYl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ø*Ð
<ĺ moUeD<BTO@=SF<a 5 u 8 [4’$=?CX 5 Bt?~’VULKMr]Ë . F<D 9 dTBED b6BTOSI“)álÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ø*Ó
<ĺ:l@„ b6BEONI )”ì¼BE[M[ i XJILFŒÙzF_B 8 IL; G_OS=SF_aŽfWBEKM=SUeDúl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ø*Ó
<ĺ:ĺ ì¼U]F_a]BTK$b6BEONI )e[”lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ø]ë
<l˜Ñ 8 ?pI (<=SO@=@?~) w BEa]=SULF<[ílYl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ø]Ø
<l˜Ñ_l@„ 3 FJILO)e?M=SdTILOSO)hË~b6BE?MBTKM;>=SF_BTD 8 ?pIL(<=@OS=?~) w BTaL=SU]FàlÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ƒLƒ
<l˜Ñ_ĺ 5 9 ;>BTKM=@d ILO@O@)*Ë b6Bt?CBEKM;>=SF<BED 8 ?CIL(<=SO@=@?~) w BEa]=SULFálÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ƒ:„
<lՍ 3 FJI O@)eÚT=@F<a 8 ?pI (<=SO@=@?~) { [M=@F<a>I 1 )e(<KM=@D 8 ):[s?CBE; [ i BEdpX<F<=@Z 9 B×l`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ƒLÑ
<lՍ<l@„ uVULF<[A?CILF*?šb6BEONI )'l`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ƒLÑ
<lՍ<ĺ i =@; BÇË y ILKs)e=SF<aŽb6BEONI ) l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ƒLÛ
<lÍÐ uVU];>G‚BEF<[CI ?M=SU]FP\ULK 5 BE?~’–U]KAr*Ë . F<D 9 dEBTD&b6BEONI ) l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ƒ]Ó
<lÍÐ:l@„ Ò 9 O@OË 8 ?pI ?MB6ÒJBTBED<(JILdprl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ƒLë
<lÍÐ:ĺ Ù 9 ?MG 9 ?ÒJBTBED<(JILdprûlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ]„ ƒ
<l˜Û uVU]F*?CKAU]O ,gð GQBTKA=S;>BTF*?C[ٚj]BEK4I f/X*)e[M=SdTILO 5 Bt?~’VULKMrül`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ]„ Ñ
<l˜Û_l@„ 8 BE? 9 G l`lÂlYl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ]„ Ñ
<l˜Û_ĺ uVO@U:dpr 8 )eF<dpX<KMULF<=SÚTI ?C=@U]F lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ]„“Ð
<l˜Û_lÍÑ 5 BE?~’–U]KMr w U 9 F_D:Ë i KM=@Gob6BEONI )HmB IL[ 9 KMBE; BEFh?•lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ]„ Û
<l˜Û_l˜ 3 F ,gð IL;>G<OSBl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ]„“Ó

ù2°ŒÉ‰§ «<¬g¤¯­¯¤\§Çʨn©Æ&Ȝɼ¥Ã½ ¤§†Ýö”«_§“« â « ¹†º ®*§•ö”µ†¨ný/¨Q´¶§Ž°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°L°*°]°]°*° Ä:ܼÄ


Ð:l„ . F*?CKMUeD 9 dt?C=@U]Fl`l`lÂlYl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ†e„
Ð:ĺ 3 b 8 [’$=?CX w I‘?CB`uVU]F<[s?CKMIL=SF*?C[àl`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ†L
je=S=@=
Ð:l˜Ñ moUeD<BTO@=SF<a 5 u 8 [4’$=?CXbzI ?CIŽfgILdpr BE?zb6KAU]GQU 9 ?&l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ† Ñ
Ð:lՍ 8 dpX<BED 9 OS=@F<aœULP 5 u 8 [ w Btje=S[M=?CBED lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ† Ø
Ð:lÍÐ moUeD<BTO@=SF<a 5 u 8 [4’$=?CXom 9 O?C=@G<OSBÇË fgI dprLBE? i KCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULF l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“Ñ]Ó
Ð:lÍÐ:l@„ 8 ?pIL(<=@OS=?~) U P 8 dpX<BED 9 O@=SF<a 5 Bt?~’VULKMrh[lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ÑLë

þ °ŒÈ¨ »Ô¹ ­¯´W¥ ¤\¨ » ¥Ž« » ¾|²¶´¶§“´Ôµ†®Œÿ ¨nµ º °]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]° Ähõ


Û_l„ uVU]F<dEO 9 [A=SU]F<[øl`l`lÂlYl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ ]ƒ
Û_ĺ Ò 9 ? 9 KAB + ULKMrŒl`l`lÂlYl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ *

®h©}®hµ†® »W¹ ®e¥™°*°]°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]° Ähõ ù

Ž¤\¬g­¯¤¯¨n³nµ†«<ýWÝ‚Ê °*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°]°*°]°]°*°]°L°*°]°]°*°]°]°*°L°]°*°]°]°]°*° Ä ù õ


 ¢hž   ¡Ô¢

:l„ uVU];>GJILKM=@[MU]F”U Pg(QU 9 F<D_[4P\U]K$IŽ[Ad ILOSILKG<ONI Fh?’$=?CXHD<= ô BEKMBTF*?4dTO@U][MBED:Ë~O@U:ULG<[ l Û]Û


Ñ_l„ 3 FJI OSU]aL) (QBE?~’–BTBTFŒF<BE?~’–U]KMrHI F<Dvu^f { [MdpX_BTD 9 O@=SF<aHl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ë]Ñ
Ñ_ĺ uVU];>GJILKM=@[MU]F”U Pg(QU 9 F<D_[4P\U]K[Ad ILOSILK^G<OSILF*?C[’$=@?MX”?CX<BY[CI ; BYdTO@U][MBED:Ë~O@U:ULG l`l ë]Û
Ñ_l˜Ñ + ULKM[A?sË~dTIL[MB(<OSUedprh=SF<aY?C=@; B4ILF<D ?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULF GQBTKA=SUeD KMILF<a]B$P\U]K ,cð IL;>G<O@BšÑ_l˜Ñ-ë]ë
Ð:l„ fgILdpr BE?D<KMULGoKMI ?CB6P\U]K 5 u 8 [$=SF ,gð I ; G<O@B`Ð:lÍÓ l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ÑLÑ
Ð:ĺ fgILdpr BE?D<KMULG‚U 9 ?KMI ?CB6P\ULK 5 u 8 [4=SF ,gð IL; G_OSB`Ð:l˜ë l`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“Ñ]Ð

ð
 ¢hž   ¡¶¢

„]l„ 7 BEF<BTKA=Sdz[ABE? 9 GŒULPgbzbYuê[s)e[A?CBE; lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ñ


„]ĺ 7 BEF<BTKA=Sdz[ABE? 9 GŒULPgbYu 8 lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ñ
„]l˜Ñ 7 BEF<BTKA=Sdz[ABE? 9 GŒULP 5 u 8 lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ñ
„]lՍ 3 KMBTILOË ’VU]KAOSD 5 u 8 =S;>G<O@BT;>BTF*?pI ?M=SU]F lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Û
„]lÍÐ i =S;>=SF<a™D<=NILaLKCIL; P\U]K?~’VU>F<UeD<BT[$U]FIœKCILF_D<U];ïI dTdTBE[M[F<BE?~’–U]KMrnl l`lÂl`l`l Ø
„]l˜Û i =S;>=SF<a™D<=NILaLKCIL; P\U]K4ILFILKM(_=@?CKMILKA)•F<UeD<BzU]FoIœ[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=@F<a F_BE?~’–U]KMrnlíl`l`l „“ƒ
„]lÍÓ 3 KMU*I D<;•I GH?MUŽ?CX<Bz?CX_BT[M=@['lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l 
:l„ 8 )e[A?MBT;ø;>U:D<BEO 9 <F D_BTK$dTU]F_[M=SD_BTKCI‘?C=SULFvlÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Lë
Š Š Š
:ĺ i KMI ABTdt?CU]Ks)”ULP   ‹Ç€   ‹t€nILF_D !  ‹`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ñ_„
:l˜Ñ qVU 9 F_D<[$U]F?MX<Bz?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]F”G‚BEKM=@U:D l`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ñ_„
:lՍ 3 j ILOS=@DHì¼)]ILG 9 F_U†j”P 9 F<dE?M=SU]F”?CU>G<KAU†jLB 5 u 8 [s?pIL(_=SOS=?~) l`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ÐLƒ
:lÍÐ . OSO 9 [A?MKCI ?M=SU]FU WP ?MX<BYG<KMUeULPWULP i X_BTU]KABT;ò:l„†Ðûl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ð]
Š
:l˜Û 8 U]O 9 ?C=@U]FUL#P " ‚%‹ $ƒŽ=@F i X_BTU]KABT;ò:l„†ÐîlYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ѝ
Š
:lÍÓ 8 U]O 9 ?C=@U]FUL#P " ‚%‹ $ƒŽ=@F i X_BTU]KABT;ò:ĺLÑ·lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Û]Ñ
Ñ_l„ 8 dpX<BED 9 OS=@F<aœULPgI>[ABE?4ULP 5 u 8 [ l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ë]ƒ
Ñ_ĺ fgILKMIL;>BE?CBEKM[$ULPgIŽKMB I OË}?M=S;>BšF<Bt?~’VULKMr?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F?pI [Mrl`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ë*
Ñ_l˜Ñ 8 d I OSBTDH[s?CBTGoKMBE[MGQU]F<[MBE[U PW?MX<BYU]KM=@a]=SFJI O‚dEU]F*?CKMULO¼[A)e[A?MBT; l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ø]Ñ

ð=
Ñ_lՍ w m·[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=SF_a KABT[ 9 O@? lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ØL
Ñ_lÍÐ 8 d I OSBTDH[s?CBTGoKMBE[MGQU]F<[MBE[(*) w m·[MdpX<BED 9 OS=@F<a l`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l ØL
<l„ 5 u 8 ; UeD<BEO‰’$=@?MXF_BE?~’–U]KMr]Ë~=@F<D 9 dEBTDoD<BTOSI“)Lll`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ø]Û
<ĺ 5 Bt?~’VU]KAr]Ë~=SF_D 9 dTBEDŒD<BEONI )]l$l`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`l Ø]Û
<l˜Ñ 8 ?pI (<=SO@=@?~)>KMBEa]=SU]FHULPgIŽdTU]F*?MKMU]O@OSBTDH=@Fh?MBTa]KMI ?CULKTl_l`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ƒ:„
Š Š Š
<lՍ uVU];>G 9 ?CBEDH[A?pI (<=SO@=@?~)>KMBEa]=SU]F”U ' P &  ‹ ()  ‹+*-,.  *0/J‹–’$=@?MX1,2(ÃILF_D
ƒ3$4/$652l l`l`lÂlYl`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ƒ]
<lÍÐ 8 ?pI (<=SO@=@?~)>KMBEa]=SU]FHULP ,gð IL; G_OSBYÑ_lÍÐ l`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ƒLÑ
<l˜Û 3 FJI O@)e[M=@[ULPW?M=S;>BtË jLI KA)e=SF<a™D<BTOSI“) 9 [M=@F<aŽ?CX<BYX*)e(<KM=@Do[s):[s?CBE;ï?CBTdpX_F<=SZ 9 B l`lׄ“ƒLÛ
<lÍÓ f/ONILF*?4ILF<DBT[s?C=@;•I ?MU]KV?M=S;>=SF<aÃD_=NILa]KMIL; ’$=@?CX”P 9 O@OË}[A?pI‘?CBšP\BEBTD<(JI dprQlœl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ƒLØ
<l˜ë f/ONILF*?4ILF<DBT[s?C=@;•I ?MU]KV?M=S;>=SF<aÃD_=NILa]KMIL; ’$=@?CXHU 9 ?CG 9 ?$P\BEBTD<(JI dprQllÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ]„L„
<l˜Ø ,gð GQBTKA=S;>BTF*?pI O2[MBt? 9 G2l lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ]„T
<l„“ƒ w U 9 F<D:Ë ?CKM=@G”D<BTOSI )”; BTIL[ 9 KMBT;>BTF*? l`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ]„ Û
<l„]„ 5 Bt?~’VU]KAr”KMU 9 F<D:Ë}?MKM=@G”D<BTOSI“)=SFoLƒ]ƒŽ;>B IL[ 9 KMBE; BEFh?M[šl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ]„ ë
<l„† 1 =@[A?CULa]KCIL; ULPWKMU 9 F<D:Ë}?MKM=@GD_BTONI )”=@FoLƒ]ƒÃ;>B IL[ 9 KMBE; BEFh?M[ül`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ]„ ë
<l„“ÑêuVU];>GJILKM=@[MU]F”U Pg[Ad ILO@BTD[A?CBEGŒKABT[MGQU]F<[ABT[$’$=@?MXHP 9 OSOË}[A?CI ?CBšP\BEBTD<(<ILdprnlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ† ƒ
<l„ -uVU];>GJILKM=@[MU]F”U Pg[Ad ILO@BTD[A?CBEGŒKABT[MGQU]F<[ABT[$’$=@?MX 9 F<; UeD<BEOSBTDHF<ULF<OS=@F<B ILKA=@?~)Ll•l`lׄ† ƒ
Ð:l„ 5 u 8 ’$=@?MXD<I ?pIŽGJILdpr BE?šD<KMU]GQU 9 ?Tll`lÂl`lYlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ†‘
Ð:ĺ uVU];>GJILKM=@[MU]F”U Pg[Ad ILO@BTD[A?CBEGŒKABT[MGQU]F<[ABT[$’$=@?MXG<ILdprLBt?šD<KAU]GQU 9 ?C[El&lÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ†LÓ
Ð:l˜Ñ 8 dpX<BED 9 OS=@F<aœULP 5 u 8 [$’$=@?MXG<ILdprLBt?šD<KAU]GQU 9 ?ïl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“Ñ]
Ð:lՍ i KMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]FHILF<DD<KAU]G‚U 9 ?$GJI ?A?CBTKAFoU PcIŽ[MBt?šU P 9 F_[MdpX<BED 9 ONI (‚B 5 u 8 [ l`lׄ“Ñ]Ð

ð =@=
Ð:lÍÐ 5 u 8 ’$=@?MX; 9 O@?M=SG<O@BtË~G<ILdprLBt?^?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]F2lnlÂl`l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ“ÑLë
Û_l„ 5 u 8 ’$=@?MXD<I ?pIŽGJILdpr BE?šD<BTOSI“)ILF<DD<KMULG‚U 9 ? l'l`lÂl`lÂl`l`lÂl`lYlÂl`lÂl`l`lׄ ]Ñ

ð =S=@=
798: Ÿ6ž;< ¡>=  ¡? ¡WŸV_¢

. ’–U 9 O@DO@=SrLB ?MU B ð G_KMBT[A[v;™)|[A=SF<dEBTKABÀa]KMI ?C=? 9 D_B&?MU ;Â)|?CX<BE[M=S[oILD_je=@[MU]KE€zf/KMULP l4mo=@dpXJILBEO


qVKMILF<=Sdpr*)L€2P\U]K6X<=@[6F<BEjLBTK Ë~BTF_D<=SF<aHa 9 =SDJILF_dTBŽILF_Dà[ 9 G<GQU]KA?6D 9 KM=@F<a”;™)Œf/X2lÍbÃl‰KMBT[AB ILKAdpX2l 1 B
XJIL[YdEU]F*?C=SF 9 U 9 [MO) G<KMU“je=SD_BTDà; BÒ$=?CXàBTF*?CX 9 [A=NIL[A;o€¼je=S[A=SU]F2€¶I F<Dà’$=@[MD<UL;o€2’$X<=@dpXÀ=@F<[MG_=SKMBED
;>BVP\KMU];x?CX<B(QBTaL=SF<F<=@F<aš?MU6?CX<BBEF<D2l 1 B$ILOS[AUzdTKMBTI ?CBED>ILFœBTF*je=SKMULF<; BEF*?/’$X<=SdpXœa*I j]B;>B^?CX_B
@ B ð =@(<=SO@=@?~)Ž?MUŽB ð G<OSULKMBzF<Bt’=@D<B IL[E€:’$X<=@OSBX<BTO@G<=SF<aŽ;>B?MUŽ;•I rLB6dEKM=@?M=SdTILO‚D_BTdT=@[M=@U]F<[V’$X<BEF<BEjLBTK
?CX_BG_KMUAABEdE?Ž’VIL[•I‘?œI dTKMUL[M[MKAU*ILD2l 1 BH=S[ŽILFãU 9 ?M[A?CILF<D<=@F<a KMBE[MB I KMdpX<BEK>?MUàX<I“jLBŒI [œI&KAU]OSB
;>U:D<BEO‰P\U]K$Iœf/X2l˜bÃlJ[A? 9 D<BTF*? l
. XJI j]BHILO@[MUoXJILD?MX<B•a]UeUeDÀP\U]Ks? 9 F<B>?CUŒ’–U]KArà’$=?CXáf/KAULP l 8 ?CBTG_X<BTFãf/X<=SO@OS=@G<[T€¼’$X<U XJI [
X<BEOSGQBTD&; BŽ=@F&BEj]BEKA)àIL[AG‚BEdE?`ULP#?CX<BŽ?MX<BT[A=S[T€¼’$X<=@dpXÀ=@[zD<BTBEG<O@) ILG<G<KABTdT=SI ?CBED2l . ILD<;>=SKMB™X<=S;
P\U]K`X<=S[Â(<KMU]ILDrhF<U“’$OSBED<a]B €cdTKAB I ?M=@j]B ?CX<=@F<rh=SF<a<€WILF<DD<BTBEG=SF<[A=Sa]X*?`=SFÀ[A)e[A?MBT;úI F<DádTULFh?MKMU]O
?CX_BTU]Ks)]l b6=S[Md 9 [M[A=SU]F_[œ’$=?CX f/KMULP l/f/X<=@OSO@=SG<[ÃD_=SKMBEdE?MO@)áO@B ILD"?CU ?MX<BHKMBT[ 9 O@?M[ U P?MX<Bo[s?pIL(_=SOS=?~)
KMBEa]=SULFoI F<D”?CX<BYF<Bt?~’VU]KAr]Ë~=SF_D 9 dTBEDvD<BEONI )BE[A?C=@;•I‘?C=SULF”[MdpX<BE; BE[=@FŒuVX<ILG_?CBEK$<l
. ILO@[MUH’^ILF*?Â?CUo?MXJILF<r ;Â)&UL?CX<BEKÂdEU];>; =?M?CBEBŽ; BE;Ã(QBTKM[EkÃf/KMU P l+BzBEF<F<BE?MXì¼U]GJILKAUŒI F<D
f/KMULP l y =SF_dTBTF_ÚTUì¼=S(QBTKCI‘?CU]KABL€‚P\ULKš?CX<BE=SKz; ILF*)ŒdEU]F<[s?CK 9 dE?C=j]Bœ[ 9 a]a]BT[s?C=@U]F<[zU]F j ILKM=@U 9 [6G<ILKA?M[
ULPY;™)ã?CX_BT[M=@[TlÎf/KMU P l^ì¼=S(QBTKMI ?CU]KABŒ=@F<[MG<=@KMBED; B?CUᒖU]KMrãU]F?MX<BvU]G_?M=S; ILO$[MdpX<BED 9 O@=SF<a=@F
uVXJILG:?CBTK4Ñ_l
. ?`XJIL[z(QBTBTFÀI”G<KM=je=SOSBEa]B™?MUH’–U]KArŒ?CU]aLBE?CX_BTK6’$=@?MX ?CX<Bœ=SF*?MBTOSO@=Sa]BEF*?zILF<D P\KA=SBTF_D<O@)oG‚BEU]G<O@B

ð =@j
ULP–?CX<B•uVBTF*?CBEK`P\ULK 3 9 ?CUL;•I ?M=SU]F&I F<D . F*?CBEOSO@=Sa]BEF<dTB 8 )e[s?CBT; w BT[AB ILKAdpXI ?™u +-w^{ l 8 GQBTdE=NILO
?CX<ILF<rh[ aLU:BE[>?MUámŒI KMr"b6U]X<KA=SF<aàILF_D  9 ILF_DJILU 0 XJILF<a&P\U]KŽ?CX<BE=SKŽ?CKABT;>BTF<D_U 9 [>B ô U]KA?M[ =@F
; IL=SF*?pI =SF<=@F<a”?CX<B•?MKMU 9 (<OSBÇË}P\KMBEBdTUL; G 9 ?CBTK`P¯ILdT=@OS=?C=SBE[T€WILF<D"ILO@[MUŒ?MU w I“je= 1 BT(_(JILKŽILF_D 8 =SD:Ë
D<XJI KA?CXŒuVX<XJI‘?CGJILKP\U]K; ILF*)X<ILG<G*)HD<=S[Ad 9 [A[M=@U]F<[$ULPgfX‰lÍbÃlJKABT[MBTILKMdpXo=SFHa]BEF<BTKMILO l
m)Ha]UeU:DHP\KM=@BTF<D_[T€ 1 I U 0 XJI F<a<€ 0 XJILU ð =NI F<a>fgILF2€ 7 ILF<a 0 XJILF<a_€  U]F<a]X<ULF<a 0 X<ILU<€nqV=@F
mo=¦€ 7 ILF_a 0 XJILU<€  I F<OS= 0 XJILU<€  9 BE[MU]F_a + ILF<a_€ 1 IL= 0 X 9 I F<a<€C6=SF<aLdpX 9 ILFàÒ 9 €  9 F<OS= 1 B €
›6=@F*) 9  9 €¶ILF<D 1 I =@P\BTF_a 8 XJILU_€‰’$=@?MXŒ’$X<U]; . [AG‚BEF*?`IOSUL?šULP/?C=@; BÂ(‚UL?MX&I ?6’–U]KMrŒILF<D =@F
[MG<ILKMBš?M=S;>BL€eD<BT[ABTKsj]B`(<=Sa`?CXJILF_re[El i X<BE)”; ILD<B;™)>P\U 9 KsË )]BTILK^[A?CI )•=@FHuVOSBtj]BTOSILF<D”BEFAAU“)*IL(<O@B
ILF<D;>BT;>U]KCIL(_OSBLl
ì¶IL[A?T€ . ’–U 9 O@DŒOS=@rLBz?CU>?CXJI F<rH;™)”’$=@P\BYP\U]K4X<BTKOSU“j]BÂILF<Dv[ 9 G<GQU]KA?U“j]BEKš?CX<BY)]BTILKM[El 8 X<B
ILO’^I )e[ 9 KMa]BED ;>B?CUàa]UàU]F’$X<BTF;Â)áGJI ?M=SBEF<dTBKCILF"[AX<U]KA?•ILF<DãdTULF_RJD<BEF<dTBoOSU“’Yl . IL;
=SF_D<BT(_?MBTDã?CU;Â)"GJILKMBEF*?C[T€^’$X_UáILKABŒILO’^I )e[ ’$=?CX ; BHF<UÀ;•I ?A?CBEK>X_U†’øP¯I Kœ?MX<BŒD_=S[A?CILF<dEB
(QBE?~’–BTBTF 9 [Tl . dTU 9 O@DoF_UL?$XJI j]B`D<U]F<Bz?MX<=S[^’$=?CX<U 9 ??CX<BE=SKBTF_dTU 9 KMILa]BE; BEFh?M[šI F<Do[ 9 G<GQU]KA?Tl
i X<=S[’–U]KMr”X<IL[(QBTBEFo[ 9 <G GQU]KA?MBTDo(h)”?MX<BzP\U]OSO@U“’$=SF<aÃ[AU 9 KAdTBT[Ek–?MX<BÃuVO@BEjLBTONI F<D 3 D_j ILF<dEBTD
Š
mŒILF 9 P¯I dE? 9 KM=SF_aŒf/KMULa]KCIL; u 3 mofW€ . F<dLl͋t€¶?CX_BuVBEFh?MBTKYP\U]K 3 9 ?MU]; I ?C=@U]F&ILF<D . F*?CBTO@OS=@BTa]BEFh?
8 )e[A?MBT;>[ w BE[MBTILKMdpX2€:?CX<BYu^I [MB 8 dpX_U:U]O‚ULP , F<a]=@F<BTBEKM=SF_a<€_I F<D?CX<BE=SK–=SF<D 9 [A?CKA=NILOn[AG‚U]F_[MU]KA[ED<?CX_B
, j]BEKMB I D_)Âq^I ?M?MBTKs)`uVU];>GJILF*) 9 F<D_BTKÔI4aLKCILF*?¶BTF*?M=@?CO@BTD F 1 BE?CBEKMU]aLBTF<BEU 9 [gÙzGQBTF 5 Bt?~’VULKMrh[ÔP\ULK
mŒILF 9 P¯I dE? 9 KM=SF_aHGIDnILF<D?CX<B 5 I‘?C=SULFJILO 8 dE=SBEF<dTBÂÒJU 9 F<DJI‘?C=SULF2€ 9 F<D_BTK4a]KCILF*?4F 9 ;Ã(QBTKbYm . Ø*ӆË
Lƒ]ÑLƒ]Ø_l i X<BE=SK4IL[A[M=S[s?pILF_dTBY=S[a]KMI ?CBtP 9 OSO)I dpreF_U†’$O@BTD<aLBTD2l

ðj
JK+LNMPOPMQJSR<TUKVOQRXWYMPW[Z]\

_^`JAabZ c6d^fe·!-ZgTJhcYZgO RXW6Jh^#ijW

3 (<[A?MKCILdt?
(*)
+-,/.021436567

ÒJBTBTD_(JILdprdEU]F*?CKAU]O[s)e[A?CBE; [’$X_BTKMBE=SF?MX<BŒdEU]F*?CKMULOšOSUeU]G<[ ILKABŒdTO@U][MBED?CX_KMU 9 aLX|IKMBTILOË


Š
?C=@; BÂF<BE?~’–U]KAr&ILKMBÃdTILOSO@BTD F<Bt?~’VULKMrLBEDdEU]F*?CKMULOc[A)e[A?MBT;>[ 5 u 8 [p‹tl i X<BœD<BERJF_=SF<aP\BTI ? 9 KABŽULP
Š
ILF 5 u 8 =S[Ã?MXJI ?>=SF_P\ULKM; I ?C=@U]F KMBEP\BEKMBEF<dTBo=SF<G 9 ? €G<ONI Fh?>U 9 ?CG 9 ?T€–dEU]F*?CKAU]O=SF<G 9 ? €#BE?MdLl͋ =@[
Š
B ð dpXJI F<a]BTD 9 [M=@F<aàI F<BE?~’–U]KMr"I ; U]F_a dTU]F*?CKAU]O[A)e[s?CBT; dEU];>G‚U]F_BTF*?C[ [ABTF<[AU]KM[E€VdEU]F*?CKMULOSOSBEKT€
ILdt? 9 I ?MU]KT€QBE?MdLl͋tl i X<BÃG_KM=S; ILKs)HILD_j ILF*?pI a]BT[ULP/ILF 5 u 8 ILKABÂKABTD 9 dTBTD [s)e[A?CBE;’$=@KM=SF_a<€JB IL[AB
ULPW[A)e[A?MBT; D<=SILa]F<U][A=S[I F<Do; IL=@Fh?MBTFJI F<dTB €JILF<D=SF<dEKMBTIL[MBEDo[s):[s?CBE;I a]=SO@=@?~)]l
i X<BŽ=SF_[MBTKs?C=@U]FvULP?CX_BÃdTU];>; 9 F_=Sd I‘?C=SULFŒF<Bt?~’VU]KArv=SFo?CX<BÃP\BEBTD<(JI dprŒdTULFh?MKMU]OgOSUeU]GŒ; ILrLBE[
?CX_BI FJILO@)e[A=S[ILF<DœD<BE[M=@a]F U P2ILF 5 u 8 dTUL; G<O@B ð l/uVULFhjLBTF*?C=@U]FJILOJdEU]F*?CKAU]O<?CX<BEU]KM=@BT[/’$=@?MXœ;•ILF*)
=SD_B ILOIL[M[ 9 ;>G_?C=@U]F<[T€$[ 9 dpXI [BTZ 9 ILO Ë~D<=@[A?CILF<dTBo[MBEF<[M=@F<a<€4[A)eF<dpX<KAU]F<=SÚEBTD-dTU]F*?MKMU]O¦€$ILF<D|F<U]FeË
D<BEONI )]BED [ABTF<[A=SF<aÀILF<DãILdt? 9 I ?M=SU]F‰€#; 9 [A?>(QB”KMBTBtj ILO 9 I‘?CBTD"(QBEP\U]KAB”?CX<Bt)d ILFã(QBHILG<G<O@=SBTDá?MU
5 u 8 [Tl
+ B–RJKM[s?/[A? 9 D_)™?MX<B^[s?pIL(<=@OS=?~)YULP 5 u 8 [c’$=?CX™?M=S;>BtË jLI KA)e=SF<a$?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F™GQBTKA=SUeD2l { F<D<BEK
ILFv=@D<B I O¶?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]FG<KAU:dEBT[M[E€2= lÕBLlnF<U ?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULFoD<BEONI )U]K4GJILdprLBt?YD<KMULG‚U 9 ? €n’VBÃX<I“jLB

ð je=
D<BEKM=@jLBTDo[ 9hk dT=@BTF*?4dTU]F_D<=@?M=SU]F<[ULF?MX<Bz?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULF”G‚BEKM=SUeD”?CXJI‘?$a 9 ILKMILF*?CBTBY?CX_B 5 u 8 ’$=@OSO
(QB”[A?pI (<OSB l + BILO@[MU D<=@[Md 9 [M[œ;>BE?CX_U:D<[Ã?MU&F 9 ; BEKM=SdTILOSO)à[MB I KMdpX P\ULKÃ[ 9 dpX (‚U 9 F<D<[ŽU]F"?CX_B
?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F”GQBTKM=@U:D‰l
ÒJU]OSO@U†’$=@F<az?CX<=@[T€e’VB6[s? 9 D:)•F<Bt?~’VULKMr•[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=@F<a™’$X<BEFHI™[MBt?ULP 5 u 8 [$ILKMBdTU]F_F<BTdt?CBTD?MU
?CX_BVF<Bt?~’VU]KAr`ILF<DŽILKA(<=@?MKCI ?M=SF<aP\U]K¶F<Bt?~’VULKMr`(JILF<D_’$=@D_?CX‰l + B–RJKA[A?WD<BERJF_BV?CX<B#(JIL[A=Sd#dTU]F_dTBTG:?C[
ULPWF<BE?~’–U]KAr[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=@F<a =@F 5 u 8 [El i X<BEF2€J’VBÂILG<G_O@)•?MX<BYKCI ?MBY; U]F_UL?CU]F_=Sd6[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=SF_a•ILO@a]U Ë
KM=?CX<; ?CU•[AdpX<BTD 9 OSB™I [MBt?6ULP 5 u 8 [El + BÂILOS[AU>P\ULKM; 9 OSI ?CBz?MX<BÂULG_?C=@;•ILO‰[MdpX<BED 9 OS=@F<a•G_KMU](<O@BT;
9 F<D_BTKš(QUL?MXvKCI ?MBtË}; U]F_UL?CU]F_=SdtË}[MdpX<BED 9 OSIL(<=SO@=@?~) dTU]F_[A?CKMIL=SF*?M[6ILF<D 5 u 8 Ë}[A?CIL(<=SO@=@?~)”dEU]F<[s?CKCI =SF*?C[E€
ILF<Da]=j]BYILFB ð IL;>G<OSBzU PgX<U“’[ 9 dpXoU]G_?C=@; =@Ú I ?M=SU]F =S[dTILKMKA=SBTDHU 9 ? l
5 B ð ?T€:?MX<B4IL[M[ 9 ; G:?C=SULF<[–U P2=SD_B ILO<?MKCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]F>ILKAB4KABTOSI ð BTD2l + B4[A? 9 D_)œ?CX<B4[A?CIL(<=SO@=@?~)ÂULP
5 u 8 [–’$=@?MX F_BE?~’–U]KMr]Ë~=@F<D 9 dEBTD”D<BEONI )]l + B$RJKM[s?^;>U:D_BTO 5 u 8 [–’$=@?MX F_BE?~’–U]KMr]Ë~=@F<D 9 dEBTD”D<BEONI )]€
ILF<DÂILFJI O@)eÚTB/?CX_B#[s?pIL(_=SOS=?~)6ULP:[ 9 dpX 5 u 8 [ 9 [A=SF<a$?CX_B#F_UL?C=@U]FYULP<[s?pIL(<=@OS=?~)šKABTa]=@U]F`ILF<DÂI4X*)e(<KM=@D
[A)e[s?CBT;>[•[s?pIL(_=SOS=?~)ILF<ILO@)e[M=@[Ž?CBTdpX_F<=SZ 9 B l + BoILOS[AUÀD_=S[Md 9 [M[•Ià[AdpX<BT;>Bo?MUÀdEU];>G‚BEF<[CI ?MBP\ULK
F<Bt?~’VU]KAr]Ë~=SF_D 9 dTBEDŒD<BEONI )”(JI [MBTDU]FH?CX<B6?M=S;>BtË}D<U]; IL=SF [MU]O 9 ?C=@U]F”ULPÔ?CX<BYdTO@U][MBED:Ë~O@U:ULG”[A)e[A?MBT;l
,gð G‚BEKM=S;>BTF*?M[4U“jLBTKIœG_Xh)e[A=Sd I OÔF_BE?~’–U]KMrHILKABYILOS[AUœd ILKAKM=SBEDHU 9 ?$?CUŽj ILOS=@DJI ?MBš?CX<BY[AdpX<BT;>BLl
Òg=SF<ILOSO)]€‰’–B•[s? 9 D_) ?MX<B>[A?pI (<=SO@=@?~)oULP 5 u 8 [`’$=?CXàDJI ?CIGJI dprLBE?™D<KMULG‚U 9 ?™I F<DÀ; 9 O@?M=SG<O@BtË
GJILdpr EB ??CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULF<[Tl + B`; UeD<BEO2?CX<BE[MB`[MdTBEFJILKA=SU][IL[IL[A)eF<dpX<KAU]F<U 9 [6D_)eFJIL;>=SdTILO2[A)e[s?CBT;>[
Š
3 b 8 p[ ‹4ILF<D B ð ?MBTF<D [s?pIL(_=SOS=?~)HdTU]F_D<=@?M=SU]F<[4ULP 3 b 8 ?CU ?CX<BE[MBŽ[MBt? 9 G_[Tl + BŽILO@[MU•dEU];>B™(JILdpr
?CUŽ?MX<BYG<KMU](_OSBT; ULPgF_BE?~’–U]KMr”[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=SF_a =@F 5 u 8 [El

ð j:=@=
lnmporq.s]tu v

w>x sgugy1z|{|}~sgEy x s]y €t‚s„ƒ yu †3tz l‡y x s]ugy ˆŠ‰'‹Œ+sVt Œ

vŽv w>x s]uy1z|{|}~sg‘y x

’ “”’ “”’ ž 
• – —  ž–Ÿ'žvž—?‡˜  <¡ š™ žVŸV  ž— ¡=œ› 4¢e_¡? ¢

uVU];>G 9 ?MBTKsË}dTU]F*?MKMU]O@OSBTDœ[s):[s?CBE; [–[A?pI KA?CBED ?MUÂBE; BEKMa]B4=SFŽ?CX_B„“Ø]ÐLƒL[Tl 3 ?–?MX<B(QBTaL=SF<F<=@F<aY[A?CILa]BL€


?CX_B>GQUL?MBTF*?C=SILOcULP 9 [M=@F<aHD<=Sa]=?pILOWdTU];>G 9 ?MBTKA[ÂI [`dEU]F*?CKAU]O/[A)e[A?MBT;ÖdTUL; GQU]F<BEFh?M[z’^IL[`OS=@; =?CBED2€
[M=@F<dTBY?CX_B`dEU];>G 9 ?CBEKM[I ??CX<I ?$?C=S;>B6’–BTKMB`?CUeUœ(<=Sa<€_dTU]F<[ 9 ;>BTDo?MU:Uœ; 9 dpXŒGQU†’–BTKE€QILF<Do’–BTKAB
F<UL?ÂX<=@a]X<O@)&KABTO@=NIL(<O@BLl i X_BB ILKAO@)&=@; G<O@BT;>BTF*?pI‘?C=SULFàU PdTU];>G 9 ?MBTKA[™=SFÀdTU]F*?MKMU]O[A)e[s?CBT;>[ŽU]G:Ë
BTKMI ?CBED=@F [ 9 G‚BEKAje=S[AU]KA)";>UeD<BL€–BT=@?MX<BTK>IL[ ILF U]G‚BEKCI ?MU]KŽa 9 =@D<BHU]K IL[>IÀ[MBt?AË}G‚U]=@F*? dEU]F*?CKAU]O l
Ù6KMD<=@FJILKs)”ILFJI OSU]a Ë}dTU]F*?MKMU]O‚BTZ 9 =SG_; BEFh?$’–BTKABÂF<BEBTD<BEDŒ=@F(QUL?MXdTIL[MBE[Tl
Š
i X<=S[”[A=@? 9 I ?C=@U]FdpX<ILF<a]BEDê’$X_BTF|?CX<B D_=SKMBEdE?•D<=Sa]=?pILO$dEU]F*?CKMULO bzbYu‹œ[A)e[A?MBT; ’VIL[”D<BÇË
j]BEOSU]GQBTD‰l i X<BáFJI ; BÀBT;>G<XJIL[A=SÚTBE[Œ?CX<I ?Œ?MX<BádTUL; G 9 ?CBTKodTU]F*?MKMU]O@[o?CX_BáG<KMUedTBE[M[ D<=@KMBEdE?CO)]l
Òg=@a 9 KMBŒ„]l@„H[AX<U“’$[•I&a]BTF_BTKM=@dHbzbYu [s)e[A?CBE; [MBt? 9 G2l . F bzbYu [s)e[A?CBE; [E€V?CX_BHILFJILO@U]a dTU]FeË
?CKAU]Og=@F<[A?MK 9 ;>BTF*?CI ?C=@U]FoP\U]K?CX<BÃG_KMUedTBT[A[zdTU]F*?MKMU]Og’VIL[zKABTG<OSILdTBED (h)ŒU]F<BÃdEU];>G 9 ?CBEKTl 8 BEF<[MU]KA[
’$=@?MX>ILFJILO@U]azU 9 ?MG 9 ?C[#ILF_D•ILdt? 9 I‘?CU]KA[’$=?CX>ILFJI OSU]az=@F<G 9 ?M[#X<ILD GQU]=@Fh?sË}?MU Ë~GQU]=SF*?WdTU]F_F<BTdt?C=SULF<[
’$=@?MX•?CX_B6D<=SaL=@?pI OJdTU];>G 9 ?MBTKTl 8 BTF<[A=SF<a<€:dTU]F*?MKMU]O‚[M=SaLFJILOQd ILO@d 9 OSI ?C=@U]F2€hILF<DHI dE? 9 I ?C=@U]F ’–BTKABYILOSO

„


GQBTKAP\ULKM;>BTDH(*)”?CX<BYdTUL; G 9 ?CBTK=?C[ABTO@P l
+ =@?MXã?MX<Bo=@F<dTKAB IL[ABoU Pš?CX_Bo[Ad ILO@BoULP?CX<BdTULFh?MKMU]O$[s):[s?CBE; I F<D ?MX<BP¯I [A?>D<BEjLBTO@U]G<;>BTF*?
ULPYdEU]; G 9 ?CBEK•?CBEdpX<F<U]O@U]aL)]€$D<=@[A?MKM=S( 9 ?C=@U]FULP`dEU]; G 9 ?pI ?M=SU]F G‚U“’–BTK’VIL[”KMBEZ 9 =SKABTDêILF<D|X<ILD
Š
(QBTdTUL; B/GQU][M[A=S(<O@BLl + XJI ?ÔILKAU][MB/’VIL[¶?CX<B/D<=@[A?MKM=S( 9 ?CBEDÂdEU]F*?CKMULO][A)e[A?MBT; bYu 8 ‹t€T’$X<UL[MB#a]BTF<BEKM=@d
[MBt? 9 Gã=S[Ž=@OSO 9 [A?MKCI ?MBTDá=@F ÒW=Sa 9 KABv„]ĺ:l i X<B”RJKA[A? bYu 8 D<BEjLBTO@U]G‚BEDã’VIL[ 1 U]F_BE)h’VBEOSO¦—˜[ i bYu
Lƒ]ƒLƒ"=@F „ Ø*Ó]Ð9ž SŸ l . FIãbYu 8 €[MBtj]BEKCILO`=SF*?CBEKCILdt?C=@F<a"dTU];>G 9 ?MBTKM[dTULF<F<BTdt?CBED?CUãI"[MBTKA=NILO
F<Bt?~’VU]KAro[AXJILKABÂ?CX_B™[CI ; B`’VU]KArhOSU*ILD‰l i X_B™[A)e[s?CBT;a]BTF_BTKCI OSO@)dTU]F<[A=S[s?C[6ULPcG<KMUedTBE[M[š[s?pI ?M=SU]F_[
’$X<BEKMBÂ?MX<B™G_KMUedTBT[A[š=@[dEU]F*?CKMULOSOSBED2€JU]GQBTKMI ?CU]K4[A?CI ?C=@U]F<[$’$X<BTKABÂ?MX<BÂG_KMUedTBT[A[6=S[$;>U]F<=?CU]KABTD(h)
U]GQBTKMI ?CU]KA[T€¶ILF_D&j ILKA=SU 9 [YI 9 ð =SO@=NILKs)o[s?pI ?M=SU]F_[6P\U]K6DJI ?CI”OSU]a]aL=SF<a”I F<D&G<KMUedTBE[M[YU]G_?M=S;>=SÚ I‘?C=SULF2l
1 U“’–BEjLBTKT€¼dEU]F*?CKAU]Og;>U:D 9 OSBE[=@F IbYu 8 LI KAB™O@U:U][ABTO)HdTU]F<F_BTdE?MBTD&(QBTd I 9 [MBŽ;>U][A?šULP/?CX_B™KMBTILOË
Š
?C=@; B”dEU]F*?CKAU]O^?pIL[Arh[ [MBTF_[M=SF_a<€VdTILOSd 9 ONI ?MS= U]F‰€ILF<D ILdE? 9 I ?C=@U]Fn‹ÃILKABHd ILKAKM=SBED"U 9 ?œ’$=@?MX<=SF?CX_B
=SF_D<=@je=SD 9 ILO¼G<KAU:dEBT[M[[A?CI ?C=@U]F<[$?CX<BE; [ABTO@jLBT[ElšÙ6F<O)HU]F` U ô [M=SaLFJILOS[E€n; U]F_=@?CULKM=SF_aŽ=SF_P\U]KA;•I‘?C=SULF2€
ILOSILKM; =SF_P\ULKM; I ?C=@U]F2€:ILF<DH?CX<BYOS=@rLBzI KMBz?CKMILF<[M;>=@?A?CBEDULFH?MX<BY[MBEKM=NI O2F<BE?~’–U]KArQl
. FÃ?CX<Bš„“Ø]Ø]ƒL[E€L?CX_B^D<BEjLBTO@U]G<;>BTF*?/ULPJ?MX<B^;>=SdTKAU]G<KAU:dEBT[M[AU]KgX<ILDœIšG<KAULP\U 9 F<DŽ=@; G<ILdE?WU]FÃ?CX_B
’VI“)dTU];>G 9 ?MBTKA[ŽILKMBILG<G<O@=SBTDà?CU dEU]F*?CKMULOVBTF*?M=SKMB G<KMUeD 9 dt?C=@U]FáG<OSILF*?C[Tl&Ò 9 Ks?CX<BEKM;>U]KMB €g’$=@?MX
?CX_BX_BTOSGP\KAU]; 3 8 . u dpX<=@GãD_BT[M=@a]F ILF<D"[M=@a]F<=@R<d ILF*?œG<KA=SdTB”D_KMU]G<[œ=@Fã[A=SO@=SdTULF2€/[MBEF<[MU]KA[•I F<D
ILdt? 9 I ?MU]KM[šdTU 9 O@Dv(QBÃBTZ 9 =@G<G‚BED ’$=@?CXŒF<BE?~’–U]KMro=SF*?CBEKAP¯ILdEBT[E€¼ILF<Dv?MX 9 [z(‚BEdTU];>BÃ=SF_D<BTGQBTF<D_BTF*?
F<UeD<BT[™U]F"IvKMBTILOË ?C=S;>BœdTU]F*?MKMU]O–F<BE?~’–U]KMrnl i <X =@[Ãa]=@jLBT[ŽKA=S[MB>?CU F<Bt?~’VULKMrLBED dEU]F*?CKAU]OV[s):[s?CBE;
Š
5 u 8 ‹t€–IL[>D<BTG_=SdE?MBTD =SF Òg=Sa 9 KMB&„]l˜Ñ_l . FI F 5 u 8 €–KAB ILO Ë}?C=@; B•[MBTF_[M=SF_aáILF<D dTU]F*?MKMU]O$DJI ?CI
ILKABY?MKCILF_[M;>=@?M?MBTD”U]FH?CX_B`F_BE?~’–U]KMrn€QILF<DF<BE?~’–U]KAr”F<U:D_BT[$F<BTBEDo?MUœ’–U]KAr•?CU]aLBE?CX_BTK$dTO@U][MBEO@)•?MU
GQBTKAP\ULKM;ïdEU]F*?CKMULO‰?pIL[Arh[Tl
Ñ

Plant

Sensor 1 ... Sensor n Actuator 1 ... Actuator m

Computer

Òg=Sa 9 KMBŽ„]l„]k 7 BTF<BEKM=Sdz[ABE? 9 GŒULPgbzbYu|[A)e[A?MBT;

Plant

Sensor Actuator Sensor Actuator

Computer Computer

Monitor

Òg=@a 9 KABŽ„]ĺek 7 BEF<BTKA=Sdz[MBt? 9 GoULPgbYu 8

Plant

Sensor 1 ... Sensor n Actuator 1 ... Actuator m

Computer Computer

Òg=@a 9 KMB™„]lÍÑ:k 7 BEF<BTKA=SdY[MBt? 9 GULP 5 u 8




’ “”’ “P¡ ¢ ŸV  ž =  8  ž–Ÿ<ž‡£ [›

ÒJBTBED<(JILdprádEU]F*?CKAU]OV[s):[s?CBE; [Ž’$X<BEKMBT=@F?CX<BdEU]F*?CKAU]O^OSUeU]G<[™ILKMB•dTOSUL[MBTD?MX<KMU 9 a]X"IvKMBTILOË ?C=S;>B


Š
F<Bt?~’VU]KAr ILKABŽd ILO@OSBTD F_BE?~’–U]KMr BTDdEU]F*?CKAU]Oc[A)e[s?CBT;>[ 5 u 8 [p ‹ ž ÛL<€¶ÐLëe€¶ÓLØ_€2ë]ÛAŸ¦l i X<BœD<BtRJF<=@F<a
Š
P\B I‘? 9 KABÃULP–ILF 5 u 8 =@[?MXJI ?z=@F_P\U]KM; I ?M=SU]F KABEP\BTKABTF<dEBŽ=SF<G 9 ? €2G_ONILF*?6U 9 ?CG 9 ? €2dEU]F*?CKMULOg=SF_G 9 ? €
Š
BE?MdLl͋ =S[$B ð dpX<ILF<a]BED 9 [M=@F<a•IœF<Bt?~’VU]KArIL; ULF<aœdTU]F*?CKAU]O¶[A)e[A?MBT; dTUL; GQU]F<BEFh?M[ [MBEF<[MU]KA[T€QdTU]FeË
?CKAU]OSO@BTKE€_ILdt? 9 I‘?CU]KE€_BE?MdLl͋tlÒg=@a 9 KAB™„]l˜ÑÃ=SO@O 9 [s?CKCI‘?CBT[–I™?~)eG<=SdTILO2[ABE? 9 GU PÔILF 5 u 8 l i X<BzG<KM=@;•I KA)
ILD_j ILF*?CILa]BT[–ULP¼I F 5 u 8 ILKMBKMBTD 9 dTBED[A)e[A?MBT; ’$=SKA=SF<a<€hBTIL[MBULP¼[A)e[s?CBT; D<=SILa]F<U][A=S[#ILF<D ;•I =SF:Ë
?CBEFJILF<dEBL€n=SF_dTKMBTIL[MBEDo[s)e[A?CBE;òILa]=SO@=@?~)L€:Bt?CdLl
i X<BŽ=SF_[MBTKs?C=@U]FvULP?CX_BÃdTU];>; 9 F_=Sd I‘?C=SULFŒF<Bt?~’VU]KArv=SFo?CX<BÃP\BEBTD<(JI dprŒdTULFh?MKMU]OgOSUeU]GŒ; ILrLBE[
?CX_BI FJILO@)e[A=S[ILF<DœD<BE[M=@a]F U P2ILF 5 u 8 dTUL; G<O@B ð l/uVULFhjLBTF*?C=@U]FJILOJdEU]F*?CKAU]O<?CX<BEU]KM=@BT[/’$=@?MXœ;•ILF*)
Š
=SD_B ILO/I [M[ 9 ; G_?M=SU]F_[ [ 9 dpXIL[zBEZ 9 ILOË}D<=S[s?pILF_dTBŽ[CI ; G<O@=SF<a_€‰[A)eF<dpX_KMU]F<=@ÚTBEDdTULFh?MKMU]O¦€¶ILF<D&F<U]FeË
D<BEONI )]BED [ABTF<[A=SF<aàILF<D"I dE? 9 I ?C=@U]Fn‹Â; 9 [A?œ(QBKMBEBEj ILO 9 I ?CBEDã(QBEP\ULKMB?CX_BE)ádTILF"(‚BHI G<G<OS=@BTD?MU
5 u 8 [Tl
8 GQBTdT=RJd I OSO@)L€#?MX<B”P\U]OSO@U“’$=SF<avP 9 F_DJIL;>BTF*?pILO=@[M[ 9 BT[ ILKMBHULPdTULF<dTBEKMF2l i X<BR<KM[A? =S[A[ 9 BH=@[
5 u 8 [™’$=@?MX?C=@; BÇË}j ILKA)e=@F<a?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]FÀG‚BEKM=@U:D2loqVBEd I 9 [AB”ULP^?MX<BF<U]F_D<BE?MBTKM;>=SF_=S[A?M=SdœP¯ILdtË
?CULKM[ŽD 9 KA=SF<a&IŒ?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]FG<KMUedTBE[M[T€–BTZ 9 ILO Ë~D<=@[A?CILF<dTB•[CIL;>G<OS=@F<aŒdTILF<F<U ?œ(‚B”a 9 ILKCILF*?MBTBTD‰l
i X<=@[VKMBE[ 9 O?C[^=@F”IÂ?M=S;>BtË}j ILKs)e=SF<aY[A)e[s?CBT; ; UeD<BEO €h’$X<=SdpX; ILr BT[^[s?pIL(<=@OS=?~)>ILFJILO):[ABT[^D_= k d 9 O? l
5 Bt?~’VULKMr>[MdpX<BED 9 OS=@F<aÃ=@[VILO@[MUÂILF=@[M[ 9 Bš=SF 5 u 8 D_BT[M=@a]F ’$X_BTFHIÂ[ABE?VULP¼G<OSILF*?C[^I KMB4dTU]F<F_BTdE?MBTD
?CUo?CX<B F<BE?~’–U]KMrnlàuVU]F_d 9 KAKMBTF*?Ž?MKCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]F<[`’$=SO@O/U:dEd 9 KŽI F<Dá[MUL; BEU]F<BXJI [Â?CUŒ(JILdpràU ô €
KMBE[ 9 O?C=@F<aŽ=SF?MKCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]F<[–ULPW[MU];>B6KMBTILOË ?C=@; B4DJI ?CIÃ(‚BE=SF<aŽD<BEONI )]BEDoULK^BEjLBTF; =@[M[M=@F<a™?MX<BT=@K
Ð

D<BTILD<OS=@F<BT[El 7 UeUeDdTU]F*?MKMU]O¼[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=SF_a I OSa]U]KA=@?MX<; [’$=SO@OQ?MKA) ?CUœ; @= F<=S;>=SÚEB$[ 9 dpXo[A)e[A?MBT;ïGQBTK Ë


Š
P\U]KA;•ILF_dTB4OSU][A[Tl 3 F<UL?CX_BTK^=@[M[ 9 Bš=S[?CX_BšF<Bt?~’VU]KAr]Ë~=SF_D 9 dTBEDHD<BTOSI“) [MBTF_[MU]K Ë}?CU‘Ë~dTULFh?MKMU]O@OSBEK#D_BTONI )
ILF<DdTU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTK Ë}?CU‘Ë ILdt? 9 I ?MU]K6D<BEONI )_‹Y?MXJI ?ÂU:dEd 9 KA[™’$X<=SO@BœB ð dpXJILF<aL=SF<avD<I ?pIoIL; ULF<aŒD<Btje=SdTBE[
dTULF<F<BTdt?CBED"?MUŒ?CX_B”[MXJILKABTD;>BTD<= 9 ;l i X<=@[ÃD<BTOSI )]€cBE=@?CX_BTKÃdEU]F<[A?CILF*?ŽU]K™?M=S;>BtË jLI KA)e=SF<a_€WdTILF
D<BEa]KCILD_B`?MX<BYG‚BEKAP\U]KA;•ILF_dTBYULPcdEU]F*?CKAU]O¼[A)e[A?MBT;>[šD<BE[M=@a]F<BTD’$=@?MX<U 9 ?4dTULF<[M=@D<BTKA=SF<aœ=@?4I F<DŒdTILF
BEjLBTFHD<BE[A?pI (<=SO@=SÚTB$?CX_B6[A)e[A?MBT;l–ÙzF_B6; ULKMBš=@[M[ 9 B6=S[#?CXJI‘?^F<Bt?~’VU]KArh[4dTILF(QBšje=SBt’VBEDoI [I’–BT(
ULP 9 F_KMBTO@=NIL(_OSB?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULF™GJI ?MX<[Tl 8 U];>BVGJILdpr BE?M[#F_UL?cU]F_O@)`[ 9 ô BTKW?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULFÃD<BTOSI )]€]( 9 ?
BEjLBTFv’–U]KM[ABL€2dTILFv(QBÂO@U][A?D 9 KA=SF<a>?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]F2l i X 9 T[ €‚X<U“’ [ 9 dpX GJILdpr BE?zD_KMU]GQU 9 ?M[6I ô BTdt?
?CX_BVGQBTKAP\ULKM; ILF<dTB–ULPnILF 5 u 8 =S[WILFÃ=@[M[ 9 B–?MXJI ?c; 9 [A?g(‚B–dTU]F<[A=SD<BEKMBED2l/Òg=@FJILOSO)]€†G<OSILF*?gU 9 ?CG 9 ?M[
Š
; I“)H(QBÂ?MKCILF_[M;>=@?M?MBTD 9 [M=@F<a; 9 O?C=@G<OSBzF<Bt?~’VULKMrGJILdprLBt?C[ [MU Ë}d ILO@OSBT¥
D ¤3¦eèˆ¨æ §ª©QèS¬å «­©_Yç ®°¯*åtæ–樱Aç³²h´¬«
¤3§­´°´¬§QµA²e‹t€JD 9 B`?MU>?MX<B`(JILF<D_’$=@D_?CXŒILF<DGJILdpr BE?AË}[M=@ÚTB™dEU]F<[s?CKCI =SF*?C[4ULPg?MX<B`F<BE?~’–U]KMrnl$qVBEd I 9 [MB
ULPc?MX<BÃI KM(<=?CKCI‘?C=SULFU P/?CX<BÂF<BE?~’–U]KMr;>BTD<= 9 ;ï’$=@?MXŒUL?MX<BTKF<U:D_BT[šULFŒ?CX<BÂF<BE?~’–U]KArQ€‰dpXJILF<dEBT[
ILKABL€nILO@O¶ GJI KA?·‘F<U]F<BULPW?MX<BYGJILdpr BE?C[dTU 9 OSDILKMKA=@jLBYI ?$?CX<Bz?C=@; BšULPgdEU]F*?CKAU]O¼d ILO@d 9 OSI ?C=@U]F2l
i X<B IL(QU“j]Bo=S[M[ 9 BT[>’$=SO@O(‚BŒILD<D<KABT[M[ABTD|=@F ?CX_=S[œ?CX<BE[M=S[El-qVBEP\U]KABo’–BvD<=@G =@Fh?MUD<Bt?pIL=@OSBED
[A? 9 D_)L€QO@BE? 9 [RJKA[A?4[A? 9 D_)H[AU]; Bz=@F<D 9 [s?CKA=NILO2B ð IL; G_OSBT[U P 5 u 8 [Tl

vŽ·¸ ¹ º»t‚orˆ¬¼¾½ y uˆ¿z € lÀ‰ w  q|ˆEt t x s]oÁs]Ey x

u 9 KAKMBTF*?•=S;>G<OSBE; BEFh?CI ?C=@U]F<[ÃU P 5 u 8 [•BT;>G<O@U†)áX<BE?MBTKMULa]BTF<BEU 9 [ F<BE?~’–U]KMrãILKAdpX<=@?MBTdt? 9 KABT[T€$I [


[MX_U†’$F =@F Òg=@a 9 KMBœ„]lՍ<l 8:9 dpX&ILF 5 u 8 ILO@OSU“’$[D_= ô BTKMBEF*?6G 9 KAG‚UL[MBÃD<Btje=SdTBE[š?CU•(‚BÂdTU]F<F_BTdE?MBTD
=SF*?MU$?MX<B#[CIL;>BdTU]F*?CKAU]O*[A)e[s?CBT;lmoBE[M[MILa]BT[Ô?CKMILF<[M;>=@?A?CBED`(QBE?~’–BTBEFÃD<Btj:=@dTBE[cILKAB#BE=@?MX<BTK¶dTULFh?MKMU]O
DJI ?CI_€†’$X<=SdpX`=S[2?M=S;>B/dTKM=?C=@d ILO¦€ U]K¶=SF_P\ULKM; I ?C=@U]FšDJI‘?pI_€†’$X<=SdpX`U]F<O)zF<BEBTD<[Ôa 9 ILKMILF*?CBEBTD™D_BTOS=j]BEKA)]l
Û

High-speed interconnect
(Ethernet)
Industrial PC

Low BW (DeviceNet)

High BW, Periodic Low BW, Bursty


(FireWire) (FireWire) Conveyer Feeder DI/DO

Robot
Controller
Low BW (DeviceNet)

Feeder Gripper

Modular Workcell

Òg=@a 9 KMB™„]l˜_k 3 KAB ILO Ë}’–U]KMO@D 5 u 8 =S;>G<OSBE; BEF*?pI ?M=SU]F

Òg=Sa 9 KMB`„]lՍ™=S[#I`[ 9 ;>;•I KA)œULP¼[ABEjLBTKCI O‰;>U:D 9 ONILK/; ILF 9 P¯ILdt? 9 KA=SF<a`[A)e[A?MBT;>[V?CX<I ?V=@F*?CBTaLKCI ?MB
dTULFh?MKMU]O–F<BE?~’–U]KAre[El i X<BE[MBH[A)e[s?CBT;>[œ=SF<dEO 9 _D B , I ?CULFãuVU]KMGQU]KCI‘?C=SULF2—˜[pF w TB dTULF_RJa 9 MK IL(<O@B 3 [ Ë
Š
[MBE;Ã(<O) uVBEOSO w$3 u‹G¥žÕ]ПcILF<D 1 I F<[AP\U]KAD 3 9 C? U]; I ?C=@U]F2—Õ['FMmoU:D 9 ONILK 3 [AM[ BT;™(<O@) 8 )e[A?MBT;>[ÂG
ž Ñ*AŸ¦l i X<BEKMBILKMB?MX<KMBEBHF<BE?~’–U]KMrh[>=SF*j]ULO@j]BED2kHÒg=@KMB + =@KMBpž˜AŸ¦€#b6BEje=SdEB 5 BE?.ž˜Ð ØAŸ¦€VILF_D , ?MX<BTK Ë
F<Bt?pžÕÓ]Ÿ l . 
F ?CX_=S[Ž[A)e[s?CBT;€–?MX<BHdTU]F*?MKMU]O Ë~U]KA=SBTF*?MBTDDJI ?CI ;•I )ádEU];>BP\KMU];íI&D_BEje=SdEBO@=Sr B”I
je=SD<BEUvd I ; BEKCIo?MXJI ?ÃKABTZ 9 =@KMBT[ÂX<=SaLXáDJI ?CIo?CX<KAU 9 a]X_G 9 ?ŽI F<DáX<=@a]Xá(JILF_D_’$=SD_?MX2l 3 F<BE?~’–U]KAr
[ 9 dpXÀI [YÒg=SKAB + =SKABÂ=@[zILG<G_KMU]G<KA=NI ?MBÂP\U]K[ 9 dpXàIÃAU](‰l`Ù6?MX<BTKšre=@F<D<[zULPdEU]F*?CKAU]OgDJI‘?pI; I“)o(QB
U]F<O)&[MX<ULKA? €gG‚BEKM=SUeD<=@d ;>BT[A[CILa]BE[T€c[ 9 dpXãIL[™ULF` U ô [M=@a]FJILO@[`’$X_=SdpXáKABTZ 9 =SKAB•O@U†’ (<ILF<D_’$=@D_?CX„D
b6BEje=@dTB 5 BE?™=S[`; U]KAB [ 9 =@?CIL(<O@BœP\ULK`?MX<BT[AB”ILG<G<O@=SdTI ?C=@U]F<[Tl . F_P\U]KM; I ?M=SU]F&DJI ?CIoB ð dpX<ILF<a]BED(‚BÇË
?~’–BTBTFv?MX<B 9 G<GQBTKsË}OSBtj]BTO¶[ 9 G‚BEKAje=S[AU]KA)H’–U]KMrh[s?pI ?M=SU]FŒILF<Do?MX<B`dTU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTK=@[X<=@a]X”j]U]O 9 ;>BÂ( 9 ?
F<UL??M=S;>BzdTKA=@?C=@d ILO¨D , ?MX<BTKAF<BE?; =@a]X*?(QBY?MX<BYdpX<U]=@dTBLl
ÒJU]KÔI;>U]KMBD<Bt?pIL=@OSBTD`dTUL; GJI KM=S[AU]FYULP<?MX<BT[ABVF<Bt?~’VU]KArh[c=SFÂI4dEU]F*?CKAU]O:dEU]F*?CB ð ?T€]KMBtP\BTK¶?CUĞ *AŸ l
ÒJU]KY(JILdprha]KAU 9 F<DÀU]FF<Bt?~’VULKMrh[Ã=SF&a]BEF<BTKMILO €Ô=SF_dTO 9 D<=SF<aHF<Bt?~’VULKMrÅFAONI )LBTKM[”GvILF_DILKA(<=@?MKCI ?M=SU]F
Ó

[MdpX_BT;>BT[T€n[ABTBƞ˜Ó SŸ l

vŽ°Ç È1{ x zpor t x sVorˆ w Œ]Œ]{ptŒÉ x € lÀ‰1Œ

. FH?CX<=@[^[MBEdE?C=@U]F2€<’–Bz’$=SOSO‚(<KM=@B @ )”ILFJILO):ÚEBz[MU];>Bz(JIL[A=SdzG<KAU](<O@BT;>[^=SF 5 u 8 [T€J=SF_dTO 9 D<=SF<aÃ?M=S;>BtË


j ILKA)e=@F<a^?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]FzG‚BEKM=@U:D2€“F_BE?~’–U]KMr6[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=@F<a<€†F<BE?~’–U]KAr*Ë}=SF<D 9 dTBED™D<BEONI )]€†[M=@F<a]O@BtË~G<ILdprLBt?
U]K/; 9 O@?C=@G<OSBÇË~GJI dprLBE?W?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]FŽULPQG<ONI Fh?=@F<G 9 ?M[ILF<DœU 9 ?MG 9 ?M[T€eILF<DœD<KAU]G<G<=@F<azULPQF<BE?~’–U]KAr
GJILdpr BE?M[Tl

’ “ËÊ~“”’ ? ¡ ™AÌ   Ÿ   Ÿ6¢h?  ¢_¢  ž–Ÿ2͌¡ ` žX=

uVU]F*j]BEF*?C=SULFJILOhdTU];>G 9 ?MBTK Ë~dTULFh?MKMU]O@OSBEDz[A)e[A?MBT;>[W?CX_BTU]KA=SBT[ÔIL[A[ 9 ;>BBTZ 9 ILO Ë~D<=@[A?CILF<dTB[MIL; G_OS=SF_a^ULP


?CX_B–G<OSILF*?ÔU 9 ?CG 9 ?C[E€ ’$X<=@dpX™;>B ILF<[¶?CX_B–[MIL; G_OSBT[ÔILKAB/?pILr BTFÃGQBTKA=SUeD<=SdTILOSO)šI‘?Ô?MX<B?C=S;>B=SF<[s?pILF*?M[
ÎI5„ϷΊ(փhÏ H„ ÏEппЈ€–’$X_BTKMBp5 =S[Ž?MX<BHdTU]F<[s?pILF*? [CIL;>G<O@=SF<a&GQBTKM=@U:D‰l i X_=S[>IL[M[ 9 ;>G_?C=@U]F O@B ILD_[
?CUì i. [MIL; G_OSBTDeË~DJI ?CIÀ[s):[s?CBE; [”I F<Da]KAB I ?MO@)"[M=@; G_OS=@R<BT[Ã?CX_Bv[A?CIL(<=SO@=@?~)"I F<DGQBTKsP\U]KM; ILF<dEB
ILFJI O@)e[M=@[Þ <€J]ÓAŸ¦l
1 U“’–BEj]BEKT€*?CX_BIL[M[ 9 ;>G_?C=@U]F™ULPnBEZ 9 ILOË}D<=S[s?pILF_dTBV[MIL;>G<OS=@F<a[AX<U 9 O@DÃF<UL?g(‚B–=S;>G‚UL[MBTDÂU]FÃ?CX_B
5 u 8 ILFJILO):[A=S[El i X<B?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]F_[–ULP2[CIL;>G<OSBE[–ULF”ILF 5 u 8 d I F(‚BG‚BEKM=@U:D<=@d$U]KVI G‚BEKM=SUeD<=@dL€
Š
D<BEG‚BEF<D<=SF_avU]Fá?CX_B”moBED<= 9 ; 3 dEdTBE[M[>uVU]F*?CKAU]O m 3 u‹ÂG<KAUL?CUedTULO–ULP?MX<BdEU]F*?CKMULO–F<Bt?~’VULKMrnl
m 3 uêG<KMUL?MU:dEU]OS[Va]BTF<BEKCILO@O@)>P¯ILOSO‚=SF*?CUÃ?~’–Uœd I ?MBTa]ULKM=SBE[Tk~±Aç³²ÑYµA¤ Yç ®°®på°´°´–ILF_D|´®°ÒJåÂѳ¦eèÓ§¶²Yԏž˜Óe„EŸ l
Š
u^ILKAKM=SBEK 8 BEF<[MBàm 9 O@?C=@G<OSB 3 dEdTBT[A[ u 8 m 3 ‹•=S[;>U][s?ULP?MBTF 9 [ABT- D =SFKMILF<D<U]; ILdEdTBT[A[HF<BE?sË
Š Š
’–U]KMrh[T€e’$X<BTKAB IL[ i U]r BTF”fWIL[M[A=SF<a i f#‹–ILF_D i =S;>B4b6=@je=S[A=SU]F m 9 O@?C@= G<OSB 3 dTdEBT[M[ i bYm 3 ‹ILKAB
ë

dTUL; ;>U]F<O)•BE; G<O@U“)]BTD=SF”[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=@F<a F_BE?~’–U]KMrh[Tl


uVU]F*?CKAU]OVF<Bt?~’VULKMrh[ 9 [M=@F<a u 8 m 3 G<KAUL?CUedTU]O@[Â=@F<dTO 9 D<B b6BEje=SdEB 5 BE?ŽI F<D , ?CX<BEKMF<Bt? l ÒW=Sa Ë
9 KABÀ„]lÍÐà=@OSO 9 [A?MKCI ?MBT[Ãj ILKM=@U 9 [>G‚UL[M[M=@(<OSBH[A=@? 9 I ?C=@U]F<[ŽP\U]KŽ?CX<=@[>?~)eGQBŒULPšF<BE?~’–U]KArQl i <X BRJa 9 AK B
Š
D<BEG<=Sdt?C[Ž?~’VUÀF<UeD<BT[œdTULFh?M=SF 9 ILO@O@)à?CKMILF<[M;>=@?A?C=@F<a ; BE[M[MILa]BT[ ’$=@?CXãKMBE[MGQBTdt? ?MUÀIvR ð EB D ?C=@; B
OS=@F<B“‹Çl 3 F<U:D_BŽU]FIou 8 m 3 F<Bt?~’VULKMr&; ULF<=@?MU]KM[š?MX<BœF<BE?~’–U]KArà(QBEP\ULKMBŽB I dpXÀ?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F2l
+ X<BEFo?CX_B`F_BE?~’–U]KMrH=S[=@D<OSB €<=@?$(QBTaL=SF<[?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F”=S;>;>BTD<=SI ?CBEO@)]€:IL[$[MX_U†’$FŒ=SFou^IL[MB>„YULP
Òg=@a 9 KMB„]lÍÐ:l/ٚ?CX_BTKA’$=@[MB=?g’VIL=@?M[ 9 F*?C=@Oe?MX<BF<BE?~’–U]KArÃ=S[WF<UL?/( 9 [A)]l + X_BTFŽ?~’VUzULKc; ULKMBVF_U:D<BE[
?CKs)?CUŽ?MKCILF<[A; =?$[M=@; 9 O@?CILF<BEU 9 [MO)]€_I>dEU]OSO@=S[M=@U]F•UedTd 9 KM[El i X_B`’VI )”?CUœKMBE[MU]Oj]BY?CX<BYdTULOSOS=@[M=@U]F•=@[
Š
G<KAUL?CUedTU]OQD<BEG‚BEF<D<BTF*?TlVb6Btj:=@dTB 5 BE?T€:’$X<=@dpX”=S[VI™dTU]F*?MKMU]O@OSBTK–ILKAB I™F<Bt?~’VULKMr u 365  ‹ ž ]Sƒ Ÿ‰=@F•?CX_B
Š
G<X*)e[M=@d ILO:ONI )]BEK/ILF<DŽDJI‘?pIšO@=SF<rzOSI“)LBTKE€ 9 [MBE[#u 8 m 3 ’$=?CXŽIš(_=@?~’$=S[ABILKA(<=@?MKCI ?M=SU]F u 8 m 3 Lq 3 ‹
G<KAUL?CUedTU]O¦l 8 =SF<dEB™u 3š5 ;>BT[A[CILaLBT[6I KMBYG<KM=@U]KM=?C=@ÚTBTD‰€_?CX<B`;>BT[M[MILa]BY’$=@?MX?MX<BÂX_=Sa]X<BE[A?4G<KA=SU]KA=@?~)
=S[$?CKMILF<[A; =?M?CBEDo’$=?CX<U 9 ?š=@Fh?MBTKAK 9 G_?M=SU]FH’$X<BEF&I dTULOSOS=@[M=@U]FHU:dEd 9 KA[T€2I F<Do?MKCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]FULP/?CX_B
OSU“’–BTK Ë~G<KA=SU]KA=@?~);>BT[A[CILaLB`=@[?CBTKA; =@FJI ?MBTDoILF<DH’$=SOSO‰(‚BYKMBt?CKA=SBTD’$X<BTF?CX<B`F<Bt?~’VU]KArH=S[=SD_OSBL€nI [
[MX_U†’$F=SFu^IL[MBHULP^Òg=Sa 9 KMBH„]lÍÐ:l , ?MX<BTKAF<BE?™BT;>G<OSU“)e[™Iou 8 m 3 ’$=@?MXÀdEU]OSO@=S[M=@U]F D<Bt?CBTdt?C=@U]F
Š
u 8 m 3 ]u^bY‹4G<KMUL?MU:dEU]O l + X<BTFv?MX<BTKABŽ=S[6I dTU]O@OS=S[A=SU]F‰€‚I OSO¶ULP?CX<BÃI ô BEdE?MBTD F<UeD<BT[6’$=@OSO¶(JILdpr
Š
U ô €Ô’VIL=?`IKMILF<D<U];·?M=S;>B D<BEdT=@D<BTDÀ(h) ?MX<. B ÕE§¶²Q³ç ±¬Ö ”å ב©¾µA²‰¬å ²JØæ §¯çLè ÕpçY®°¯ÙµÛÚI OSa]U]KA=@?MX<;ܞÕÓ ³ŸN‹t€
ILF<D KABE?MKCILF<[A; =? €¼I [6[MX<U“’$Fà=SF&u^I [MBœÑULP–Òg=@a 9 KMB „]lÍÐ:l + BÃdTILF&[MBTBÃ?MXJI ?z(QUL?MX&b6BEje=SdEB 5 Bt?
ILF<D , ?CX<BEKMF<Bt?^d I F<F<UL?#a 9 I KCILF*?CBEBšBEZ 9 ILOË}D<=S[s?pILF<dEB$[CIL;>G<OS=@F<a<€][A=SF<dEB?MX<BT=@K?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]FœULP2I
Š
[CI ; G<O@B;>=SaLXh?–(QB6(‚U 9 F<dTBED”(JILdpr>(‚BEd I 9 [MBYIÂX_=Sa]X<BEKsË}G<KM=@U]KM=?~)ŽF<UeD<B b6Btje=SdTB 5 Bt?Nj#ULKV[M=@; G_O@)
Š
ILF<U ?CX<BEK4F_U:D<B , ?CX<BEKMF<Bt?Nj=S[^?CKs)e=SF<aŽ?CUŽ?MKCILF<[A; =?$[M=@; 9 O@?CILF<BEU 9 [MO)]l
Š Š
i X<B i fG<KMU ?CUedTU]O‰ILG<GQB ILKA[4=@F”?CU]r BTF( 9 [ . ,,, 8 ?CILF<DJILKADŒëLƒ*:lՍh‹t€e?CU]r BTFŒKA=SF<a . ,,#,
Ø

Š
8 ?CILF<DJILKAD>ë]ƒ*:lÍÐ]‹—žÕÓ ³Ÿ¦€hILF<DŽ?MX<B^RJ(QBTK/D<=@[A?CKA=S( 9 ?CBTDŽD<I ?pI6=@Fh?MBTKsP¯ILdTB cÒ bzb . ‹gm 3 uޘÓLПnILKAdpX<=Ë
?CBEdE? 9 KMBE[ED i bYm 3 =@[ 9 [MBTD•=SF>Òg=SKAB + =@KMBÁž˜Ÿ l 3 ?M=S;>=SF<azD<=SILa]KMIL; P\U]K/?MX<=S[/?~)eG‚B4ULP‰F<BE?~’–U]KMrœ=@[
[MX_U†’$F•=SF>Òg=Sa 9 KMBY„]l˜Û_l i X_BT[MBG<KMU ?CUedTU]O@[#BEOS=@; =@FJI ?CB#?CX<B4dTULFh?MBTF*?C=@U]F P\ULKc?CX<B4[MXJI KMBTD F<BE?~’–U]KAr
;>BTD<= 9 ; (h)ŒILO@OSU“’$=SF<a>B I dpXàF_U:D<B™U]FŒ?CX_BÃF<BE?~’–U]KAro?CU?MKCILF_[M;>=@?šILdTdEU]KMD<=@F<a•?MU”I•G<KABTD<Bt?CBTK Ë
;>=SF<BEDà[AdpX<BTD 9 OSB l . FÀIH?MU]rLBEFÀ( 9 [T€¶?CX<BŽ?MU]rLBEF=S[zG<IL[M[ABTDILKAU 9 F<DàIHOSU]aL=Sd I OWKA=SF<a<€2’$X_BTKMBTIL[
=SFãI ?CU]r BTF KM=SF_a<€–=?œ=S[œGJIL[A[MBEDILKAU 9 F<DI&G_Xh)e[A=Sd I O4KA=SF<a_l . Fã[MdpX<BED 9 O@=SF<aàF<BE?~’–U]KAre[E€=@?œ=@[
GQU][M[A=S(<O@B4?MUŽILKMKMILF<a]B$P\U]K#G‚BEKM=@U:D<=@d4?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]F>ULP¶;>BT[A[CILa]BE[TlÒJU]K#B ð IL;>G<OSB €_ÒW=SKMB + =SKABXJI [
Š
I”?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULF dE)edTO@B „†]' Ð Ý2[p‹6D<=je=SD<BEDà=@F*?CUH[M; ILOSOW?C=S;>BÃ[AOSUL?M[T€¼’$X<BTKAB BTILdpX4§­´µ®°ÒY±ÞµA²fµA¦Ù´
æرMç³²h´TçY®tæاQµA² =S[Âa 9 ILKMILF*?CBEBTD"Io?M=S;>B [AOSUL?`?CUŒ?MKCILF_[M;>=@?Â=SFáBtj]BTKs)ádt):dEOSB l i KMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F<[ÂU]F
[MdpX_BTD 9 O@=SF<a™F<BE?~’–U]KMrh[dTILF(QBšGQBTKM=@U:D_=Sd$=SF>?CX<BEU]KA)Ll 1 U“’VBtj]BTKE€<=SF G<KCI dE?C=@dTB €:?CX_BE)•ILKMB4U]F<O) [AU
Š
9 Gœ?CUz?CX_B4F_BE?~’–U]KM r ß·§æ¯æ ¬å ± D<BtRJF<BEDIL[/?CX_B^?C=S;>BtË j ILKM=SI ?C=@U]F™=@FœILdE? 9 ILOJ[A?CILKA?/?M=S;>BT[cU P2ILdt?C=@U]F<[T€
IL[$U]G<GQU][ABTDH?CUŽ?CX<BE=SK[s?C=SG 9 ONI ?MBTDH[A?CILKA?$?M=S;>BT[p‹Çl

Case 1: Case 2: Case 3:


No collision When a collison occurs When a collison occurs
occurs on DeviceNet, one with on Ethernet, both back
higher priority transmits off and transmit again
Node i

kh (k+1)h (k+2)h

Node j

kh (k+1)h (k+2)h

Òg=@a 9 KMBŽ„LlÌÐ:k i =@; =@F<aÃD<=SILa]KMIL; P\U]K^?~’–U>F<U:D_BT[$U]FoIœKMILF<D<UL;øILdTdEBT[A[F<Bt?~’VULKMrnl

3 O?CX<U 9 a]X;>U][s?oF_BE?~’–U]KMrh[ŒdTILF<F<U ?Œa 9 ILKCILF*?MBTBàdTU]F<[s?pILF*??CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]FGQBTKA=SUeD2€?MX<BE)


„“ƒ

Waiting for Token Signal Sent


or Time Slot

Node i Signal Ready

kh (k+1)h (k+2)h

Òg=Sa 9 KMBŽ„]l˜Û_k i =S;>=SF_aÃD<=NI a]KCIL; P\U]K$ILFILKA(<=@?MKCILKs)F<UeD<BzU]FoIŽ[MdpX<BED 9 OS=@F<a>F<BE?~’–U]KMrnl

F<U]KA;•I OSO@)HdTILF&a 9 ILKMILF*?CBEBÃ?CU?CKMILF<[A; =?zI;>BT[M[MILa]BŽ(QBEP\U]KABÃ=@?M[6D<BTILD<OS=@F<BLl`ÒJU]K6B ð IL; G_OSBL€‰U]F


b6BEje=@dTB 5 BE?T€*U]F<B^dEU 9 OSDœI [M[M=@a]FÃ?CX_B^; BE[M[MILa]BdTO@U][MBE[A?/?MU6=@?M[cD<B I D<OS=@F<B–’$=?CXÃ?CX_B^X<=SaLX<BT[s?G<KM=@U]KsË
=@?~)Ll i X<BEKMBtP\U]KMB €]’VB$ILKABV=@Fh?MBTKABT[A?MBTDœ=SF™U](_?pI =SF<=@F<a3Õ¬µA¦Y²ÑA´ÔU]F™?MX<BV?C=@; BÇË}j ILKs):=@F<a$?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULF
GQBTKM=@U:D‰€_’$X<BTF_BEj]BEKšdEU]F<[A?CILF*?$?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULF”G‚BEKM=SUeD<[dTILF<F<UL?4(QBYa 9 ILKMILF*?CBTBED2l

’ “ËÊ~“P¡ £¡2H;ហ : ¡ =  Ÿ 


› 8#à >

. F 5 u 8 [T€Q?CX<B`GQBTKAP\ULKM; ILF<dTB`ULPc?MX<B`dTU]F*?CKAU]O¶OSUeU]G<[$F<UL?U]F<O)HD<BTGQBTF_DvU]Fo?MX<B`D<BT[A=Sa]FoULPc?CX_B
dTULFh?MKMU]O¶I OSa]U]KA=@?MX<; [E€:( 9 ?ILOS[AUŽKMBTO)”U]F”?CX_B`[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=@F<a U PW?MX<BY[MXJILKABTDF<BE?~’–U]KArKABT[AU 9 KMdEBLl
Ù 9 K™[s? 9 D_)ÀU]FÀF<BE?~’–U]KMrà[MdpX_BTD 9 O@=SF<aŒ=S[`U]F?CX_B•F<Bt?~’VU]KAr]Ë 9 [ABTKÃO@BEj]BEO €WU]K™U]Fà?CU]GÀULP?CX_B
?CKMILF<[AG‚U]Ks?”ONI )LBTKážÕÓ ³Ÿ¦€4?MU(‚BŒB ð ILdE?Tl + B ILKABv=SF*?CBEKMBE[A?CBED=@FX<U“’ULP?CBEFêIáG<ONILF*?”[AX<U 9 O@D
[MdpX_BTD 9 O@BÂ?MU>?MKCILF<[A; =??CX<BYDJI‘?pI>ILF<Do’$=?CXH’$XJI ?4G<KA=SU]KA=@?~)•?MX<B`GJILdprLBt?6[AX<U 9 O@Do(QBÂ[ABTF*?U 9 ? l
1 U“’–BEjLBTKT€J’–B`ILKMBzF<U ?dTU]F_dTBTKAF<BTDH’$=@?MXHX<U“’?MX<BzGJILdpr BE?4a]BE?M[^?CUÃ?MX<BYD<BT[s?C=SF<I ?C=@U]F•P\KMUL; ?CX_B
[MU 9 KMdEB B k dE=SBEFh?MO@)L€gILF_Dà’$XJI‘?Â?MUoD<U=@P#?CX_B>KAU 9 ?MB =@[zdTU]F<aLBT[A?MBTD2l i X<BT[AB•G<KAU](<OSBE; [YI KMB 9 G
?CU ?CX<BÃKAU 9 ?M=SF<a•ILOSa]ULKM=@?MX<;>[I F<D dTU]F_a]BT[s?C=SULFvdTU]F*?MKMU]OgILOSa]ULKM=@?MX<;>[4=@FŒ?CX_B™F<Bt?~’VU]KArvONI )LBTK?MU
KMBE[MU]Oj]B žÕÓ ³Ÿ¦l
„]„

’ “ËÊ~“ËÊ £¡2H;ហ : ™ ¢ 
Ÿ =  8 >¡ =ãâ¡ä

i X<BÃF_BE?~’–U]KMr]Ë~=@F<D 9 dEBTD&D<BEONI )=SF 5 u 8 [6UedTd 9 KM[š’$X_BTF [MBEF<[MULKM[T€2ILdE? 9 I ?CULKM[T€‰ILF<DvdEU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTKM[


B ð dpXJI F<a]B4DJI ?pIYILdEKMU][A[#?MX<B$F<BE?~’–U]KArQl i X_=S[D<BTOSI )Žd ILFœD<BEa]KCI D<B?CX<B$GQBTKAP\ULKM; ILF<dTB$ULP‚dTULFh?MKMU]O
[A)e[s?CBT;>[4D<BT[A=Sa]F<BED’$=?CX<U 9 ?$dTU]F_[M=SD_BTKM=@F<aœ=@?4ILF_DdTILFBEj]BEFvD<BE[A?pI (<=SO@=SÚTB?CX<BY[A)e[s?CBT;l
fgILdpr BE?M[^U]F•KMILF<D<UL;ÏILdTdEBT[A[VF<Bt?~’VU]KArh[ILKMB4I ô BTdt?CBED•(*)>KCILF<D_U];üD<BEONI )e[T€:ILF<D ?MX<B$’VU]KA[A?sË
d I [MBz?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]F?C=@; BULPcIŽGJI dprLBE?4=@[ 9 Fh(‚U 9 F<D<BTD‰€‚I [=SOSO 9 [A?MKCI ?MBTD=@FHÒg=Sa 9 KMBÄLlÌÐ:l i X_BTKMBÇË
P\U]KABL€*u 8 m 3 F<Bt?~’VULKMrh[ILKMB#a]BEF<BTKMILOSO)YdTU]F<[A=SD<BEKMBEDÃF<U]F:Ë}D<BE?MBTKA; =@F<=S[s?C=Sd l 1 U“’VBtj]BEKT€*=@P_F<BE?~’–U]KAr
;>BT[M[MILa]BE[”ILKMBŒG<KM=@U]KM=?C=SÚEBTD2€–X<=SaLX<BTK Ë~G<KA=SU]KA=@?~);>BT[A[CILa]BE[”XJI j]B IÀ(‚Bt?M?CBEKdpXJILF_dTBvP\U]K>?C=S;>BTO)
Š
?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F [ 9 dpXvI [4ULFŒu 3š5 I F<Db6BEje=SdEB 5 Bt?NjÇl
Ù6Fá[MdpX<BED 9 O@=SF<aoF<BE?~’–U]KMrh[E€/GJILdprLBt?Ã?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]FàD<BTOSI“)e[ÂU:dEd 9 K`’$X<=SO@Bœ’VIL=?C=SF_aP\U]KY?CX_B
?CULrLBTF"U]K`?C=@; B>[MO@UL? €/I [Ã[MX<U“’$F"=SFáÒg=Sa 9 KMBŒ„LlÍÛ_l i X<BE)d ILF(QB; ILD<B•(QUL?MXá(‚U 9 F<D<BED I F<D
dTULF<[A?CILF*?(*)”?MKCILF<[A; =?M?M=SF<aÃG<ILdprLBt?C[šGQBTKA=SUeD<=SdTILOSO)]l

’ “ËÊ~“Øå › Ÿ  ¡ ™ Í 8`: ¡2 – ¢ “Uæ  }  ˜ ¡ ™ Í. 8`: ¡2)  Ÿ6¢I?  ¢:¢  žVŸ

8 =@F<a]OSBÇË~GJI dprLBE?z?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]FŒ; BTILF<[6?CX<I ?z[MBEF<[MULK`ULKYILdE? 9 I ?CULK6DJI ?CI”ILKMBŽO 9 ; GQBTDv?MU]a]Bt?CX<BEK


=SF*?MUšU]F<B–F<BE?~’–U]KArÂGJI dprLBE?/ILF<D™?MKCILF<[A; =?M?MBTDÂI ?W?MX<BV[MIL;>B–?C=@; B €“’$X<BTKAB IL[c=@F™; 9 O@?C=@G<OSBÇË~GJI dprLBE?
?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F2€W[MBTF_[MU]KÃULKÃILdt? 9 I ?MU]K™D<I ?pIvI KMB ?MKCILF_[M;>=@?M?MBTDÀ=SFá[ABTGJILKMI ?CB•F<BE?~’–U]KMrÀGJILdpr BE?C[E€
ILF<Dv?MX<BE)o; I“)oF<UL?6ILKMKA=@jLBŽI ?š?MX<BÃdEU]F*?CKMULOSOSBEKšI F<D G<ONI Fh?š[M=@; 9 O@?CILF<BEU 9 [MO)]l6ÙzF_BÃKMBTIL[MU]FvP\ULK
; 9 O?C=@G<OSBÇË~GJILdpr BE?#?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]F•=@[–?CX<I ?^GJI dprLBE?sË~[s’$=@?CdpX_BTDF<BE?~’–U]KMrh[dTILFU]F<O)>d ILKAKA) OS=S;>=@?MBTD
=SF:P\U]KM; I ?C=@U]F =SFIo[A=SF<a]O@BœGJILdprLBt?ŽD 9 B>?CUoGJILdprLBt?Ž[M=@ÚTB>dTU]F_[A?CKMIL=SF*?M[Tl i X 9 [T€/OSILKMa]B>IL;>U 9 F*?M[
ULPWDJI ?CIœ; 9 [A?4(QB`(_KMU]r BTFŒ=@F*?CUœ; 9 O?C=SG_OSBšG<ILdprLBt?C[?MUœ(‚Bz?CKMILF<[A; =?M?CBED2l i X<BYUL?MX<BTK$KMBTIL[MULFo=@[
„†

?CX<I ?#[MBTF_[MU]KA[^ILF<D•ILdE? 9 I ?MU]KM[=SF ILF 5 u 8 ILKMB4ULP?CBEF D_=S[A?MKM=@( 9 ?CBED U“jLBTK–I`OSILKMa]B$G<X*)e[M=@d ILOQILKAB I_€
ILF<D=@?^=S[=S;>GQU][M[A=S(<O@Bš?CUœG 9 ?$?MX<BYDJI ?pIŽ=@Fh?MUœU]F<BYF<BE?~’–U]KAr”GJILdprLBt? l
uVU]F*j]BEFh?M=SU]F<ILOn[CIL;>G<OSBED:Ë~D<I ?pI6[s):[s?CBE; [VIL[M[ 9 ; B?MXJI ?G<OSILF*?–U 9 ?CG 9 ?C[#ILF<D>dTU]F*?MKMU]OJ=@F<G 9 ?M[
ILKABD<BEOS=j]BTKABTD•I ??CX<B4[CIL;>B$?C=S;>BL€]’$X_=SdpX•; I )ŽF<UL?–(QB4?MK 9 B$P\U]K 5 u 8 [#’$=@?MX ; 9 O@?C=@G<OSBÇË~GJI dprLBE?
?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F<[Elgb 9 B–?CUzF<Bt?~’VU]KArŽILdEdTBT[A[D<BTOSI“)e[E€]?CX<B^dEU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTKg; I )™F_UL?c(QB$IL(<O@B–?CUzKABTdEBT=@jLB
ILO@O‰ULPW?CX<BYG<OSILF*?$U 9 ?CG 9 ? 9 GQDJI ?CBE[šI‘??CX<Bz?C=@; BšULPW?MX<BYdTU]F*?MKMU]O¼dTILOSd 9 ONI ?M=SU]F‰l
b6= ô BTKABTF*?/F<Bt?~’VU]KArh[–I KMBV[ 9 =@?CIL(<O@B–P\U]KcD_= ô BTKMBEF*?c?~)eG‚BE[/ULPJ?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]F<[Tl , ?CX<BEKMF<Bt? €hU]KA=Sa Ë
=SF<ILOSO)•D<BE[M=@a]F<BTDP\U]K?CKMILF<[M;>=@?A?C=@F<aŽ=SF_P\ULKM; I ?C=@U]F[ 9 dpX IL[$DJI ?CIœRJO@BT[E€QdTILFŒX_U]OSDIœ;•I ð =@; 9 ;
ULP$„†Ð ƒ]ƒ•(*)h?CBT[zU PDJI ?pI =SF I•[A=SF<aLOSB`GJILdprLBt?ƞ˜Ó AŸ l 1 BTF<dEBL€2=?6=@[š;>U]KMBÂB k dT=@BTF*?6?CU•O 9 ;>GŒ?CX_B
[MBEF<[MULK–DJI‘?pIY=SF*?CUYU]F<B$GJI dprLBE?^ILF<Dœ?CKMILF<[M;>=@?c=@?/?CULa]BE?MX<BTKPçê[M=@F<a]O@BtË~G<ILdprLBt?#?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]F‰l/Ù6F
?CX_B4U ?CX<BEK#X<ILF<D2€eb6BEje=@dTB 5 BE?T€hP\BTI ? 9 KM=SF_a6P\KMBTZ 9 BEF*?–?MKCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]FŽULP‚[M; ILO@OË~[A=SÚEBVdTULFh?MKMU]OJD<I ?pI_€
XJIL[>I ; I ð =S; 9 ;×ë‘Ë}(h)h?MBD<I ?pIvRJBEOSD"=SF"B I dpX GJI dprLBE?ED?CX 9 [T€–[MBEF<[MU]K>DJI ?CI ULP?CBEFã; 9 [A?>(QB
[MX 9 ?A?CO@BTD=SFHD<= ô BTKABTF*?4GJILdpr BE?C[4U]Fob6BEje=SdEB 5 BE? l

’ “ËÊ~“Pè ž ˜˜  Ÿ  £¡2H;ž  :


â   Í. 8`: ¡¼_¢

b6KMULG<G<=SF_aáF<BE?~’–U]KAr|GJILdprLBt?C[U:dEd IL[A=SU]F<ILOSO)"XJILG<GQBTF<[HU]F-ILF 5 u 8 ’$X_BTFê?CX<BEKMB&ILKAB F<U:D_B


P¯IL=@O 9 KABT[YU]K™;>BT[A[CILaLB•dTULOSOS=@[M=@U]F<[Tl 3 O@?MX<U 9 aLXÀ;>U][A?™F<BE?~’–U]KArÀG<KAUL?CUedTULOS[`ILKMB BTZ 9 =@G<G‚BED’$=@?MX
?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F:Ë}KMBE?MKA)o; BEdpXJILF<=@[M;>[T€¼?CX_BE) dTILFÀULF<O@)ŒKMBtË ?CKMILF<[M;>=@?šP\U]KYI”OS=S;>=@?MBTDŒ?M=S;>BLl 3 P?CBEK
?CX_=S[$?C=S;>B`XJIL[šB ð G<=SKABTD2€Q?CX<BÂGJILdprLBt?C[zI KMB™D_KMU]G<GQBTD‰lšÒ 9 Ks?CX<BEKM;>U]KMB €QP\U]K4KMBTILOË ?C=@; B6P\BEBTD<(JI dpr
dTULFh?MKMU]OgDJI ?pI”[ 9 dpXI [`[ABTF<[AU]KY; BTIL[ 9 KMBT;>BTF*?M[ÂI F<D&d ILO@d 9 OSI ?CBED dTU]F*?CKAU]Oc[A=Sa]FJI OS[T€‰=@?z; I )v(QB
ILD_j ILF*?CILa]BTU 9 [/?CUYD<=S[Ad ILKAD>?MX<B$U]OSD‰€ 9 F*?CKCI F<[M;>=@?A?CBTDœ;>BT[A[CILa]B4ILF_D>?MKCILF<[A; =?IzF<BE’GJILdprLBt?V=P
„“Ñ

=@?–(QBTdTUL; BE[^I j IL=SOSIL(<OSB l . F•?MX<=S[#’^I )L€:?CX_B6dTU]F*?MKMU]O@OSBTK–ILO’^I )e[VKABTdTBE=@jLBT[^P\KMBE[MX”DJI‘?pI`P\ULKVdTULFh?MKMU]O


d I OSd 9 ONI ?M=SU]F2l
5 U]KA;•I OSO@)L€‰P\BTBED<(JILdpr]Ë}dTU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTDàG<ONI Fh?M[Yd ILF&?CU]O@BTKMI ?CBœIHdTBEKA?pI =SFàIL;>U 9 F*?YULP^D<I ?pI”OSUL[M[T€
( 9 ?š=@?4=S[$j ILO 9 IL(<OSBz?MU D<Bt?CBEKM;>=SF<BY’$X<BE?MX<BTK?CX<BÂ[A)e[A?MBT;ò=S[4[A?pI (<OSBY’$X<BTF ULF<O@)?MKCILF_[M;>=@?M?M=SF<a
?CX_BzGJILdprLBt?C[4I ?$IÃdEBTKs?pIL=@F”KCI ?MBL€<I F<D”?CUÃdEU]; G 9 ?CBYILdEdTBEG_?pIL(_OSB6O@U†’–BTK(QU 9 F_D<[U]F?CX_B6GJILdpr BE?
?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F”KCI‘?CBLl

vŽé º»tˆEoÁsVtz ½ yu†

’ “ØåN“”’ ›  = ž 1£ ê›4¢[;  à £¡2³;ហ : ™ ¢ Ÿ=  8 ¡>=ãâ¡+Ûä

, ILKMO@=SBEK4’–U]KMroU]F 5 u 8 [zXJIL[6dEU]F<dEBTF*?CKMI ?CBEDàULF ; UeD<BTO@=SF<a_€‚I FJILO@)e[A=S[T€‚ILF<D [s?pI ?MBÃBT[s?C=@;•I ?M=SU]F


ULPÔ?CX<B 5 u 8 [4’$=?CXHF<Bt?~’VU]KAr]Ë~=SF_D 9 dTBEDŒD<BEONI )]l

¸”» «J­\ʼ¥ ¤¦¥

3 ë [s?CK¿U]ì ;òILF<D + =?M?CBEF<; ILKMr¥ž ³ŸWG<KMU“je=SD<B`P 9 F<DJI ; BEFh?CILOWILFJILO):[A=S[4ULP[A)e[s?CBT;>[š’$=?CXŒD_BTONI )e[6=@F


?CX_BVP\BTBED<(JILdprÂdTU]F*?CKAU]O_O@U:ULG2lgq–UL?CXÃ[s)e[A?CBE; [c’$=?CXÃD_BTONI )ÂOSBE[M[g?MXJILFÃU]F_B^[CIL;>G<O@=SF<a4G‚BEKM=@U:DŽI F<D
Š
[A)e[s?CBT;>[’$=@?MX”OSU]F<aLBTKVD_BTONI )e[ X_U†’–BEjLBTKE€n?MX<B6j ILKM=SI ?C=@U]F>ULP¶?CX<BzO@U]F<a]BEKVD<BEONI )e[$ILKMB6KABT[s?CKM=@dE?MBTD
’$=@?MX<=SFoU]F<BÂ[CIL;>G<OS=@F<a>G‚BEKM=SUeD2€f5n‹ILKAB™dTULF<[M=@D<BTKABTD2l i X_BÃD<BTOSI )o=@F<dTKAB IL[ABT[š?MX<BÃU]KAD<BTKULP/?CX_B
[A)e[s?CBT;l"ÒJU]KÃB ð I ; G<O@BL€#I D<BTOSI )áULPƒê$n/í$É5’$=SOSO–=SF<dEKMBTIL[MB?MX<BHU]KMD<BEKŽULP4?CX<B”[s):[s?CBE;
;>U:D<BEO2(*) „]€JI F<DIœD_BTONI )”U P]5$4/$êH5H’$=@OSO‚=SF<dEKMB I [MB6?CX_B`ULKMD<BEK(h)oel#ÙzF_O@)•?MX<Bzd I [MBYULP
dTULF<[A?CILF*?D_BTONI )e[ILKMBzdEU]F<[M=@D<BTKABTDo=SF?CX_=S[4ILFJILO)e[M=S[El
„

1 ILO@BEje=WILF<D w I“)-ž Ñ]ƒ_€‚ÛLSŸg[A? 9 D_)?CX<BÃ=@F*?CBTaLKCI ?MBTDvdEU]; ; 9 F<=SdTI ?C=@U]FILF<D dEU]F*?CKMULOW[s):[s?CBE;


Š
. uu 8 ‹Y’$=@?MXà?M=S;>BtË jLI KA)e=SF<a”F_BE?~’–U]KMr]Ë~=@F<D 9 dEBTDáD_BTONI )Ll i X<BE)àdEU]F<[M=@D<BTKÂIHdTU]F*?C=@F 9 U 9 [ Ë}?C=@; B
G<OSILF*?cILF_DÃD<=S[AdTKABE?CBÇË}?M=S;>B–dEU]F*?CKMULOSOSBEKgI F<DŽILFJI O@)eÚTB#?CX<B–G<KMU](_OSBT; 9 [A=SF<a4?CX<BVD<=S[AdTKMBt?CBÇË}?C=@; B–ILG:Ë
G<KAU*ILdpX2l i X_Bš[A)e[s?CBT; =@[/KMBTG_KMBT[ABTF*?CBED”(*)>ILF•I 9 a];>BTF*?CBED [s?pI ?MB4jLBTdE?MU]K?CXJI ?#dEU]F<[M=@[A?M[–ULP‰GJIL[s?
j ILO 9 BT[šU P/?CX<BÃG_ONILF*?=SF<G 9 ?zILF<DŒU 9 ?CG 9 ? €2=@FvILD_D<=@?M=SU]FH?CU•?MX<BÃd 9 KMKABTF*?z[A?CI ?CBÂj]BTdt?CU]KA[zULP/?CX_B
G<OSILF*?6ILF_DvdTU]F*?MKMU]O@OSBTKEl i X<=S[KMBT[ 9 O@?M[6=SFŒI>RJF_=@?CBÇË~D<=@; BEF<[M=@U]FJILO¦€<?C=@; BÇË}j ILKA)e=@F<aœD<=S[AdTKMBt?CBÇË}?C=@; B
;>U:D<BEO l i X<BE)ãI OS[MUv?CILrLBá¤3§­´¬«Q´¬ÖA²f®°ÒY±ÞµA²¾§ïî“çL樧QµA² (QBE?~’–BTBEFG<OSILF*?>ILF<D"dTU]F*?MKMU]O@OSBTKE€~¤•å°´°´TçÔeå
±Cåðß °å ®t樧QµA²J€<ILF<D¥ñ‘çY®Mç³²Jæg´T糤‚©QèÓ§¶²YÔ6=@Fh?MU>ILdTdEU 9 F*? l
. Fì¼=@U 9 ILF<D w I )[ž hÐ:€‰*ÛSŸ¦€¶I[s?CUedpXJIL[A?M=SdœILG_G<KMU*I dpXà?MUŒILF<ILO@)eÚTB 5 u 8 [Y’$=@?CX&F<Bt?~’VULKMr]Ë
=SF_D 9 dTBEDÂD_BTONI )š=S[¼BT;>G<O@U†)LBTD2l i X<BEKMBL€‘?CX<B/[ABTF<[AU]KWILF<Dz?CX<BdEU]F*?CKMULOSOSBEK¼ILKAB/[A?pI KA?CBED`’$=?CXYI^?C=@; B
[Mr BE’ãULPòópl i X<B–G<KMUL(JIL(<=@OS=@?~)4?CX<I ?W?MX<B#F<BE’[ABTF<[AU]KWj ILO 9 BXJIL[ÔKMBTILdpX<BTDÂ?CX<B#dTU]F*?MKMU]O@OSBTK2’$X_BTF
?CX_BÃdTU]F*?MKMU]Oc[A=Sa]F<ILOW=@[6d I OSd 9 ONI ?MBTDv=@[zIL[M[ 9 ;>BTDv?CU”(QBÃrhF<U“’$F2l i X<BœìCšË}U]G_?M=S; ILO¼dTU]F*?MKMU]O@OSBTK
=S[[MU]Oj]BED2l i X<Bt)vILO@[MUD_=S[Md 9 [M[šX<U“’x?MUdTULF<[A?MK 9 dt?YI•[A?CI ?CB™BT[A?M=S; I ?CULK4=@FŒ?CX_BÃd IL[AB™’$X<BEF&ILOSO
[A?CI ?CBE[4ILKMBYF<UL?$;>B I [ 9 KABTD2l
5 =@OS[M[AU]FꞘРëAŸILO@[MUHILF<ILO@)eÚTBE[ 5 u 8 [Y=SFv?MX<BœD<=S[AdTKABE?CBÇË}?M=S;>B™D<U]; IL=@F2l 1 BŽP 9 KA?MX<BTKz;>U:D_BTOS[
?CX_BšF<Bt?~’VU]KAr•D<BEONI )e[IL[–dTU]F<[s?pILF*?T€_=SF_D<BTGQBTF<D_BTF*?CO)•KMILF<D<U];€:ILF<DKMILF<D<U]; ( 9 ?^a]U“j]BEKMF<BEDH(h)
ILF 9 F<D_BTKMO)e=SF<aÂmŒILKArLU“jœdpXJIL=@F2l/ÒJKMUL; ?CX_BTKMB €hX<B$[MU]Oj]BT[/?MX<B4ì+C 7 ULG_?C=@;•ILOedTULFh?MKMU]OJG_KMU](<O@BT;
P\U]K`?CX<B•j ILKA=SU 9 [™D<BEONI );>UeD<BTO@[Tl 1 B”ILO@[MUvGQU]=SF*?M[™U 9 ?™?CX<B=@; GQU]Ks?pILF<dEB U P?C=S;>BtË}[A?CIL; G_=SF<a
;>BT[M[MILa]BE[T€J’$X<=SdpXoILO@OSU“’$[V?CX_B`X_=S[A?MU]KA)ULPW?MX<BY[A)e[A?MBT;ï?MU>(QBYrhF<U“’$F2l
„†Ð

ɂ§“«_§“® ôz¥E§†¤¯¿«_§†¤\¨ »

i X<BG_KM=S; ILKs) P 9 F<dE?M=SU]FULP 5 u 8 [s?pI ?MBBT[s?C=S; I ?M=SU]Fà=S[`?CUvdTILOSd 9 ONI ?MB ?MX<BG<OSILF*? —Õ[ÂP 9 O@O–[s?pI ?MB
9 [A=SF<a>D<BTOSI )]BTD‰€‚GJI KA?C=SILO2G<OSILF*?$[A?CI ?CB`=SF_P\ULKM; I ?C=@U]F2l#moU][s?šU PW?MX<BÂ[s? 9 D_=SBT[4=SFH?CX_=S[4ILKMBTIœP\Ued 9 [
U]F”?CX_B`ULG_?C=@;•ILO‚[A?CI ?CBYBT[s?C=@;•I ?M=SU]F”;>BE?MX<UeD2l
. F w I )åtæzçLèé—ž Û]ÛSŸ¦€WI[s?pI ?MB BE[A?C=@;•I‘?CU]K6’$X<=@dpX=@[ÂI; UeD<=RJd I ?M=SU]F U PV?CX_B dEU]F*j]BTF*?M=SU]FJI O
;>=SF<=@; 9 ; j ILKA=NILF_dTB$RJO@?MBTK#=S[#D<BEjLBTOSULG‚BED2l i X<=S[–BT[s?C=S; I ?MU]K/d ILFILdTdEU]; ;>UeDJI ?CB?MX<BšB ô BEdE?C[–ULP
KCI F<D<U];>O@)*Ë}j ILKs)e=SF<aŽD<BEONI )e[$=SFoILKMKA=@j ILOS[VULPg[ABTF<[AU]KšD<I ?pIœI ?$?CX_BÂdEU]F*?CKMULOSOSBEKV?CBEKM;>=SFJI O l . FH?CX<=@[
ILG<G_KMU*ILdpX‰€_?CX<Bzd 9 KMKABTF*?CO)*Ë I j IL=SOSIL(<OSB[MBEF<[MU]KD<I ?pI_€Iõ¿öL€<=@[ 9 [MBEDŒI‘?B ILdpXH[MIL; G_OS=SF_aÃ=SF<[s?pILF*?^?MU
U](_?CIL=SF?MX<BY[A?CI ?CBYBT[s?C=@;•I ?MB6’$X<=SdpX‰€J=SF”? 9 KAF2€Jd I Fo(QB 9 [MBED?MU a]BEF<BTKMI ?CBz?MX<BYdTU]F*?CKAU]O¼[M=@a]FJILO¦l
5 =@OS[M[AU]F-ž˜ÐLëAŸÔP 9 KA?CX_BTK4G<KMU“j]BEDŒ?CX_B´“åP©_ç³±AçLæاQµA²Æ©±°µ°©J嬱ÇæØÖ €J’$X<=@dpX ILO@OSU“’$[^?CX<BÂìCË~U]G_?M=S; ILO
[A?CI ?CB•BT[A?M=S; I ?CULK™ILF_DáU]G_?M=S; ILOdTU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTKY?CUv(QB•D_BT[M=@a]F<BED[MBTG<ILKCI ?MBTO)áILF_DdTU];Ã(_=SF<BED?CU Ë
a]Bt?CX<BEK$P\ULKdTU]F*?CKAU]O l
uVXJILFåtæ4çLèégžˆ„“ØSŸcD_=@je=SD<BE[?MX<BÃBT[s?C=@;•I ?M=SU]Fo=SF*?CU ?~’VUH[A?MBTG<[El i X<BÃRJKM[s?z[A?MBTG&ULP/?MX<BŽBT[s?C=Ë
; I ?C=@U]F=S[^?MUŽD<BTdE=SD<Bz?MX<BYd 9 KAKMBTF*?4[A?CI ?CBzU PW?MX<BYG<ONILF*?^’$=?CX”?CX_BzG‚U][A[M=@(<OSBzD<BEONI )]BEDP 9 OSOË}[A?CI ?CB
P\BTBED<(JILdprnl 8 =@F<dTB`?CX<BÃD<I ?pI•=@[šF<U ?š?C=@; BÇË~[s?pIL;>G‚BEDŒ=@Fo?CX_BT=SK[MBt? 9 G2€‰=@?6=@[ 9 F<rhF<U“’$Fà’$X<Bt?CX<BEK
?CX_B4KABTdEBT=@jLBTD>DJI ?CIY=@[ 9 G:Ë ?CU Ë}DJI ?CBULKcD<BTOSI )]BTD (*)ŽU]F<B[MIL; G_OS=SF_a6G‚BEKM=@U:D2l i X<BTKABEP\U]KABL€:IzOS=SF_B ILK
dTUL;Ã(<=SF<I ?C=@U]F&ULP^?CX_B ?~’–UŒG<KABTD<=@dE?C=@U]F<[`=S[`d ILO@d 9 OSI ?CBED2l i X<B>’VBE=Sa]X*?C=@F<a;•I ?MKM=@dTBT[ÂILKAB dEU];œË
G 9 ?MBTDÀ(JIL[MBEDU]Fà?CX<BœrhF<U“’$FáG<KAU](JIL(_=SOS=?C=@BT[šU PV?CX_B UedTd 9 KMKABTF<dEB•ULP#?CX<B>D<BEONI )]BEDDJI ?CI_lÒJU]K
[A)e[s?CBT;>[Y’$=@?CX&U 9 ?CG 9 ?zP\BEBTD<(<ILdprn€cI”d 9 KAKMBEFh?`[s?pI ?MB>BE[A?M=S; I ?CU]Kš=S[6RJKA[A? 9 [MBEDÀ?MUKABTdEU]F<[A?MK 9 dt?
?CX_B`BEF*?C=SKABYG<ONILF*?$[s?pI ?MBL€nILF<D”?MX<BTF?CX<BYD<BEONI )]BEDo[s?pI ?MB`BE[A?M=S; I ?C=@U]F”[MdpX<BE; B`=S[ 9 [MBTD‰l
„“Û

3 F<U ?CX<BEK 9 [CILa]B$ULPQ?CX_B 5 u 8 [s?pI ?MB4BE[A?M=S; I ?CU]Kg=S[c?CUY;>=SF<=@; =@ÚTB?CX<B4IL;>U 9 F*?ULP‚dTUL; ; 9 F<=Ë


d I‘?C=SULFoKABTZ 9 =SKABTDoU]F?MX<B`F<BE?~’–U]KMrn€Q?CX 9 [šKABTD 9 dT=SF_a>?MX<BÂD_BTONI )HU]F?CX<B`;>BT[M[MILa]BY?CKMILF<[M;>=@?A?CBED
ž ëL³Ÿ¦l i X_B G<KAU]GQU][MBEDÀ[AdpX<BT;>BT[ 9 [MBœ?CX_B>BE[A?M=S; I ?CU]Kz[s?pI ?MBT[zP\U]KYdTULFh?MKMU]O/dTILOSd 9 ONI‘?C=SULF IL[YOSU]F_a
IL[6?MX<BœD<= ô BTKABTF<dEBŽ(‚Bt?~’VBEBTFBE[A?M=S; I ?CU]KšU 9 ?CG 9 ?`ILF<D ?CX_B I dE? 9 ILOcU 9 ?MG 9 ?Y=@[zOSBT[A[6?CXJI Fà[AU];>B
?CX_KMBT[AX<U]O@D2l + X<BTFv?MX<=S[4D<UeBT[šF_UL?šX_U]OSD2€J?MX<BÃILdt? 9 I OWU 9 ?CG 9 ?=S[4(<KAU*ILD<dTIL[A?šU]Fo?MX<B™F<Bt?~’VULKMrn€
ILF<DH?CX_B`BE[A?M=S; I ?CU]KV[A?pI‘?CBT[4ILKAB 9 G‚D<I ?CBED2l
8 =S;>=SOSILKMO)]€ÔqVBEOSD<=@;•ILF|åtæ`çLèé~ž ëAŸ^G_KMU]GQU][MB ?CU 9 [AB”ILF 5 u 8 BT[A?M=S; I ?CULK`?MUvBT[s?C=S; I ?MB ?CX_B
G<OSILF*?$U 9 ?CG 9 ?4(‚Bt?~’VBEBTFŒ[ 9 dTdEBT[A[M=@jLB™?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F<[^?MU>=@; G_KMU“j]B6?MX<BYG‚BEKAP\U]KA;•ILF_dTBzULP 5 u 8 [El

ª™¤¯¿®]ÞCöH®e­\«*Êɉʶ¥t§“®e¿á¥

i X<BÂILFJILO)e[M=S[VULPcO@=SF<BTILK–?M=S;>BtË~D_BTONI ) [A)e[A?MBT;>[U Pg?CX_BYP\ULKM;


Š Š ü Š ü
&  ‹(9÷N  ‹>øÀù‘ú ÷Nÿ   *b/ ‹
û ü
ý#þ
XJIL[I‘?M?CKMILdE?MBTDœ; 9 dpXœ=@Fh?MBTKABT[A?/P\ULK/I6OSU]F_a6?C=S;>BžÕ <€]ÐLÛSŸ¦l i ’–U`?~)eGQBT[ULPQ[A?CIL(<=@OS=@?~)`dEU]F<D<=?C=SULF<[E€
Ñeåtèç³ÖA«P§¶²ÑeåP©J嬲Ñe嬲Jæ$ILF<D Ñeåtèç³ÖA«ÑeåP©J嬲Ñe嬲J榀^X<I“jLBv(QBTBTFê[s? 9 D<=@BTD žÕÐ]ÓAŸ¦l 3 [ ?CX_BvFJIL;>BŒ=@;œË
G<O@=SBT[E€LD<BEONI )*Ë~=@F<D<BTGQBTF_D<BTF*?KMBE[ 9 O?C[ca 9 ILKCI Fh?MBTB^[s?pIL(_=SOS=?~)zP\U]KcI KM(<=?CKCI KM=SO)zONI KMa]B#D<BTOSI ):[El/b6BTOSI )hË
D<BEG‚BEF<D<BTF*?$KABT[ 9 O@?C[#?pILr B6=SF*?MUÃILdEdTU 9 F*?^?MX<Bš; I ð =S; 9 ;ÏD<BTOSI )>?MXJI ?–d ILF•(‚Bš?MU]OSBEKCI ?MBTD (h)>?CX_B
[A)e[s?CBT;l i X<BE)I KMBYOSBE[M[$dTU]F_[MBTKsj I ?C=j]BÂILF<DILKMBY;>U]KMB 9 [MBEP 9 O¼=SFILG<G<O@=SdTI ?C=@U]F<[Tl
w BEdTBEFh?W[A?CIL(<=@OS=@?~)šILFJI O@)e[M=@[2KMBE[ 9 O?C[¶XJI j]B#(‚BEBTF`D<BEjLBTO@U]G‚BEDÂ=@Fz?CX<B/?C=@; BÇË~D<UL;•IL=@F2l i X_BE)`ILKAB
(JIL[ABTDULF•ì2)*I G 9 F<U“jQ—˜[V[MBTdEU]F<D;>BE?MX<UeD 9 [A=SF<aÂBT=?CX<BEK–ì2)]ILG 9 F<U“j*ËÛBzKMIL[MU“je[Mrh=S=QP 9 F<dt?C=SULFJILOS[/ULK
ì2)*ILG 9 F<U“j*Ë w ILÚ 9 ;>=SrhX<=@FP 9 F<dE?M=SU]F<[ÁžÕÐ]Ðe€Që*АŸ l i X<BTKAB™I KMB`ILOS[AUœKMBT[ 9 O@?M[4P\ULKM; 9 OSI ?CBEDH=SF”?CBEKM;>[
Š
ULPWOS=@F<B ILKV;•I ?MKM= ð =@F<BTZ 9 ILO@=@?M=SBT[ ìÔm . [p‹Ç€<’$X<=SdpXd I Fo(QBY[MU]Oj]BTDB k dE=SBTF*?MO@)¥ž ØSŸ¦l
„†Ó

’ “ØåN“P¡ áž–ŸV  ž;  à £ž–Ÿ ™ Ÿ  Ǟ  ? 7 e<¡ÔŸV  ž–Ÿ

w BTdTBEF*?CO@)L€]GJILKs?cULPJ?MX<B^KABT[MBTILKMdpXŽULF 5 u 8 [cX<IL[WP\Ued 9 [ABTDŽU]F™X<U“’ã?MUzILO@OSUed I ?MB#O@=S;>=@?MBTDYF<BE?~’–U]KAr


KMBE[MU 9 KMdTBE[4?MU•I dpX<=SBtj]BY(‚Bt?M?MBTK$dTU]F*?MKMU]O¼[s):[s?CBE;òGQBTKsP\U]KM; ILF<dEBLl
qVKMUedprLBt?M?Xžˆ„†ÐAŸ:=SF*?MKMUeD 9 dTBE[W?MX<B–?MBTKM; ®°µA¤3¤3¦Y²¾§Q®MçL樧QµA²r´“åE¦J嬲f®påtl . ?g=S[WILFÃU]KAD<BTKW(*)`’$X_=SdpX
?CX_B™dTUL; ; 9 F<=SdTI ?C=@U]F”?pIL[Are[šILdTdEBT[A[š?CX<BÂ[MXJI KMBTDŒF<BE?~’–U]KMrGJI ?MX2l i X<=@[6ILG<G_KMU*ILdpXŒILOSO@U“’$[U]F_B
?CUŒG 9 ?™?MX<B•G_KMU](<O@BT;ÖULP$D<BE[M=@a]F<=SF_ao?CX_B•dTUL; ; 9 F<=SdTI ?C=@U]FÀG<I ?M?MBTKMF=SFáIP\U]KM;'?CX<I ?™dTILF(QB
=SF*jLBT[A?M=Sa*I‘?CBTD 9 [A=SF<a"; I ?CX<BE;•I‘?C=SdTILO4G<KMU]aLKCIL;>; =@F<aÀ?MBTdpX<F_=SZ 9 BT[El . F-GJILKs?C=@d 9 OSILKT€$U]F<B&dTILF
BEj ILO 9 I ?MBÂ?CX_BŽILD_j ILF*?pI a]BT[zI F<DvD<=@[CILD_j ILF*?CILa]BT[6IL[M[AU:dE=NI ?MBTDŒ’$=?CX&ILO@OSUed I ?M=SF<aœ;>U]KMB`dTU];>; 9 Ë
F<=@d I ?M=SU]FvKABT[AU 9 KMdEBT[Y?CUH[MUL; BÃdEU]F*?CKAU]OcOSUeU]G<[6ILF<D&OSBE[M[z?CU”UL?MX<BTKA[Tl i X 9 [E€WULF<BŽd ILF&G<=@dprŒ?CX_B
GJI ?A?CBEKMF”[ 9 dpX?MXJI ?^B ô BEdE?M=@j]BzdEU]F*?CKAU]O2ONI ’$[^dTILF”(QB6=S;>G<OSBE; BEF*?CBTD>’$=@?MX<=SF•?MX<BzdTULF<[A?MKCIL=@Fh?M[^=@?
=S;>GQU][MBE[Tl 8:9 (<[MBEZ 9 BTF*?^’–U]KMrh[V=@F<[MG_=SKMBED (*)œ?CX_=S[=SD<BTI`dEU]F<dEBTF*?CKMI ?CBU]F ?MX<B[AB ILKAdpX•P\U]K#IYG‚BEKM=Ë
UeD<=SddTU];>; 9 F<=@d I ?M=SU]F>[MBEZ 9 BTF<dEBL€J’$X<=@dpX”; BTILF<[V?MXJI ?V?MX<B6[MIL; B6ILdTdEBT[M[G<I ?M?MBTKMF”=@[VKABTGQB I ?MBTD
çÙÑ §¶²²¾§æئš¤Žl
. FហÑ*Ð:€:Ñ]ÛAŸ¦€ 1 KM=S[s? 9 dTU]F<[A=SD<BEKM[V?MX<Bš[s?pIL(_=SOS=@Ú I ?M=SU]FœULP¼ì i. [A)e[s?CBT;>[V’$=?CXO@=S;>=@?CBEDŽdTU];>; 9 Ë
F<=@d I ?M=SU]F”dEU]F<[A?MKCIL=@F*?C[Tl 1 =@[4ILG<G<KAU*ILdpX=S[$(JIL[ABTDU]F?MX<B 9 [MB`ULPHË~GQBTKA=SUeD<=SdšdTU];>; 9 F<=@d I ?M=SU]F
[MBEZ 9 BTF<dEBT[/’$X<=@dpXÃD<=SKABTdt?W?MX<B @ U“’ãULPJdEU]F*?CKAU]O_I F<D™;>B IL[ 9 KMBE; BEF*?c[M=@a]FJILO@[W(QBE?~’–BTBEFŽdTU]F*?MKMU]O@OSBTK
ILF<DàG<OSILF*? l 1 B>D<BTKA=@j]BE[™I FÀB ð ?MBTF<[A=@jLB P\U]KA;·ULPI”D<=@[MdEKMBE?MB•ì i. [A)e[s?CBT;'’$=?CXàdTU]F<[s?CKMIL=SF<BED
;>B IL[ 9 KMBE; BEFh?M[œILF<DdEU]F<[A?MKCIL=@F<BTDdEU]F*?CKAU]OS[Ã(*)=SF<dEU]KMGQU]KCI‘?C=SF_ao?CX_B H
 Ë~GQBTKA=SUeD<=Sd>dTUL; ; 9 F<=Ë

d I‘?C=SULF[MBEZ 9 BTF<dEB =SF*?CUà?CX<Bo; UeD<BEO l i X<BvdEU];>; 9 F<=@d I ?M=SU]F"[MBEZ 9 BTF<dEB ;•I D<B0²fµA²¾«P¦Y²¾§ ¿µA±·¤
çLæ¯æ 嬲JæاQµA²dTU]F*?MKMU]OG‚U][A[M=@(<OSBo(h)ILO@OSUed I ?M=SF<a&;>U]KMBodpXJILF<dEBT[?CUÀ?CKCI F<[M;>=@?>P\U]K•[AU];>BvULPz?CX_B
;>B IL[ 9 KMBE; BEFh?zILF<D dTULFh?MKMU]OW[M=@a]FJILO@[Tl i X<BEF2€‰?MX<BŽ[M=@; 9 ONI‘?CBTDŒILF<F<BTILOS=@F<a•;>BE?MX<UeDv=S[ 9 [MBED&?MU
„“ë

[MBTILKMdpXœP\U]KgI6[MBE?U P‚[s?pIL(_=SOS=@ÚT=@F<aa]IL=SF<[WP\U]KcI6a]=j]BEF>dEU];>; 9 F<=@d I ?M=SU]F`[MBEZ 9 BTF<dEB(*)Ž;>=SF<=@; =@ÚT=@F<a


?CX_B`[AG‚BEdE?MKCILO¼KMILD<= 9 [4U PW?MX<BYdTOSUL[MBTDeË~OSUeU]G[s)e[A?CBE; ;•I ?MKM= ð l
. F žÕÛ*ÓŸ €4?CX<BvRJF_D<=SF<aU P™I F-ULG_?C=@;•ILO4dTUL; ; 9 F<=SdTI ?C=@U]F[ABTZ 9 BTF_dTB 9 Gê?MUG‚BEKM=@U:D  =@[
P\U]KA; 9 ONI‘?CBTDáIL[œIvdTU];™(<=SFJI‘?CU]KA=NILOU]G_?M=S;>=SÚTI ?C=@U]FÀG_KMU](<O@BT;֒$X<=SdpX"=@[Ã[MU]Oj]BEDã(*)B ð XJI 9 [s?C=j]B
[MBTILKMdpX‰l i X_Bv[A? 9 D_)|I [M[ 9 ; BE[?CXJI ?I[MBt?HULP`ì i. [s):[s?CBE; [HILKABŒ[s?pIL(<=@OS=@ÚTBTDã’$=@?MXD<BT[A=SKABTD
dTO@U][MBED:Ë~O@U:ULGG‚BEKAP\U]KA;•I F<dTBE[(*)êIá[MBt?oU P™ìCË~dEU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTKM[E€KMBE[MGQBTdE?M=@jLBTO@)Ll 3 GQBTKsP\U]KM; ILF<dEB
;>B IL[ 9 KMB €‚(JI [MBTDŒU]Fo’$X<=@dpXŒ?CX_B™U]G_?M=S; ILO2[ABTZ 9 BTF_dTBŽ=S[4[MBTILKMdpX_BTD2€‚=S[4D<BERJF_BTD&IL[$?CX<BÂKMBEONI ?M=@j]B
D<Btj:=SI ?C=@U]F6P\KMUL;?CX_B#ULG_?C=@;•ILO‘dTULFh?M=SF 9 U 9 [sË}?M=S;>Bc[A)e[s?CBT;>[ÔD 9 B/?CU?CX_B/OS=S;>=@?MBTDdTU];>; 9 F<=@d I ?M=SU]F
dTULF<[A?MKCIL=@Fh?M[Tl i X<B [MBTILKMdpX[s?CKCI‘?CBTa )&=S[`ULP^dEU]F<[M=@D<BTKMIL(<O@B dEU]; G_OSB ð =?~) D 9 B>?CUo?MX<BœP¯ILdE?`?CXJI‘?
?CX_B6D<=S[AdTKABE?CBz[AB ILKAdpXH[MGJILdEBz=S[^OSILKMaLB6ILF<D?MX<B6U](6ABTdE?M=@jLB6P 9 F<dE?M=SU]F”=@[VB ð GQBTF_[M=@jLBz?CUŽdTUL; G 9 ?CBLl
i X<BÃKABT[ 9 O@?M[š?CX<BEKMBE=SF ILO@[MUdEU]F_RJKA;ò?MX<B™=@F*? 9 =?C=@jLB™=@D<B Iœ?CXJI ??CX<B™; U][s?6[MIL; G_OS=SF_a KABT[MU 9 KMdEBT[
[MX_U 9 OSDH(QBYD<=S[s?CKM=@( 9 ?MBTD”?CUœ?CX<BY[s):[s?CBE;ï’$=@?CX”?MX<BzP¯IL[A?MBT[A?dTO@U][MBED:Ë~O@U:ULGdpXJILKMILdE?MBTKM=@[A?M=SdT[El
ì¼=SF<dEU]OSFœILF_D q–BTKMF_XJILKMD_[M[MULFpž *ÑSŸJG_KMU]GQU][MB$I6;>U]KABB k dT=@BTF*?#ILOSaLU]KM=?CX<;P\U]Kc[AB ILKAdpX<=SF_aYP\ULK
U]G_?M=S; ILOLdEU];>; 9 F<=@d I ?M=SU]Fz[ABTZ 9 BTF_dTBT[El i X<BT=@K¶; Bt?CX<UeDÂ=@[2?CU4B k dT=@BTF*?CO)YG<K 9 F<B#?MX<B[MBTILKMdpX`?CKMBEB
?CUœI jLU]=SD”dEU];Ã(<=@FJI ?CULKM=Sd4B ð G<O@U][M=@U]F 9 [A=SF<aÃD:):F<IL; =@d6G<KAU]a]KCI ; ;>=SF<a_l i X<Bt)RJF<D?MX<BzU]G_?M=S; ILO
[MBEZ 9 BTF<dEBŒI F<DdTU]F*?MKMU]O–ONI ’ (h)D<U]=@F<av(JILdpr*’VILKMD_[>KABTd 9 KM[A=SU]F"ULP?MX<B”dTU][s?œdTU];™(<=SF<BED’$=@?MX
?CKABTB>G<K 9 F<=SF<a_l 3 ?™BTILdpXá[s?CBTG‰€W?CX_B>?MKMBTB =S[zRJKA[A?ÂB ð GJILF<D_BTD(*)ÀILOSOcF_BE’ GQU][M[A=S(<O@B>[ABTZ 9 BEF<dTB
dpX<U]=@dTBE[T€¶ILF<D ?MX<BTF&(<KMILF<dpX<BE[™ILKABÃKMBE; U“jLBTD2l i X<Bœ=SD<BTIULP?CX<BœILO@a]U]KA=@?CX_;ø=S[š?MU”;•ILr BŽ[ 9 KAB
?CX<I ?cG<K 9 F<BED>[ABTZ 9 BEF<dTBE[’–U 9 O@DŽXJI j]B^KABT[ 9 O@?MBTDŽ=SFÃIšX<=SaLX<BTKWdTU][s?c?CXJI F™?CX<UL[MB^KABT; IL=SF<=@F<aI P?CBEK
?CX_B`G_K 9 F<=@F<a<l . PW?CX<=@[X<U]OSD_[^P\U]KBEjLBTKA)HG_K 9 F<BEDŒ[ABTZ 9 BTF_dTBL€n?CX_B`KABT[ 9 O@?4=S[ULG_?C=@;•ILO¦l
„“Ø

’ “ØåN“ËÊ áž–ŸV  ž;  à g_¡ žVŸ6¢h   ŸV<¢

3 F_UL?CX<BEK6KMBE[MBTILKMdpXàD<=SKABTdt?C=SULFo’$X<=@dpXàX<IL[6KMBEdTBE=@j]BED&dTU]F<[A=SD<BEKCIL(_OSBÃI‘?M?CBEF*?C=SULF KMBTdEBTF*?CO)Œ=@[š?CX_B
dTULFh?MKMU]OWULP 5 u 8 [š’$=@?MXvKCI ?MBÃdTULF<[A?MKCIL=@Fh?M[Tl . F_[A?CBTILD ULP[AB ILKAdpX<=SF<aP\ULK?CX_BÃU]G_?M=S; ILO¼dTU];>; 9 Ë
F<=@d I ?M=SU]Fà[MBEZ 9 BTF<dEB”(JIL[MBEDU]Fá[AU]; B>GQBTKAP\ULKM; ILF<dTB ; BTIL[ 9 KMBL€W?CX<=@[™ILG_G<KMU*I dpXádTU]F_dTBTF*?MKCI ?MBT[
U]FŒR<F<D<=SF_a ?CX_B 9 G<GQBTKš(‚U 9 F<DvU]F?CX<B™?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]FKCI‘?CB™U P/B ILdpX 5 u 8 ’$X<=SdpXŒa 9 ILKMILF*?CBTBE[
[A?CIL(<=@OS=@?~) U]K[AU]; BYUL?MX<BTKGQBTKsP\U]KM; ILF<dEBz; BTIL[ 9 KMBLl

Ž¤§«_§“®&ș¨ » ¥E§“µ†«J¤ » §†¥

w BT[MBTILKMdpXULF?CX<=@[`?MU]G<=@d Ed U]F<[M=@D<BTKA[™F<Bt?~’VULKMrh[Ã?CXJI‘?ÃXJI j]B>RJF<=?CB•=@F_P\U]KA;•I ?M=SU]FeË~d I KMKA)e=@F<ad I†Ë


Š
GJILdE=@?~) RJF<=?CBŽ’VULKMDO@BTF<a C? Xn‹zILF<D&?CX<I ?™dTILFà(‚B>ULP?CBEFÀdEU]KMK 9 G_?MBTD(*)&F<UL=S[MB l i X<BEKMBtP\U]KMB €g=@?
Š
(QBTdTUL; BE[6=S;>G‚ULKA?pI Fh?$?MUD<BE?MBTKA; =@F<B`’$X<I ?6?CX_B™[MBEF<[MULKM[z[MX_U 9 OSDo?CKCI F<[M;>=@? DJI‘?pI BEF<dTUeD<=@F<ah‹t€
Š
X<U“’?MX<BYdTU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTKKABTdTULF<[A?MK 9 dt?C[?MX<BYDJI ?CI DJI ?pIœD<BEdTUeD<=SF<a*‹t€JILF_Do’$XJI ?ILKABz?CX<BYKMBEZ 9 =SKABTD
Š
dTUL; ; 9 F<=SdTI ?C=@U]FáKCI‘?CBT[ F<U]KA;•ILO@O@)à=SFá?MBTKA; [ŽULr P ÕE§æ ±AçLæ åt€#D<BtRJF<BTD IL[Ž?CX_B”F 9 ;Ã(‚BEKœULP4(<=@?M[
?CKMILF<[A; =?M?CBED&BEj]BEKA)à[MBEdTU]F_DU]KzBtj]BTKs)&?C=S;>BŽ[A?MBTGn‹Çl i X_=S[YG<KMUL(<OSBE;î=S[`ILO@[MUHdTULF<F<BTdt?CBEDÀ’$=@?MX
?CX_BY’–U]KAr=SFHZ 9 ILF*?C=@Ú I ?M=SU]F”?MX<BTU]Ks)”[A? 9 D<=@BTD2€<P\U]K=@F<[A?CILF<dEBL€J=SF0žÕ]AŸ¦l
+ ULF<aI F<Dq–KMUedprLBE?A?Œ[s? 9 D:)[s)e[A?CBE; [H’$=@?MX-R<F<=@?MB dTU];>; 9 F<=@d I ?M=SU]F|(<ILF<D_’$=@D_?CX-dTU]FeË
[A?MKCIL=@F*?C[Y=SF4žÕë]:€¶ë]ÑSŸ¦l . F<žÕë*Ÿ €WIH[A?pI‘?CB>BT[A?M=S; I ?C=@U]F G<KAU](<OSBE;'=S[Y=SF*jLBT[A?M=Sa*I‘?CBTD‰l i X<Bt)àP\Ued 9 [
U]F&IKABTd 9 KM[M=j]BŽdEU:D<=@F<a”ILF_D D<BTdEU:D<=@F<a”[MdpX_BT;>BLl™uVU]; G<ILKMBEDv?CUdEONIL[A[M=SdTILOg[s?pI ?MBÃBT[s?C=@;•I ?M=SU]F
?CX_BTU]Ks)]€L?MX<B^U](<[ABTKsjLI‘?C=SULF<[c=SF`?CX<BE[MBG<KAU](<O@BT;>[gILKAB^dTULKMK 9 G_?CBEDŽF<UL?cULF<O@)`(*)ÃI D<D<=@?M=@jLBVU](<[ABTKsjLI†Ë
?C=@U]F>F<U]=S[ABT[#( 9 ?–ILO@[MU`(h) IYdTU];>; 9 F_=Sd I‘?C=SULFŽdpXJILF<F<BEOQ’$=?CXœRJF<=?CB4(JILF<D_’$=@D_?CX‰luVU]F*j]BEKMa]BEF<dTB
=S[A[ 9 BE[ŽULP?~’–U&R ð BED"dTUeD<BE’–U]KMD"O@BTF<aL?MXá[MBEZ 9 BTF<dEBT[Ek|¤•åMç³²_´“åE¦J嬲f®på°´ÂILF<DåE¦_çLèÓ«­©_ç³±Ç樧æاQµA²
Lƒ

´“åE¦J嬲f®på°´ÂILKMB[s? 9 D_=SBTD=@FáD<Bt?pIL=@O l 5 BTdTBE[M[MILKA)"I F<D[ 9hk dE=SBTF*?œdEU]F<D<=?C=SULF<[™dEU]F<F<BEdE?C=@F<av?CX_B


dTUL; ; 9 F<=SdTI ?C=@U]F (_=@? KCI ?MBo’$=@?MX?CX_BŒKCI‘?CBŒU PYdpXJILF<a]BŒULP6?CX_B 9 F<D<BEKMO):=@F<aG_KMUedTBT[A[HILKMBoBT[ Ë
?pI (<OS=@[MX<BEDàP\U]KY?CX_B B ð =@[A?MBTF<dEBULP[s?pIL(<O@B>ILF<DIL[s)e; G_?MUL?C=@d ILO@O@)odTU]F*jLBTKMaLBTF*?œdTUeD<BTK Ë~BE[A?C=@;•I‘?CU]K
[MdpX_BT;>BT[Tl
. F<žÕÐ ³Ÿ¦€ÔI”dTU];>; 9 F<=@d I ?M=SU]FeË~OS=@; =?CBEDdEU]F*?CKAU]O/G<KMUL(<OSBE;·=S[6P\U]KA; 9 OSI ?CBEDvP\U]KzOS=@F<B ILKšG<ONILF*?M[
’$=@?MX=@F<=@?M=NILOWU 9 ?CG 9 ?™U P^G<KAU](JIL(<=@OS=?~)vD<BEF<[M=?~)"2l . ?™=@[™I [M[ 9 ; BEDÀ?CX<I ?Â?MX<B>dTU];>; 9 F<=@d I ?M=SU]F
dpXJILF_F<BTO¼=@[^F<U]=@[MBTO@BT[A[$ILF<D”?CX<BzdEU:D_BTKXJIL[ 9 F<OS=@; =?CBTD>;>BT;>U]KA)Ll . ?=S[^[AX<U“’$F?MXJI ??MX<B6RJF<=?CBtË
X<U]KA=SÚEU]FvdTUeD<BEKsË~dEU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTK4=S[šULG_?C=@;•ILO¦l 3 [A)e;>G_?CU ?C=SdÂZ 9 ILF*?C=@Ú I ?M=SU]FŒ?MX<BTULKA)o=S[?MX<BTF 9 [MBTDv?MU
D<=@KMBTdt?CO)•U](:?pIL=@F•?CX<BzO@=S;>=@?M=SF<az[AdpX<BT;>B`IL[V?CX_BzX<U]KM=@ÚTU]FILG<G<KAU*ILdpX<BE[4=@F_RJF<=?~)]l { F<D<BEKdTBTKs?pIL=@F
?CBEdpX<F<=@d ILO2dEU]F<D<=?C=@U]F<[T€e?CX<=@[V[AdpX<BT;>BY=S[^U]G:?C=S; ILOn=SFHI F”=SF_RJF_=@?CBÇË~X<ULKM=SÚEU]F•[ABTF<[ABLl–ÒJU]K–?MX<Bzd IL[AB
ULP¼O@=SF<BTILKT€*?M=S;>BtË~=@F*jLI KM=NI Fh?cG<ONILF*?M[#?MX<=S[#dTU]F_D<=@?M=SU]F [M=S;>G<O@=@RJBE[c?CUÃI F=SF<BEZ 9 ILOS=?~)Ž=SF*jLU]O@je=SF_aÂ?CX_B
DJI ?CIŽKCI ?MBÂI F<D”?CX<BYU]GQBTF:Ë}OSUeU]G”GQU]OSB6’$=?CXHONILKAa]BT[s?$;•I a]F<=@? 9 D<B l
i I‘?C=Sr U]F<DJIåtæ/çLèé#ž˜Ó ÛAŸn[A? 9 D_)>dTULFh?MKMU]OJ[s)e[A?CBE; [’$=@?MX dEU];>; 9 F<=@d I ?M=SU]FŽdEU]F<[A?MKCIL=@F*?C[ 9 F<D<BEK
?CX_B–dEONIL[A[M=SdTILOhìC 7 dTU]F*?MKMU]OhG<KAU](<OSBE;’$=@?MX™I$F<U]=@[A)YI FJILOSULa$P\BEBTD<(<ILdprYdpXJILF<F<BEO:(QBE?~’–BTBEFŽG<ONI Fh?
U 9 ?MG 9 ?™ILF<DàdTU]F*?MKMU]O@OSBTKz=@F<G 9 ?Tl i X<Bt)àG<KMU“je=SD<Bœ?CX_B ;>U:D_BTOS[zU PV?CX_B BEF<dTUeD<BTKÞ D<BEdTUeD<BTKÂGJIL=SK
ILF<DÂdTU];>; 9 F_=Sd I‘?C=SULF`dpX<ILF<F<BEO:=?C[MBEO@P l i X<BE)`D<BtRJF<BV?MX<B#[MBTZ 9 BEF*?C=NI O_KCI‘?CB#D<=S[s?CU]Ks?C=SULFYP 9 F<dE?M=SU]F2l
3 [A[ 9 ;>=SF_aàåE¦Y§¶«P¤•å¬¤ÆµA±¬Ö‘€<?CX_BE)[MX<U“’?MXJI ?4?CX<B`[MBEGJILKCI‘?C=SULFŒG<KA=SF<dE=SG<O@BzX<U]OSD_[T€n’$X<=SdpXŒILOSO@U†’$[
U]F<B`?CU D<BT[A=Sa]FŒ?MX<B™dEU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTK4ILF<DŒ?MX<B™BEF<dTUeD<BEK° D<BEdTUeD<BTKš[MBTG<ILKCI ?MBTO)]l i X<BT=@KšKABT[ 9 O@?[MX<U“’$[
?CX<I ?š=Pg?MX<B™(<=?4KCI ?MBÂ=@[O@BT[M[$?CX<ILFŒ[AU]; BY?CX_KMBT[AX<U]O@D2€Q?MX<BTFo?CX<BÂdTU][s?ša]UeBT[$?CU =SF_R<F<=@?~)IL[4=@?4=@[
=S;>GQU][M[A=S(<O@B?CU>[A?CIL(<=@OS=SÚEB?MX<BY[A)e[A?MBT;l
:„

®e¥ ¥T«<³n®|«_§ ®àȨ » ¥E§ µ‘«<¤ » §“¥

ٚ?CX<BEKÃ[A? 9 D<=@BT[ŽOSUeU]ràI ?Â?CX<B”G<KAU](<O@BT;ÖULP4dTU]F*?MKMU]O#’$=@?CXKMI ?CB•dTU]F<[s?CKMIL=SF*?C[™U]Fá?CX<B•; BE[M[CI a]B


?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]FO@BEjLBTO lb6U]=SF<a&?CX_=S[T€?MX<BE)IL[M[ 9 ;>Bv=SF_R<F<=@?MBoG<KABTdE=S[M=@U]FULPz?MX<BvF<Bt?~’VULKMrI F<D
=SaLF<U]KMB6?MX<BYZ 9 ILF*?C=@Ú I ?M=SU]F”BEKMKMULK4dTI 9 [ABTDŒ(*)R<F<=@?MB6’VU]KADŒO@BTF<aL?MX2l
+ I OS[MXxåtæœçLèéžÕÓLØSŸdTU]F<[A=SD<BEK”IÀdEU]F*?C=@F 9 U 9 [”ì i. G_ONILF*?•ILF<D|dTULFh?MKMU]O@OSBEKTl i X<BvdTULFh?MKMU]O
F<Bt?~’VU]KArn€c[MXJI KMBTDÀ(*)ÀU ?CX<BEKÂF<UeD<BE[T€g=@[YU]F<O@)v=SF<[ABTKA?MBTDÀ(‚Bt?~’VBEBTFá?CX_B [ABTF<[AU]K™F<UeD<BE[™ILF_DÀ?CX_B
Š
dTULFh?MKMU]O@OSBEKTl i X<BE)6=SF*?CKAU:D 9 dTB/?CX<B/F_UL?C=@U]FzULP:;•I ð =@; 9 ;ILOSO@U†’VIL(<O@BW?MKCILF<[sP\BTK¶=SF*?MBTKAj ILO m 3/i. ‹Ç€
D<BEF<UL?CBEDÂ(*)/‰€‘’$X_=SdpXY[ 9 G_G‚U][ABT[¶?CXJI‘?¶[ 9 dEdTBT[A[M=j]BV[ABTF<[AU]K¶; BE[M[MILa]BT[ÔILKAB/[MBEGJILKCI‘?CBTD`(*)YI ?¶;>U][A?
Š
/á[ABTdEU]F<D<[El i X<BT=@KÂa]U]ILO–=@[`?MUŒRJF<DÀ?CXJI Á ? / 9 F_D<BTK™’$X_=SdpX?MX<BD<BE[M=SKABTDáGQBTKsP\U]KM; ILF<dEB BLlÕa<l@€
[A?CIL(<=@OS=@?~)_‹$ULP^I F 5 u 8 =S[za 9 I KCILF*?CBEBTD&?CU”(QBŽG<KMBE[MBEKAj]BED2l 8:9hk dT=@BTF*?YdTU]F_D<=@?M=SU]F<[šU]F|/àP\ULKzI
[A?CIL(<O@B 5 u 8 I KMBzD<BEKM=@jLBTD2l 3 [M=@; =@ONILK–KMBE[ 9 O?P\U]KF<U]F<O@=SF<BTILK^[s):[s?CBE; [4=S[a]=j]BEFo=@F-ž ë]ƒŸ l
. F[žÕÑLÑAŸ¦€ 1 I [M[M=@(<=4åtæçLèé‰[A? 9 D_)Œ?MX<B™dEU]F*?CKMULOgULP 3 b 8 [š’$=?CXvKMI ?CBÂdTU]F<[s?CKMIL=SF*?C[U]F BEjLBTF*?C[El
moBE[M[CI a]B#?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]FYI F<DÂO@U][M[¼dTILF`(‚BdTULF<[M=@D<BTKABTDÃI [ 3 b 8 BEj]BEF*?C[W?MXJI ?¶XJI G<G‚BEF™I‘?¶dTBTKs?pIL=@F
KCI‘?CBT[El i X<BE)oD<BTKA=@jLBÂ[ 9hk dT=SBEF*?zdTU]F_D<=@?M=SU]F<[$U]F?CX<BÂKCI ?MBT[ULPg?MX<B™Btj]BTF*?M[š?CXJI‘?šG<KAU“j]BÃ[s):[s?CBE;
[A?CIL(<=@OS=@?~)Ll i X<BE)zP 9 KA?CX_BTK¶[MX<U“’á?MXJI ¼? ?MX<B[ 9hk dT=@BTF*?WdTU]F<D_=@?C=@U]Fzd I FÂ(QBF 9 ; BEKM=SdTILOSO)šdEU];>G 9 ?CBED
Š
IL[4IŽ(<=SO@=SF<BTILKV; I ?MKM= ð =SF_BTZ 9 ILO@=@?~) qm . ‹^G<KAU](<OSBE;ol
+ BYB ð ?MBTF<Do(‚U ?CXULPW?MX<BT[AB™I G<G<KMU]ILdpX<BT[$=@FH?MX<=S[^?MX<BT[A=S[El

’ “ØåN“Øå áž–ŸV  ž Ÿ=› 8à ¡>=    Ÿ  ž ™ â¡Ô¢  Ÿ

uVU]F*?CKAU]O‚ILF<D[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=SF_aÃdTU Ë}D<BT[A=Sa]F =S[–ILFBE; BEKMa]=@F<a`R<BTOSD =SF 5 u 8 KABT[MBTILKMdpX‰l + BšXJI jLB6[MBEBTF


[MBtj]BEKCILO/[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=SF_a Ë~KABTONI‘?CBTDŒD<BT[A=Sa]F<[š=SF 8 BEdE?M=SU]F„]lՍ<ĺ:l 1 U“’–BEjLBTKT€¼?MX<BÃ;>BE?CX_U:D<[šBT;>G<OSU“)]BED
]

?CX_BTKMBILKMB1´tæ}çLæاQ® ´®°ÒJåÂѳ¦eèÓ§¶²YÔL€gULK™U ô Ë~O@=SF<Bœ[MdpX_BTD 9 O@=SF<aŒ; Bt?CX<UeD<[TlUÖS²Q糤3§Q®3´®°ÒJåÂѳ¦eèÓ§¶²YÔL€gULK


U]F:Ë}OS=@F<B^[MdpX_BTD 9 O@=SF<aÂ; Bt?CX<UeD<[E€:I KMB$; ULKMB$D<BT[A=SKMIL(<OSB$(QBTdTI 9 [MB$?CX_BE)>KMBEF<D<BTK#dTO@U][MBEK=SF*?CBEKCILdt?C=SULF
(QBE?~’–BTBTF•dTU]F*?CKAU]OnILF<Dœ[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=SF_aÂD<BE[M=@a]F2l . F*?CBEa]KCI‘?C=SULF>U P‰dEU]F*?CKMULOnILF<Dœ[MdpX<BED 9 O@=SF<a`KMBEZ 9 =SKMBE[
;>U]KMB a]BTF<BEKCILOV[MdpX<BED 9 OS=@F<a ;>U:D<BEOS[™ILF<D;>BE?CX_U:D<[Â?CXJI ?Ã(‚Bt?M?CBEKÃ[ 9 =@?Ã?MX<BF<BEBTD<[œULP4dTULFh?MKMU]O
[A)e[s?CBT;>[Tl`m 9 dpX ’VU]KArŒXJI [š(QBTBTF&D<ULF<B™=@Fv[M=@; 9 O@?CILF<BEU 9 [šdEU]F*?CKAU]OgI F<Dàu^f { [MdpX<BED 9 O@=SF<a”=@F
KMBTILOË ?C=@; B`dTU]F*?MKMU]O/[s):[s?CBE; [E€Ô[AU];>BŽULP’$X<=SdpX&’$=SO@Og(QBŽKMBEje=@BE’–BTDà=SFv?CX_BœP\ULOSOSU“’$=@F<a<l + BÒ$=@OSO
B ð ?MBTF<D?CX<BE[MB`dTU]F<dEBTG_?M[4?MU 5 u 8 [AdpX<BTD 9 OS=@F<aœ=SFHU 9 K$[ 9 (<[MBEZ 9 BTF*?6[s? 9 D_)Ll
. F1žˆ„“ëSŸ¦€]IP\BEBTD<(JI dprÂ[AdpX<BTD 9 OSBTKg=S[gG_KMBT[ABTF*?CBED2l i X<B–[MdpX<BED 9 OSBEKca]Bt?C[gP\BEBTD<(JI dprÂ=@F_P\U]KM; I ?M=SU]F
IL(QU 9 ?/?MX<BšI dE? 9 ILOJB ð BTd 9 ?C=@U]F ?M=S;>B^ULP2Iz?CIL[Mrn€:ILF<D ILOS[AUzP\BTBTD:P\U]KA’VILKMD =SF_P\ULKM; I ?C=@U]F’$X<BEF•?CX_B
dTULFh?MKMU]O]?CIL[Mrh[WILKMB#IL(QU 9 ?¼?MU$[A’$=@?MdpX™;>U:D_BLl . ?¶?CKM=@BT[¼?CU$r BTBTGÂ?CX<B–u^f { 9 ?C=@OS=SÚTI ?C=@U]FzI ?¶[ABE?MG‚U]=@F*?
(*)";•I F<=SG 9 ONI M? =SF<aŒ?MX<BH[CIL;>G<O@=SF<a QG BTKA=SUeD<[œULPšBTILdpX ?CIL[Mrnl i X<KMBEBo[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=SF_aGQU]OS=@dT=SBE[ŽILKAB
Š Š Š
dTUL; GJI KMBTD‰k „†‹YULG‚BEF:Ë~O@U:U]G [AdpX<BTD 9 SO =@F<a F<UŒ[AdpX<BTD 9 OSBTKC‹¬D ]‹šP\BTBTD_(JILdpr&[MdpX<BED 9 O@=SF<a<€Ô’$X<BTKAB
Š
?CX_B–?pI [MrYB ð BTd 9 ?C=@U]F™?M=S;>B#=@[ÔP\BEDÃ(JILdp`r D Ñ*‹¼P\BEBTD<(<ILdpr™G<O 9 [¶P\BTBTD:P\U]KA’VILKMD™[MdpX<BED 9 OS=@F<a<€]=@F`’$X_=SdpX
?CX_B`[AdpX<BTD 9 OSBEK=@[F<UL?C=RJBTD”’$X<BEFo?MX<Bz?pIL[Ar[A’$=?CdpX<BE[;>U:D_BLl
8 XJIåtæ/çLèéäžÕÛ]ØŸ‰D_BEj]BEOSU]GI™OSU*I D:Ë~D<KA=@jLBTF2€hU]F<O@=SF<B$[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=SF_aŽILOSaLU]KM=?CX<; ’$=?CX D<=SKABTdE?–D<=@a]=Ë
?pI OJD<BT[A=Sa]F<[?CU`U]G_?M=S;>=SÚEBdTU]F*?CKAU]OnG‚BEKAP\U]KA;•I F<dTB4IL[–IYP 9 F<dE?M=SU]F>ULP‰’–U]KAreO@U*ILD2l i X<BšI OSa]U]KA=@?MX<;
ILDA 9 [A?C[?CX_B4?CIL[MrŽP\KMBEZ 9 BTF<dE=SBE[–?CU`G<KAU:D 9 dTB$?CX<B4U]G_?M=S; ILO<[A)e[s?CBT; dTULFh?MKMU]OJGQBTKsP\U]KM; ILF<dEBL€e[ 9 (eË
ABTdt?6?CU>?CX<B™dTU]F<[s?CKMIL=SF*?6U Pa 9 ILKMILF*?CBTBE=SF<a>?CXJI‘?š’$X<BEF&?MX<B’–U]KA[A?zdTIL[MBÃdEU];>BT[T€‚F<UD<BTILD<O@=SF<BE[
’$=SO@O](QB#;>=S[A[MBED2l i X_BVG<KAU]G‚UL[MBTDÂILG<G_KMU*ILdpX™ILOSO@U“’$[¼B ILdpX`?pIL[Ar6?CU4XJILF<D<O@B/=@?M[ÔU“jLBTKsË}K 9 F_[gOSUed I OSO@)L€
’$=@?MX<U 9 ?^I ô BTdE?M=SF<a`?CX<BP\KMBTZ 9 BEF<dT=@BT[ULP¼?MX<B6UL?MX<BTK#?pIL[Arh[Tl + X<BTFHI FU“j]BTK Ë~K 9 F”U:dEd 9 KA[T€JIÂF<BE’
D<BTILD<OS=@F<B^I F<DÃU]G_?M=S; ILO]P\KMBEZ 9 BTF<dt)ŽULPJ?MX<B–?CIL[Mr`=S[Wd ILO@d 9 OSI ?CBED2lgfÔBTKsP\U]KM; ILF<dEB^ULPnD<=@KMBTdt?cD<=@a]=@?CILO
LÑ

Š Š
D<BE[M=SaLF z b bzbY‹4I F<D&dTU]F*?C=@F 9 U 9 [zD<BE[M=@a]F ’$=@?CX D_=Sa]=?C=SÚTI ?C=@U]F u^bzbY‹t€Q(QUL?CX&=SF*?MBTa]KMI ?C=@F<a•?CX_B
G<KAU]G‚UL[MBTDoILO@a]U]KM=?CX<;€:ILKMBzdEU]; G<ILKMBED2l
. Fឈ„†ÓAŸ¦€_ILF•ILG<G<O@=SdTI ?C=@U]FŽULP¼BEONIL[s?C=Sd4[MdpX_BTD 9 O@=SF<aÂ(JIL[ABTDU]F•IÂG<KAU]GQU][MBEDU]F<O@=SF<B$BT[s?C=@;•I ?M=SU]F
ULP4?pIL[Arh[T—B ð BTd 9 ?C=@U]F ?M=S;>BT[Ž=@[ŽD<BEjLBTOSULG‚BED2l i IL[ArG‚BEKM=SUeD<[ŽdTILF (QBHD_)eFJIL;>=SdTILOSO)áILD 9 [A?MBTD
(JIL[ABTDU]F”?CX<BYd 9 KMKABTF*?4OSU*ILD‰€:’$X<=@dpXo=@[^BT[s?C=S; I ?MBTDH(*)”; ULF<=@?MU]KM=@F<aÂ?MX<BYILdE? 9 ILO2dEU];>G 9 ?pI‘?C=SULF
?C=@; B•ULPšBTILdpXpAU](2l i X<BHG<KAU]G‚UL[MBTD µA²JèÓ§¶²‰åçÙÑ*笩Qæ çLæاQµA²|çLè ÔYµA±·§æðÒY¤ 9 [ABT[>U]F<O@=SF<BBE[A?M=S; I ?CBE[
ULP^?CIL[Mrh[E—WB ð BEd 9 ?M=SU]FÀ?C=S;>BT[`IL[YP\BTBED<(JILdpr&P\U]KÂILdpX<=@BEje=SF<aOSU]ILDI DJILG_?M=SU]F2€Ô(*)ÀILDA 9 [s?C=SF_ao?CX_B
GQBTKM=@U:D”U PcB I dpX?CIL[Mrnl

vŽ Àuo x XoÁs]Ey x o x z lny x sgu|{.s]Ey x ŒÉy9sgmpt jmptŒ]¿Œ

’ “Pè%“”’ à ¡¶¢  ¢ ¾ Ÿ  g  ž–Ÿ

. Fá?CX_=S[™dpX<ILG_?CBEKT€/’–B”XJI j]B”[ 9 ; ; ILKM=@ÚTBEDÀ?CX_BBEjLU]O 9 ?M=SU]FULP$dTU];>G 9 ?MBTK Ë~dTULFh?MKMU]O@OSBED[A)e[s?CBT;>[


ILF<DÀD<BER<F<BTD 5 u 8 [El + B ILOS[AUHG<KMBE[MBTF*?MBTD"ILFàB ð IL;>G<OSBœKAB ILO Ë}’–U]KMO@D 5 u 8 =@; G<O@BT;>BTF*?pI‘?C=SULF2l
+ Bœ’–BTF*?™U]F ?CUG‚U]=@F*?YU 9 ?Y[MUL; BŽP 9 F<D<IL; BEF*?pILO/=@[M[ 9 BT[`=SF ?CX<B 5 u 8 ILFJI O@)e[M=@[YILF<DàD<BT[A=Sa]F2€
’$X<=@dpXŒILKABY[A? 9 D<=SBEDo=@F?CX<BYKMBE;•I =SF<D<BEKULPÔ?CX<=@[^?CX<BE[M=S[El
Òg=Sa 9 KMBv„LlÌӌ=@OSO 9 [A?CKMI ?CBE[Â?MX<BU]KAa*ILF<=@Ú I ?M=SU]FÀULP$?CX<B”KABT[A?œU P4?MX<B?CX_BT[M=@[Tl + B”(QBTa]=@F’$=@?MX
uVXJILG:?CBTK6 (*)[A? 9 D_)e=SF<a•?MX<B™[s?pIL(_=SOS=?~)”ULP 5 u 8 [š’$=?CXŒ?M=S;>BtË}j ILKs)e=SF<aŽ?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]FG‚BEKM=SUeD2€
Š
D<BEF<UL?CBED(*b) 5  ‹tl 8:9hk dT=@BTF*?ŽdTULF<D<=@?M=SU]F_[`ULF?CX<B>?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]FÀGQBTKA=SUeDÀ?MUŒa 9 I KCILF*?CBEB•?CX_B
[A?CIL(<=@OS=@?~)ŒULP 5 u 8 [`XJI j]B•(QBTBEFD<BEKM=j]BTD‰lHÙ 9 K 5 u 8 [s?pIL(<=@OS=?~)Œ?CX_BTU]KABT;'=S[Y(JI [MBTDÀU]Fa 9 ILKsË
ILF*?CBEBT=@F<aà?MX<BD<BTdEKMB I [MBŒU P6Iàì2)*ILG 9 F<U“jãP 9 F<dE?M=SU]F I ?>BEjLBTKA)"?MKCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]F"=SF_[A?pI Fh?Tl i ’–U


j]BEKM[A=SU]F<[ULPc?MX<B™(QU 9 F<DŒXJI j]B™(QBTBEF D<BTKA=@jLBTD2l i X<BE=SKšB ô BEdE?M=@j]BEF<BT[A[zXJIL[4(‚BEBTF dEU]; G<ILKMBED 9 [ Ë


=SF_a [MGQBTdT=RJdHB ð IL;>G<OSBE[Tl + BHILO@[MU 9 [ABILF"B ð XJI 9 [s?C=j]B[MB I KMdpXã; Bt?CX<UeDá?CU&D<Bt?CBTKA; =@F<B?CX_B
(QU 9 F<D<[šU]FŒ?CX_BÂ?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]FŒGQBTKA=SUeDoF 9 ;>BTKA=SdTILOSO)]l i X<BT[ABÃP 9 KA?MX<BTKX<BTO@G 9 [4?CUD<BEdT=@D<B™?CX_B
?C=@a]X*?CF<BE[M[$ULPWU 9 K4ILFJI O@)h?C=@d6(‚U 9 F<D<[El

h1(t) h
Plant Plant

Delay Delay
Controller
Controller
h(t)
Plant

Network
Controller

hn(t) r
Plant Plant

Controller Controller

Òg=@a 9 KABŽ„]lÌÓek 3 KAU*ILD<; ILG?MUœ?MX<Bz?CX<BE[M=@[

1 I je=SF<a?CX<B#(‚U 9 F<DÃU]FÂ?CX<B#?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULFÂGQBTKA=SUeD`P\U]KÔB I dpX 5 u 8 P\KAU];xuVXJILG_?MBTKc:€ ’–BILKAB


=SF*?MBTKMBE[A?MBTDH=SF•’$X_BE?CX_BTK$I™[ABE?$ULP 5 u 8 [$ILKMBš[MdpX<BED 9 ONI (<OSB6ULF?CX<B6[MIL;>B6F<BE?~’–U]KAr 9 F<D_BTKV?MX<BT=@K
?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F GQBTKM=@U:D dEU]F<[s?CKCI =SF*?C[E€WI F<D ’$XJI ?Y?CX<BŽULG_?C=@;•ILO¶?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F [MdpX_BTD 9 O@B>’–U 9 O@D
(QBLl i X<BEKMBtP\U]KMB €<uVXJI G_?CBEK–Ñz=@[#dEU]F<dEBTKMF_BTD ’$=?CXŽ?CX_B4[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=@F<aÂU P2Iz[MBt?#ULP 5 u 8 [dTU]F<F_BTdE?MBTD
?CX_KMU 9 aLXIàF<BE?~’–U]KMrnl + BR<KM[A? D<BtRJF<Bo?MX<B(JIL[M=@dHdTU]F<dEBTG_?M[•=@F 5 u 8 [MdpX_BTD 9 O@=SF<a_l i X<BTF‰€
’–BoI G<G<O@)à?CX_B”KCI ?MB; ULF<UL?CULF<=Sd [MdpX<BED 9 OS=@F<aàILOSaLU]KM=?CX<;·?MU [MdpX<BED 9 OSBIv[ABE?>ULP 5 u 8 [E€VI F<D
ILFJI O@)eÚTB$=@?M[[MdpX<BED 9 ONI (<=SO@=@?~)]l + BšILO@[MUzP\U]KA; 9 ONI‘?CB^?CX_B 5 u 8 U]G:?C=S; ILO:[MdpX<BED 9 OS=@F<a`G<KMU](_OSBT; (h)
]Ð

Š
;>=SF<=@; =@ÚT=SF_a ]U KÔ;•I ð =@; =@ÚT=@F<ah‹2IšGQBTKsP\U]KM; ILF<dEBV;>B IL[ 9 KMB#P 9 F<dE?M=SU]F‰€*ILF<DÃG_KMU“je=SD<BVILFÃB ð IL;>G<O@B
ULPnRJF<D_=SF<aY[ 9 dpX•ILFŽULG_?C=@;•ILOe[MdpX_BTD 9 O@BLlÒg=@FJILO@O@)]€†’–B4[AX<U“’Y€h(h)ŽILFŽB ð IL;>G<OSB €]?CXJI‘?c’$X<BTF>F<U]FeË
=SD_B ILO‘?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULFzG<KMUedTBE[M[MBE[gI KMBcdEU]F<[M=@D<BTKABTD2€‘F<Bt?~’VU]KAr]Ë~=SF_D 9 dTBED™DJI‘?pI^D<BEOS=@jLBTKs)6D<BEONI )e[ÔX<I“jLB
F<BEa*I ?C=j]BYB ô BTdt?C[4U]FHdTU]F*?MKMU]O¼[s):[s?CBE;òGQBTKsP\U]KM; ILF<dEBYILF<DH[A?CIL(<=@OS=@?~)Ll
+ =@?MXŒ?CX<B™KMBTOSI ð I ?C=@U]FHP\KMU];òILFv=@D<B I OÔ?MKCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]FoG<KMUedTBE[M[zI ??CX<B™BTF<DvU P–uVXJILG_?MBTKzÑ_€
F<Bt?~’VU]KAr]Ë~=SF_D 9 dTBEDHD<BTOSI“) ILF_DF<BE?~’–U]KAr GJI dprLBE?$D_KMU]GQU 9 ?M[V=SF 5 u 8 [^ILKMB4?pILr BTF”=SF*?MUÃILdEdTU 9 F*?Tl
i X<Bt)ILKAB4?MX<BP\Ued 9 [MBT[–ULPÔuVXJI G_?CBEKVÃI F<D”uVXJI G_?CBEKÐ:€eKMBE[MGQBTdE?M=@jLBTO@)Ll . F”uVXJI G_?CBEKV<€h’VB4RJKM[s?
;>U:D<BEO 5 u 8 [š’$=?CXvF_BE?~’–U]KMr]Ë~=@F<D 9 dEBTD&D<BEONI )]€n?CX<BEF&ILFJILO)eÚTBY?CX<BE=SKš[s?pIL(_=SOS=?~) 9 [A=SF<a[s?pIL(_=SOS=?~)
KMBEa]=SULF<[VI F<D”IÂX*)e(<KA=SD[s):[s?CBE; [^[s?pIL(_=SOS=?~)ŽILF<ILO@)e[M=@[#?MBTdpX<F_=SZ 9 BLl + B6ILO@[MU`D<=S[Ad 9 [A[^BT[s?C=@;•I ?M=SU]F
[MdpX_BT;>BT[$?CU>dTU];>G‚BEF<[CI‘?CBzP\U]KF<Bt?~’VU]KAr]Ë~=SF_D 9 dTBEDvD<BEONI ) 9 [A=SF<aœ?CX_BY?M=S;>B6D<U]; IL=@F”[MU]O 9 ?C=@U]F”ULP
?CX_B>dEOSU][ABTD:Ë}OSUeU]G [A)e[s?CBT;l qVUL?CX&?CX_BœP 9 OSOË}[A?CI ?CB™P\BEBTD<(<ILdpr&ILF<DàU 9 ?MG 9 ?YP\BTBED<(JILdpr&d I [MBT[ÂILKAB
D<=@[Md 9 [M[MBED2l i X<B BE[A?M=S; I ?C=@U]Fv[MdpX_BT;>B =@[YILOS[AU”=S;>G<OSBE; BEFh?MBTD&U]FàILF&B ð GQBTKA=S;>BTF*?pILO/G_Xh)e[A=Sd I O
F<Bt?~’VU]KAr?CXJI‘?4’–BYXJI j]B`dTU]F_[A?CK 9 dE?MBTDŒI ?šu +-w^{ l
. FàuVXJILG_?MBTK6Ð:€‚’–BÃ[A? 9 D_)?CX<B™[A?pI (<=SO@=@?~)”ULP 5 u 8 [š’$=?CXŒG<ILdprLBt?YD<KMU]GQU 9 ?6ILF<Dv; 9 O@?M=SG<O@BtË
GJILdpr BE?6?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]F‰l + BÂR<KM[A?š; UeD<BEO¶?MX<BT[AB™?~’–U”[MdTBEFJILKA=SU][šIL[6IL[s)eF<dpX<KMULF<U 9 [zD_)eFJI ; =@d ILO
Š
[A)e[s?CBT;>[ 3 b 8 [p‹t€ÔILF_DàD_BTKM=j]Bœ[A?CIL(<=@OS=@?~)odTULF<D<=@?M=SU]F_[šP\U]Kz(QUL?CX&d I [MBT[El + BœILO@[MUHdTU];>BŽ(JILdpr
?CU ?CX<BÂG<KMU](_OSBT; ULPcF<BE?~’–U]KMr[MdpX_BTD 9 O@=SF<a_l + BÂRJF<Dv?MXJI ?4’$X<=SO@BÂ[AU];>B™dTULFh?MKMU]OÔ[MdpX_BT;>BT[YILKAB
F<UL?Va 9 ILKMILF*?CBEBTD?CUŽ(QBš[AdpX<BTD 9 ONIL(_OSB6=P¼BEjLBTKA)DJI ?pIÂGJILdprLBt?$=S[#?CKCI F<[M;>=@?A?CBTD‰€:D<KAU]G<G<=@F<aŽI™dEBTK Ë
?pI =SFGQBTKAdTBTF*?CILa]BYULPÔGJILdpr BE?C[$; I )•; ILrLB6?MX<Bz[MBt?$ULP 5 u 8 [4[AdpX<BTD 9 ONIL(_OSB6’$=@?MX<U 9 ?^[CILdEKM=@R<dT=SF_a
[A?CIL(<=@OS=@?~)Ll
Òg=SF<ILOSO)]€Ô=SF"uVXJI G_?CBEKŽÛ_€g’–B”[ 9 ;>; ILKM=@ÚTB ILF<DádEU]F<dTO 9 D<B•?MX<B•’–U]KMrÀILF<DD_=S[Md 9 [M[ÃP 9 ? 9 KAB
LÛ

D<=@KMBTdt?C=@U]F<[Tl

’ “Pè%“P¡ à ¡¶¢  ¢-žVŸV `    žVŸ6¢

1 BEKMBY=S[$Iœ[ 9 ; ; ILKA)•ULPÔ?CX<BYdTULFh?MKM=@( 9 ?C=@U]F<[=@FH?MX<=S[^?MX<BT[A=S[Ek

+ BÂX<I“jLB™=@D<BTF*?C=RJBTD?CX<BYP 9 F<D<IL; BEF*?pILO¼=@[M[ 9 BT[š=@F?MX<BÂILFJILO):[A=S[$ULPgF<BE?~’–U]KMr BTD&dTULFh?MKMU]O


[s):[s?CBE; [El

+ B™XJI jLBÃ; UeD<BEOSBTDH?CX_B 5 u 8 ’$=@?CX?C=@; BÇË}j ILKA)e=@F<aŽ?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULFoGQBTKA=SUeDvILF<DoD<BTKA=@jLBTD


[ 9hk dT=SBEF*?šdEU]F<D<=?C=SULF<[$U]F?MX<B 5 u 8 ?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]FHGQBTKA=SUeDP\U]K$=??CU>(‚B`B ð GQU]F<BTF*?M=NILO@O@)
[s?pIL(<O@BLl

+ BÂX<I“jLB™P\U]KA; 9 ONI‘?CBTD”?MX<B™F<Bt?~’VULKMrh=SF<a•[MdpX<BED 9 OS=@F<a•G_KMU](<O@BT;ø=@F 5 u 8 €‰I F<DvILF<ILO@)eÚTBED


?MX<B[MdpX<BED 9 OSIL(<=SO@=@?~)™G<KMU](_OSBT;x’$X<BTF 9 [A=SF<az?CX_BKCI ?MB; U]F_UL?CU]F_=Sd^[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=SF_aÂI OSa]U]KA=@?MX<;
?MU”[MdpX<BED 9 OSB>I[ABE?YULP 5 u 8 [Tl + BœILOS[AUD<=@[Md 9 [M[z?CX<BŽG_KMU](<O@BT;òULPRJF<D<=@F<aHILF&U]G_?M=S; ILO
?MKCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]F”[AdpX<BTD 9 OSBLl

+ BVXJI jLB^; UeD<BEOSBTD 5 u 8 [W’$=@?CXÂF<BE?~’–U]KAr*Ë}=SF<D 9 dTBED>D_BTONI )ÂILF<D™ILFJILO)eÚTBTDÂ?CX<BE=SKg[s?pIL(_=SOS=?~)


9 [A=SF<aœ[s?pIL(<=@OS=?~)•KABTa]=@U]F<[$ILF<DX*)e(<KM=@Do[s):[s?CBE; [ILFJILO)e[M=S[^?MBTdpX<F_=SZ 9 BLl

+ BHXJI j]BŒG_KMBT[ABTF*?CBED|I&[MdpX<BE; BH?CUàdTU];>GQBTF<[MI ?CBF<BE?~’–U]KAr*Ë}=SF<D 9 dTBEDD<BTOSI )"ILF<DãdTU]FeË


D 9 dE?CBEDojLBTKM=P)e=SF<aœB ð GQBTKA=S;>BTF*?C[$U“j]BEKšIŽG<X*)e[M=@d ILO¼F<Bt?~’VULKMrnl

+ B$XJI j]B4; UeD<BTO@BTD 5 u 8 [#’$=?CX>GJILdprLBt?^D<KAU]GQU 9 ?#ILF<D>; 9 O?C=@G<OSBÇË~GJILdpr BE?/?MKCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]F<[


IL[ 3 b 8 [$ILF<DD<BTKA=@jLBTDŒ[s?pIL(_=SOS=?~)>dTU]F<D_=@?C=@U]F<[^P\U]K(QUL?MXdTIL[MBE[Tl
lnmporq.s]tu ¸

‰'s]o!|¿ˆ¿‘sf‹ y" € l»‰1Œ ƒ2¬sgm  ¿ tN¼$# oru]‹ x  êugo x ŒV ¿Œ]Œ]Ey x

% tuEy1z

¸ Žv w>x s]uy1z|{|}~sg‘y x

i X<=@[WdpXJI G_?CBEKW[s? 9 D<=@BT[Ô?CX<B#[A?CIL(<=SO@=@?~)šULP 5 u 8 W[ ’$=?CXY?C=S;>BtË j ILKA)e=SF_a^?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULFÂGQBTKA=SUeD2l i X<B


Š
5 u 8 Øæ ±A³ç ²h´¬¤3§­´°´¬§QµA²Ã©J¬å ±·§QµEÑL€]D<BEF<UL?CBED (*3) 5  ‹t€h=S[gD<BERJF_BTD IL[g?CX_B^?C=S;>B^=@Fh?MBTKsjLI O_(QBE?~’–BTBTF>?A’–U
dTULF<[MBEd 9 ?M=@j]B4?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]F<[T€h;>B IL[ 9 KMBED (QBE?~’–BTBEF?CX<B$=@F<[A?CILF*?C[’$X<BTF•?MX<B?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]F<[#ILKsË
Š
KM=j]B dEP lÔ?CX<B”D<BtRJF<=?C=SULFáULPÂç³±·±·§¶ñ‘çLè–æا¶¤•åÂ=SF"uVXJI G_?CBEKœÑ*‹tl . a]F<ULKM=SF_aŒ?CX<B•DJI ?pIvG_KMUedTBT[A[M=@F<a
U“j]BEKMX<BTILD =@F<dTO 9 D<=@F<aŒ( 9 =SOSD_=SF<a I F<DZ 9 B 9 BE=SF<a ?MX<B”DJI C? IvGJILdprLBt? €?CX<B?MBTKA; [æرAç³²h´¬¤3§­´°´¬§QµA²
Š
D ´T³ç ¤‚©QÓè §¶²YÔX©J¬å ±·§QµEÑULP2?MX<B[ABTF<[AU]K [p‹–dTILF(QB 9 [MBTDHI [–[s):F_U]F*):;>[Tl#bzI ?CIY?MKCILF_[M;>=S[sË
©J¬å ±·§QµEњILF<1

[M=@U]F<[$U]F 5 u 8 [ILKMB`B ô BTdt?CBEDŒ(*);•ILF*)”F_U]F<D<Bt?CBTKA; =@F<=S[s?C=@d6P¯ILdE?MU]KM[E€Q[ 9 dpXvI [gA=?M?CBEKM[E€JD<BTOSI“)e[E€


ILF<Dà?CKMILF<[M=@BTF*?ÂBTKMKAU]KM[ƞ ë_„EŸ¦l , Z 9 I OË~D_=S[A?CILF<dEB>[MIL;>G<OS=@F<aHd ILF<F_UL?™(QB>a 9 ILKMILF*?CBTBEDáU]F 5 u 8 E[ €
Š
X<BEF<dTBÂ=@?$=S[$=@; GQU]KA?CILF*??CU ILFJILO)eÚTBY?CX<B`[A?CIL(<=SO@=@?~) ULP 5 u 8 [’$X_BTFŒ?MX<BÂ[MIL;>G<OS=@F<aŽG‚BEKM=@U:D ULK
?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F”GQBTKM=@U:DJ‹V=S[^j ILKA)e=@F<a<l
Òg=Sa 9 KMB#:l„#=SOSO 9 [A?MKCI ?MBT[‰?MX<B#[A)e[A?MBT; 9 F<D<BEKW[s? 9 D:)Y=SFY?CX<=@[¼dpXJILG_?MBTKTl 8 IL;>G<OS=@F<a^ULP:?CX<B#G<ONI Fh?
[A?CI ?CB”=@[™?pI rLBTF I ?  öSÏ·Î[(îƒhÏ „HÏEппЈ€X<U“’VBtj]BEK>?MX<B?C=@; B=@F*?CBTKsj ILOS[Â(‚Bt?~’VBEBTF ?MX<B”[CI ; G<O@=SF<a

]Ó
Lë

=SF_[A?pI Fh?M[šI KMB`F<UL?dTU]F<[s?pILF*?Tl$Ò 9 KA?CX_BTKM;>U]KABL€J’VB`U]F<O)HdTU]F_[M=SD_BTK$?CX<B`d IL[AB’$X<BEKMB`?CX<B`[MBEF<[MU]K Ë


?CU‘Ë~dTULFh?MKMU]O@OSBEKVGJI ?MXo=@[F<BE?~’–U]KArLBTD‰€‰IL[$[AX<U“’$FŒ=SFÒg=@a 9 KABY:l„]l

x (tk )
. Plant
x(t) = A x(t) +B u(t)

u(t) ^x (t )
Controller k
u(t+ ) = - K ^x(tk )

Òg=@a 9 KABY:l„]k 8 )e[A?MBT; ; UeD<BEO 9 F<D<BEK$dTU]F<[A=SD<BEKCI ?M=SU]F

ÒJU]KÃ?CX<=@[ŽdpXJILG_?MBTKE€–’–BoI [M[ 9 ; B”?CX_B?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULFG<KMUedTBE[M[>=S[Ž=SD_B ILO¦l . F"UL?CX_BTKŽ’VULKMD<[E€


’–BHIL[M[ 9 ; B?MXJI ?Ã?MX<BTKAB”=S[ÃF_U DJI ?pIoG<KMUedTBE[M[M=@F<a ?C=@; B €c[MdpX<BED 9 O@=SF<av?M=S;>BL€cU]KÂ?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULF
?C=@; B l 1 BEF<dTB €g?CX_B•[MBEF<[MULKM[T—WDJI ?CIo=S[`D<BEOS=@jLBTKABTD=@F<[A?CILF*?pILF_BTU 9 [AO@) ’$=?CX<U 9 ?ÃILF*)àD<BEONI )]l + B
Š
P 9 Ks?CX<BEKzIL[M[ 9 ;>BÃ?CXJI ??CX<BEKMBŽ=@[šF<U”DJI‘?pIOSUL[M[ GJILdprLBt?YOSU][A[p‹D 9 KM=@F<a•?CX_B™?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]F2l + B
’$=SO@OKMBTOSI ð ?CX<BE[MBHIL[A[ 9 ;>G_?M=SU]F<[ÂU]F?MX<B•?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]FG_KMUedTBT[A[Ã=SFÀ?CX<B•P\ULOSOSU“’$=@F<aHdpXJILG_?MBTKM[El
8 GQBTdE=@RJdTILOSO)]€<F<Bt?~’VULKMrH[MdpX<BED 9 O@=SF<a>’$=SOSO‰(‚B`[A? 9 D<=SBEDo=@FvuVX<ILG_?CBEKšÑ:€QF_BE?~’–U]KMr]Ë~=@F<D 9 dEBTDvD_BTONI )
’$=SO@O‰(QBYD<=S[Ad 9 [A[MBTDo=SFouVXJILG:?CBTK4<€JI F<DoG<ILdprLBt?šD<KAU]GQU 9 ?’$=SO@O‰(QBY[A? 9 D<=SBEDo=@FŒuVX<ILG_?CBEKÐ:l
i X<KMU 9 a]X<U 9 ??CX<=@[–?CX_BT[M=@[T€_’–BYIL[A[ 9 ;>B6?CXJI‘?V?CX_BzdTU]F*?CKAU]O‰[s)e[A?CBE;ïd I F”(‚B6D_BT[M=@a]F<BEDH’$=?CX:Ë
U 9 ?XJI j:=@F<a?MX<BvF<Bt?~’VU]KAr=SF ; =@F<D2l i X<I ?”=S[E€?CX<BvULKM=SaL=SFJILOdEU]F*?C=@F 9 U 9 [”G<OSILF*?G<O 9 [•?CX_B
dTULFh?M=SF 9 U 9 [[A?pI‘?CBzP\BTBED<(JILdprdEU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTK–’$=?CX<U 9 ??CX<BzF_BE?~’–U]KMrdEU]F<F<BEdE?M=SU]FH=S[V[A?pI (<OSBzU]KV[CI ?sË
Š
=S[sRJBT[–dTBEKA?pI =SFdEU]F*?CKMULO‚[AG‚BEdT=@R<d I ?M=SU]F<[El . F”U 9 K#[MBt? 9 G‰€_’VBšdTU]F<[A=SD<BEK I*‹dEOSUedpr]Ë~D<KA=@j]BEF[MBEF<[MULKM[
Š
?CX<I ?4[CIL;>G<OSB6?MX<BYG<ONI Fh?4U 9 ?CG 9 ?M[$G‚BEKM=SUeD<=@d ILO@O@)>U]K$ILGQBTKA=SUeD<=SdTILOSO)•I‘?[MIL;>G<OS=@F<aÃ=SF_[A?pI Fh?ME[ D (J‹
ILFHBEjLBTF*?AË}D<KM=j]BEFodEU]F*?CKMULOSOSBEKT€e’$X<=SdpXHd I F(QBz=S;>G<O@BT;>BTF*?CBED(*)HILFHB ð ?CBEKMFJI O2BEjLBTF*?š=@F*?CBTKAK 9 G:?
LØ

;>BTdpXJILF_=S[M; I F<D ’$X<=@dpXd I OSd 9 ONI ?MBT[/?CX<BdTU]F*?MKMU]On[M=@a]FJILOnI [–[AU:U]F•IL[?CX<B[MBTF_[MU]K–DJI ?pIÂILKMKA=@jLBT[ED


Š
ILF<D d“‹–Btj]BEFh?sË~D<KA=@jLBTFoILdE? 9 I ?CULKM[T€:’$X<=SdpX”;>B ILF_[V?CX<BšG<ONILF*?=@F<G 9 ?M[ILKAB6dpXJILF<aLBTDIL[^[AU:U]FHI [
?CX_B`D<I ?pIŽ(QBTdTUL; B`I j IL=SOSIL(<OSB l
Ù 9 Kœa]U*ILO=@F"?MX<=S[œdpXJI G_?CBEK =@[Ã?CU  ²ÑÀæðÒJå.Õ¬µA¦Y²Ñ_µA²æ¶ÒJåHæا¶¤•å¬«Pñ‘ç³±·ÖS§¶²YÔÀæرAç³²h´¬¤3§­´°´¬§QµA²
©J嬱·§QµEÑ'&VÒJ嬲-æ¶ÒJå( åpåÂÑÙÕpçY®°¯©_çLæ¶Ò4§­´.²‰åtæ)&—µA±Þ¯*åÂÑ0´¬¦`®°ÒæðÒ_çLæ™æðÒJå+*-,.ŧ­´´t樧èè%´tæ çÙÕTèSåTé + B
D<BEKM=@jLBš?CX_BTU]KABT;>[VP\U]KV(QU 9 F_D<=SF<aÂ?CX<Bš?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]F•G‚BEKM=SUeD2€e(JIL[ABTD”U]FHIÂj ILKA=SBt?~)•ULP¶D_= ô BTKMBEF*?
;>BE?CX_U:D<[El + BŽILO@[MU•G_KMU“je=SD<BŽI dTU];>G 9 ?CI ?C=@U]FJILO¶ILG_G<KMU*I dpXv?CUF 9 ;>BTKA=Sd I OSO@)[MB I KMdpX P\U]K4[ 9 dpX
IŽ(‚U 9 F<D2l

¸ Ž·¸ / y1zptˆ¿ x  € lÀ‰1Œjƒ ‘s]m jE tN¼$# oÄug‹ x  êugo x Œ] ¿Œ>¼

ŒVEy x % tuEy1z

ì¼BE?$?CX_B`ULKM=SaL=SFJILOQF<U]FeË~F<Bt?~’VU]KArLBEDvdTU]F*?M=SF 9 U 9 [$[s):[s?CBE;ò(QBzKMBEG<KMBE[MBEFh?MBTDv(*)
Š Š Š
&õ  ‹ ( ÷‚õ  ‹>ø10(2  ‹¬Ï Š
Š Š :l@„“‹
3  ‹ ( Ã
4 õ  ‹·Ï
Š
’$X<BEKMB õ576 Ï821576 9XÏ 3 5:6";L€gILF_0 D ÷<5 6 Ï?0 5 6 9XÏ?4@5 6; l õ  ‹z=S[z?CX_B
ù ù>=Sù ù>= =Sù
[A?CI ?CBÂj]BTdt?CU]KšULP/?CX<BÂdTU]F*?M=SF 9 U 9 [š[A)e[A?MBT;l + B™IL[M[ 9 ; BÂ?CX<BÂU]G‚BEF:Ë~O@U:ULGŒ[A)e[s?CBT;=S[ 9 F<[A?CIL(<O@B
ILF<Dd I Fo(QBz[A?CIL(<=SO@=SÚEBTD”(*)IÃP 9 OSO Ë~[A?CI ?CBP\BTBTD_(JILdpr”a*IL=@FHdTU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTK
Š Š Š
2  ‹ ( *‚,|õ  ¬‹ Ï :ĺL‹

’$X<BEKMBÁ,A5B6C9 S= ù l i X<BTKABEP\U]KABL€J?CX_B`dEOSU][ABTD:Ë}OSUeU]GdEU]F*?C=SF 9 U 9 [[s)e[A?CBE;ø=S[a]=j]BEFo(*)


Š Š Š Š
‹ ( ÷Š*D0r,&‹ õ  ‹·Ð
&õ  g :lÍÑ]‹
Ñ]ƒ

Š Š Š Š
E =S[ 1 9 KA’$=?CÚ lì¼BE?CI õ  ‹M‹Æ( õKJ  ‹MLÃõ  ‹Ž(‚BH?CX_B
b6BER<F<=SF<aF÷ E (ã÷ *G0r,á€V’–BXJI j]BH÷ò
ì2)*ILG 9 F<U“j”P 9 F<dt?C=SULFU PW?MX<BYdTOSUL[MBTDeË~OSUeU]G”[s):[s?CBE; ?MXJI ?$[MI ?C=@[ARJBE[$?MX<B`ì2)*ILG 9 F<U“joBEZ 9 I ?C=@U]F
Š
LN÷[
E ø ÷ E J L ( *POÏ :l˜*‹

’$X<BEKMB(LüILF<D+OÏILKAB`GQU][A=@?C=j]BzD<BtRJF<=?CBY[A)e;>; Bt?CKM=@d6; I ?CKA=SdTBE[Tl


5 U“’ [ 9 G<G‚UL[MB•?MX<B>P\BEBTD<(<ILdprÀdEU]F*?CKAU]O–O@U:ULGà=@[ÂdEOSU][ABTDà?CX<KAU 9 a]XIodTUL; ; 9 F<=SdTI ?C=@U]F&F<BE?sË
’–U]KMrn€#ILF<Dá?MX<BP 9 OSO Ë~[s?pI ?MB =@F_P\U]KM; I ?M=SU]Fà=S[Â[MBTF*?œ=@FáU]F<B”GJI dprLBE?T€VI [Ã[MX<U“’$F"=SFáÒg=Sa 9 KMB”el@„]l
i X<B`[A)e[A?MBT;øBEZ 9 I ?C=@U]FHULPW?MX<BYF<BE?~’–U]KArLBTD [s)e[A?CBE;ød ILF(QBY’$KA=@?A?CBTFIL[
Š Š Š
 &  ‹ ( ÷N  V ‹ *D0r,   ‹¬Ï  5_ž  ö³Ï  ö?Q þ ‹¬Ï Š
Š Q Š :lÌÐL‹
  ö ‹ (   ö ¬‹ Ï Î(ƒšÏ „HϿпÐEБÏ
Š Š
’$X<BEKM3
B  R ‹ 576 ù =S[?CX<BŽ[s?pI ?MBÃj]BTdt?CU]KYULP#?CX_BŽF<BE?~’–U]KMr BTDÀ[A)e[A?MBT;U€   ‹=S[zG<=@BTdEBE’$=S[ABŽdTU]FeË
?C=@F 9 U 9 [šILF<DŒULF<O@)HdpXJI F<a]BT[jLI O 9 BÂI ?  öL€‚ILF<D  öSÏ·Î'(΃hÏ „HÏ¿ÐEпР€‚=@[4?MX<B™[MIL; G_OS=SF_a>=@F<[A?CILF*?šULK
?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F=@F<[A?CILF*? l i X<BzBEZ 9 I ?C=@U]F[CI )e[?CXJI‘?^?CX<BšdTU]F*?CKAU]O2=@[ 9 GQDJI ?MBTDI ?^?MX<B6=SF_[A?pI hF ?  ö
ILF<DorLBEG_?šdEU]F<[s?pILF*? 9 Fh?M=SO2?MX<BÂF_B ð ?šdEU]F*?CKAU]O 9 G‚D<I ?CB`=S[$KMBEdTBE=@j]BED I ?$?C=@; B  ö8Q þ lÒg=@a 9 KMB`eĺ:€
Š Š
?CULG2€J=SO@O 9 [s?CKCI‘?CBT[#?CX<Bz?MKCI ABEdE?CULKM=SBE[$ULPcIŽ[A=SF<a]O@Bz[A?CI ?C
B   ‹ILF_)
D   ‹tl
ì¼BE?Æ5ã(QB?CX<B?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]FGQBTKA=SUeD(‚Bt?~’VBEBTF [ 9 dEdTBT[A[M=j]Bo?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]F_[Tláb6BtRJF<B”?CX_B
?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F”GQBTKM=@U:DI ?  öYI [
5Iö!( S  8ö Q *  ö³Ð
þ

Ù 9 K¶a]U*ILOL=S[2?CURJF_D™ILF 9 G<GQBTK¶(QU 9 F<D‰€H5UTWVMXe€ U]FÁ5Iö/P\U]KΏ(ƒhÏ „³Ï¿Ð¿Ð¿ÐE[ 9 dpX`?CXJI ?¼?MX<BF<BE?~’–U]KArLBTD


Š
[A)e[s?CBT;=S[4[A?M=SOSO¼B ð G‚U]F_BTF*?C=SILOSO)H[A?pI (<OSB I>[ 9hk dT=@BTF*?zdEU]F<D<=?C=SULFn‹tl 3 Fv=SO@O 9 [s?CKCI‘?C=@jLBYG<=Sdt? 9 KABÂ=@[
Š
[MX_U†’$F>=SF>Òg=@a 9 KAB$:l˜Ñ_lcì¼BE? 5ZY\[WV8]gD<BTF_UL?CB?CX_B^?CK 9 B4(QU 9 F_D>ULÆ F 5Iö I6F<BTdEBT[M[MILKA) ILF_D>[ h9 k dT=@BTF*?
Ñ_„

^
x,x,e

x(t)

^
x(t)

e(t)

t0 t1 t2 t3 t

Š Š Š
Òg=@a 9 KAB`:ĺek i KMIABTdt?CU]Ks)”ULPV  ‹t€%  ‹t€nILF<D !  ‹
dTULF<D<=@?M=SU]FJ‹t€#ILF<Dê5U^8]`_`]Ž(‚BI&F<BTdEBT[A[CILKs)"dTU]F<D_=@?C=@U]F2l_5UT\_baMV[Y=S[Ž?CX<BH(QU 9 F<D’$X<BEFdEU]F<[A?CILF*?
?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]FŒGQBTKA=SUeDŒ=@[šBT;>G<O@U†)LBTD2l + B™ILKMBÂRJF<D<=@F<a•[AU]; BÂ(‚U 9 F<D¥5UTWVXdc 5ZYW[\V8]t€Q?MX<BTKABEP\U]KAB
=@?$=@[$IŽ[ 9hk dT=@BTF*?dTU]F<D_=@?C=@U]F2l

0 hk hsuff h true hnece hschur

ÒW=Sa 9 KAB`:l˜Ñ_kqVU 9 F_D<[$U]F?MX<Bz?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]F”G‚BEKM=@U:D


Š
+ BYD<BtRJF<BY?CX<Bz?MKCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]F”BEKMKMULKN!  ‹IL[
Š Š Š Š
!  ‹ (Š S  ] ‹ *b  ö ‹¬Ï  5[ž  ö³Ï  ?ö Q þ ¬‹ Ï :lÍÛ]‹
Š Š
!  ‹Ô=S[gG_=SBTdEBE’$=@[MBdTULFh?M=SF 9 U 9 [ILF<DŽ=S[WKMBE[MBE?/?MUzƒzI ?gBEj]BEKA)Ã?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]F™=SF<[s?pILF*? €L= lÕBLl+!  ö†‹g(
Š
ƒ_l i X<=S[=S[ILOS[AU•=SO@O 9 [s?CKMI ?CBEDŒ=SFŒÒg=Sa 9 KMB™:ĺ:l + =?CXŒ?MX<=S[4D<BtRJF<=@?M=SU]F‰€ , Z 9 I ?M=SU]F :lÍÐ]‹$dTILF (QB
KMBt’$KM=?M?CBEFŒI [ Š Š Š
&  ‹ ( ‹ *'0r,.  ö†‹·Ï
÷N  g
Š Š Š Š Š Š
( ÷Š*D0r,&‹P  >
‹ ø10Ä, ‹ *-  ö“‹A‹¬Ï
 ] :lÌÓL‹
Š Š
( ‹ øe0r,|!  ·‹ Ð
÷NE   
Ñ*

qVBEP\ULKMB’–B™aLU•U]F?CU>D<BTKA=@j]BÂU 9 K4U“’$FŒ?CX<BEU]KMBE; [E€Q’–BÂR<KM[A?šKMBtj:=@BE’[AU];>BÂG<KABEje=SU 9 [’–U]KMr


U]F”?CX_=S[?CU]G_=SdL€_U ô BEKM=@F<aŽ[MU];>BY=S;>G<KMU“jLBT;>BTF*?C[El

¸ Ž°Ç º»tgfEt‚ƒ y)½ oĈ¿Œ]m hji1kmlnMo”Œ»º»tŒ]{|ˆ‘s

3 [M=S;>=SOSILKc[ABE? 9 GXJIL[–(‚BEBTF•dEU]F<[A=SD<BEKMBTD•(h) + ILOS[AXàåtæçLèéfž˜ÓLØŸ l i X_BTKMB €:?MX<BšI 9 ?CX<ULKM[VdEU]F<[A=SD<BEK


IYdTU]F*?C=@F 9 U 9 [#G<ONI Fh?#I F<DIYdTU]F*?M=SF 9 U 9 [dEU]F*?CKMULOSOSBEKTl i X<BdEU]F*?CKAU]OnF<BE?~’–U]KMrn€:[MXJILKABTD (h)œU ?CX<BEK
F<UeD<BT[E€‚=@[ULF<O@)”=@F<[MBEKA?MBTDŒ(QBE?~’–BTBEF ?CX<B`[MBEF<[MU]KF<UeD<BT[šILF<Do?MX<B`dTU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTKEl i X<BE)=@Fh?MKMUeD 9 dEB
Š
?CX_BàF_UL?C=@U]F|ULPÂ;•I ð =@; 9 ; ILOSO@U†’VIL(<O@BŒ?CKMILF<[sP\BTKH=SF*?CBEKAj ILO m 3/i. ‹t€D_BTF<UL?MBTD-(*)Š/2€’$X_=SdpX
[ 9 G<G‚UL[MBT[?CXJI ?4[ 9 dTdEBT[M[A=@jLBŽ[MBTF_[MU]K; BE[M[CI a]BT[šILKMB`[MBEGJILKCI‘?CBTDŒ(h)oI ?4;>U][A? /Œ[MBTdEU]F<D<[El i X<BT=@K
Š
a]U*I O‚=@[#?MU™RJF<D?MXJI —? / 9 F<D<BEKV’$X<=SdpX?MX<BšD_BT[M=@KMBED”G‚BEKAP\U]KA;•ILF_dTB BLlÕa<l€_[A?CIL(<=@OS=@?~)_‹cULPÔILF 5 u 8
=S[a 9 ILKCI Fh?MBTBED?MU (QBzG<KMBE[MBEKAj]BED2l
. ?4=S[$IL[A[ 9 ;>BTDH?CXJI‘?4?MX<BYF<U]F:Ë}F<BE?~’–U]KArLBTDP\BTBED<(JILdprH[A)e[s?CBT;
Š Š Š Š Š
‹ ()÷ þPþ   ·‹ Ï
&  g   ‹ ( ž  ;  ·‹ Ï~qp  ‹ÛŸ J
Š
’$X_BTKMB ; I F<D¥qpKMBEG<KMBE[MBTF*?Â?CX<BœG<OSILF*?™I F<DÀdEU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTK6[s?pI ?MB“‹6=S[Ya]O@U](JILO@O@)B ð GQU]F<BTF*?M=NILO@O@)
[A?CIL(<O@BLl i X 9 [T€n?CX_BTKMBYB ð =@[A?M[IL [ 9 dpXo?MXJI ?
Š
÷ J Š
þPþ
L øeLÃ÷
þPþ
( *gr`Ð :lÍë]‹
Š
5 B ð ?T€<=@?V=S[VIL[M[ 9 ; BED”?CXJI ?–?CX<BzF_BE?~’–U]KMrn—Õ[4B ô BEdE?M[d ILF”(QB6dTUL; G 9 ?CBTD”(*)>?CX<BšBTKMKAU]KT€I!  ‹t€
(QBE?~’–BTBTFÂ?CX<B#G<ONI Fh?¶U 9 C? G 9 ?gI F<D™dEU]F*?CKMULOSOSBEK2=SF_G 9 ? l 8 U$?CX<B#F<Bt?~’VU]KArLBED:Ë~[s):[s?CBE;o—Õ[c[A?CI ?CBj]BEdE?MU]K
Š Š Š
=S[ õ  ‹ ( ž sJ  ¬‹ ÏX!tJ  ‹PŸuJW€JI F<D?MX 9 [?CX<BYF<Bt?~’VU]KArLBED dTOSUL[MBTDeË~OSUeU]G[s)e[A?CBE; =S[
Š Š
‹ ()÷õ  ¬‹ Ï
&õ  
Ñ]Ñ

’$X<BEKMBÃ÷d ILF(‚BYGJI KA?C=?C=@U]F<BTDHI [


vw {}|
w ÷
w þPþ
÷
þ)y | Ð
| Š
÷Å( :lÍØ]‹
x ÷ ÷ ~
yÂþ yzy
Š
+ I OS[MXàåtæ#çLèé_[A? 9 D_) ?~’–UŽ[MdpX_BTD 9 O@=SF<a™; Bt?CX<UeD<[Tk i Ks)hË Ù6F<dTBÇË b6=S[Ad ILKAD i ÙzbY‹#ILF<D•?MU]rLBEF:Ë
KM=@F<a Ë ?~):GQBv[s?pI ?M=Sdv[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=SF_a<l 3 [M[ 9 ; =@F<aá?CX<BEKMB&ILKAB'"ê[MBEF<[MU]KHF<UeD<BE[”dTU]F<F_BTdE?MBTDê?CU?CX_B
5 u 8 €/[A?pI‘?C=Sd”[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=@F<a&[M=S;>G<O);>B ILF_[Ã?CXJI ?>BTILdpX F_U:D<B?MKCILF_[M;>=@?C[™B ð ILdE?MO@)ULF<dTBHBEjLBTKs)
""?CKMILF<[M;>=S[A[M=@U]F<[Ã=@F IvR ð BED U]KAD<BTKEl { F_D<BTKŽ?CX_BŒm 3/i. dTULF<[A?MKCIL=@Fh?T€/?CX<BHdTULFh?MKMU]O@OSBEKÃ; 9 [s?
KMBEdTBE=@j]B6I™?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULF>P\KAU]; I‘?^OSBTIL[A?–U]F<BšULP¼?CX<Bš[MBTF_[MU]KA[BEj]BEKA) /[MBEdTU]F_D<[Tl 1 BEF<dTB € 9 F<D<BEK
[A?CI ?C=@dz[MdpX<BED 9 O@=SF<a<€nI OSO‰[ABTF<[AU]K$jLI O 9 EB [I KMB 9 GQDJI ?MBTD=SFI ?$;>U][A?g"I/[ABTdTULF<D<[Tl
i Ùzbx=@[$Iœ[AdpX<BTD 9 OS=@F<a G_KMUL?MU:dEU]O‰=@FH’$X_=SdpXH?CX<BzF<UeD<Bz’$=@?MX”?CX<Bza]KAB I ?MBT[s?4’–BT=@a]X*?CBEDoBEKMKMULK
Š
P\KMUL; =?C[>ONIL[s?•KABTGQU]KA?MBTDj ILO 9 B ?CUà?CX<BŒdTU]F*?CKAU]OSO@BTKC‹Ã?MKCILF_[M;>=@?C[>=@?M[ ;>BT[A[CILaLBLl 3 a*IL=@F2€V?CX_B
m 3/i. dEU]F<[s?CKCI =SF*?`BTF<[ 9 KMBE[ÃI ?`OSBTIL[A?`U]F_B>[ 9 dpX?MKCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]F&BEjLBTKs)¥/à[ABTdTULF<D<[Tl 1 U“’VBtj]BTKE€
i ÙzbxD_U:BE[4F_UL?4a 9 ILKMILF*?CBTBz?MXJI ?$B I dpXŒF<UeD<B6’$=SO@O‰?CKMILF<[A; =?U]F<dEB`Btj]BEKA)"H?CKCI F<[M;>=S[A[M=SULF<[Tl
ÒJU]KÃB I dpX ULP4?CX_BT[MBHG<KAUL?CUedTULOS[T€/ULF<B”d ILF"dEU]; G 9 ?CBHILF 9 G_G‚BEKŽ(‚U 9 F<D ULFá?CX<Bom 3/i. /
?CX<I ?VG_KMBT[ABTKsj]BT[$[s?pIL(<=@OS=?~)ÃULP2?MX<BšdEOSU][ABTD:Ë}OSUeU]G>[A)e[A?MBT;l i X_BšKMBE[ 9 O?V=@[–aL=@j]BEF=SF>?CX<B4P\U]OSO@U“’$=SF<a
?CX_BTU]KABT;l

ª™Ý¶®h¨nµ‘®e¿ Ü ° Ā ª™Ý¶®h¨nµ‘®e¿ ܂gƒ ä ÷U„†:‡ §¶ñL嬲ç³²*-,.d&g§æðҗ" ´“嬲h´µA±%²fµEÑeå°´Nµ°©J嬱AçLæا¶²YÔU¦Y²¾«


Š Š
Ñe¬å ±‰ˆ‹ŠŒ µA±´tæ çLØæ §Q®.´®°ÒJÂå ѳ¦eÓè §¶²YÔKÆÑe`å ²‰å Ž ( Žs‘’^ L™·‹ ÏŽ ( Ž$”“–• L™‹'—˜&VÒJ嬱CåCL &#çA´
þ y
Ñeå`²‰åÂÑçÙÕ¬µAñLåz™L錚`Yæ¶ÒJ圛 (ˆžš‚´TçL樧­´`^å°´
Š
/U$Œ;>=SF‰¡Ÿ
OSF ] ‹ Ï Š†¥ „ ü Ï ¥
„
Š ¥ ü
ª«
Ï
"£¢·÷¤¢ 랢·÷¤¢ Ž
y¦
Ž
þ
øꄆ‹$§ ;
ý#þZ¨
„“Û©Ž y
Ž
y?¦
Ž
þ
¢·÷¤¢ y Ž
y?¦
Ž
þ
øꄆ‹$§ ;
ý#þU¨ ¬
ÑL

æ¶ÒJ嬲 æðÒJåœ*­,.|§­´‚ÔLè­µ³ÕpçLèèÓÖå”ב©¾µA²‰å¬²J樧¯çLèèÓÖr´tæ çÙÕTèSåTé

i X<B>d ILO@d 9 OSI ?C=@U]FvULP#?CX<BŽ(QU 9 F_DàP\U]K/àdTILF&(‚Bœa]BEF<BTKMILOS=@ÚTBTDàILF_D&?M=Sa]X*?MBTF<BEDÀ(*)v?MX<BŽP\U]OË


OSU“’$=@F<aŽdTU]KAU]OSOSILKA)Ll
Š
Ȩnµ‘¨Q­¯­¯«_µ†Ê Ü ° Ü£® š`#æ¶ÒJ勯+ÖL笩¦š²fµAñ‚·¦Y²f®tæاQµA²!I ‚ ‹H('sJ°LU|µ†æ¶ÒJå²fµA²¾«P²‰åtæ±&—µA±Þ¯*åÂÑK>®tè­µ´“åÂѳ«
è­µµ°©p´¬Ö´tæ 嬤 ´TçLæا­´`^å°´
Š
÷ J LŠø1LU÷
þPþ þPþ
( *gOÏ :l„“ƒ*‹

—ˤƵA±CåUÔe嬲‰å¬±AçLèÔæðÒ_ç³²B²³E¦<çLæاQµA²7—˜´eébµt™?™¶·&VÒJ嬱CåRL~Ï?O'ç³±C傩¾µ´¬§æا¶ñL嬫Ñeå`²¾§æ~åô¬ÖA¤3¤•åtæر¬§Q®r¤>糫

æر¬§Q®på°´?#æ¶ÒJåÄÕ¬µA¦Y²Ñ1µA²Æ/[Õtå°®°µA¤•å°´
Š Š
/U$Œ;>=SF ¡Ÿ
S
O F ]
 ‹ Ï †Š ¥
„ ü Ï ¥
s
Ž ‘
 ’

Š¥ O™‹
^
ü
ª«
Ð
"£¢·÷¤¢ 랢·÷¤¢ Ž Ž øꄆ‹$§ ; “
„ Û
©Ž Ž Ž ¢·÷¤¢ y Ž Ž øꄆ‹$§ ; ¬
y¦ þ ý þ ¨
# y y?¦ þ y?¦ þ ý þ ¨
#
¸ ¦š±Ç¶æ ÒJ¬å ±¬¤ÆµA±C?å ¶æ ÒJå`¶æ ÒY§¶±Âѕæ~¬å ±·¤ §­´ÂçL¹è &#³ç ֐´Yðæ ÒJå´¬¤>çLèèSå°´t溍]´µ
Š Š
Ž$‘’^ O‹
/ $ ¥ Š ¥ ü : l„]„†‹
„“»Û Ž y Ž y¦ Ž þ ¢·÷¤¢ y Ž y¦ Ž þ ø-„†‹ § ; ý#þ ¨
Ô³¦_ç³±Mç³²Jæ~åpå°´Yæ¶ÒJå‚ÔLè­µ³ÕpçLèWå”ב©¾µA²‰å¬²Jæا¯çLè#´tæ}çÙÕE§èÓ§æØÖ µ†YæðÒJåœ*­,.‚é

â µ†¨2¨n©C°`i X<KAU 9 a]X<U 9 ? €Q’VB 9 [MB™jLBTdE?MU]KzILF_Dv;•I‘?CKM= ð F<U]KA;òD_BERJF<=?C=@U]F<[6I F<Dv=SF_BTZ 9 ILO@=@?C=@BT[


žÕLØSŸ¦l
Š
i X<BÂì¼)]ILG 9 F_U†j”P 9 F<dE?M=SU]F¼I ‚ ‹V; 9 [A?4[MI ?C=@[AP)?MX<BzP\U]OSO@U†’$=@F<aÃ=@F<BTZ 9 ILO@=@?M=SBT[Ek
Š
Ž  cGI ‚‹³cŽ  yÏ
þ¶½\½ \½ ½ y y©½W½ ½W½
Š Š
I & ‚‹( *¿¾ J OR¾Ac *PŽ$‘’^ O‹  y Ð
½\½ ½W½
Ñ*Ð

Š
i X 9 [T€JP\U]O@OSU“’$=SF_a™?CX<BYG<KAU:U PgULP i X<BEU]KMBE;òŽ=@F0ž˜ÓLØAŸ € *ë ‹VULP~ž˜ÓLØŸ¶[MX<U 9 OSDH(QB`KABE’$KA=@?M?MBTFoIL[Tk
Š Š Š Š Š Š Š
I &    ‹M‹Zc    ‹ *PŽs‘’^ O™‹    ‹ ø©Ž ÷ õ †Â ‹ ‹·Ð
½W½ \½ ½ ½W½ \½ ½ yÀ½\½ ½\½ Á¾þ½\½ \½ ½

qVBEd I 9 [AB&ULPY?CX<B&dpX<U]=@dTB ULPU/‰€ Á¾þ $ ÃĻŠÆÈÇÊÉqË c ÃÈĻŠÆÇÊÉqË l i X<B&[CIL;>BvKABT[ 9 O@?IL[”=@F
Ì ÃÈÍ8Ñ’Ñ Ò°Ñ’Ñ
Ì ÃÈÍMÎ ÃÈÍzϘÃÐÑ’Ñ Ò°Ñ’Ñ
Š Š Š
žÕÓLSØ Ÿ–d ILF?MX<BTF(QB•UL(_?pIL=@F<BTD‰kÃP\U]K™I OSO "  Ój†Â ø_"h/IÏI   ‹A‹ $ ÁZy½W½ õ †Â ‹ ½\½ y l 8 Bt?M?C=@F<a Á¾þ $
Š Š Š Š Š
;>=S( F Ô Õþ Ï ÃĻŠÆÇÊÉqË €n’VBÃ[s?C=@OSO¼XJI j]-
B I   ‹M‚ ‹ $ Á×yÀ½W½ õ †Â ‹ ½W½ y Ï ½W½ !  ‹ ½W½ $ Á¾þ¶½W½ õ †Â ‹ ½W½ P\U]KILOSO
Ì ÃÈÍ Î ÃÈÍzϘÃÐÑ’Ñ Ò°Ñ’Ñ`Ö
³Ó[†Â ø|"I/2l
Š
y =@BE’$=SF_a?CX<B 5 u 8 IL[•G‚BEKA? 9 KM(QBTD|(*) ?MX<BŒ(QU 9 F_D<BTD|BEKMKMULK[M=@a]FJILOX!  ‹Ç€$dTU]F<[A=SD<BEK•?CX_B
[A)e[s?CBT;
Š Š Š
‹ (Å÷ þPþ qØ  ä‹ ø[÷ þ)y ! 
q& Ø   ‹
Š
[A?CILKA?M=SF<aI ?  ( †Â øb"I/&’$=@?MXÀÚEBTKAUo=@F<=@?M=NILOÔdTU]F_D<=@?M=SU]Fp †Â ø|"I/n‹ (ƒ_l + Bœd ILFàdTU]F_dTO 9 D<B
?CX<I ?P\U]K$ILO@O ³Ó[†Â ø|"I/2€
Š Š Š
IqØ qØ  ‹A‹~$
>ŽqÙy ½W½ ÷ y y õ  ‹ y
½W½ Á þŠ W½ ½ W½ ½ Ï
Ž y ’^ O™‹
‘
¥ Š
Š ÀŽ Ž Ž õ †Â ‹
÷Š
qØ  ‹ $ y Èy ¦ þ¶½\½ ½W½ Á¾þ½W½ \½ ½ Ï
½W½ W½ ½ Žs‘’^ O™‹
Š Š
ILF<D‰€g(*)À?MX<B•dpX_U]=SdEB LU P Á`þ IL(‚U“jLBL€ ½\½ qØ  ‹ ½W½ $ Õqþ ½W½ õ †Â ‹ ½W½ l i X_B•KMBE[A?™ULP^?CX_B•G<KAU:ULP–P\U]KY?CX<=@[
GJILKs?$dTU]F*?M=SF 9 BT[IL[$=S0
F žÕÓLAØ Ÿ¦l
+ B`F<U“’G<KAU:dEBTBEDŒ?CU>G<KMU“jLBÂ?CX<I ?$?CX<BY?CX<=@KMD(‚U 9 F<D=S[4ILO@’VI )e[4?MX<BÂ[A;•I OSOSBE[A?4IL;>U]F<aœ?CX_B
?CX_KMBTBz?MBTKM;>[4IL(QU†jLBLl + BYR<KM[A?4G<KAU“j]B
Š
Š¥ „ ü $
S
O F ] ‹ Ð
ëÚ¢·÷¤¢ Ž
y?¦
Ž
þ
øꄆ‹$§ ;
ý#þU¨
"¢·÷¤¢
Ñ]Û

ü Š
+ BYrhF<U“’?MXJI ?gŽ yȦ
Ž
þŒÛ
„]€ § ;
ý#þ ¨
(_" "røꄆ‹
¦
œI F<D" Û
„]€JX_BTF<dEB

Š¥ „ ü c
„Š $
„
랢·÷"¢ Ž Ž ø-„†‹ § ; 랢·÷¤¢P" "Áø-„†‹ ë‘"£¢·÷¤¢Ð
y¦ þ ý#þ ¨
Š
8 =@F<dTBYOSF ] ‹V=@[a]KMBTI ?CBEK?CXJILFƒhЏ„†]Ðe€
Š
OSF ] ‹ „
Ó
"¢·÷¤¢ ë‘"£¢·÷"¢
ILF<DH?CX_B`KABT[ 9 O@?P\U]O@OSU“’$[Tl + Bz?CX_BTFŒdTILFHG<KMU“jLB
Š
Ž$‘’^ O‹
¥ Š ¥ ü
„“Û»Ž y Ž y¦ Ž þ ¢·÷"¢ y Ž yȦ Ž þ ø-„†‹ § ;
ý#þZ¨
Š ¥
„ Ð
c ü
ëÚ¢·÷¤¢ Ž yȦ Ž þ øꄆ‹ § ;
ý#þU¨
u^ILF<dEBTO@=SF<aœdTUL; ;>U]F?CBEKM;>[T€<’–BY; 9 [A?4[AX<U“’
Š
Žs‘’^ O™‹
¥ c΄HÐ
©Ž y
Ž
y¦
Ž
þ
¢·÷"¢
¥
8 =@F<dTB Ž
y¦
„`(*)HD<BtRJF<=?C=SULF2€_=?$=S[BTF_U 9 ]a XH?CUœ[MX_U†’
Ž
þ·Û
Š
Žs‘’^ O™‹
©Ž y ¢·÷¤¢ c„HÐ
Š
i ILrh=SF<aœF<U]KA; [ULFo(QUL?CXH[A=SD<BE[4U P , Z 9 I ?M=SU]F :l„“ƒ*‹Ç€_’–B`UL(_?pIL=@F

¢*€OÜ¢ ( ¢·÷ J L4ø1LU÷ ¢


þPþ þPþ
c ¢·÷ J ¢‹¢ÈL ¢+øÝ¢ÈL ¢‹¢·÷ ¢
þPþ þPþ
( Ú¢ÈLÜ¢Œ¢·÷ þPþ ¢ Ï

’$X<BEKMBÃ?CX_BÃ=SF<BEZ 9 ILOS=?~)HP\U]OSO@U†’$[4P\KMU];ø?MX<B™?CKA=NILF_a]OSB`=SF<BEZ 9 ILOS=?~)G<O 9 [?CX<BÃ[ 9 (:Ë}; 9 O@?M=SG<O@=SdTI ?C=j]B


G<KAU]G‚BEKA?~)oULP?CX<B™;•I ?MKM= 𠁆Ë~F<ULKM;l 5 U“’Y€2[A=SF<dEB-L =S[6GQU][M=?C=j]BtË}D<BER<F<=@?MBÂ[s):;>;>BE?CKA=Sd €Œ¢ÈLÜ¢(
Ñ*Ó

Š
Žs”“–• L‹(ގ
y
l 3 OS[MU_€¿¢·÷"¢ Û
¢·÷ I [M=SO)ŒP\KAU];?MX<BœD<BERJF_=@?C=@U]F ULP#?CX<Bœ=@F<D 9 dEBTD
þPþ
¢`P\U]O@OSU“’$[6B
Š Š
F<U]KA;o€_[M=SF_dTBz?CX<BYOSI ?M?MBTK^=@[$I>[ 9 <( ; I ?CKA= ð U PW?MX<BzP\U]KM;>BTK dEP l , Z 9 I ?M=SU]F elÍØ*‹A‹tl i X<BEKMBtP\U]KMB €
Š
Žs‘’^ O‹·cߢ*€OÜ¢àc-©Ž ¢·÷"¢
y

ILF<D Š
Žs‘’^ O™‹
©Ž y ¢·÷¤¢ c„HÐ
á

uVU]KMULOSONI KA) :ĺ`[AX<U“’$[^?CXJI ?–?CX<B6m 3/i. /D<BEG‚BEF<D<[U]F ½W½ ÷ ½W½ ÏQ"¼€eILF<DÜODsOÎ=SF ? 9 KAFD<BE?MBTK Ë
Š
[ L 9 [A=SF<a , Z 9 I ?C=@U]F :l„“ƒ*‹Çl ½\½ ÷ ½\½ ILF<D "ÀILKABœR ð BEDàP\ULKzI”GJILKA?M=Sd 9 ONILKš[A)e[A?MBT;'[MBt? 9 GfD
;>=SF<BEœ
?CX 9 [gO =@[^?CX<BYU]F<O)•j ILKA=NIL(<O@B6=SFHdpX<UeU][A=SF<a3/2l–Ù6F<Bz;>=Sa]X*? 9 [MBÂILFILFJILO)e?M=Sd6;>BE?MX<UeDH?MUŽRJF<D
?CX_B!O ?MXJI ?4dTU 9 OSD;•I ð =@; =@ÚTBN/‰l^q–)H; I ð =S;>=SÚTI ?C=@U]F ’–B`; BTILF?MX<B`ONILKAa]BT[s?~/ŒGQU][M[A=S(<O@B6?CXJI‘?
dTU 9 OSD&[A?M=SO@OgG<KABT[MBEKAjLB [s?pIL(<=@OS=?~)ŒULP#?CX_B 5 u 8 l 1 U“’–BEjLBTKT€Ô?CX<BÃP\ULOSOSU“’$=@F<aB ð IL;>G<O@BŽ=SOSO 9 [A?MKCI ?MBT[
9 [A=SF<aœKCI F<D<U];ï[AB ILKAdpXŒ=@FdpX_U:U][A=SF<a3/‰l

ôš±¼«<¿ýg­\® Ü ° ñ uVU]F_[M=SD_BTK?CX<BY[s?pI ?MBtË~[AGJILdEBÂG<OSILF*?$; UeD<BEO


vw {| vw { | wv {| vw {|
w &
w þ
|
|
w
w ƒ „ | w 
| w þ |
| w
w ƒ |
|
( ø 2>Ï
x & ~ x ƒ *ƒhЏ„ ~ x  ~ ƒ Џ„ ~
x h Š
y
wv {}|
y :l„†]‹
w  |
w þ |
3 ( žˆ„σSŸ Ð
x  ~
y
Š
3 dTULFh?M=SF 9 U 9 [sË~[s?pI ?MBzP\BTBTD_(JILdprdEU]F*?CKMULOSOSBEK^=S[·21( *N,.¶€<’$X<BTKABÄ,»( ž ÑhÐÍÓ]КÏz„]„HÐÍÐAŸ dTOSUL[MBTDeË
Š
OSUeU]GGQU]OSBE[>I 1
? *„ ¦ àI F<Å D *Ñ ¦ *‹tl { [A=SF<a i X<BEU]KMBE; :l@„L€#P\U] K "9( „ ULF<O@)U]F<BHF<BE?~’–U]KAr
F<UeD<BL€2’$X_=SdpX&=S[YIF<ULF:Ë~F<Bt?~’VULKMrLBED[MIL; G_OSBTDeË~DJI ?CI•[A)e[s?CBT;•‹t€¼’–BœU](_?pI =SFp/á( šÐÍÓ¤âㄓƒ×ã Õ E[ l
Ñ]ë

q–)KCI F<D<U];>O@)”[ABTO@BTdE?M=SF<a¤O ILF<DŒ[AU]O@je=@F<a>P\ULKPLœ€J’VBÂd ILFod ILO@d 9 OSI ?CB/ 9 [M=SF_a ?CX_B`P\U]KA; 9 OSI>=@F
uVU]KAU]OSOSILKA)v:ĺ:l . FLƒ]ƒ?CKA=NILO@[T€‰?MX<BŽ;•I ð =@; 9 ;É/&P\U 9 F<D&’^I [`hÐÌÐdâㄓƒ ã Õ [Tl 1 U†’–BEjLBTKE€W?CX_B
; I ð =S; 9 ;[A?CIL(<OSBœdEU]F<[A?CILF*?Ã[MIL; G_OS=SF_a”G‚BEKM=SUeD P\U]Kz?CX<=@[zP\BTBTD_(JILdpr&dTU]F*?MKMU]O[A)e[s?CBT;û=S[Ž„³ÐÌÓH[
Š
?MX<=S[YdTILF(QB D_BE?CBEKM;>=SF<BED 9 [A=SF<aH?CX_B FA[s?pIL(<=@OS=?~)ŒKABTa]=@U]FIGH?CBTdpX_F<=SZ 9 B>’VB D<=S[Ad 9 [A[™=SFuVXJILGeË
?CBEK$h‹t€<’$X<=@dpXŒ[AX<U“’$[?CX<I ? i X<BTU]KABT;ò:l„ÂILF<DŒuVU]KMU]O@ONILKs)H:ĺŽ;•I )”(QBYU†jLBTKAO@)HdTULF<[MBEKAj I ?C=j]B l

i X<BTULKMBT;ï:l„zILF<DHuVULKMU]O@ONILKs) :ĺ`a]=@jLBš[ 9šk dE=SBEFh?$dEU]F<D<=?C=@U]F<[#U]F•?CX_B6F<BE?~’–U]KAr•[CI ; G<O@=SF<a


KCI‘?CB ?MUva 9 I KCILF*?CBEB•?CX<I ?™?MX<BU]KA=Sa]=@FJILO/F<U]FeË~F<Bt?~’VU]KArLBED [s):[s?CBE;íKMBE;•I =SF<[Â[A?pI (<OSB>’$X<BTF?CX_B
dTULFh?MKMU]OÔOSUeU]GH=S[4dTO@U][MBEDvU“j]BEK?CX_B™F<Bt?~’VU]KArnl 1 U“’–BEjLBTKT€‚?CX<Bt)o;>=SaLXh?4(QB`?MU:U dTU]F_[MBTKsj I ?C=j]BÂ?MU
(QB6ULP¶G<KMILdE?M=Sd I O 9 [ABLl . F?CX<=@[VdpXJI G_?CBEKT€<’–B6?pILr BzIÃD<= ô BTKABTF*?$ILG_G<KMU*I dpX?CUŽD<BEKM=@jLBš?CX_Bz(‚U 9 F<D
U]F”?CX_BY?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]FHGQBTKA=SUeD2l + B 9 [MBÂIœX*)e(<KA=SD[A)e[A?MBT;>[[s?pIL(<=@OS=?~)ILF<ILO@)e[M=@[^?CBEdpX<F<=SZ 9 B l

¸ Žé  mptyugt‚sgE}XoĈŠº»tŒ]{|ˆ¬sgŒ

. F?MX<=S[[MBEdE?M=SU]F2€z[ABEjLBTKCI OÂO@BT;>;•IL[HI KMBàD<BTKA=@j]BED2€z?CX<Bt)-ILKMBàdTULF<dTBEKMF<=@F<a ’$=?CX?MX<Bà(‚U 9 F<D


Š Š Š
U]F"?CX<B”?MKCILF<[A; =@[M[A=SU]F"BTKAKMU]KA[ !  ‹t€#?CX<B(QU 9 F<DãU]F"?CX<BH[A?CI ?CBBTKAKMU]Kr  ‹X*Åõ  ‹Ç€^ILF_D ?CX_B
Š Š
OSU“’–BTK4(‚U 9 F<DŒULF?MX<B™D<BEdTKAB IL[AB™ULPW?CX<BÂì2)*ILG 9 F<U“joP 9 F_dE?C=@U]ä
F I õ  ‹M‹Çl + BYRJKA[A?=SF<dEO 9 D<BY?CX_B
qVBEOSOS; ILF:Ë 7 KAU]F*’^I OSOnOSBE; ; IÃ(‚BEOSU“’Y€_’$X<=@dpXo=@[B ð ?CBEF<[M=j]BEO@) 9 [MBEDo=@FHU 9 KG<KAU:ULP\[El
Ñ]Ø

¡%“ØåN“”’ å ¡+?‡Ÿ ™>æÅ ž–Ÿ~;-”  ¡?‡?‡

i X<Ba]BEF<BTKMILO_P\U]KA; ULP‚qVBEOSO@;•ILFeË 7 KMU]F*’VILOSO*O@BT;>;•I4=S[ca]=j]BEF>=@Fž˜ ÑAŸ¦l i UzG_KMU“j]B$U 9 Kc?MX<BTULKMBT;>[T€


Š
ILF<U ?CX<BEK 9 [MBtP 9 O_P\U]KA; ULP‚qVBEOSOS; ILF:Ë 7 KAU]F*’^I OSO*OSBE; ; I ì¶BE; ; I6Ñ_l˜Ñ_l˜ë6=SFž Ñ*ÓAŸ¦€*X<BTKAB I P?MBTKq#Ë 7 ‹
=S[ 9 [MBTD‰€n’$X_=SdpX=S[=SF_dTO 9 D<BTDH(QBTOSU“’P\U]KdTU];>G<O@BE?CBEF<BT[A[Tl
Š Š
£®:¿¿« Ü ° õ  à  ®:­¯­¯¿« » Þt絑¨ » ½™«J­¯­#£®e¿á¿«ž ¶ ¯ åt棎  ‹Âç³²ÑrÎ  ‹ÄÕtåòfµA²¾²‰åQÔ*çLæا¶ñLå
Š
©§ °å ®pÈå &g§­´“Ã
å ®°µA²J¨æ §¶²¾¦¾µA¦6´·¦š²f®tØæ §QµA²h´Ãµ†6æا¶¤•å  ³ç ²ќèSåtèæ Ž  ‹UÕtåÃѳ§ Ú6嬱C嬲J樧¯çÙÕTèSåT錚`æðÒJå·¦š²f®tæاQµA²
Š
3 ‚ ‹ ´TçL¨æ §­´`^°å ´
Š Š ±Š í –Š í í
3  ‹ · 
c Ž  ‹ ä ø
‰ -
é ê Î ‹ 3 M‹ î Ï ï 
Û
†Â Û šƒ Ï
êìë
æ¶ÒJ嬲
Š Š Š–í íñ Š–í Š`ò òóñ í
‹ cGŽ †Â
3 · ‹_B ð G ð é ê Î ‹î ø é ê Ž& ‹_B ð G ð é ê Î
ó ‹Mî î Ï ï  †Â Û hƒ Ð
Û
êë êë

¡%“ØåN“P¡ å ž  Ÿ=·ž–Ÿã  Ÿ6¢h?  ¢_¢  ž–Ÿ • ¾ ž 


Š
i X<=@[”OSBT;>; IÀa]=j]BT[HIá(QU 9 F_D|U]F|?CX<BŒ?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]F|BEKMKAU]K !  ‹>(‚Bt?~’VBEBTF?~’–U"[ 9 dEdTBE[M[M=j]B
?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F<[$I ?  öYI F<D  ö8Q þ l
Š
£®:¿¿« Ü °@ù  Vª µ†« » ¥T¿á¤¦¥T¥ ¤¯¨ » ô6µ†µ†¨Qµdô”ýWý/®hµ èQ´ » ¾£ „ˆ ÒJåYæرAç³²h´¬¤3§­´°´¬§QµA²à嬱·±ÞµA±X!  ‹
Ñeå`²‰åÂÑ §¶²¼²³E¦_çL樧QµA²D—˜´eé)õ?™3§­´ÄÕ¬µA¦š²ÑeåÂÑ'ÕEÖ
Š ¢·÷¤E ¢ Š Š
¢¬!  ö‹ ¢Pc !Àø Ò ø ê *|„ùœ¢°  ö ö‹ ¢Ï  5_ž  ö³Ï  ?ö Q þ ‹ :l„“Ñ*‹
¢·÷¤¢!÷

Õtåtæ)&Våp嬲væ±&—µ3´¬¦¾®°®på°´°´¬§¶ñLåYæرAç³²h´¬¤3§­´°´¬§QµA²h´Té
*ƒ

Š Š
â µ‘¨‰¨Q©M°V+ BYdTILFoKABE’$KA=@?CB , Z 9 I ?M=SU]F e lÌÐ]‹V=@F”?CBTKA; [U P]!  ‹(QBTO@U“’Yl–ÒJU]K  _
5 ž  ö³Ï  ö8Q ‹
þ
Š Š Š Š
‹ (&  ‹ ( ÷N  ‹]*€0Ä,.  ö†‹·Ï
&!  
Š Š Š
( ÷!  ä ‹ ø ÷9*€0r,&‹P  ö†‹·Ï
Š Š
( ÷!  ä ‹ ø ÷NE   ö†¬‹ Ð
Š
3 O@[MUœF<UL?MBz?CXJI ?X!  ö“‹(ƒ:l i LI rh=SF_aœ?MX<BY=SF*?CBEa]KCI O2U]FH(‚U ?CX[M=SD_BT[T€
Š Š Š Š–í Š í
!  ‹ ( !  ö“‹äø1éê ÷‚! ‹äø ÷‚E   ö“‹A‹Mî Ï
Š Š êuú Š–í í
( ÷XE   ö†‹  *  ö“ä ‹ ø1éê ÷! ‹î Ð
êuú
i X<BEKMBEP\ULKMBL€
Š Š Š Š–í í
¢¬!  ö‹ ¢gcû¢ ÷¤
E ¢»¢°  ö“‹ö¢  *  ö ä
‹ ø é ê ¢·÷"¢»¢¬! ‹ö¢Èî Ð
êuú
8 Bt?M?C=@F<a
Š Š Š
Ž  ‹ ( E ¢»¢°  ö“‹ö¢  *  ö“‹¬Ï
¢m÷¤
Š–í
Î ‹ ( ¢·÷¤¢

ILF<DoILG<G_O@)e=SF<aœì¼BE; ; Iœ:lՍ<€_’–BÂXJI jLB


Š Š ò ñ í
¢¬!  ö‹ ¢ c é-ê ¢·÷"¢»¢°  ö“‹¶¢‰B ðG ð é-ê ¢·÷"¢Èî î Ï
ó
êuú Š Š Š í í
( ¢ "÷ E ¢»¢°  ö ö‹ ¢ é ê B ð G ¢·÷¤¢  * ‹A‹sî Ï
¢¿÷dE ¢ Š êuú Š Š í
( * ¢°  ö“‹¶¢‰B ð G ¢·÷¤¢  * ‹M‹ ó Ï
¢·÷¤¢ ½ê ý
êuú
¢¿÷"E ¢ Š
( ! ø Ò ø Ç ê ã ê ú Ë *|„ ù ¢°  ö“ö‹ ¢Ð
¢·÷"¢ ÷

á
<„

¸ ¥ ¥ ´Ô¿ý¶§†¤\¨ » Ü ° þ ǚ æ~§­´3±CåMçA´µA²QçÙÕTèSåÂæÛµçA´°´¬¦š¤•å™æðÒ_çLææ¶ÒJ嬱Cå3§­´œç1¤>ç¿×H§¶¤3¦Y¤æرAç³²h´¬¤3§­´°´¬§QµA²
©J嬱·§QµEÑr5U”“–•¶‹&VÒY§Q®°Ò1¤•åMç³²h´zæ¶Ò_çLæ#æðÒJåà*­,.B&g§èèÀ¿µA±Þ®påÂç Øæ ±Aç³²h´¬¤3§­´°´¬§QµA²¥µ†Yæ¶ÒJå%©Qèç³²Jæ]´tæ}çLæ~åç

æ¶ÒJåÄ®°µA²Jæر°µ‘èèS嬱ÑYµ“å°´²fµ‘æ±Cå°®p嬧¶ñLå6æ¶ÒJ姶²¿µA±·¤>çLæاQµA²ü¿µA±~5s”“–•Žæ¨§¶¤•åTé"ˆ„ÒY§­´Ã®Mç³²|ÕtåUÑYµA²‰å¦Ù´¬§¶²YÔ
æ¶ÒJå(,µA²J樱޵‘èèS嬱Œ‚±CåMçü*Âåtæ)&—µA±Þ¯¤—?,”à*‹™¶>¿µA± §¶²h´tæ}ç³²f®på?VÕEÖä>çA¯A§¶²YԙæðÒY§­´X¤•å°´°´TçÔeå^æðÒJå ÒY§ïÔAÒJå°´tæ
Š
©±·§QµA±·§¨æ ÖLm
é ´°´¬¦Y¤3§¶²Yԕ¶æ ÒY§­´?ðæ ÒJÄå Õ¬µA¦Y²ÑµA²ý¢¬!  ö‹ ¢§­´NÔ³§¶ñL¬å ²¥ÕEÖ
Š ¢·÷¤E ¢ ”“–•
Š
¢¬!  ö‹ ¢Pc !Àø Ò ø`þ *„ ùœ¢°  ö ö‹ ¢Ï  5_ž  ö³Ï  ö?Q þ ¬‹ Ð
¢·÷¤¢ ÷

¡%“ØåN“ËÊ å ž  Ÿ=·ž–Ÿ ›hg<¡ • ¾ ž 

i X<=@[ÂO@BT;>;•Ia]=j]BE[™I(‚U 9 F<DU]FàX<U“’ ; 9 dpXà?CX<Bœ?CKMIABTdt?CU]Ks)&ULPV?MX<B•F_BE?~’–U]KMr BTD[A)e[s?CBT;Ö=@[


a]U]=@F<a™?MUŽD<=@jLBTKMaLBšP\KMU]; ?CX_BzU]KM=@a]=SFJI OQ[s)e[A?CBE;ï[A?CILKA?M=SF<aÂP\KMU]; ?CX<Bz[MIL;>B6=SF<=?C=SILOJdTU]F_D<=@?M=SU]F2l 3
;>U]KMBza]BEF<BTKMILO¼KMBE[ 9 O?$XJIL[4ILO@[MUœ(‚BEBTFU](_?CIL=SF<BEDH=SF0ž „ ƒSŸ l

£®:¿¿« Ü ° ä1 ɉ§“«:§“®.ô6µ†µ†¨nµdô”ýÔý/®hµ èQ´ » ¾ .næ}³ç ±ÇØæ §¶²YÔd·±°µA¤ ¶æ ÒJå ´T糤•å§¶²¾§æا¯çLè®°µA²ѳ§¶«


Š Š
æاQµA²4õ  ö†‹p(Ü  ö ‹? æðÒJå´tæ çLæ åÀ嬱¬±ÞµA±áÕtåtæ)&Våp嬲êæðÒJå0®°µA²J樧¶²¾¦¾µA¦Ù´ ¬´ ֐´tæ 嬤ÜÔ³§¶ñL嬲ÅÕEÖý²mE¦_糫
æاQµA²D—˜´eéºÿș ç³²Ñ æ¶ÒJåò‰åtæ±&—µA±Þ¯*åÂя´¬Ö´tæ 嬤‡Ô³§¶ñL嬲|ÕEÖ²³E¦_çL樧QµA²D—˜´eéM™§­´ÃÕ¬µA¦š²ÑeåÂÑ ÕEÖ
Š Š Š
‹ *_õ  ¶‹ ¢àc ÷ !ÀøÒ  ø Ç ê ã êuú Ë *|„ ùœ¢°  ö“¶‹ ¢Ï
¢°  V  5_ž  öSÏ  ö?Q þ ¬‹ Ï

&VÒJ嬱Cå
¢È0r,‰¢ ! ø Ò ø`þ ”“–• *|„ù
 ( ÷ Ð
¢·÷¤¢

Š
â µ‘¨‰¨Q©M°^i X<BY?CKCIABTdE?MU]KA)ULPg[s)e[A?CBE; , Z 9 I‘?C=SULF : l„†‹V=S[a]=j]BEFo(*)
Š Š Š
õ  ‹ ( !ÒÚ Ç ê ã ê ú Ë õ  ö“‹¬Ï  5_ž  ö³Ï  ö?Q þ ‹¬Ï :l„ h‹
h

Š
’$X<=@OSB6?CX_BY?MKCIABEdE?MU]KA)”U Pg[s):[s?CBE; , Z 9 I ?M=SU]F :lÌÓL‹V=S[a]=j]BTF(*)
Š Š ó ±Š í í Š
  ‹ (Å!Òq Ç ê ã ê ú Ë   ö†‹äø é ê !Òq Ç ê ã Ë 0r,|! M‹ î Ð :l„†Ð]‹
Š êuŠ ú
8:9 (:?CKCI dE?C=@F<a , Z 9 I ?C=@U]F :l„ h‹–P\KAU]; , Z 9 I ?C=@U]F :l„†Ð]‹–)e=@BTOSD_[
Š Š Š±í í Š
 g ‹ *_õ  ‹ ( é ê !ÒÚ Ç ê ã ó Ë 0r,|! ‹î Ð :l„“Û*‹
êú
i ILrh=SF<aœF<U]KA; [ULFo(QUL?CXH[A=SD<BE[$’–B`XJI ]j B
Š Š ó 0Ä,|! Š–í ‹Mî í  Ï
‹ *_õ  ¶‹ ¢ (
¢°  V 

éê ! q
Ò Çê ã Ë 

 êú
ó ¢È0r,‰¢»¢¬! Š–í  í
c é ê ! ø Ò ø Ç ã
ê Ë ‹ö¢Èî Ð
êuú
3 G_G<O@)e=SF_a ì¼BE; ; Iœ:lÍÐ:€
Š Š ¢È0r,‰¢»¢¿÷"
E ¢ ! ø Ò ø`þ ”“–• *|„ ù Š ó í
‹ *_õ  ‹ö¢
¢°  V c ÷
¢·÷¤¢
¢°  ö ö‹ ¢ é ê ! ø Ò  ø Ç ã Ë î
ê
Ï
Š êú
¢È0r,‰¢ ! ø Ò ø`þ ”“–• *|„ù ó
( * ÷ °¢   ö ‹ö¢¬! ø Ò  ø Ç ê ã Ë êó Ï
¢·÷¤¢ ½ ý
êuú
¢È0r,‰¢ ! ø Ò ø`þ ”“–• | * „ù Š
( ÷ ¢°  ö“‹¶¢ ! ø Ò  ø Ç ã *|„ ù Ð
¢·¤÷ ¢ ÷ ê êuú Ë

8 Bt?M?C=@F<a
¢È0r,‰¢ ! ø Ò ø`þ ”“–• *|„ ù
 ( ÷ Ï
¢·÷¤¢

?CX_B`KABT[ 9 O@?$P\U]O@OSU“’$[Tl á

¡%“ØåN“Øå å ž  Ÿ=·ž–Ÿ2â¡ 8  ¡>/¢_¡xž   ˜  Ÿ6ž –   Ÿ 8  ž–Ÿ

i X<=@[4O@BT;>;•IÃaL=@j]BE[4IœO@U“’VBEK4(QU 9 F_DoU]FH?CX_B`D_BTdTKAB IL[AB™ULPÔ?CX_BÂì2)]ILG 9 F<U“jHP 9 F<dt?C=@U]F2l . FoU ?CX<BEK


’–U]KMD<[E€W[s?pILKs?C=@F<aP\KMU];ò?CX<Bœ=@F<=@?M=NILO¶dTULF<D<=@?M=SU]F‰€‰?CX<B>ì2)*I G 9 F<U“j P 9 F<dt?C=@U]FàI ?YOSBTIL[A?YD<BEdTKAB IL[ABT[
?CX_=S[$IL;>U 9 F*?$D 9 KA=SF<aŽ?MX<Bz?C=S;>B6=@Fh?MBTKsjLI O l
*Ñ

£®:¿¿« Ü °  £#¨e½Ã®hµ'èQ´ » ¾¨ » ö”® ¹ µ†®e«<¥T®v¨n©š£/ÊQ«<ýW´ » ¨:Á²Ô´ »Ô¹ §†¤¯¨ » ‚´°´¬¦Y¤•å


Š Š
¶æ Ò_çL£
æ I õ  ‹A‹( õKJ°LÁõ §­´`æðÒJ圯+ÖL笩¦š²fµAñ··¦Y²f®tæاQµA²-µ†YæðÒJår®°µA²Jæا¶²¾¦¾µA¦6´´¬Ö´tæ 嬤ÀÑeå°´®¬±·§ØÕtåÂÑ'ÕEÖ
Š
²³E¦<çLØæ §QµA²Ý—˜´eé t™&³
ç ²Ñ|´TçLØæ §­´`^°å ´C²³E¦<çLØæ §QµA²Ý—˜´eé À™L1
é ¯¶åtN
æ õ  ö†
‹ Õt唶æ ÒJ1
å §¶²¾§Øæ §¯çLN
è ®°µA²ѳ§¨æ §QµA²U`¶æ ÒJå
Ñeå°®¬±CåMçA´“årµ†zæ¶ÒJ圯+Ö]笩¦Y²fµAñ³·¦š²f®tæاQµA²|§­´Yè­µK&V嬱ÃÕ¬µA¦Y²ÑeåÂÑ ÕEÖ
Š Š Š Š Š
¢tI õ  ö†‹A‹V*DI õ  ‹A‹ö¢ „ _
* ! ã y ø Ò  ø Ç ê ã ê ú Ë ù ¢¬õ  ö ö‹ ¢ y
Û  ÷


¿µA± ³Ó[ ö³Ï·Î(ƒhÏT„HϿппР‹&VÒJ嬱Cå


Š
Žs‘’^ O‹
(
 q¢m÷¤E ¢ Ð

Š
â µ‘¨‰¨Q©M°^i X<B`[MU]O 9 ?C=@U]F”ULPVõ  ‹^[A?CILKA?M=SF<aŽP\KAU]; õ¿öY=S[aL=@j]BEFo(*)
Š Š
õ  ‹ (Å!ÒÚ Ç ê ã ê ú Ë õ  ö“‹¬Ð

i X<BEKMBEP\ULKMB
Š Š
õ  ö“‹ ( Ò  Ç ê ã êuú Ë ¢¬õ  ¶‹ ¢Ï
! ã Ú
Š Š
¢¬õ  ö†‹¶¢ c ! ø ã Ò  ø Ç ê ã êuú Ë ¢¬õ  ¶‹ ¢Ï
Š Š Š
¢¬õ  ¶‹ ¢ ! ã ø Ò  ø Ç ê ã êuú Ë ¢¬õ  ö“‹ö¢Ð :l„†Ó]‹
Û
Š
9 9 9
ÒJKMU]; ?CX<B`ì2)*I G <F U“jHBTZ ‘I ?C=SULF2€ , Z I ?C=@U]F : lՍh‹t€:’VB`XJI j]B
Š Š Š
I & õ  ‹M‹( E ø ÷ E J L™‹õhÏ
*Nõ J LÝ÷[

X<BEF<dTB
Š Š Š Š Š Š
*PŽ$”“–• O‹ö¢¬õ  ö‹ ¢ y c I & õ  ‹A‹¿c *PŽ$‘’^ O‹ö¢¬õ  ö‹ ¢ y Ð
]

i ILrh=SF<aœ=SF*?MBTa]KMILOS[^’–BYXJI j]B
Š Š Š Š Š Š–í í
I õ  ‹A‹ c I õ  ö“‹M‹äø é ê *PŽs‘’^ O™‹¶¢¬õ ‹ö¢ y î Ï
Š Š Š Š Š ê ú Š–í í
¢tI õ  ö“‹A‹V*eI õ  ‹M‹¶¢ é ê Žs‘’^ O™‹¶¢¬õ ‹ö¢ y î Ð
Û
Š êuú
f/O 9 aLa]=SF<aŽ=@F*?CU , Z 9 I ?C=@U]F : l„†Ó]‹–)e=SBEOSD<[
Š Š Š Š Š ó Š í
¢tI õ  ö†‹M‹V*€I õ  ‹M‹¶¢ éê Ž$‘’^ O‹”! ã y øÒ  ø Ç ã Ë ¢¬õ  ö†‹¶¢ y î Ï
Û Š Š uê ú
êŽ$‘ú ’^ O‹ö¢¬õ  ö“‹¶¢ y
( ! ã y ø Ò ø Çó ã
ê ú Ë ½ êó ý
Ï
Š *šÚ¢m÷¤E ¢ Š êú
Ž$‘’^  O ‹
(
Ú¢m÷¤E ¢ ÷ „ * ! y ø Ò  ø Ç ê ê ú Ë ùœ¢¬õ  ö†‹¶¢ y Ð
ã ã

8 Bt?M?C=@F<a ( à ‘’^ ÇÊÉqË €<?MX<BYKMBT[ 9 O@?P\ULOSOSU“’$[El á


 y ø Ò ø

¡%“ØåN“Pè ›I    ³·ž £ [


 ›4¢

i X<KAU 9 a]X<U 9 ?’–BÂIL[M[ 9 ; BY?CX<I ?  =S[4ILFBTZ 9 =@OS=S(_KM= 9 ; ULPW?CX<B`[A)e[s?CBT;l i X<=@[$=S[?CK 9 BY(‚UL?MXP\ULK


?CX_B^dTU]F*?M=SF 9 U 9 [g[A)e[A?MBT;ÏILF_DÃ?CX<B 5 u 8™9 F<D<BEKcU 9 KgdTU]F<[A=SD<BEKCI ?M=SU]F‰l . Pn?CX_B^BTZ 9 =@OS=S(_KM= 9 ; 9 F<D<BEK
[A? 9 D_)”=@[^F<UL??MX<BzU]KA=Sa]=@F2€:ULF<Bzd ILFILO’^I )e[KMBED<BER<F<Bz?CX<BzdEU:U]KAD<=SF<I ?CBE[U]F+6 =SF”[ 9 dpXŒIÒVI“)
ù
?CX<I ?6?CX_BÃBTZ 9 =@OS=S(_KM= 9 ;øULP=SF*?CBEKMBE[A?z(QBTdEU]; BE[6?CX<B™F<BE’ U]KM=@a]=SF‰l + =@?MX<U 9 ?šOSU][A[šULP#a]BEF<BTKMILOS=?~)]€
Š
IL[A[ 9 ;>B`?MX<BY[A)e[A?MBT; [A?CILKA?M[4I ? †Â (ƒŽ’$=@?MX?MX<BY=SF<=?C=NI O‚dEU]F<D<=?C=SUL1
F  ƒ*‹tl i X<BY?CKMIABTdt?CU]Ks)”ULP
Š
?CX_B`[s)e[A?CBE; =S[a]=j]BTFH(*)   ‹Çl
+ BzRJKA[A?4(<KA=SB @ )”KMBtj:=@BE’?CX<BYD<BtRJF<=@?M=SU]F_[ULPg[s?pIL(_=SOS=?~)|žÕÓLë_€QÐ ƒAŸ¦l
ö”® » ¤\§“¤¯¨ » Ü °@÷ ˆ„ÒJåzåE¦Y§èÓ§ØÕE±¬§¶¦Y¤  ­§ ´ ´ » \¤ ©}¨nµ‘¿á­\Ê ¥E§“«<¬W­¯® § ‘¿µA±6åMçY®°Ò Ó ƒ•æ¶ÒJ嬱påzå”×H§­´t涴
Š
ç ( L‹‚´¬¦`®°Òæ¶Ò_çLæ


Š Š Š Š
¢° ƒ]ö‹ ¢$ L‹g( ¢°  ‹ö¢$YÏï  hƒ Ð :l„“ë*‹
Û
hÐ

ö”® » ¤\§“¤¯¨ » Ü ° Ä6 „ˆ ÒJåHåE¦š§èÓ§ØÕE±·§¶¦Y¤  §­´ ´ » ¤¯© ¨Qµ‘¿á­Ê«:§ §“µ†« ¹ §†¤ÁQ® § >æ¶ÒJ嬱påƧ­´çp²¾¦š¤Õt嬱
Š
 Ó ƒ 1 ¬
´ `
¦ °
® H
Ò æ ¶ _
Ò L
ç æ q ¿µ A Ž
± M
å ç Y °
® Ò
  Ó Œ
ƒ æ ¶ J
Ò å ¬ C
± Ž
å å ” H
× ­
§ t
´ æ ð `
´ ç  9
 (  L‹‚´¬¦`®°Òæ¶Ò_çLæ

Š Š Š Š
¢° ƒ*¶‹ ¢‚$  ( ¢°  ö‹ ¢$YÏï   L·
‹Ð :l„“Ø*‹
Û

ö”® » ¤\§“¤¯¨ » Ü ° ÄnÄ „ˆ ÒJåŒåE¦Y§èÓ§ØÕE±·§¶¦š¤  §­´ ´ » ¤\©}¨nµ‘¿á­\Êx«J¥tʶ¿ý¶§“¨J§†¤ ¹ «<­¦­Êx¥E§“«<¬W­\® § '§æU§­´


¦Y²¾§ ¿µA±¬¤ŽèÓÖ3´tæ çÙÕTèSåÂç³²Ñ ¦Y²¾§ ¿µA±¬¤ŽèÓ֕çLæ¯æ¨±AçY®tæا¶ñLåTé

ö”® » ¤\§“¤¯¨ » Ü ° ÄeÜ „ˆ ÒJåzåE¦š§èÓ§ØÕE±·§¶¦Y¤  §­´ ®h±2ý/¨ » ® » §†¤\«J­¯­\Êà¥E§ «<¬g­\® § $æðÒJ嬱Cåzå”×H§­´tæg®°µA²h´tæ}ç³²J涴


Ï ¾Ï
! #" #$ Ó ƒ ´¬¦`®°Òæ¶Ò_çLæ
Š Š
¢°  ¶‹ ¢Pc "‚¢° ƒ*‹¶¢¬! ã % Ïï  Ï †  hƒ Ïï  5 0'&EÏ
ê Û

&VÒJ嬱Cåó0'&ıpåP©±Cå°´“嬲J涴Yæ¶ÒJåÄÕpçLèèVµ†P²¦`®tèÓ§ØÑeåMç³²p±AçÙѳ§¶¦Ù´ ! çÙÕ¬µA¦eæ#æðÒJå3µA±·§ïÔ³§¶²p§¶²)( é
ù

ÒJU]K$OS=SF_B ILK[s):[s?CBE; [E€ 9 F_=@P\U]KA;øIL[A)e;>G_?CU ?C=SdY[s?pIL(<=@OS=?~)=S[$BEZ 9 =@j ILOSBEF*?4?MU B ð G‚U]F_BTF*?C=SILO¶[A?pI†Ë


(<=@OS=@?~)pžÕÓLëAŸ¦l
Š
i X<BÂP\ULOSOSU“’$=@F<aœOSBT;>; Iœa 9 ILKCI Fh?MBTBE[?CX_B 5 u 8 D<BT[AdTKA=S(QBTDv(*) , Z 9 I ?C=@U]F : lÌÐL‹$=@[I [A)e; GeË
?CU ?C=SdTILOSO)•[s?pIL(_OSBLl . ?š=@[I>dTU]F_[MBTZ 9 BEF<dTBŽU Pc[A?CI ?CB`(QU 9 F<D<BED<F<BE[M[6(QBE?~’–BTBEF [CIL;>G<OS=@F<aœ=SF<[s?pILF*?M[
ILF<D i X<BTU]KABT; :l˜ÑÂ=SFpž „“Ÿ¦l 8 ?pIL(_=SOS=?~)ŽULP¼dEU]F*?C=@F 9 U 9 [V[s)e[A?CBE; [–’$=@?CX•I™D<=@a]=@?CILO<dTULFh?MKMU]O@OSBEK–XJI [
ILO@[MUœ(‚BEBTF[A? 9 D<=SBEDo=@F0ž˜Ó]ӐŸ l i U [s?pI ?MBYU 9 KOSBE; ; I_€h’VB`F<BEBTDo?MX<BzP\U]OSO@U“’$=SF<aÃD_BERJF<=?C=@U]F2l

ö”® » ¤\§“¤¯¨ » Ü ° Äeñ7öƒ ä U„† G·¦Y²f®t樧QµA²+*k,(àQ.- (àQ 9§­´Æµ†š¹ ­\«J¥ ¥ , § Á§æ §­´ ®°µA²Jæا¶²¾¦`µA¦Ù´?
Š
´tæر¬§Q®tæ¯èÓÖƧ¶²f®¬±CåMçA´¬§¶²YÔKç³²Ñ* ƒ*‹g(ƒJé

£®:¿¿« Ü ° Ä*õ  ɂ§“«<¬W¤¯­¦¤§ÇÊá¨n©šÆ Ȝɼ¥K „ˆ ÒJåC*­,.)Ñeå°´®¬±·§ØÕtåÂÑbÕEÖ ²³E¦<çLæاQµA²Ý—˜´eé0/ș᧭´1¦Y²¾§¶«

¿µA±·¤ŽèÓÖ>çA´¬ÖS¤‚©QæPµ‘æاQ®MçLèèÓÖÁ´tæ}çÙÕTèSå§ šæ¶ÒJ嬱Cå™å”×H§­´t涴Yç'®°µA²J樧¶²¾¦¾µA¦Ù´Ãѳ§ Ú6嬱C嬲J樧¯çÙÕTèSå?Wè­µ®MçLèèÓւ©¾µ´¬§æا¶ñLå


*Û

Ñeå`²¾§æ~åR·¦š²f®tæاQµA²eI k1( - (àQ ç³²Ѥ·¦Y²f®t樧QµA²h´32 Ï54Ï Á µ†|®tèçA´°´)6ã´¬¦`®°Ò æ¶Ò_çL挿µA±oçLèè


ù
 5 0'&
Š Š Š Š
2 ¢°¢E‹·c I ‚‹³c74 ¢°¢E‹·Ï :ĺLƒ*‹

ç³²Ñ
Š Š Š Š Š Š Š
ò¼I¾ö ( S I   8ö Q ‹M‹V*DI   ö ‹M‹³c * ¢°  ö“‹¶¢E‹¬Ï Î (-ƒhÏ H„ Ï¿ÐEпÐEÐ :ĺ:„†‹
þ Á

Š
â µ†¨2¨n©C° q#)Œì¼BE; ; I•elÌÐ:€n?CX_B™[A?CI ?CBÂULPc?MX<B 5 u 8 €  ‹t€Q(‚Bt?~’VBEBTF&[ 9 dTdTBE[M[A=@j]BÃ?MKCILF_[M;>=S[sË
[M=@U]F<[$=S[(QU 9 F_D<BTD(*)
Š Š Š
¢°  ö‹ ¢ ( ¢°  ö“‹äø[!  ö‹ ¢Ï
Š Š Š
c ¢°  ö“‹¶¢gøÝ¢¬!  ö‹ ¢Ï :ĺ]]‹
Š
c 8d¢ °  ö“‹¶¢Ï  5_ž  ö³Ï  ?ö Q þ ¬‹ Ï
Š
’$X<BEKMB8~(:9N„ø ø;Ò  ø ! ø Ò ø`þ ”“–• *„†‹<†l
Ò
+ =@?MXœ?MX<=S[(QU 9 F<D>=SFœXJI F<D2€eILF<DœP\U]OSO@U“’$=SF<aš?MX<B$G<KMUeULP\[/ULP i X<BTULKMBT; ÐelÍÑ_l„4ILF<D i X<BTULKMBT;
Ð:l˜Ñ_ĺ]ÐÃULP~žÕÓLëSŸ¦€_’$X<BEKMB`G‚UL[M[M=@(<OSB €_’–BÂU](:?pIL=@F”U 9 K$KMBE[ 9 O?C[Tl
Òg=SKA[A?T€Q’–BÃG<KAU†jLBÃ?CXJI‘?š?CX_B 5 u 8 =@[ 9 F<=@P\U]KA; O )”[A?CIL(<O@BLl + BÃ; 9 [A?6[AX<U“’Î?CXJI ?ša]=@jLBTF I Fh)
Š Š
 Ó ƒ_€‘’–BVdTILFÂR<F<DÃ= I U(> L‹2[ 9 dpXÂ?CXJI ? , Z 9 I ?C@= U]F :l„“ë*‹2=S[¶[MI ?C=@[ARJBED2lcì¼BE??A@š(;>=SFCBDšÏ ! E €
ILF<DG<=@dpr”IF Ó ƒŽ[ 9 dpX?CXJI‘?
Š Š Š Š Š
4G L‹ó( S [ 9 G
 I ‚‹—$72  @
¦
E‹·c2
8 
¦
T‹·Ð
8 :ĺLÑ*‹
ø0H¶øI J
ŠŠ Š
8:9 dpXHIK`B ð =@[A?M[^(‚BEd I 9 M[ B  ‹–ILF<D I   ‹A‹–ILKABšdTULFh?M=SF 9 U 9 [VP 9 F<dt?C=SULF<[VULP¼?M=S;>BšI [^I™dEU]F<[MBÇË
Š Š
Z 9 BTF_dTB`ULP , Z 9 I ?M=SU]F elÌÐ]‹Ç€JILF<DäI *ƒ ‹(ƒ_l
hÓ

Š Š
5 U“’|’–BdEONIL=@; ?CX<I ?–P\ULK–I OSO¢° *ƒ ‹ö¢‚$Lh€è¢°  ‹ö¢$6P\U]K#ILO@O  Û ƒ_l i X_=S[#d ILF (‚B$G<KAU†jLBTD
Š
(*)dEU]F*?CKMILD<=Sdt?C=@U]F2l 8:9 G<GQU][MBI ?  @ Ó ƒ:P € ¢°  @‹¶¢ (M:l 3 a]IL=SF2€Ô?CX<=@[™=@[Â[ 9hk dT=SBEF*?œ(‚BEd I 9 [AB
Š Š
  ‹4=S[6dEU]F*?C=SF 9 U 9 [z=SFŒ?M=S;>BLl . P  @j5)ž  öSÏ  ö?Q ‹Ç€‰?CX_BTF (*)Œ?MX<BÃ(QU 9 F<D<BED<F<BE[M[`ULPg  ‹šD 9 KM=SF_a
þ
Š
?CKMILF<[A; =@[M[M=@U]F<[a]=j]BEF(*) , Z 9 I ?M=SU]F eĺ]L‹t€_’–BÂX<I“jLB
Š
¢°  ö“¶‹ ¢  8Ð
Û ¦
Š
q–) , Z 9 I ?M=SU]F :ĺe„†‹^ILF<DH?CX<BzP¯ILdt??CXJI‘N ? 2á=@[$IÃP 9 F<dE?M=SU]FHULPWdTOSIL[MX
[ BŽ€<’–B`X<I“jLB
Š Š Š Š Š
I   ö“‹A‹ 2 ¢°  ö“¶‹ ¢E‹ 2  8E¬ ‹Ð
Û Û ¦
Š
1 U“’–BEjLBTKT€Q[M=@F<dT( B IüD<BEdTKMBTIL[MBE[6I ? 9 G‚DJI‘?CBT[E€QILF<DH(*)HU 9 KG<=@dprULP Ã=SF , Z 9 I ?C=@U]F :ĺLÑ*‹Ç€
Š Š Š Š Š Š
I   ö†‹A· ‹ cI  ƒ*‹M·‹ c 4 G L%‹ $L2  ¦ 8E¬‹ Ð

5 U“’Ï’–B•XJI jLBIodEU]F*?CKMILD<=Sdt?C=@U]F2€WILF<DX_BTF<dEBU 9 K`dTOSIL=S;·=@[YKM=SaLXh?Tl i X<BTKABEP\U]KABL€g?MX<B 5 u 8 =@[


9 F<=P\U]KM;>O@)>[s?pIL(<O@BLl
5 B ð ?T€¼’VBœG<KAU†jLB>?MXJI ?z?MX<B 5 u 8 =S[ 9 F<=@P\U]KA; O)oI ?M?MKCILdt?C=@jLBLl + Ž B ; 9 [s?Y[MX<U“’ ?CXJI ?z?MX<BTKAB
Š
B ð =@[A?C[ÂI  þ [ 9 dpXà?CXJI ?YP\U]KzBTILdpO X  Ó ƒ”?CX_BTKMBœB ð =@[A?M[™P I j(Q LÁ ‹ $SR [ 9 dpXÀ?CX<I ? , Z 9 I†Ë
Š Š Š
?C=@U]F :l„“Ø*‹^=S[$[MI ?C=@[ARJBED2l 3 a*I =SF2€n(*)H?CX<B`(‚U 9 F<D<BED<F<BT[A[6UL]P   ‹$aL=@j]BEFŒ(*) , Z 9 I ?C=@U]F :ĺL]‹t€
=@?4=@[4BEZ 9 @= j ILO@BTF*?$?CU•[AX<U“’?CXJI‘?4?MX<BTKAB™B ð @= [A?M[šI  þ [ 9 dpXŒ?MXJI ?$P\U]K4B ILdpXT Ó ƒŽ?CX_BTKMBÂB ð =S[s?C[I
Š
,2(), L‹%$7R [ 9 dpX?CXJI‘?
Š Š Š
¢° ƒ*ö‹ ¢N$  ( ¢°  ö“‹¶¢‚$U 8AÏï„Î Ó , L‹¬Ð
þ ¦

5 U“’Y€Ja]=j]BEFT Ó ƒ_€<D<BtRJF<BY?CX<BYGQU][M=?C=j]BzdTULF<[A?CILF*?C[  þ €  y
€JILF<D ,×(*)
Š Š
 þ $ 4 ã þ ž
V 2 ‹ ŸQÏ
! P :ĺ h‹
*ë

Š Š
>
; $S
= F
 
W 4 ã þ ž
V 2  T
8 ‹
P Q
Ÿ Ï  þYX Ï :ĺ]Ð]‹
 y
Š ¦
Š
4 Š  ‹
, ( Z þ Ð
‹
A[
:ĺLÛ*‹
Á  y
Š Š
q–)H?CX<BÂ[MBEOSBTdt?C=@U]FoU P  þ @= F , Z 9 I ?M=SU]F :ĺ]Ð]‹Ç€nBEj]BEKA)?CKMIABTdt?CU]Ks)  ‹$?MXJI ? [A?pI KA?C[=SF<[A=SD<B
?CX_BÂ(JI OSO”0'\ Ð [A?pI )e[š=@F<[M=@D<BY?CX<B`(JILO@”O 0'& l i X_=S[4d ILFo(‚B`G<KMU“jLBTD (*)HdTU]F*?MKCILD<=@dE?M=SU]F2€nI [=@Fo?CX_B
RJKA[A?4GJILKs?$ULPg?MX<=S[G<KAU:U P l
Š
5 U“’û’VB"dTOSIL=S; ?MXJI ?&=P °¢  *ƒ ‹¶¢ $  þ
€`?CX<BEKMBB ð =@[A?C[ [AU];>B_Î @ 5 ž ƒhÏ°,.Ÿ™[ 9 dpXÎ?CXJI‘?
Š
¢°  ö^]N‹¶¢$  y
l + B`G_KMU“j]BY?CX<=@[(*)HdTU]F*?CKMILD<=@dE?C=@U]F2l 8e9 G<GQU][MBYP\U]K$ILO@OäÎ(ƒhϿпÐEБϰ,á€
Š
¢°  ö“‹¶¢  Ð
Û y
Š
q–) , Z 9 I ?M=SU]F : ĺ ƒ*‹t€_’–B`XJI j]B
Š Š Š Š
I  ö ‹M‹ Û
2 ¢°  ö“‹¶¢E‹ Ó ƒhÐ
Š
1 U“’–BEjLBTKT€Q(*) , Z 9 I ?C=@U]F : ĺ:„†‹Ç€
Š Š Š Š
ƒ*‹M‹äø_ û þ ¼
ã
I   ö“‹M‹ ( I  ò I`öAÏ
ö Â
Š Š ý
ã þ Š Š
c I  ƒ*‹M‹V*`_ û ¢°  ö“‹¶¢E‹¬Ð
Á ö Â
ý
Š Š
Ò 9 KA?MX<BTKA; ULKMBL€:(*)•?CX_Bz[MBTO@BTdt?C=SULF”ULP+, L ‹–a]=j]BTF”(*) , Z 9 I ?M=SU]F :ĺLÛ*‹t€_ILF<D?MX<B6P¯ILdE?V?CXJI ?a4#€

Á
ILKAB6P 9 F<dt?C=SULF<[$ULPgdEONIL[A[ BŽ€<’VB`XJI j]B
Š Š Š Š Š
I   ö“‹A‹ c I  ƒ]‹M‹V*_, ‹¬Ï
Š Š Á  y
Š
c 4  ‹þ V*bZ 4 Š  þ ‹‹ [ Á  y
‹mcꃚÐ
Á  y

+ B`X<I“jLB™I KMKM=j]BEDoI‘?šIŽdEU]F*?CKCI D<=Sdt?C=SULF2€_?CX 9 [$U 9 K4dEONIL=@; =@[KM=@a]X*? l


*Ø

Š
i U•dTU];>G<OSBt?CBY?CX<B™G<KMUeULP €n[ 9 G_G‚U][ABÎ Ó , ]‹Çlšq#)?MX<B™D_BTdTKAB IL[ABŽULP‹I I‘? 9 GQDJI ?MBT[zI F<D


U 9 KG_KMU“j]BEDŒdTOSIL=S;€:’–BYXJI j]B
Š Š Š Š Š Š
2 ¢°  öT‹ö¢E‹³cI   ö†‹A‹ c I   ö^]N‹A‹¬Ï
Š Š
c 4 ¢°  öc]S‹ö¢E‹·Ï
Š
c 4  y
‹·Ð
Š
q–)”U 9 K$[MBTO@BTdt?C=SULFU P  y
=@F , Z 9 I ?M=SU]F : ĺ Û*‹t€
Š Š Š Š Š
2 ¢°  ö“‹¶¢E‹·cGI   ö“‹A‹~$2  T‹·Ð
8
¦

8 =@F<dTBd2á=S[$IÃP 9 F_dE?C=@U]FHdTOSIL[M[XBŽ€<’VBYdEU]F<dTO 9 D<B


Š
¢°  ö“‹¶¢$U Ð
8
¦

1 BEF<dTB €J?CX<B 5 u 8 =S[ 9 F<=@P\U]KA; O)I‘?M?CKMILdE?M=@jLBLl


uVU];Ã(<=@F<=SF_a•?CX<BÂ?~’VUHGJILKs?C[6U P#?MX<BÃG<KAU:U P/?CU]a]Bt?CX<BEKT€‰’–BœXJI j]BŽG<KAU“j]BTD ?MXJI ?6?MX<B 5 u 8 =@[
9 F<=P\U]KM;>O@) IL[s)e; G_?MUL?C=@d ILO@O@) [A?CIL(<OSB l á

ì¼BT;>;•IH:l„ H=S[šU]F<O@)ŒdTU]F_dTBTKAF<BTDà’$=@?MX&?MX<Bœì2)*ILG 9 F<U“j P 9 F<dt?C=SULF2—˜[zD_BTdTKAB IL[A=SF<aoI ?Y[MIL;œË


G<O@=SF<a=SF<[s?pILF*?C[‘D*=@?WD<UeBT[cF<U ?cKMBEZ 9 =SKABV?CX<BVì2)*ILG 9 F<U“j™P 9 F<dt?C=@U]F™?CUš(‚B^[s?CKA=SdE?MO@)YD<BEdTKAB IL[A=SF<azU“j]BEK
Š Š
?C=@; B €‰=¦l˜B l I &   ‹M ‹ $ƒ_€¼IL[zKABTZ 9 =@KMBTD =@F + I OSM[ XãåtæšçLèéS—Õ[6G<KAU:U PNž˜ÓLØAŸ l`Òg=@a 9 KMBÁ:lՍ”D<BTG<=@dE?M[zI
Š Š
ì2)*ILG 9 F<U“j”P 9 F<dt?C=SULFH?MXJI ?4[CI‘?C=S[sRJBT[?MX<=S[dEU]F<[A?MKCIL=@F*? l + BY[ABTBY?CXJI ?4I O@?CX_U 9 a]¼ X I   ‹A‹=@[=SF:Ë
dTKAB IL[A=SF<aYD 9 KM=SF_a`[AU];>B^?C=S;>B^=@Fh?MBTKsjLI OS[T€L=@?D<BEdTKMBTIL[MBE[VI‘?BEj]BEKA)œ[MIL; G_OS=SF_a6=SF<[s?pILF*?Tl i X<BTKABEP\U]KAB
=@?V=S[VI™jLI OS=SD•ì2)*ILG 9 F<U“jP 9 F<dt?C=SULF•?CUŽG<KAU“j]B6?CX_B6[A?CIL(<=SO@=@?~)>ULP¼?MX<B 5 u 8 l { [A=SF<aÃ?MX<=S[^[s?pIL(_=SOS=?~)
dTULF<D<=@?M=SU]F‰€e’–BzBTF*je=S[A=SU]F?MUŽD<BTKA=@j]BzO@BT[A[^dTU]F_[MBTKsj I ?C=j]Bz(QU 9 F<D<[ULF?CX<Bš?MKCILF_[M;>=S[M[A=SU]F•G‚BEKM=SUeD2l
ÐLƒ

V(x(t))
tk
t k+1

t k+4

e fhgjilkcmonprqtsuwvyx{zhf |~}x{€tilt‚Dv)ƒ„itt‡†cfh‚j)†c‚ˆ€lkc‚Dvjm‰‹ŠŒ)Ž^†5x{tfhz f †

‘)’”“ •—–ˆ˜š™š› –ˆ™ œUž™šŸ ¡¢ŸŸ¡£–ˆ™ ¤¦¥‹§¡‡–~›

‰'‚D¨>¨©md|tm£k^f v{mo†cªtm†5ªtm‡‚jkcm‡«Mƒ„‚jka†cªtmoit€t€,m£k=¬‚jilt|~‚jT†cªtm†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j)€¬m‡kcf ‚|p

­K®°¯;±C²³¯ ´ µ¶¸·¹ºc»)¼½¼¯;²P¾±,¿?À½ÁL±,ÀÂA®°¯+­Ã²³ÄtÀ½Å¢´.ÆÇŢţƸ±,ÀUȇÀ¬ÂD¯;²DÉtÄtʐËÍÌ°ÎYÏ ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓÖÕYÎoÏ0×ØÎ

وڢÛjÜ0ÙÞÝ Ù ÏÇß Ú{àláYÙÞÜhá#áYÜÔâ³àFã ÎYß ÜÔâ£ä+åæä ΄ç à Î ä Õ£è3Ï0×ØÎéê ë á ÎYÏ ÝDãìÖÚ{à,äFá£Ú Ï Ühá„í è

Ñõô÷öjøÇùú ð”ñˆð
ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓoî ï z ~ò ó ø npn ú
ð”ñˆð n Ñ°ÒÔÓ{øÇûú ðYüýððñF
þ ðÿ ï
ó

 ΄ç à ÎoÏ0×ØÎ ãØâ è à â³ÙÞÜ¸Ú 

  
ø ¬ú     ø npn ú
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ

! ×ØÎYß5Î


  Ñ°ÒÔÓ{ø¸ûKú‡ø#" " ú$
n 
ó ÿ


% & n Ñ°ÒÔÓ{øÇûú£ø'" "Kú(
ó ÿ

 Ñõô÷öø¸ùKú
% Ñ°ÒÔÓ{ø¸ûKú)" & ó 
ó n ðñF
þ ð

*+ ,*

Ñõô÷ö{øÇùú
% ó
n ðñˆ
þ ð 
-
ï

./10 í ø ¬ú'× Ú³á ß5Î Ú  ß âDâ Ï åÇáì32 ß5Î Ú ÏÎYßNÏ0× Ú{à .4  ÎYÏ57698 ÕYÎNτ×ØÎ‹ß âDâ ÏÏ„× Ú Ï Ühá3:(hâDá Î á ÏÏ â .4
ï

Ï0×ØÎ á è á ϐΠ٠Ühá ΠۇãØâ³à Î à Ï Ü¸Ú è á Ï Ú Õ  Î Üí

Ð*;=<?>@ «ˆfhBA ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓ ï zh 6 C 


ð1ñ3 þ ð

DE/10 í øF¬ú ä â Î áà â ÏÃ× Ú G Îß#Î Ú  ß âDâ Ï 2 ß5Î Ú ÏæÎYßÏ„× Ú{à .4 τ×ØÎ à Ï0×ØÎ á è á ÏæÎ Ù Ühá ΠۇãØâ³à Î à Ï Ü¸Ú è

á Ï Ú Õ  Î Üí

Ð*;H<?>3>ÐtÑ°ÒÔÓ


I ²³± ±7Jc¶ }õm‡†o†5ªtmˆ}xy€titt‚Dvšƒ„ittY†5f ‚jLK ø#MØø ^


N úcúOPMQ ûRM ‚{ƒÃ£‚j†cfh;it‚jitŽoŽ Ž †5m‡« f TSU;iØxWV

†5f ‚j ø npYX ú ,m †cªtm+¢xyt|tfh|txy†5m }õjx{€titl‚AvUƒ„ittY†5fh‚{L‚{ƒ†5ªlm tmY†¨©‚jkZ{m‡|>Ž Ž †5m‡« fh[SU;iØxWV

†5f ‚j ø np - ú pPeC‚{zhzh‚D¨1f tg~}õm£«ˆ«Öx np q\°¨©mˆ¨ax{††5‚^]؁t|.†cªtm3,‚jitl|`‚j Ð_ Žcil#ª`†5ªØxy†d†5ªlm


ï

}x{€litt‚DvLƒ„ittY†5f ‚j7fhŽP|lm££k^m¢x{Ž^fhtgxy†Pm‡vjm‡k^7Žcx{«ˆ€tzhf tg.f tŽ^†5x{†`\=fÔprm{paK øF½ø N_ Ð_¢úcúb


ÿ

K ø ½øFN_cd^ú^ú î K Fø ½øFN_¢úcúe K #ø MtøFN_Dú^ú($fg+,*  Uz ‚‚ Z f tg xy†Öe fhg{itkcm np - \ÆcªtfhŽFf Ž
ï `hi
mU;itf vyx{zhm‡;††c‚ ]tt|tfhlgF†cªtmo¬‚{itt|T‚j Ðj_ Ž^it#ª †cªØxy†

ð K ø ½øFN_ Ð_¢úcúk& K 'ø MØøFN_ Ð_Dúcú ð  ð K Fø ½ø N_cdcúcúk& K #ø MØø N_cdcúcú ð 


ÿ ÿ

î ð K #ø MØø N_Aúcúk& K #ø MØø N_cdcúcú ð  ø npn l ú

¨1ªtm‡kcm MØøFN_Dúm ½øFN_¢ú pon½‚ Ž5x³†5fhŽ ƒ0†cªtfhŽ)f tmU;iØx{z f † 1


\ †cªtm }x{€litt‚Dv7ƒ„ittY†5fh‚{7tm£m‡|>t‚y†

Ž^†ckcf ‡†5z P|tm‡£k^m¢x{Ž^fhtgtp

}õm‡†=itŽ1Ž^†5x{k^†1ƒ„kc‚{«—†5ªlmdz m‡ƒ0†)VªØx{l|TŽ^fh|tm‚yƒpSpU;iØxy†5f ‚j ø npn l ú s

ð K ø ½øFN_cd úcúk& K 'ø MØøFN_cdcúcú ð  ð Q Fø N_cd^ú @ ú &qM Q


û ½ø N_cd k ø N_cd^ú R
û MØø N_cd^ú ð 
- n

z(tk )=x(tk )
V(x(tk+1 ))
tk V(x(t))

V(z(t))

V(z(t k+1 ))

t k+1

e f gjitkcmnp - s
s rz zhitŽ †5kcxy†5f ‚jP‚{ƒ?†5ªtmo€tk^‚‚yƒ ‚{ƒtnªtm‡‚jkcm‡« np -
ï

 ð Q @
û u&v Q R
û M Q 3
û MO&wM Q 3
û M ð 
ÿ

 ð Q ûÖø x&wMjú øFx&wMú Q 3


û M ð 
ÿ

y ð û ðð u&wM ð ø ð ð ð M ð ú(


ÿ

 ð û ðð u&wM ð ø ð z&qM M ð ð M ð ú$


ÿ ÿ

y Ñ°ÒÔÓjø¸ûKú ð u&qM ð ø ð z&qM ð n ð M ð ú


ó ÿ 

eØkc‚j«{SpU itxy†5f ‚j ø np q ú


ï

MØø N_cdcúp}|p~ €ƒ‚ „‡†ˆŠ‰‚ „‹ MØø N_Aú(

ªtm‡t£m

M øFN_cd ú ð
ð Ø Œ| E ~ FŽ „ M øFN_Dú ð
ð t


eØkc‚j«M}õm£«ˆ«ÖxFnpƒ\l¨ÃmdªØx¢vjm

ð ½øFN_cd úk&qMØøFN_cdcú ð y "‘?|  ~  €ƒ‚ „’†ˆ‰‚ „?‹ & ð ½øFN_Dú ð 


ï`“

 "  |   ~ FŽ „ & ð ½øFN_¢ú ð


ï “ 
- X

nªtm‡kcm‡ƒ„‚{kcm \

ð K ø ½øFN_cdcú^úd& K 'ø MØøFN_cdcúcú ð


y Ñ°ÒÔÓjøÇûú"  |   ~ FŽ „ &  "  |   ~ FŽ „ & n |   ~ FŽ „ M ø N_Dú ð
ð Ø 
ó ï “ ï “ ÿ “
    • 
 Ñ°ÒÔÓjøÇûúE”0ø'" " ú)|
n  E~ FŽ „ & n ø#" "ú|  ~ FŽ „ " M ø N_Dú ð
ð Ø ø npYX 
, ú
ó ÿ ÿ ÿ 

‰'‚D¨zhm‡†1ilŽ=‡‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡k1†cªtmokcf gjª†Vªtx{t|~Žcf |tm{p e؂jz zh‚D¨1fhtg}°m‡«3«3xFnpY*\

 
ð K 'ø MØøFN_Aú^úk& K 'ø MØøFN_cdcú^ú 9
ð –g—  &q| ‰   ~ FŽ „ M ø N_Aú ð
ð Ø ø npYX ú
ï “  ï

Š©‚j«lfhtf tg˜SpU itxy†5f ‚jtŽ ø npYX 


, ú xyt| ø npYX ú ¨ÃmªtxDv{m
ï

    )• 
Ñ°ÒÔÓ{øÇûúE”„ø'" " ú|
n K  ~ FŽ „ & n ø#" "ú|   ~ FŽ „ " M øFN_Dú ð
ð t 
ó ÿ ÿ ÿ

 
î —  &q| ‰   ~ FŽ „ M ø N_Dú ð
ð Ø
ï “ 

™zhitg{gjfhtgÞf  — xyt| k^m¢x{k^k5x{lgjfhtg f m£zh|lŽ

     
Ñ°ÒÔÓjøÇûú£ø#" " ú|
n K ~ FŽ „ & n Ñ°ÒÔÓ{ø¸ûKú‡ø#" "ú|   ~ FŽ „
ó ÿ ó ÿ

 Ñõô÷öø¸ùKú   Ñõô÷öjøÇùú
ø Ñ°ÒÔÓ{ø¸ûKú)" & ó ú| E~ FŽ „ ó îš,
ÿ ó n ð1ñˆ
þ ð ÿ n ðñ3
þ ð 

›'Ž^fhtg x #ªØxytgjmš‚{ƒdvyx{kcfhx{tzhmœMsŸž ,*7úb¡ ž $7ú |tmh]ttm£|>; £¢ œ øÔÐ_Dúm |   ~ FŽ „ \


ï

¨ÃmT‚{l†#x{f `†5ªtm)€,‚jz l‚j«3fhx{z gjf v{m£ qSpU;iØxy†5f ‚j ø n pn ú pvn½x ;


Z fhlg+†5ªtme]Øk^Ž^†F|tm‡kcf vyxy†cf v{mP‚{ƒ

SpU;iØxy†5f ‚j ø npn ú g{f vjm‡Ž

     Ñõô÷öø¸ùKú
¤ Fø ¬ú q Ñ°ÒÔÓ{øÇûú£ø'" " ú
n  &q¥ Ñ°ÒÔÓ{øÇûú£ø'" "Kú n ø Ñ°ÒÔÓ{ø¸ûKú)" & ó ú
ó ÿ ó ÿ ÿ ó n ð1ñˆ
þ ð 

Svyx{zhiØx³†5fhlg†5ªtf Ž1xy† ^ ¨Ãm‚{l†#x{f 


ï

Ñõô÷öjø¸ùKú
¤ ø ús n Ñ°ÒÔÓø¸ûKú)"}& ó
ï ó ð1ñˆ
þ ð 
- q

¦‹itm†5‚Þ†cªtmo#ªt‚jfh‡mo‚{ƒ ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓ fhSpU itxy†5f ‚j ø npn ú ¨ÃmªtxDv{m

¤ ø ú©î[,
ï 

p(x)

Case 1

0
1 x* x
Case 2

e f gjitkcmnp ¥ s§Œ‚jzhi†5fh‚{)‚{ƒ øF¬úaîš, fh^nªtm‡‚jkcm‡« np -


ï

nªtmŽc‚{zhil†cfh‚j‚yƒ øF¬úaî[, £x{Þ¬m|lf v fh|tm‡|fh†c‚‹†¨©‚£x{Žcm‡Ž\ x{Žfhz zhitŽ †5kcxy†5m‡|Kfhe fhgjilkcmn p ¥ p

Šax{Ž^m st§.m1t‚{†cfh‡m=†cªØxy† ø \ †5ªtm‡kcmYƒ„‚jkcm


úp},  øF¬ú y ,*©¨ ž ?76?ª \;ªtm£l£m 
Ð _ «itŽ †©Žcxy†5f Ž^ƒ0
ï ï ï

Ð_î «ˆfhRA ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓ« ï z  6«C  f˜},*  


ð1ñˆ þ ð ï ``

Šax{Ž^mnspr~†5ªlfhŽ¢xyŽcm \ ø ¬ú y ,*?¨ ž $7ú \Øxyt| Ð_ ‚jlz Plm£m£|lŽ=†c‚ˆŽcxy†5f Ž^ƒ0


ï

Ð_îÐlÑ°ÒÔÓ fuŒ,* 
ï ``( ¬

nªtm£‚{kcm£« n p - f ;v{‚jz v{m£ŽdŽc‚jz v fhtgPƒ„‚jk‹†cªtmFkc‚ ‚{†5Ž‚yƒxPƒ„‚jitk †5ªV‚jkc|tm‡k€¬‚{z  t‚j«ˆfx{z#\,¨1ªlfh#ª


ï

¢xyÖ,m'm£x{Žcf z Þ|t‚{tm'ilŽcfhlgŸ­¯®°²±®´³°pµnªtm1ƒ„‚jzhz ‚A¨1f tgm(¶lx{«ˆ€tz m'f zhzhilŽ^†5kcxy†5m‡Ž†5ªtm=itŽcx{gjm=‚{ƒ†5ªlm

†5ªlm£‚jk^m£«Tp

·¹¸ Ät´.¼ ʄ¯šµ¶¸·Eº Š©‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡k'†5ªlmŽ5x{«ˆmdŽcm‡†cit€Íx{ŽNf bSk¶lx{«ˆ€tzhmnpƒX\,†cªtm£z ‚jŽcm‡|Vz ‚‚{€ Ž Ž †5m‡«


--

¶ fhŽ
«3xy†5k^f Ö
¾À¿
, , ¿
¿
ñ þ  ñ & üKý %»¼ ï 
¼ 
¼½ Á
,  X  - & n -
 ï

Ð*;=<?> |tm‡£fh|lm£|FŸnªtm£‚{kcm£«Qnp - |tm£€,m£t|lŽ§‚{†5ªtmŽ^m£zhm‡‡†cfh‚jÞ‚{ƒ ù ¶ f ˜SU;iØx³†5fh‚{


«3xy†ckcf  ø nprq ú p
ï

 itkK«ˆm‡†cªt‚ |.†5‚©]tt| Ð*;=<?> fhŽo†5‚ k5x{t|l‚j«3z  Žcm‡zhm£Y†Fx ù \gjk5xy|tiØx{z z šf t£k^m¢x{Ž^m ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓ f .†5ªlm

k5xytgjm~|tm£‡fh|tm‡|qSpU;iØxy†cfh‚j ø npn ú ©
\ xyt|UŽ^‚jz v{mTƒ„‚{k Ð;H<?> pqnªtm «3x¶fh«Kit« Ð*;=<> ƒ„‚jkކ5ªlm

|tf à m‡kcm£† ÐtÑ°ÒÔÓ«Ä ŽÃƒ„‚jk †5ªlfhŽ§€Øx{k^†cfh‡itzx{k ù fhŽ§kcm‡£‚jk^|tm£|pnªtmN€tkc‚ £m‡ŽcŽ©f Ž©k^m£€,m¢xy†cm£|P«3x{F†5fh«ˆm£Ž

†5‚m]؁l| †cªtm)«3x¶fh«it« Ð*;=<?> ƒ„‚jk|tf à m‡kcm‡;† ù˜Ä Ž£pwr ,,, †ckcfhx{zhŽh\ †5ªtm~«3x¶fh«il« Ð*;H<?> ¨Ãm
ï

ªØx¢vjmƒ„‚jilt|~fhŽ Ð*;=<>3, , - lXŽ£ppnªtf Žkcm‡Žcitz †1fhŽa‚j†#x{f tm£|)PŽ^m‡†^†5fhlg ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓÅ, , - l{qގ1xyt|


 
Žcm‡zhm‡‡†5f tg
¾¿
¥ - ¥ -  , - ¿
¿
ù‘ ¼»   ïjï ï
¼ 
¼½
, - ¥ y  q , Á
 ïjï ï  ï

nªtmdkcm£x{zkc‚ ‚{†1‚{ƒ ø ¬ú †cªØxy†1f Ž£zh‚{Žcm£Ž †1†5‚ f P†5ªtf Ž1Žcm‡†cit€TfhŽ 76Æ , qtpµnªlm£kcmYƒ„‚jkcm«\


ï ï ï ï

Ð;H<?>3 «3f BA , , - l{q  ï zh , q C }, , - l XŽ


 ð ñF þ ð ï ï ï  

nªtf ŽŽ5x¢ Ž†5ªØx³††5ªtmÆ5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{K€,m£kcf ‚| Ä Žxyz ¨©xD Ž,m£f tg‹z m£ŽcŽ½†5ªØx{ , , - lXNŽf Ž ŽciÇ3‡fhm‡;††c‚


gjiØxyk5x{†5m‡m§†cªtm m(¶€,‚jtm£†cfx{zŽ †#x{tf zhf †‹‚{ƒ †5ªtf Ž?‰‹ŠŒ¬pyŠ©‚j«ˆ€Øx{k^fhtga†c‚=†cªtm ¬‚jilt| ø q -´È , ‰ Ž ú
 ï

¨ÃmN‚jl†5x{fhlm£|ˆfh Sk¶txy«3€tz m'npƒXd‚jˆ€Øx{gjm9XoitŽcf tgŠ©‚{kc‚jz zx{k Fnpn\†5ªtf Ž†5ªtm‡‚jkcm‡«QfhŽ «it#ªPz m£Ž^Ž

£‚{tŽcm‡k^vyxy†5f vjmyp
- ¥

‘)’É Ê+ËhÌ ¥ ™+žRÌ¥ •—–ˆ˜š™š› –ˆ™ œUž™šŸ ¡¢Ÿ Ÿ¡£–ˆ™ ¤¥ ¡£–~›

ÍÆ·ÏÐÎÑ ÒqÓÕÔOÖ1×ØÓÙÖÛÚÜ1ÝßÞ^à¹áBÓÕÖ1Ý´ÖÕÚâ)ãä ÓÙå^ãçæ‘Ô1èé¯âŠÚ*ê‘ë ãkÚ*èâŠà

r+‚jilkNx{,‚Dvjm|lm£kcf vyxy†5f ‚j²\t¨ÃmitŽcmKx3‡‚jtŽcm‡k^vyxy†cf vjmK¬‚jilt| †c‚P¬‚{itt| †cªtmKm$¶€¬‚jlm£†5fhx{z½‚yƒ x

ì'ilk^¨1f ?† ío«Öxy†ckcfî¶5\fÔprm{p

ð | ‚ ð y |  ‚


r †cªtfhŽ=Žcm‡‡†5f ‚j²\بÃm€tkc‚Dv{mx{šxyz †5m‡kcØx³†5mo¬‚{itt|+‚jT†5ªtmo†5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚jT€¬m‡kcfh‚ | ilŽcfhlgPx3z m£Ž^Ž

£‚{tŽcm‡k^vyxy†5f vjm ¬‚jilt|U‚{U†5ªlm m$¶l€,‚jtm‡†5fxyz=‚yƒxTì'itk ¨1f †íT«3xy†5k^f ¬


¶ pï§Om^]ØkcŽ †Ö€tk^m£Ž^m£†P†5ªlm

kcm‡Žcitz †5Žˆ‚{ƒ=†5ªtmTzhm‡ŽcŽˆ£‚jtŽ^m£k v{x³†5f v{m ,‚jitl|Uªtm‡kcm x{t|U|tm‡ƒ„m‡kF†cªtmT€tkc‚ ‚{ƒ=†5‚ †5ªtm‡Žcm k^m£Ž^itz †cŽF†c‚

¶ npƒl\tfh~‚jk^|tm£k†5‚˜Zym£m£€
uN€l€¬m‡t|tf T ‚jitk1|tf Žc£ilŽcŽcf ‚jTŽc«ˆ‚‚{†cªp

ð ¯´.´.ÄOµõ¶¸·*ñ}ò á#áYÝÙ Î ñ ¨ôózõö«õ ! Ü Ï=ø


Ühá1÷NÝ ß  4 Ú{à,äÖä ΄ç à Î

Ñ°ÒÔÓ ¢ «Öx¶ ø ø ñ úcúýÙ


ó ùûúü ó ù

Ñõô÷ö ¢ «3f  ø
ù ø ñ úcú$ýs
ó ù úü ó

Ï0×ØÎ à τ×ØÎYß5ÎÞÎ ÛjÜhá Ï´þ?ÿz¨ôó áYÝj: ×~Ï0× Ú Ï 


| E‚ y 
þh| ‚ 

! ×ØÎYß5Î þ18[, ÜhááDâ³Ù Î :#â³àlá Ï Ú{à Ï Ú{à,ä ÿ˜  Ñ°ÒÔÓ


 / ¬

I ²³± ±7Jc¶ ¶ npƒlp


Œm£mduN€l€¬m‡t|tf T

 
±C²³±,ʸʸÄl² Uµ¶¸· ò á#áYÝ Ù Î ñ ¨Tózõö«õ ÜháO÷‹Ý ß 
! ÜÏ ø 4 Ï0×ØÎ à Ï0×ØÎYß#ÎÞÎ ÛjÜhá Ï þW ÿz¨ôó áY݁: ×TÏ0× Ú Ï

| ‰E‚ y  
þ(| ‚ 
- 

! ×ØÎYß5Î  þ18[, ÜhááDâ³Ù Î :#â³àlá Ï Ú{à Ï Ú{à,ä

./ Üí
ó
Ñõô÷ö  
ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓ 4 τ×ØÎ à ÿ ß& n þ  ÿ 4 ! ×ØÎYß5Î     
þ 
Ñõô÷ö
Ñ°ÒÔÓ /

DE/ Üí Ñõô÷ö  Ñ°ÒÔÓ 4 τ×ØÎ à ÿ ß& X ÿ /


ó ó
¬

I ²³± ±7Jc¶ ¶ npƒlp


Œm£mduN€l€¬m‡t|tf T

rƒ ñ ªØx{Ž  |tf Ž^†cfhtY† m‡fhgjm‡v{xyzhitm‡Ž\‹†5ªlmO,‚jitt|>‚j ð | E‚ ð ] m£|


£x{,mOŽ^fh«ˆ€tzhf Ø x{Ž~†5ªlm

ƒ„‚jz zh‚D¨1fhtglp

 ±C²³±,ʸʸÄl² Uµ¶¸·   ò á#áYÝ Ù Î ñ ¨ßó õö«õ Üháu÷‹Ý ß 


! ÜÏ ø Ú{à,ä × Ú³á  ä{Ühá Ï Ü0à5: ÏKÎ Ü 2 Î àjG³Ú Ý Î á 4  ÎYÏ

  ¨ õö«õ ÕYΠڈà â³àláYÜ0àE2{ÝE Ú ß ÙˆÚ Ï¸ß Ü ÛÞáY݁: ×PÏ„× Ú Ï   ñ ‰   |tfhx{g


ú ó
$
``

ó õ
ý 4 τ×ØÎ à τ×ØÎYß5Î

Î ÛjÜhá Ïtþÿx¨ôó áYÝj: ×TÏ0× Ú Ï

| E‚ y 
þh| ‚ 

! ×ØÎYß5Î

þ  ð  ‰  ðð  ð 

ÿ  Ñ°ÒÔÓ«
ó

I ²³± ±7Jc¶ ¶ npƒlp


Œm£mduN€l€¬m‡t|tf T

 ±C²³±,ʸʸÄl² Uµ¶ µ   ‘ò á#áYÝ Ù Î ñ ¨wózõö«õ Ühá3÷‹Ý ß 


! ÜÏ ø Ú{à,ä × Ú³á  ä{Ühá Ï Ü0à5: Ï'Î Ü 2 Î àjG³Ú Ý Î á 4 Ï0×ØÎ à

Ï0×ØÎYß#ÎÞÎ ÛjÜhá Ï  þW ÿe¨ôó áY݁: ×TÏ0× Ú Ï

| ‰E‚ y  
þ(| ‚ 
-

! ×ØÎYß5Î

þ  þW

ÿ  &  þ ÿ


þWÿ Ú ß#Î ä ΄ç à Î äˆÜ0à ê â ß â  Ú ßYè DE/ . Ú{à,ä  þ Ú ß5Î ä ΄ç à Î ä3Ü0à Ì°Î ÙÞÙˆÚ "!
DE/ . W/
¬

I ²³± ±7Jc¶ ¶ npƒlp


Œm£mduN€l€¬m‡t|tf T

›'Ž^fhtg+†cªtm)zhm‡ŽcŽ‡‚jtŽcm‡k^vyxy†cf vjm),‚jitl|‚{`†5ªtmPm$¶€¬‚jlm£†5fhx{za‚{ƒ'xbì=itk^¨1f †í)«3xy†5k^f ¶d\ †5ªlm

,‚jitt|F‚j†cªtmŽ^†5xy†5mm‡kckc‚{k ð ½øFN^úE&uMØø ^
N ú ð xyt|†5ªtm1,‚jitt|ނ{F†cªtm|tm‡£kcm£x{Žcm1‚{ƒC†cªtm1}x{€tilt‚Dv

ƒ„ittY†5f ‚jK ø#M*N^ú £x{T¬m#ªØxytgjm£|T†5‚Þ†5ªlmoƒ„‚{zhzh‚D¨1f tgtp

ÍÆ·ÏÐÎŠÍ #
ä‡Ú*Ý´èÖ1ãkÚ*ÝßÒïÓÙÔOÖ1×ØÓÙÖ %$ ÐÚãkÚ*ÝßÞ©èjèjÓsè

  '&
±C²³±,ʸʸÄl² Uµ¶ µõ·`º )Ê0ÂD¯;²³À?ÄÂD¯ ( ¬ÂDÄl¢¯ · ²A²A±,²3»)¼½¼¯;²)¾±,¿?À½ÁË`ëCÏ Ú ß”Ï Ü0àE2í ß â³Ù τ×ØÎ á£Ú{Ù Î

Ü0àØÜ Ï Ü¸Ú @:#â³à,ä{Ü Ï ÜÔâ³à MØøFN_Aú%½ø N_Dú 4 ÚYãã7 è Ü0àE2 Ì°Î ÙÞÙˆÚ DE/ . h4"! Ï0×ØÎ á Ï Ú ÏÎOÎYß”ß â ߚÕYÎYÏ ! Î#Î à Ï0×ØÎ

:#â³à Ï Ü0àØÝCâ³Ýá á è á ϐΠ٠*),+ £ÝlÚ Ï ÜÔâ³à å DE/ . ì‹Ú{à,ä Ï0×ØÎ à ÎYÏ ©
! â ß Î = .-
ä á è á ϐΠ٠*)/+ £ÝtÚ Ï ÜÔâ³àTå DE/ 0! ìNÜhá Õ â³Ý à,ä Î ä

Õ£è

ð ½øFN^úµ&qMØø ^
N ú ð y " 
ï
&q| €Y‚ ‰‚ „ ‹  “
ð ½ø N_Dú ð  Nƨ ž N_ N_cd^ú(

! ×ØÎYß5Î
Ñ°ÒÔÓ
þ ðñˆ
þ ððYüýð )|   FŽ &
"o ï`“
& ÿ ð”ñˆð 
- l

I ²³± ±7Jc¶ Š©‚j†cfh;itfhlgNƒ„kc‚j«ßSpU;iØxy†cfh‚j ø np ¥ú  xyt|†#x ;


f K†5ªlm©€tk^‚‚{ƒC‚yƒ,}°m‡«3«3x‹n p N Z f tgNt‚{kc«ˆŽ
ï

‚j~,‚{†5ªTŽcf |tm£Ž fhm‡zh|tŽ

'1
ð ½øFN^úµ&qMØø ^
N ú ð 
1 ‚„
‚
2
|p~ €ƒ‚ ‰ #‹ üý |;ø43 65 3

y
‚„
‚
 2
þ(| €ƒ‚ ‰ #‹ | ø ³ú ð
ðYüýðð ; 43 5 3 

uN€l€tz  fhlg3}õm‡«3«3xFnp - \
1
 2 5 3
Ñ°ÒÔÓ
þ þ ððYüýð
ð ñ3  |   FŽ & ‚
ð ½øFN^úk&qMØø ^
N ú ð y ï “ ð ½ø N_Dú ð | €ƒ‚ ‰ #‹ 
ð”ñ3𠂄

 2 /7 248
Ñ°ÒÔÓ
þ ð1ñ3
þ ððYüýð  |   F Ž &
 ï “ ð ½ø N_Dú ð | €Y‚ ‰ ’‹ ‚ 
& ÿ ð”ñ3ð *‚ „


Ñ°ÒÔÓ
þ ð1ñ3
þ ððYüýð ?|   F Ž &
 ï`“ ð ½ø N_Dú ð  &q| €ƒ‚ ‰‚ „ ‹
& ÿ ð”ñ3ð ï “ 

ŒmY†c†5f tg
Ñ°ÒÔÓ
þ þ ððYüýð
ð ñˆ  |   FŽ &
"o ï “  ¬
& ÿ ð”ñˆð

†5ªlmdk^m£Ž^itz †1ƒ„‚jz zh‚D¨1Ž£p

09 #
ÍÆ·ÏÐÎ ä‡Ú*Ý´èÖ1ãkÚ*ÝßÒïÓÙÔOÖ1×ØÓÙÖ ;: =< ?> A@CB
}Ý èjÝ ã *ÝßÓÙå ÙãáOÔOÖ1Ó EDF G< OÔOÖ 5Úâ)ÓÙÖ

  '&
±C²³±,ʸʸÄl² Uµ¶ µCµº )Ê0ÂD¯;²³À?ÄÂD¯ ¾±,¿?À½ÁL±,À IH J  )¯ j²A¯ ÄtÅ£¯+±J ð ,Ät¼½¿½À°±É LK MJ °¿½À {ÂAƄ±¬ÀËÍÌ?ÎYÏ

K 'ø MØøFN^ú^úO M Q 3
û M ÕYÎFÏ0×ØÎÞÌ è ÚYã,Ý à âG‹í”Ýà5: Ï ÜÔâ³àUâæí Ï0×ØÎ :#â³à Ï Ü0àØÝØâ³Ý;áKá è á ϐΠ٠N)/+ £ÝtÚ Ï ÜÔâ³àå DE/PO ì

Ú{à,ädá£Ú Ï Ühá çaÎ á Ï0×Ø΍̽è ÚYã,Ý à âG +


Î £ÝtÚ Ï ÜÔâ³à Q)/+ £ÝtÚ Ï ÜÔâ³àÍå DE/ SR ì / M ø N_Dú‹ÕYÎ'Ï0×ØÎ
Ì°ÎYÏ Ø Ü0àØÜ Ï Ü¸Ú 5:#â³à,ä{Ü Ï ÜÔâ³à 4

ÚYãã7 è Ü0àE2 ê â ß â  Ú ßYè UT


DE/ . «4 Ï0×ØÎ ä Î : ß5Î Ú³á Î âæí Ï0×ØÎÌ è ÚYã,Ý à âG©í”Ýà5: Ï ÜÔâ³àšÜhá3hâ! ÎYßdÕ â³Ý à,ä Î ä Õ£è

ð K 'ø MØøFN_Dúcúk& K 'ø MØøFN^ú^ú ¹


ð – — 
ï

&q| ‰ €ƒ‚ ‰‚ „?‹  “
M ø N_Aú ð
ð Ø


¥,

í¢â ßÐNÆ8ïN_ $f˜},*  4 ! ×ØÎYß5Î


ï ``

V
Ñõô÷öjøÇùú
— Mó 
n ÿ þ 

I ²³± ±7Jc¶ nªtm=€tkc‚ ‚{ƒ,ƒ„‚jzhz ‚D¨1Ž†5ªtm=kcm£x{Žc‚jlfhtgx{Ž fhF†5ªtm1€tk^‚‚yƒ‚{ƒ }õm£«ˆ«ÖxdnpYlpu=ƒ0†5m£k§x{€l€tz  fhlg

Š©‚jk^‚jzhzhx{k^Pnp *\jSpU;iØxy†cfh‚j ø n p  ú #ªØx{tgjm‡Ž=†c‚


ï ï

M ø ^N ú ð1–
ð Ø
þ
ï | ‰  ‚ ð Ø
M ø N_Dú ð


1
ì'm‡t£m«\

ð K 'ø MØøFN_Aú^úk& K 'ø MØøFN^ú^ú ð –


‚„
‚
ó
Ñõô÷öø¸ùKú
þ


  W2
| ‰ € ‰‚ „ ‹ ð Ø
M ø N_Aú ð

53 

  Y2 7 2Z8


X
M ø N_Aú ð
Ñõô÷ö{øÇùú ð Ø 
 ó | ‰ € Š‰‚ „ ‹ ‚ 
& n ÿ þ  *‚ „

 ó
n [
Ñõô÷ö{øÇùú
ÿ þ 

ï

&L| ‰ €Y‚ ‰‚ „‹  “
M ø N_Dú ð
ð Ø

 ¬

ŒmY†c†5f tg —     ]4 W^ \


Ñõô÷ö

€ ‹ \t†cªtmokcm£Ž^itz †ƒ„‚{zhzh‚D¨1Ž‡p

ÍÆ·ÏÐÎ `_ # ä‡Ú*Ý´èÖ1ãkÚ*ÝßÒïÓÙÔOÖ1×ØÓÙÖ ba G>dc e>d> ;f


uèjãÖ â *â)ÓÙÖ ©Ý èâÓ ×

­K®°¯;±C²³¯ ´ hg '&
µ¶ µ º )ʄ¢¯ ²³À°ÄlÂD¯T¾±,¿½À?ÁL±,ÀÂA®°¯+­©²AÄØÀ?Å¢´`ƸŢŢƄ±,À I ¯;²³Æ¸±ÁËmò á#áYÝ ÙÞÜ0àE2

ñ þ ¨ óeõö«õ+× Ú³á  ä{Ühá Ï Ü0à5: ÏNÎ Ü 2 Î àjG³Ú Ý Î á 4  ÎYÏÃÐlÑ°ÒÔÓ ÕYÎFÏ0×ØΠوڢÛjÜ0ÙÞÝ Ù Ï¸ß Ú{àláYÙÞÜhá#áYÜÔâ³àTã ÎYß ÜÔâ£ä

åæä ΄ç à Î ä Õ£èˆÏ„×ØÎéê ë á ÎYÏ ÝAãìÖÚ{à,äˆá£Ú Ï Ühá çaÎ á

Ñõô÷öjøÇùú ð”ñˆð
ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓî ï zhTò  ó  ø npYXn ú
ð”ñ3ð þ Ñ ÒÔÓjø¸ûKú ðYüýððañˆ
° þ ð ÿ ïh
ó

ä ΄ç à ÎoÏ0×ØÎ ãØâ è à â³ÙÞÜ¸Ú 

øF¬ú
i i ~

~
ÿ
?

ÿ
*
ÿ
 ø npYXX ú
¥
ï

! ×ØÎYß5Î


i ~
 — 

 ù  ,* j
t X 
`
Aø n þ  kjml 
&
ï
ú þ 8
ï



  Ñ°ÒÔÓjøÇûú " & Ñ°ÒÔÓ{øÇûúþ "u
ó ó


  Ñ°ÒÔÓjøÇûúþ "}& n Ñ°ÒÔÓ{øÇûú " 
ó ó


  Ñ°ÒÔÓjøÇûú " & —
ó 

./10 í øF¬ú‹× Ú³á ß5Î Ú  ß âDâ Ï åÇáì  Î á#á Ï0× Ú{à .4 Ï0×ØÎ àm ÎYÏ´ 6 î ÕYÎdÏ0×ØÎdß âDâ ÏÃÏ0× Ú Ï Ühá :(hâDá Î á ÏÃÏ â
ï

.4 Ï0×ØÎ á è á ÏæÎ Ù Ühá ΠۇãØâ³à Î à Ï Ü¸Ú è á Ï Ú Õ  Î Üí

Ð*;=<?>@ «ˆfhBA ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓ  ï zh 6 C 


ÿ

DE/10 í ø ¬ú ä â Î á©à â Ï × Ú G Ωß#Î Ú  ß âDâ Ï  Î á#á Ï0× Ú{à .4 Ï0×ØÎ à Ï0×ØÎ á è á ϐΠÙSÜhá ΠۇãØâ³à Î à Ï Ü¸Ú è á Ï Ú Õ  Î

Üí

Ð*;H<?>3>ÐtÑ°ÒÔÓ


I ²³± ±7Jc¶ e؂jz zh‚D¨1fhlgֆ5ªtmFk^m¢x{Ž^‚jtfhlg f  †cªtmˆ€tkc‚ ‚{ƒÃ‚{ƒÆnªtm‡‚jkcm‡« np - \õ¨©mF¨©x{††c‚]؁l|O†5ªlm


ï

,‚jitt|U‚j Ð_ Žcit#ªL†cªØxy†xSU;iØx³†5fh‚{ ø n pn l ú f Ž3Žcxy†5f Ž]Øm‡|p7uN€l€tz  fhlg Š©‚jk^‚jzhzhx{k^ np n \©†5ªlm


ï

zhmYƒ0†VªØx{t|~Žcf |tm‚{ƒkSpU itxy†5f ‚j ø npn l ú ,m£‡‚j«3m‡Ž

ð K Fø ½ø N_cd^úcúk& K #ø MØø N_cd^úcú ð y Ñ°ÒÔÓjøÇûú ð &qM ð ø ð z&wM ð n ð M ð ú(


ó ÿ

y
ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓjøÇûú "}
ï
&q| Ž „  “
 "‘
ï
&q| Ž „  “ ÿ
n 
þ(| ?Ž „
“
M øFN_Dú ð
ð t


¥ n

nªtm=kcf gjª†ªØx{t|ˆŽcf |tm1‚{ƒ5SU;iØx³†5fh‚{ ø npn l ú fhŽg{f vjm‡33Š©‚jk^‚jzhzhx{k^Knpnjn\‡‚j«tf tfhlg‹¨1f †5ªF†5ªlm

x{,‚Dvjm¨©mdªØx¢vjm

ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓ{ø¸ûKú " 
ï
&q| ?Ž „ “
 " 
ï
&q| ?Ž „  “ ÿ
n þh| Ž „  “
M øFN_¢ú ð
ð Ø


î — 
ï

&q| ‰ Ž „  “
M ø N_Aú ð
ð Ø



Œf t£m ñ þ ªØx{Ž n |tfhŽ †5fhl‡†om£f gjm£vyx{z itm£Žh\?OŠ©‚jk^‚jzhzhx{k^šnpn , \ ÿô &  þ ÿ x{t| þŸPþ \°¨1ªtm£k^m þ

x{t| ÿ x{k^mgjf v{m£T Š©‚jkc‚jz zx{k )n p


ï
lp ?o =m£x{kckcx{tgjf tgÞ fhm£z |tŽ


— | ~ Ž „ i ÿ

ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓjøÇûú "

&
ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓjøÇûúþ "
“

| Ž „  ÿ

ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓjøÇûúþ "}& n
ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓ{øÇûú "

“

| Ž „
ÿ


 Ñ°ÒÔÓ{øÇûú " & — î[,
ó “ 

›'Ž^fhtg`x`#ªØx{tgjm ‚{ƒvyx{kcfhx{tzhm^œ s ž ,*$7ú¡ ø#,


ï
ª |tmh]؁lm£| ¢ œ øÔÐ_¢ú%| 
?Ž „ \¨Ãm

‚jl†5x{fh3†5ªtm€,‚jz  t‚{«3fhx{zCgjf v{m£~eSpU;iØxy†5f ‚j ø n pƒXX ú ppn½x ;


Z fhtg†cªtm1]ØkcŽ †1|tm£k^f vyxy†cf vjmN‚{ƒtSU;iØxWV

†5f ‚j ø npYXX ú gjf v{m£Ž

¤ ø ¬ú n þ  i —
 ‰ 
~ ÿ
n 
ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓ{øÇûú "

&
ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓ{øÇûúþ "
“ ÿ

ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓ{øÇûúþ " & n
ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓ{øÇûú "

“

x{t|Tm‡vyx{z iØxy†cfhtgÞx³† e ¨©mo‚j†#x{f s


ï

¤ ø
ï
úp n þ  " &
ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓjøÇûúþ " 

|titm†c‚F†cªtmo#ªt‚jf £mo‚{ƒ ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓ fh^SpU;iØxy†5f ‚j ø npYXn ú ¨ÃmoªØx¢vjm

¤ ø úÕ8[,
ï 

nªtmŽc‚{zhil†cfh‚j‚yƒ øF¬úaî[, £x{Þ¬m|lf v fh|tm‡|fh†c‚‹†¨©‚£x{Žcm‡Ž\ x{Žfhz zhitŽ †5kcxy†5m‡|Kfhe fhgjilkcmn p 


 p

Šax{Ž^m s²§Om§t‚{†5f £m†5ªtxy† ø \ †5ªtm‡kcm‡ƒ„‚{kcm


úsŒ, A øF¬ú y ,*?¨ ž 76` ª \yªlm£t‡m 
Ð _ «itŽ †½Žcxy†5f Ž]Øm‡Ž
ï ï ï

Ð_oî «ˆfh A ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓØï z  6 C  f ,  


ÿ ï `
¥ X

p(x)

Case 1
0
x* 1 x

Case 2

e f gjitkcmnp  s§Œ‚jzhi†5fh‚{)‚{ƒ øF¬úaîš, fh^nªtm‡‚jkcm‡« np n«X

Šax{Ž^mnspr~†5ªlfhŽ¢xyŽcm \ ø ¬ú y ,*?¨ ø#,* ª \tx{t| Ðj_ ‚{tz ցtm£m‡|tŽ=†c‚3Žcxy†5f Ž^ƒ0


ï

Ð_îÐlÑ°ÒÔÓ fuŒ,* 
ï ``( ¬

‘)’ qp r –ˆ s
+ž ¡¢Ÿ –ˆ™ t ?u wv
– Ì +¥ œ b– xu
œ +¥‹–ˆ¥ Ÿ

nªtm†¨Ã‚ˆ†cªtm£‚jk^m£«ˆŽ n ªtm‡‚jkcm‡«
ø  np - x{t|^nªtm£‚{kcm£« np n«X ú ¨©moªØx¢v{m|tm‡kcf vjm£| x{k^mox{€t€tz fh¢xytzhm
ï

†5‚Ö|tfHìm£k^m£†OZ;fht|lŽ‹‚{ƒ €tzhx{†5Ž£pOnªlm|tfHìm£k^m£t‡mޏ¬mY†¨©m‡m£š†5ªlmK†¨©‚)†cªtm£‚jk^m£«ˆŽ‹x{k^mitŽ^fhtgֆ¨Ã‚

|tf à m‡kcm£†=,‚jitt|tŽ†c‚ˆ,‚jitl|T†cªtmom(¶€¬‚{tm£†5fhx{zõ‚{ƒ xÞ«Öxy†ckcfî¶ pkrnªtm‡‚jkcm‡« np - \l¨ÃmilŽcm


ï

|p~ ‚ y | E ~  ‚ 

¨1ªtf zhmfh^nªtm‡‚jkcm‡« X ¨©mditŽ^m


npn 

|pE~ ‚ y 
þh| ‚


nªtm¹]tkcŽ^†©¬‚{itt|Pf ŽÃ‡‚jtŽcm‡k^vyxy†cf vjm'fhˆ†5ªtm=¨ax¢ˆ†5ªØxy†§¨Ãm‹¬‚{itt|)xd|tm£‡kcm¢xyŽcfhlgm(¶€,‚jtm£†cfx{z,‚{ƒ

xxì=itk^¨1f †í«Öxy†ckcfî¶~itŽcf tgPxy+fht‡kcm£x{Žcf tg3,‚jitl|p9nªlmKŽcm‡£‚jl|š¬‚jilt|+fhŽ=zhm‡ŽcŽ'£‚jtŽ^m£k v{x³†5f v{m


¥ q

,m£¢xyitŽcm ÿ ¢x{Þ,maŽ^m‡†z m£ŽcŽ½†5ªØx{ , \{†5ªtm‡kcmYƒ„‚jkcmaf †£x{K†5kcx{Z†cªtma|tm‡£k^m¢x{Ž^m‚{ƒØ†5ªtm©m(¶€¬‚{tm£†5fhx{zÔp

ì'‚D¨Ãm‡v{m£k\ب1ªtm‡ f †fhŽax{€t€tz fhm£|3†5‚Þ|tm‡kcf v{m@nªtm£‚jk^m£« n pn X\lf †©|t‚ m£Žt‚{†1lm££m‡ŽcŽcx{kcf z Pz m¢x{|P†c‚Fx

zhm‡ŽcŽÃ£‚jtŽ^m£k v{x³†5f v{mNk^m£Žcilz †¢ppnªlmNkcm£x{Žc‚{Öƒ„‚jk †5ªtf Ž©fhŽ‡s½¨1ªtm‡ N fhŽ§£z ‚jŽcm=†5‚Rí£m£k^‚\l,‚{†cª |  ‚ xyt|

| ‚  x{k^mˆ‡zh‚jŽ^m†5‚
ï
\†5ªlm£kcmYƒ„‚jkcmF†5ªlmFvyx{z itmނ{ƒ þ ,m££‚{«3m‡Žd|l‚j«3f Øx{†ofhš†cªtmF¬‚jilt|p ì'm‡t£m«\

f ƒ þ ªØxyŽx zhx{kcgjmÞvyx{z itm \ †cªtm֎^m£‡‚jt| ,‚jitt|.¨1f zhz ,mÖ£‚{tŽcm‡k^vyxy†5f vjm)x³††cªtmPŽ^†5x{k^†cfhtg €¬‚{fh†`\

m‡v{m£ †cªt‚jitg{ª f †1fhŽ1zhm‡ŽcŽ=£‚jtŽ^m£k v{x³†5f v{mf )†5ªtmdzh‚jlgˆk^itpÙnªtfhŽ1mhìm£Y†'¨1f zhz,md‚jvf ‚jitŽ1fh~†5ªlm

ƒ„‚jz zh‚D¨1fhtgKm(¶lx{«ˆ€tzhmyp

·¹¸ Ät´.¼ ʄ¯šµ¶ µ "y Š©‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡k1†cªtmo‚j€,m£Vzh‚ ‚j€PŽc£x{zxyk€tzx{†

^
¤
ï
-
{z
ÿ

¨1f †cª)ƒ„m£m£|lØx{Z~gx{f  fu n , µ


p §Omd£x{TŽcm£mo†5ªtxy†Ð]ØkcŽ †=¬‚jilt| f Žgjf v{m£T

ð | ‰ ‡‚ | ð y |
| ‡‚ 

¨1ªtf zhm‹†5ªlmdŽ^m£‡‚jt| ,‚jitl|Tf Žgjf v{m£T

ð |
| ‰ ‡‚ ð y | ‰ ‡‚  |
¨1f †cª þ3 x{t| ÿ & - R
p ›'Žcf tgenªtm‡‚jkcm‡« np - x{l| †cªtmŽcx{«3mKŽcm¢xykc#ªtf tg~«3mY†5ªt‚ |šx{Žf 
ï ï

Sk¶lx{«3€lzhmn p ¥ \†5ªlm«Öx¶f «it« Ð*;=<?> ¨Ãm‚jl†5x{fhtm‡|)fhŽ Ð;H<?>3, , 


n jnŽh\l¨1ªtm£ ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓ fhŽaŽ^m‡†1x³†
ï 
, , 
n jn֎‡pBnªtmFk^m¢x{zk^‚‚y†‚{ƒ øF¬ú f mnªtm£‚{kcm£« n p - †cªØxy†f Ž£z ‚jŽcm‡Ž^††5‚ f Ž 76@ - 
n p
 ï ï ï ï

nªtm‡kcm‡ƒ„‚{kcm \

Ð*;=<>3 «ˆfh~} , , 

n jn l
 ï
-
zh
ï  ï
- 
n  € Œ, , 

n jnŽ

¥ -

 \ Øx{Ž^m£|
m£x{¨1ªtfhz m õ ‚jônªtm‡‚jkcm‡« X x{t|š†cªtmގ5x{«ˆmŽ^m¢x{k^#ªtfhtg~Ž †5k5x³†5m£gy\†5ªlmÞ«Öx¶f «it«
npn )

Ð*;=<?> ¨ÃmK‚{l†#x{f tm£|TfhŽ Ð*;=<?>  , , - XFŽ£pÐnªlfhŽNªtx{€t€,m£tŽ=¨1ªtm£ ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓ f Ž=Ž^m‡†‹xy† , , - XˆŽh\ xyt|


 ï  ï

†5ªlmdk^m¢x{zõk^‚‚y†‚{ƒ øF¬ú fh^nªtm‡‚jkcm‡« X †5ªØxy†1f Ž£z ‚jŽcm‡Ž^†1†5‚


npn  fhŽ 76Ù},  - X{qtpknªtm£k^m‡ƒ„‚jk^m \
ï 

Ð*;=<?>@ «ˆfh }
, , -
 ï
X Íï
& -
z  ,  - X{q ˜}, , -
 
 ï
XŽ


§.mˆ£‚{t£z it|tmFƒ„kc‚j« †5ªtm3x{,‚Av{m3m$¶lx{«3€lzhmކ5ªØx³†Rnªlm£‚jk^m£« X gjf v{m£Žozhm‡ŽcŽd£‚jtŽ^m£k v{x³†5f v{m


npn ~

kcm‡Žcitz †5Ž‡pÙì=‚D¨©mYvjm£kh\,†cªtfhŽf Žt‚{†'x{z ¨ax¢ Ž†5ªtmo¢xyŽcm t


\ ¨1ªlfh#ªTfhŽ1Žcªt‚D¨1Tfh)†5ªlmdlm(¶ †Nm$¶lx{«3€lzhm{p

·¹¸ Ät´.¼ ʄ¯šµ¶ µC¹ Š©‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡k'†5ªlmŽ^†5xy†5m$VŽc€tx{£mހtzhx{†‹gjf vjm‡+fhmSk¶lx{«ˆ€tzhmnp ¥ \C†5ªtmz m£Ž^Ž‹£‚jEV


ï

Žcm‡k^vyxy†cf vjmo,‚jitt|T‚j | 
~ ‚ f Žgjf v{m£T

| E
~ ‚ 

, l | ‰ ‡‚
'‚ |
ï{ï

¨1ªtm‡kcm þ ªtx{ŽoxÖªtf gjªtm£k'v{xyzhitmypOnªtmÞ¢x{z £itzhxy†5f ‚j ‚yƒ ÐtÑ°ÒÔÓ Øx{Ž^m£| ‚jôSpU;iØxy†cfh‚j ø npYXn ú gjf vjm‡Ž

ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓî
ï 
, q È
ï
, ‰ | Ž=|litmd†c‚Þ†5ªtmoªtf gjªtm£kavyx{z itm‚{ƒ þ 
p r)ƒ¸x{Y†`\tƒ„itk †5ªtm‡k=£x{zh‡itzx³†5fh‚{PŽcªt‚D¨1Ž

Ð*;=<?>@ÐlÑ°ÒÔÓ


nªtm‹xy¬‚DvjmNm(¶lx{«ˆ€tzhmvjm‡kcf ]Øm£Ž©†cªØxy†Ùnªtm£‚{kcm£«—np - gjf v{m£ŽÃx,m‡†c†cm£kϬ‚jilt|Öitl|tm£kãm£k †#x{f 


ï

£f kc‡it«3Ž †#x{l£m£Ž‡p

·¹¸ Ät´.¼ ʄ¯šµ¶ µºº ƒ(XJ jÄØʄÄt² I ʄÄØÀ¬ÂAÅ³Ë e؂jk†cªtm)Žc£x{zxykK€tzhx{†Þ¢x{Ž^m \ †5ªtm~xyØx{z ;†cfhˆ¬‚jilt| ‚j

†5ªlm3†5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚jÍ€¬m‡kcfh‚ | d„† '‡


Ð =< £x{.m£x{Žcf z  £x{zh‡itzxy†cm£|͏.ªØxyt|pT}õm‡†K†cªtmÖg{m£tm‡k5x{z§Žc£x{zx{k

€tzhx{†1¬mokcm‡€tkcm‡Žcm‡;†cm£|+

¤  ½øFN^úµ&ïf ‰ˆ N ú(
½ø ^
ø npYX{q ú

ˆ
½ø N
c
ú  ½øFN_¢ú(
¥¥

f n , X , q ,
nªtm£‚jk^m£« np - , , n jnŽ , , - K  Ž , , , Ž
ï   ï  ïjï

„Š .‡
nªtm£‚jk^m£« npn X , , - Xގ , , { X qKŽ , , n ¥ - Ž
 ï  
Ð H< , n«lŽ , ,  XnKŽ , , - n ¥ Ž
ï  
n½x{tzhmdn p s§Š©‚{«3€ØxykcfhŽ^‚j~‚{ƒ½¬‚jilt|tŽƒ„‚jk1xގc£x{zx{k€lzx{†¨1f †cª |lfHìm£kcm‡†1£zh‚{Žcm£|EVzh‚ ‚j€tŽ
ï

xyƒ0†cm£kŽc‚{«3moŽcf «3€lzhmx{z gjm£lk5x*\ ¨©md‚jl†5x{fh

‹
„Š .‡
_
Ð H< 

ï zh _ ‹ ÿ
&
ï

ø npYX - ú

ì'm‡t£m«\Cf ƒ Ð_dîLÐ „Š .‡


H< \t†5ªtmotmY†¨©‚jkZ{m‡|+Žc£x{zx{k€lzx{†1fhŽŽ †#x{lzhm{p

§f †cªT†cªtm†ckcitmx{Øx{z ;†5fh,‚jitl| fhTªØx{l|²\ب©m¢x{ fh«ˆ«3m‡|tfxy†cm£z ֎^m£mKªl‚A¨¦£‚jtŽ^m£k v{x³†5f v{m

‚jitka†cªtm£‚{kcm£«ˆŽ¨©‚{itzh|T¬mƒ„‚jka†cªtmoŽc£x{zx{k£x{ŽcmypÊ©‚jtŽcf |tm£k=xނj€,m£Vzh‚ ‚j€)Žc£x{zxyk€tzx{†

^
¤
ï
-
{z
ÿ

¨1f †cªP|tf à m‡kcm£†Ãƒ„m£m£|lØx{ZÖgjx{fhtŽ f  n ,* X ,* q , k


p nªtm‹,‚jitl|tŽagjf vjm£Ö;ˆ†5ªlm‹x{Øxyz ;†5f 'k^m£Žcilz †`\

nªtm‡‚jkcm‡« n p - \½xyt| nªlm£‚jk^m£« X x{kcmˆgjf v{m£Ífh


npn ~ †5ªtmރ„‚jz zh‚D¨1fhlgP†#x{tz m{p˜§.mF£x{.Ž †5fhz zŽcm‡m
ï

£‚{tŽcm‡k^vyxy†5f vjm‡tm£Ž^ŽNfh~,‚{†5ª)†cªtm£‚jk^m£«ˆŽ£p

nªtm£k^mfhŽÃ‚jtmN«ˆ‚jk^mNitŽ^m‡ƒ„itz,¨ax¢ˆ†5‚f ;†cm£k^€tkcmY†5fhlgK†5ªtm'kcm‡Žcitz †5Ža‚{ƒ´Sk¶lx{«ˆ€tzhm‹npn ¥ ?o


p 1m£Ž^itz †cŽ

ƒ„kc‚{« †cªtmN†ckcitm‹,‚jitl|²\*nªtm‡‚jkcm‡« np - \x{t|xnªtm£‚jk^m£«bnp n«Xx{zhzCŽ^ªt‚D¨>†cªØxy†©†cªtmNƒ¸x{Ž †5m‡ka€tzxy;†


ï

kcmhU;itfhk^m£ŽaxoŽcªl‚jk^†cm£kÆck5x{lŽc«ˆfhŽcŽ^fh‚jF€,m£k^fh‚ | ø ‚jk§ƒ¸xyŽ^†5m‡k§†ck5x{lŽc«ˆfhŽcŽ^fh‚jˆk5x³†5m ú pµnªtm‡Žcm‹k^m£Žcilz †5ŽÃx{k^m

fh~xygjkcm‡m£«ˆm£†1¨1f †5ª~‚jilkfh†5itf †5f vjm‹f |tm¢xK†cªØxy†1«ˆ‚jkcm‡‚j«3«Kittfh£xy†5f ‚jÖtx{t|l¨1f |l†5ªTŽcªt‚{itzh|~,m

x{z zh‚ ¢xy†cm£|~†5‚Öƒ¸x{Ž †5m‡kN€tzhx{†5Ž£p nªtf ŽN‚jtŽ^m£k v{x³†5fh‚{šx{zhŽ^‚Ök^m£zx³†5m£Ž=†5‚ˆ†5ªtmŽ^#ªtm£|litzhf tgP‚{ƒ x3Žcm‡†N‚{ƒ

€tzhx{†5Ž\t¨1ªlfh#ªTfhŽ|tf Žc£ilŽcŽcm‡| f  Š©ªtx{€l†5m‡k Xlp


¥ 

‘)’Œ Ž ˜š ¥ ¡ 1ž  ’‘ Ë )¥‹ž “”u t j–ˆÛÌ +¥ •u •—–ˆ˜š™š›

u ;it«3m‡kcf ¢x{zŽ^m¢x{k^#ª £x{ x{zhŽ^‚ˆ,m£‚{t|titY†5m£|Tƒ„‚jkÆ]؁t|lfhtgކ5ªlmd,‚jitl| ‚j)†cªtm†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{

€,m£kcf ‚| Ð p xyŽcm£| ‚j+}õm‡«3«3xˆnp q\t¨©m¢x{T;it«ˆm£kcf ¢x{z z ֎cm¢xykc#ª ƒ„‚jk†cªtm Ð*;H<?> Žcil#ª †5ªØx³†'f ƒ
i ï

Ð_O¨ ž ,”Ð*;=<?>Wª \l†5ªlm£

K Fø ½ø N_ Ð_Dú^úk& K ø ½øFN_Dú^úaî[,


ÿ

ƒ„‚jk=x{z z²Z a, \ \°p‡p£p£pÕnªtm£k^m‡ƒ„‚jk^m \ 


Ð _î Ð*;=<> ƒ„‚jk=x{zhz fx ,*  f Ž=xˆŽ^i*Lj£fhm‡†N‡‚jt|tf †5fh‚{
ï ï ``
ƒ„‚jka†cªtmd‰‹ŠŒ)kcm£€lkcm£Ž^m£†5m‡|+SpU itxy†5f ‚j ø np - ú †5‚ˆ,mm(¶€¬‚{tm£†5fhx{zhz PŽ †#x{tz m{p

§.m¹Z l‚A¨†cªØxy†©†cªtmNŽ^‚jzhi†5fh‚{Ö‚{ƒ SpU;iØxy†cfh‚j ø np - ú xy† N_ Ð Ž †#x{k †5f tgƒ„k^‚j« N_ f Ž©gjf vjm£Ö;
ÿ

½øFN_
ÿ
Ð,ú – øÇÐ_Dú½ø N_Dú$

¨1ªtm‡kcm
1
– øÇÐCúsŒ|  Ž &

Ž
| "2 5 3 üý


nªtm‡

K Fø ½ø N_ ÐCúcúµ& K ø ½øFN_¢úcú  Q Fø N_ ÐCú^ûO½øFN_ ÐCúk&L Q ø N_Dú^ûO½øFN_¢ú(


ÿ ÿ ÿ

 Q Fø N_¢ú ” – Q øÔÐCú û – øÇÐ,úk& û


•
½øFN_¢ú


¦‹mh]ttfhtg n— øÇûДÐCúp – Q øÇÐ,ú û – øÇÐCú*&)û \¨Ãm¨ax{†§†5‚O]؁t|F†5ªlm',‚jitt|F‚j Ð \ 


Ð ;H<?> \;Žcit#ªˆ†5ªØx³†

ƒ„‚jk1x{z z Н¨ ž ,*#Ð;H<?>ª \"— ø¸ûÅ#Ð,ú f Žtm£gjxy†5f vjmo|tmh]ttf †cm{p

r Ž^it«ˆ«Öx{k \l¨ÃmdªØx¢vjmd€tkc‚Dvjm‡|

­K®°¯;±C²³¯ ´ µ¶ µ5ñ ™˜ Ü G Î à û  û Q 8+, Ú{à,ä — øÇûДÐCú Ühá à Î 


2 Ú ÏÜ G Î ä ΄ç àØÜ ÏÎ í¢â ß Ú  P
Ð ¨
¥

ž ,*”Ð*;=<?>Wª 4 Ï0×ØÎdéÞê ë Ü0àš),+ £ÝlÚ Ï ÜÔâ³àå DE/ œ› ì3Ühá ΠۇãØâ³à Î à Ï Ü¸Ú è á Ï Ú Õ  Î Ü íÜ Ï á ÏÇß Ú{àláYÙÞÜhá#áYÜÔâ³àPã ÎYß ÜÔâ£ä

Ð_O¨ ž ,”Ð*;=<?>Wª í¢â ß Ú   fuŒ,*  /


ï ``

§.mˆx{z Žc‚)t‚y†5fh‡m†5ªØx³†‹¨1ªtm£ Ð_ fhŽ‹‡‚jtŽ^†5x{†oƒ„‚jkox{zhz fbç,*  \†5ªtmFxy¬‚DvjmFmhU itxy†5f ‚j


ï ``
kcm‡|tit‡m£Ž‹†5‚P†cªtmÞ}xy€titt‚Dv+mhU;iØxy†5f ‚j+‚{ƒ |lfhŽc‡kcmY†5mF}nÐr1Ž Ž †5m‡«3Ž ž÷q ª 1
p r+†5ªtf ŽN£x{Žcm«\¨©m‚{tz 

tm‡m£|š†5‚Pg{iØx{k5xy;†cm£m†cªØxy† –
¦†5‚֏¬mFŒ #ª ilk \ x{z zõ†5ªtmÞm‡fhgjm‡;vyx{z itm£Ž'‚{ƒ ¦ªØx¢vjmÞ«3x{gjtf †5it|tm
ø fÔprm{p õ –
zhm‡ŽcŽ=†5ªØx{š‚{tm ú ƒ„‚jk=†cªtmމNŠŒ †5‚֏,mŽ †#x{tz m{p9¦‹m£t‚y†5mK†cªtmK,‚jitt| ‚j †5ªlm£‚jlŽ^†#xy;† Ð ƒ„‚{k –
†5‚F,mŒ#ª;itkNxyŽ Ð*; †Pž '< p

rÍ†cªtmˆ¢x{Ž^mˆ‚yƒ©†5f «3m$Vvyx{k f tgֆck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚jš€,m£k^fh‚ |²\õ†5m£Ž †5f tg)†5ªtm3Œ#ª;itkVtm‡ŽcŽ‚{ƒ – øÔÐ_¢ú

ƒ„‚jkdx{z z fô ,*  fhŽot‚{†dŽciÇ3‡fhm‡;†d†5‚TgjiØxyk5x{†5m‡mˆ†cªtmˆ‰‹ŠŒš†5‚T¬mFŽ^†5x{tz m{p nªtm3k^m¢x{Ž^‚j


ï ``
fhŽ†cªØxy†'‚jtmd¢x{Tm¢x{Ž^fhz z]؁t| x{ m$¶txy«3€tz mo‚{ƒ †¨Ã‚~Œ#ª;itk'«Öxy†ckcf £m£Ž¨1ªt‚{Žcmd«itz †cfh€tz fh£xy†5f ‚jÖf Ž

t‚{†'Œ #ª ilk£p

·¹¸ Ät´.¼ ʄ¯šµ¶ µ € Š©‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡k1†cªtm†¨©‚ˆ«3xy†5k^fh£m‡Žgjf v{m£~,m£zh‚D¨

£k¤¤¤ £k¤¤¤
%Ÿ¡ ¢ ,
%Ÿ¡ , ,

¥ ¥
  
¢
ñ ü

, , ,

ñ x{t| ü x{kcmŒ#ª;itk=¬m‡¢x{ilŽcmdx{zhz¬†5ªtm‡fhkm£f gjm£vyx{z itm£Ž=x{k^mOí£m£k^‚tpsì'‚D¨Ãm‡vjm‡k\

£ ¤¤¤
Ÿ¡ ¢

,

¥
ñ‹ü

, ,

fhŽl‚{†NŒ#ª;itk¨1ªtm£ 7¢ 7 8
ï
p

r†)fhŽPx{zhŽ^‚`€¬‚{ŽcŽcf tzhmT†5‚L]؁l|7m(¶lx{«ˆ€tzhm ‰‹ŠŒŽP†cªØxy†~x{k^m+Ž^†5x{tz mšxy†P‡‚jtŽ †#x{†~Ž5xy«3€tz fhtg

€,m£kcf ‚|lŽ\l{m‡†'ittŽ^†5x{tz m‹¨1ªtm£T†5ªtm†5ªlmdŽcx{«ˆ€tzhf tgހ¬m‡kcf ‚|)f Žav{xyk^ fhtglp


¥ l

·¹¸ Ät´.¼ ʄ¯šµ¶ µ € Š©‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡kֆ5ªtm £‚j†5f ;it‚jitŽV†5f «3mTŽ^ Ž †5m£« |tm£Ž^£kcf ¬m‡|7šSpU;iØxy†5f ‚j ø np
ï
ú

¨1ªt‚jŽ^m ñ  ü  ý «3xy†5k^fh£m‡Ž1x{kcmg{f vjm‡ 

¾¿ ¾¿

§¦ ¨
X ¿ ¿
¿ ¿
ñ %»¼ ï  ü  »¼ ï  ý 
¼ ¼ ¥
¼½ ¼½ ï 
n Á , ¥ Á
ï 

§OmdŽ^m£mo†5ªØx³† ñ þ  ñ & üý f ŽÅì'itk ¨1f †?ídŽ^fht‡m

ó ù ø ñ þ ú‘&
ï
X , ª© « j ï
-  t
ï
 n


e؂jka†5ªlfhŽ1Ž^ Ž^†cm£«\ Ð*; †Pž ' < \C‚jl†5x{fhlm£|~T†cªtmom(¶ªØx{ilŽ^†5f vjmŽcm¢xykc#ª+|tm‡Žc‡kcfh,m£| fh Œm‡‡†5f ‚j npƒp
ï
\

fhŽ , - lގ ø †5ªtmoŽcm£x{kc#ª gjkcf |)fhŽ , p, ú ppnªtm£k^m‡ƒ„‚jk^m t


\ †cªtmd‰‹ŠŒ)fhŽŽ^†5x{tz m‹¨1ªtm£ £‚jtŽ †#x{†1†5kcx{tŽV
 ï

«ˆfhŽcŽ^fh‚jK€¬m‡kcfh‚ |tŽ Ðdp, ‹Ž‚jk ÐjÕ}, - q‹Žf Žm£«ˆ€tz ‚A{m£|pknªtfhŽ£x{F¬mav{m£k^fH]Øm‡|ˆ†5m£Ž †5f tg
 ï 
†5ªlmKŒ #ª ilk)Vlm£ŽcŽ'‚{ƒ – øÇÐd^ú x{t| – øÔДú p
i
‚y†5ª~‚{ƒ?†5ªtm‡« x{kcmŒ#ª;itk=Žcf t£m

¬¬¬ – ó ù ø øÔÐdcú^ú
¬¬¬  , 

  ¥
ï
 j
t
ï
 ­
n

¬¬¬ – ó ù ø øÔÐYú^ú
¬¬¬  ,  ,

X  j
t
ï
 n


ì'‚D¨Ãm‡v{m£k\ ¨1ªtm‡`†5ªtmֆck5x{lŽc«ˆfhŽcŽ^fh‚jO€¬m‡kcf ‚|OfhŽvyx{k  fhtg fh x €,m£k^fh‚ |tfhF€Øx³†c†5m‡kc²\Žcx¢ ÐdB¡

Ð ¡ ÐdŸ¡ Ð


``
\ †cªtmP‰NŠŒ.fhŽKiltŽ^†5x{tzhmyp©nªtf ŽfhŽd,m£¢xyitŽcm – øÇÐ5cú – øÔÐYú f Žl‚{†FŒ#ª;itkh\

Žcf t£m

m8 ® ?¯ ¬¬¬ –
«ÖxW¶
ù   ó ù  øÇÐ5 ú – øÔДú
“
¬¬¬Y° 
ï
,, 
q l 8
ï 

± ‚{fhtg‹tx{Z†c‚‚jitk€tk^‚jtz m£«\y¨Ãm¢x{F;it«ˆm£kcf ¢x{z z oŽ^m¢x{k^#ª Ð*;=<> †5m£Ž †5f tg‹†5ªtmlm£gxy†cf v{m


|tm(]؁tf †cm£tm‡ŽcŽ‚{ƒ ˆp'uSm(¶ªØxyitŽ^†cf vjmގ^m¢x{k^#ª x{zhg{‚jkcf †5ªt«bf ŽN€tk^m£Ž^m£†5m‡|́lm(¶ †‹†5‚Ö¢x{k^k^T‚jil†'†5ªtf Ž

Žcm£x{kc#ª p
 ,


ÍÆÎ ÐÎÑ G> mD x$ < b# e³
ޝà¹Ü1ãÔ EÚâ ÕÝ Ý ãpè dÜ Œä ÙÓsèâŠÚÜ ´c
 itk1x{z gj‚jkcf †5ªt«Qƒ„‚jk©m(¶ªØx{itŽ †5f vjmdŽcm¢xykc#ª~†5kcf m£ŽÆ]؁l| Ð*;H<?> Pf t£k^m¢x{Ž^fhtg Ð x{zh‚jlgÞx†5fhg{ª;†agjkcf |

ƒ„kc‚{« , x{t|ކ5m‡Ž^†cfhtg†5ªlmm£fhg{m£vyx{zhitm‡Ž‚{ƒ V— ø¸ûÅ#Ð,ú pt§ªtm‡tm‡v{m£k †5ªtm1Ž^m¢x{k^#ªˆ fhm‡zh|tŽm‡fhgjm‡v{xyzhitm‡Ž

¨1f †cªÞt‚jVtm£gjxy†5f vjmak^m¢x{z€Øx{k^†cŽ\{†cªtmŽcm£x{kc#ªFŽ †5‚j€tŽh\;x{t|†cªtm Ð*;=<?> fhŽ½†5ªtm Ð ƒ„kc‚{« †cªtmzx{Ž †Ž †5m£€ p

k5x{t|l‚j«3z Žcm‡zhm‡‡†5f tg ù x{t|Ž^‚jz v f tg'ƒ„‚jk û Øx{Ž^m£|ނjK†cªtmÐSpU;iØxy†cfh‚j \ †5ªtm©Žcm¢xykc#ª


ø nprq ú ³
i
fhŽ£x{kck^fhm‡|T‚{il†=«Öx{3†5fh«ˆm£Ž1xyt|T¨Ãmokcm‡£‚jk^|T†cªtmo«Öx¶f «it« Ð*;H<?> ¨Ãmom‡vjm‡k ]tt|p

n½‚'†5m£Ž ††5ªlm©tm‡gxy†5f vjmÃ|tmh]؁lf †5m‡tm£Ž^Ž‚{ƒ,x'«3xy†ckcf ¶d\A¨©m©ªØx¢vjm{s xNŽ^ «ˆ«3mY†5k^fh§«Öxy†ckcfî¶dªØx{Ž k^m¢x{z

m£f gjm£vyx{z itm£Žh\½xyt|.f †ofhŽtm‡gxy†5f vjmF|tm(]؁tf †cm3f ƒaxyt|O‚{tz  f ƒ©x{zhzf †5Žom£f gjm£vyx{z itm£Ždx{k^mˆlm£gxy†cf v{m

žÀ X ª pŒ fht‡m A— ø¸ûÅ#Ð,ú f ŽÞŽ^ «ˆ«3mY†5kcf \ ¨©mT¢xyU|tm‡£f |tm)†5ªtm~tm‡gxy†5f vjm~|tm(]؁tf †cm£tm‡ŽcŽˆ‚{ƒ µ— ;

†5m‡Ž^†cfhtgFf †cŽm£f gjm£vyx{zhilm£Ž£p

u>Ž^fh«ˆfhzhx{kŽcm£x{kc#ªÖ¢x{Öx{zhŽ^‚d,m=£‚jt|lit‡†cm£|Pƒ„‚jk†5ªlm',‚jitt|3‚j3†cªtm=£‚jtŽ †#x{† Ð \ *ŠŠž .


Ð ; < \ ;

†5m‡Ž^†cfhtgކ5ªlmKŒ #ª ilk)Vlm£ŽcŽ'‚{ƒ?†5ªtmo«3xy†5k^f ¶ – øÇÐCú p

·¹¸ Ät´.¼ ʄ¯šµ¶ †gLº ·9¸ ®?Ät¿½Å‡ÂDƄÉ,¯ ¶( ·J ¯;Ät² y®Ë }õmY†1itŽŽ^†cfhzhz,£‚{tŽcf |tm£ka†cªtmŽ^ Ž^†cm£« xyŽfh^Sk¶lx{«˜V

€tz mNn p ¥ \ Ž^m‡†^†5fhlgd†cªtm'Ž^m¢x{k^#ªÖgjk^fh|3x{Ž ,  , ,, Ž©xyt|3£x{kck  fhtgd‚jil† †5ªlm'm$¶lªtx{itŽ^†cf v{mNŽcm£x{kc#ªÖ;


ï  ï

k5xyt|t‚j«ˆz TŽcm‡zhm‡‡†5f tg ù \ †5ªlm«ÖxW¶lf «it« Ð*;=<?> ¨ÃmÞªØx¢vjmނj†#x{f tm£|šf Ž Ð*;=<?>  jn l{qPŽ‡p@nªtm
ï

ù x{t| û f SU;iØx³†5fh‚{ ø np q ú †5ªØxy†1z m¢x{|lŽa†5‚F†5ªtf Žkcm£Ž^itz †=xykcm

¾¿ ¾¿
X - , l  - ¥ ¿ l ¥¥ X ¥ ¿
n n ¿ n q n ¿
ù‘ »¼  ï   û  »¼   ï
¼ ¼ 
¼½ Á ¼½ Á
 n - n ¥ l  - X , q ¥ n ¥ q ¥ n
 ï   ï ïjï

n?‚Oªtf †F†5ªtf Žˆ«3x¶fh«Kit« \ †5ªtm~Ž^m¢x{k^#ª†5‚ ‚ZwXlpƒšªt‚jitk^Ž3‚jUx


Ð*;=<> § |tiØx{zîV ŠÆ™› ™½m£†cfhit«ŸVŠrr?r

q 
- , ©ì9í'£‚j«ˆ€til†cm£k§kcittlfhtgK}°f ;i¶3‚j€¬m‡k5xy†cfhtgdŽ^ Ž †5m£«Tppnªtf Ž ù ¨ax{Ž§†5ªtm ¥ X{k^| ù Žcm£z m£Y†5m£| p

ï

‰'‚y†5m†5ªtxy†õ†5ªtmÙ­¯®*° ±®t³K€lkc‚jgjkcx{«¨ax{Ž°t‚y†°‚j€l†5f «3fHí£m‡|‹ƒ„‚jk †5f «3myp 


r ;†cm£k^m£Ž^†cfhtg{z \D†cªtm m(¶ªØx{itŽV

†5f vjmdŽcm£x{kc#ª ƒ„‚{k1†cªtm Ð;†Pž .


)< ‚{ƒ †cªtfhŽ1m(¶lx{«ˆ€tz mdg{f vjm‡Ž=†cªtmdŽ5x{«ˆmk^m£Ž^itz †\,fÇp myp Ð*; ŠŠž .
< µ
ï
jn l{qFŽ‡p

nªtf Ž©«ˆm¢x{tŽ§†5ªØx³†©ƒ„‚jk§†5ªtf Ž©€Øx{k †5f £itzhx{k m(¶lx{«ˆ€tzhm«\ ¨Ãm‹£‚{itzh|x]tt|)x}xy€titt‚Dvփ„ilt‡†cfh‚j3Žcit#ª

†5ªtxy†§f ƒ,¨©m=¢x{3gjiØx{kcx{†5m‡m=†cªtm'Œ#ª;itk)Vtm£Ž^Ža‚{ƒ – øÇÐ_Dú ƒ„‚jk§x{zhz f ,*


ï

`
\ ¨Ãm=gjiØx{kcx{†5m£m1†5ªlm

}x{€litt‚Dv)ƒ„ittY†5fh‚{T|lm££k^m¢x{Ž^m£ŽNxy†1m‡v{m£k^Tit€,|Øxy†cm{p

§.m3†5ªtm‡`kcm£x{zhfHí£mF†5ªØxy†\fhO‚jitkŽcm‡†cit€²\ *
Ð ;=<> f ŽKxyz ¨©xD Ž,‚jitl|tm£|  Ð; †Pž .
)< p+Œfhl£m \ ;

£‚{;†ck5x{|lfh‡†cfh‚j5\f ƒ Ð*;=<?>8SÐ*; ŠPž .)< \°¨ÃmF¢x{Íx{z ¨ax¢ Žo€tfhZ+x~‡‚jtŽ †#x{†o†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚jš€¬m‡kcf ‚| Ð

†5ªtxy†‹f Ž‹Žcz fhgjª†5z ~ªtfhg{ªtm£k=†5ªØx{ Ð*;H<?> x{t|+†5ªlmމ‹ŠŒ f ŽNittŽ †#x{lzhm{pOnªlm£kcmYƒ„‚jkcm«\†5ªtmK«Öx¶f «it«

vyx{zhilm‚{ƒ Ð*;H<?> ¨Ãm£x{^]؁t|TfhŽ Ð*; ŠPž . )< p

‘)’ ¸ ¹sšs
Ê .¥™š›š¡ ƒº
r~†5ªtf Ž1x{€t€,m£t|tfî¶d\t¨©mdgjf v{m‹†5ªtmo€tk^‚‚yƒ½†c‚F†cªtmokcm‡Žcitz †5Ž¨©md€tk^m£Žcm‡†5m£| fh Œm‡‡†5f ‚j np ¥ p p
ï

I ²A±±J5¶Qº ð ¯ ´`´OÄwµ¶¸·ñCË uNŽcŽ^it«ˆm ñ ªØx{Ž f |tf Ž^†5f t‡†ˆm‡fhgjm‡;vyx{z itm£Ž


ó ù.j 
ï

``
$f p

nªtm‡²\؆5ªtm‡kcmom(¶fhŽ †5Ž=xFt‚jtŽ^fhtgjilzx{ka«3xy†ckcf »
¶ ¨Tóeõö«õ Žcil#ª †5ªtxy†

  ½¼ ñ ‰   b |tfx{g ø e¼ ¼
( `
`

 _¢ú$

¨1ªtm‡kcm ¼ ¿¾EÀ Á¾ÂÀ .j


ù ¨ôó ’ö nÃ
 ´  $f x{kcm {‚jk^|Øx{Ttzh‚ Z;Ž1fhP†5ªlmoƒ„‚{kc«b‚{ƒ
ï ``
£ ¤¤¤
Ÿ ù ¤¤¤
¤¤¤
ó ï

¼
p p p p

¤¤¤
p p

ù  
p p
p ¤
¡ ¥
ï

ó ù
¾EÀ Á¾EÀ
‡ö
jn

x{t|ÅÄ 8 Æ _
ù  ù   p§}õm‡†

¼ ÈÇ IÉ
ù  ù ÿ ù

¨1ªtm‡kcm
£k¤¤¤ £k¤¤¤
Ÿ ¤¤¤ Ÿ ¤¤¤
p p
p
ù
¤¤¤ ¤¤¤
ó ï

Ç
p p p p p p

¤¤¤ É ¤¤¤
p p p

ù   ù 
p p
p
¤ p p
p
¤ 

¡ ¥ ¡ ¥
ï
p p
p
ó ù
nªtm‡

¼ ’Ç IÉ
b
ÿ


¨1ªtm‡kcm

Ç  |tfx{g ø `Ç Å$
``

 Õ_£ú(

É  |tfx{g ø
É (
`

É _¢ú


nªtmoƒ„‚jzhz ‚D¨1fhtgdƒ¸x{‡†cŽ'xykcmoitŽcm‡| f P†5ªtmo€tk^‚‚{ƒæs

ï
p ñ   ¼ ‰  p

np |  Œ| Ê”Ë ZÌ Ê  Ì 


ˆ
 ‰  | p

XlpÅrƒ ñ‹ü  üKñ \ †cªtm£ | 


cÍ  |  |
Í p`Œfhl£m Ç É ù ù  ÉÇ ù ù\ †cªtm£ Î À €Ï À Î À Ï À
|
c
 | | \

| Î €Ï Î Ï
c
| | p

qtp1u ¶ fŽ
«3xy†5k^f š ã â ÏæÎ à Ï f ƒaŽc‚{«3mF€,‚A¨Ãm£kd‚{ƒÃ†5ªtmˆ«Öx³†5kcff Ž3í‡m£k^‚wž
àØÜ  Ø X ª p
É ù fhŽ ã â ÏæÎ à Ï
àØÜ  Ø

,m££x{itŽcm
ÉÐ ù
, ƒ„‚jk=x{z z "« Æ .j –
ù  t ï

`
$f p
 X

‹ "Ñ ‹Ñ
Ð Ð Ò
c
- p | | ‰ j ¨Tó p

‰'‚D¨>¨©mdªØx¢vjm

| ‚   Ì ‰  | ‚   ‰  | € c Î €Ï  ‹‚ 

y  ‰  Î €Ï 
| €
c ‹î‚ ð ð 

y  ‰  ð  Î Ï ð | ‚ | ‚


eØitk^†cªtm£k^«3‚{kcm \

| Î ‚  |tfx{g | Î ˆ‚ 
``
| Î „‚
“


 |tfx{g3 |  ˆ‚ 
``
|  ˆ‚ 
``
| )„ ‚   `

| „)‚
“ 

ñ x{t| Ç ªØx¢vjm'†5ªtm'Ž5x{«ˆm'm‡fhgjm‡v{xyzhitm‡ŽÃ,m££x{itŽcm'‚{ƒ†cªtmN€tk^‚j€,m£k^†ˆ‚{ƒ Žcf «3f zx{k^f †d†5k5xytŽ^ƒ„‚jk^«Q‚{ƒ

xÞ«Öx³†5kcfp Œfhl£m

Ñ°ÒÔÓ ¢ «Öx¶ ø ø ñ úcúýÙ


ó ùûúü ó ù

Ñõô÷ö ¢ «3f  ø
ù ø ñ úcú$ýs
ó ù úü ó

x{t| ñ f ŽBì=itk^¨1f †í \ ø


ù ø ñ ú^úFî ,* 1 'j  f \ †5ªlm£ Ñõô÷ö y Ñ°ÒÔÓTî , ^
p rƒ=nWVl‚jkc« f Ž


ü ó ï ` ó ó

£‚{tŽcf |tm£k^m£| ø ð”ñˆð ˜ ¢ «3x¶


ù žó ù ø ñ 6 ñ úŠª
 ‡
\ ¨1ªlm£kcm ñ 6 fhŽ'†cªtmÞ£‚{«3€tz m(¶ ·Ô
£‚{ ^itgxy†cmK†5kcx{tŽ^€¬‚jŽ^m

‚{ƒ ñ \ †5ªtm‡
ú t

| Î ‚  «3x¶
¯ ù  |
Î Î ° 4Ó ‚ 6 | ‚
 ‡



 “ “
mÕ  mÕ 
ù ó

¯
 ‡
°
 € ˆ ‹‚   € „?‹î‚
 «3x¶
ù ó ù  |lfx{g ?|
`
|
““


 |  Ñ°ÒÔÓ ‚

yq

ì'm‡kcm«\ ð Ö
Cð  ¶ nWVl‚jkc«\تtm£k^m¢xyƒ0†cm£k=¨©mitŽcm
Ž^†5x{t|tŽNƒ„‚{k=f t|tit‡m£|+«3xy†ckcf ~ /Ö
ð Øð ¨1ªtm‡+£‚jƒ„itŽcf ‚j

|t‚ m£Ž1t‚{†1‚ £‡itk£pp§Omdx{zhŽ^‚ Z;t‚D¨¦†cªØxy† |


Ï ‚ fhŽ1xހ,‚jz  t‚j«ˆfxyz¬‚{ƒ ‚jkc|lm£k Æ \تtm‡t£m

|
Ï ‚ y N ú(
ø ^

¨1ªtm‡kcmdfhŽ N ú
ø ^ fhŽ=xŸZ l‚A¨1 €¬‚{z  t‚j«ˆfx{zÇptnªlm£kcmYƒ„‚jkcm«\

| ‚ y   ‰  ð ð øFN^ú)|  Ñ°ÒÔÓ ‚




§OmuZ;t‚D¨Q†5ªtxy†
ó
\ †5ªtm‡
Ñ°ÒÔÓPîç, ° N ú|
ø ^ × ^ Ñ°ÒÔÓ
‚ fhŽo,‚jitt|tm‡|`x{Ž N@¡ pP}õmY††cªtm3,‚jitl|.,m

Žc‚{«3m‡‚jtŽ^†5x{† GØ ¨ôó x{t|ÙØ 8š, \

| E‚ y  ‰  ð  Ø ×^ ð |
Ñ°ÒÔÓ
‚

 þh| ‚   ¬

I ²A±±J5¶dº  ±C²A±,ÊÇʄÄt² µ¶¸· Ú Ë e؂jz zh‚D¨1fhtg†5ªtmo€tk^‚‚{ƒ½‚{ƒ }õm£«ˆ«ÖxFnp


ï
K¨ÃmªØx¢v{m \

| ‰EE‚ y  ‰  ð  ð | ‰ Î ‚ |
Ï ‚ 

y  ‰  ð  ð øFN^ú | ‰ Î ‚


§ªtm‡T†cªtmnWVt‚{kc«Mf Ž1£‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡kcm‡|²\ | ‰ Î ‚
 }|
‰  Ñõô÷ö ‚ \Cx{t|~†5ªlm£

| ‰EE‚  y  ‰  ð  ð øFN^ú)| ‰  Ñõô÷ö ‚ 

¨1ªtm‡kcm Ñõô÷ö xyt| Ñ°ÒÔÓ xykcm|tm(]؁tm£| fh)†5ªlmd€lkc‚ ‚{ƒ ‚yƒ}õm£«ˆ«3xFnp p


ó ó ï

‰'‚D¨¨ÃmdŽc€tz f †a†cªtmo€tkc‚ ‚{ƒ½fh†5‚Þ†¨Ã‚3£x{Žcm‡Ž£p


 -

Šax{Žcm
ï
s
ó
Ñõô÷ö  
ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓ ps¦‹mh]؁tm

 
ó
ó
Ñõô÷ö
Ñ°ÒÔÓ
8
ï 
ø npYX 
¥ ú

nªtm‡

 §Û
þ 
ó
ó
Ñõô÷ö
Ñ°ÒÔÓ Ü – n  ø npYX ú

x{t| ,Þî  
þ & î
ï
ppnªtm‡kcm‡ƒ„‚{kcm

ó
Ñõô÷ö  ø þ   & ø þ & úcú
ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓ


nªtm‡

| ‰ Î ‚
 |
‰  €~j
‰ €~‰ i ii ×^ ‹‹
Ñ°ÒÔÓ
‚ 

x{t|

| ‰E‚ y  ‰  ð  ð N ú|
ø ^ i ii ×^ ‰  €~j
‰ €~‰ ‹H‹
Ñ°ÒÔÓ
‚

y  ‰  ð  ð N ú|
ø ^ i i  i× ^ €~‰ ‹ Ñ°ÒÔÓ ‚| ‰  ~
Ñ°ÒÔÓ
‚


§Om3Z;t‚D¨¦†cªØxy† N ú|
ø ^ i i
€~‰ ‹ Ñ°ÒÔÓ ‚ fhŽ,‚jitt|lm£|p§}õm‡†^†5fhlg Ø Ø ¨ôó x{t| 8š, ,mo†cªtmo¬‚{itt|²\

| ‰EE‚ y  ‰  ð  Ø i× ^ ð

| ‰ ~
Ñ°ÒÔÓ
‚ 

 þ(| ‚  
¨1ªtm‡kcm

ÿŸo& n þ  ÿ


Šax{ŽcmKns Ñõô÷ö  Ñ°ÒÔÓ pnªtm£


ó ó

| ‰E‚ y  ‰  ð  ð N ú|
ø ^ ‰  Ñ°ÒÔÓ ‚ 
 ¥

  ‰  ð  ð N ú|
ø ^ ×^ Ñ°ÒÔÓ
‚| ‰  ×^
Ñ°ÒÔÓ
‚ 

 þh| ‚  
}õm‡† N ú|
ø ^ ii×^
€~‰ ‹
Ñ°ÒÔÓ
‚ ¬m,‚jitt|lm£|  Ø ¨mó x{t| Ø 8[, \Cxyt|

ÿ˜o& X ÿ
 ¬

I ²A±±J5¶º  Ú
±,²A±,ʸʸÄt² µ¶¸· ¬Ë  e؂jz zh‚D¨1fhlg†5ªlm€tkc‚ ‚{ƒ?fhT}õm£«ˆ«Öxnp
ï
\l†5ªlfhŽak^m£Žcilz †1fhŽm£x{Ž^¬ 

†5‚FŽ^m£m{p

I ²A±±J5¶dº  Ú 
±C²A±,ÊÇʄÄt² µ¶ µ Ë

| ‰EE‚ y þ(| ‰  Ñõô÷ö ‚ y þh| ‰ ~ ‚  i


Žcf t£m

&
ó
Ñõô÷ö y &  þ
ó
Ñ°ÒÔÓ ß&  þ ÿd

¨1ªtm‡kcm  þ fhŽ|tm(]؁tm‡| fhSpU;iØxy†cfh‚j ø n pƒX ú p§ŒmY†

þ  þW

ÿ  &  þ ÿ7
¬

†5ªlmdk^m£Ž^itz †1ƒ„‚jz zh‚D¨1Ž£p


r™u Ýs §Þ +ž ©Ì¥‹

Ž Xv “ß ‘A u
¥¹Ì M–3 +¥›š˜mË£¡¢™ áà ¡¢™ Ž r‘ ~Ÿ

Þ Úâ
~’ ã
°™z̝ –~›š˜ š ÐÌ¡‡–3™

rT‰‹ŠŒŽh\t†5ªtm€,m£k ƒ„‚jkc«3x{t‡m‹‚{ƒ°†5ªlm‹£‚j†ckc‚jzz ‚‚{€tŽat‚{†a‚jtz 3|tm‡€¬m‡t|tŽ1‚jP†5ªlm|tm£Ž^fhgj~‚{ƒ°†5ªlm

£‚{;†ckc‚jz½x{z gj‚jkcf †5ªt«ˆŽ\ltil†xyzhŽc‚3kcm‡zhfhm‡Ž'‚{ †5ªtmŽc#ªtm‡|titz fhtg3‚{ƒ†5ªtmŽcªØxykcm£| tm‡†¨Ã‚jk?Z kcm‡Žc‚jitk^£myp

nªtmÞx¢vyx{f zx{tf zhf †ւ{ƒ†cfh«ˆm‚{šx3Ž^ªØx{kcm‡|š£‚j«ˆ«itlfh¢x³†5fh‚{ tmY†¨©‚{k?Z ƒ„‚{kN£‚{«3«iltfh£xy†5f ‚j~¬m$V

†¨Ãm£m£O†5ªtmˆŽcm‡tŽc‚jk^Ž\ †cªtmˆ£‚j†5k^‚jzhz m£kh\½xyt|O†cªtmÖxy‡†5itxy†5‚jk^ŽofhŽdx{.f «3€,‚jk †#x{†‹ƒ¸x{Y†5‚jkoz fh«ˆf †5f tg

†5ªlmd€,m£k ƒ„‚jkc«3x{t‡m‚{ƒ x{ ‰NŠŒ¬p

o Z fhtg*\j†5ªtma€lkc‚jtz m£«
=‚{itgjªtz Ž^€¬m£x ; ‚{ƒCtmY†¨©‚{k?ZŽ^#ªtm£|tilzhfhlgfhÞ‰NŠŒŽfhŽ?†5‚x{Ž^Žcf gjFx'†5kcx{tŽV

«ˆfhŽcŽ^fh‚jÍŽc#ªlm£|titz mֆ5‚ m¢x{#ª`†ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚jÍm£†5f †.‚{O†5ªlmPtm‡†¨Ã‚jkZOØxyŽcm£| ‚{ x á: ×ØÎ ä{ÝE Ü0àE2

Ú À2 â ß Ü Ï„× Ù ø †5ªtmŽ^m‡†1‚{ƒ°k^itzhm‡Ža†5ªØx³†`\tx³†1x{ֆcfh«ˆm \ |tm‡†cm£kc«ˆfhlm£Ž©†cªtm‚jkc|lm£kaf Ö¨1ªtfh#ª~«ˆm£Ž^Ž5x{gjm‡Ž

x{k^mÆ5kcx{tŽ^«3f †c†5m‡| ú p?u†ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚jdm£†5f †\f K‚jitk½¢x{Ž^m 


\ £x{,mxNŽcm‡tŽc‚{k‚jkx'Žcm‡†‚{ƒØŽcm‡tŽc‚{kcŽ

‚{ƒ†cªtmK€tzhx{†¢p'‰'mY†¨©‚jkZ Ž^#ªtm£|tilzhfhlgPfh x{š‰‹ŠŒ f Ž‹x{,‚jil†=¨1ªt‚P†ck5x{tŽ^«3f †5Ž'x{t| ¨1ªlm£²\õxyt|

¨1f †cª)¨1ªØxy†=€tkcf ‚jkcf †3¨1ªlm£ ‡‚jzhz fhŽ^fh‚jtŽÃªØx{€t€,m£ p

r`Š©ªtx{€l†5m‡kn\¨©mˆ|tm‡kcf v{m£|͎ci*Lj‡fhm£†£‚jl|tf †cfh‚jtŽN‚jš†5ªtmކ5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚jš€,m£kcf ‚|+ƒ„‚{kox{

‰‹ŠŒP†5‚ޏ,mm(¶€,‚jtm‡;†cfx{z z 3Ž^†5x{tzhmyppnªtfhŽ#ªtx{€l†5m‡k1fhŽa‡‚jt£m‡kctm‡| ¨1f †5ªP†5ªlmd£x{Žcm¨1ªtm‡kcmdxŽcmY†

‚{ƒ?‰NŠŒŽ1x{kcm'£‚jltm£Y†5m£|)†c‚K†5ªtmNtm‡†¨Ã‚jk?ZÖx{t|)xykctf †5k5x³†5m'ƒ„‚{k©itŽcx{gjmN‚yƒõ†5ªtm‹Ž^ªØx{k^m£|~kcm‡Žc‚jitk^£myp




r+Ž^it#ª x3£x{Žcm«\ f †'fhŽ=m£Ž^Žcm‡;†cfx{z°†5ªtxy†‹‡m£k^†5x{fh kcitz m£Ž=Žcªt‚{itzh|+,mxy€t€tzhf m£|~†5‚3|tm‡†cm£kc«ˆfhlmd†cªtm£f k

x{‡£m£Ž^Ž=†c‚ˆ†cªtmotm‡†¨Ã‚jkZ,p

‰'mY†¨©‚jkZ Ž^#ªtm£|tilzhfhlg)fh+‰NŠŒŽfhŽ'£‚j«ˆ€Øx{kcx{tz md†c‚~ŠÆ™›SŽc#ªtm‡|titz fhtg)f  ªØx{k^|škcm£x{z ÔV †5fh«ˆm

£‚{«3€ti†5fhlg Ž^ Ž †5m£«ˆŽ\¨1ªtm‡kcm~x Ž^m‡†Þ‚yƒ1£‚jt‡itkck^m£†3ŠÆ™›M†#x{ŽZ;ŽÞx{kcmÖm(¶m£‡il†5m‡|‚{ x Žcf tgjzhm

ŠÆ™›M¨1f †cª`†5fh«ˆfhlg ‡‚jtŽ^†ck5x{f †5Ž£p  vjm‡k†5ªtmP{m¢x{k^Ž\Ãx{zhgj‚{kcf †cªt«ˆŽxyt| «3mY†5ªt‚ |t‚jz ‚jgjfhm‡ŽªtxDv{m

,m£m£)|lm‡vjm‡zh‚j€,m£|3†5‚f «3€tk^‚Dvjm1†5ªtm‹€lkcm£|lfh‡†5x{tf zhf †‚{ƒõkcm£x{z ÔV †5f «3mŽ Ž †5m‡«3Ž@ž÷q\ q \ ¥ \qE\ ¥«ª p
ï ï

r†5ªlm €Øx{Ž †`\‡‚j†5kc‚{z'Ž Ž †5m‡« |tm‡Žcfhg{Lx{t|7ŠÆ™s›:Žc#ªtm‡|titzhf tg.‚{kցtmY†¨©‚jkZUŽ^#ªtm£|litzhf tg

|tm‡Žcfhg{šªØx¢vjmށt‚jk^«Öxyzhz P¬m‡m£ Žcm‡€Øx{k5x³†5m£| p3nªlfhŽ‹Ž^m£€Øx{kcxy†5f ‚j+ªØxyŽox{zhz ‚A¨Ãm£| †5ªtm‡‚j†5k^‚jz ‡‚j«˜V

«itlf †P†c‚Fƒ„‚ £ilŽ=‚{ f †5Ž‚D¨1 €lkc‚jtz m£«b|l‚j«ÖxyfhP¨1f †cªt‚jil†¨Ã‚jk^k^ fhtg3x{,‚jil†1ªt‚D¨wŽ^#ªtm£|litzhf tg

\ x{t|)f †©ªØx{Žak^m£z m¢x{Ž^m£|P†5ªlmŽc#ªtm‡|titzhf tgÞ£‚{«3«iltf †Fƒ„kc‚{«


fhŽÃ¬m‡fhtgÞ|l‚jtm t †cªtm‹tm‡m£|)†5‚Þitl|tm£kV

Ž^†5x{t|¨1ªØx³†fh«ˆ€Øx{Y† Ž^#ªtm£|tilzhfhlgªØx{Ž‚j†cªtmaŽ †#x{tf zhf †dx{t|ހ,m£k^ƒ„‚{kc«3x{t£mÂ{ƒØ†5ªlma€tzxy;† itt|tm‡k

£‚{;†ckc‚jzÇpxì=‚D¨©mYvjm£kh\ ¨1ªtm‡.†5ªtmކ¨Ã‚+|tm‡Žcfhg{tŽdx{kcmˆ£‚j«Ktfhtm‡|͆c‚jgjmY†5ªtm‡k\?«Öx{ xyŽcŽcil«3€l†cfh‚jlŽ

x{k^mdl‚{††5k^itm{pnªtm‡Žcmdfh«ˆ€Øx{‡†aŽ^ Ž^†cm£« €¬m‡k^ƒ„‚jk^«Öxyt£myp

o \ f †5m£g{k5xy†cm£|
=m‡£m‡;†cz  ˆ £‚j†ckc‚jzFx{l|SŠÆ™› Žc#ªtm‡|titz fhtgªØx{Ž k^m££m‡f v{m£| x7‡‚jtŽcf |tm£kcx{tz m

x{«ˆ‚jit†d‚{ƒx³†c†5m‡†5fh‚{[ž X*\ \ ¥ lE\ E\ ªx


p rÍ†5ªtm‡Žcm3¨Ã‚jkZ h
Ž \x~£zh‚{Žcm£kof ;†cm£kcx{‡†cfh‚jÍ¬mY†¨©m‡m£
ï ï ï

£‚{;†ckc‚jz?|tm‡Žcfhg{šx{t| Žc#ªtm‡|titzhf tgPf Ž'm‡«3€tz ‚Djm£|5\x{t| «3‚jk^mogjm£tm‡k5x{z½Žc#ªtm‡|titz fhtg3«3‚ |tm£z ŽNxyt|

«ˆm‡†5ªl‚|tŽ=†5ªØx³†‹,m‡†c†cm£k‹Ž^itf †'†5ªtmKtm£m‡|tŽ‹‚{ƒ ‡‚j†5kc‚{z Ž^ Ž †5m£«ˆŽox{k^mK|tmYvjm£z ‚j€,m£|p@ì=‚A¨Ãm‡v{m£kh\õtm‡†)V

¨Ã‚jk?ZPŽ^#ªtm£|litzhf tg3f T‰‹ŠŒŽ=fhŽ1xÞkcm‡zxy†cf v{m£z ֏tzxyZPx{k^m¢x†5ªtxy†=tm£m‡|tŽ=†c‚F¬mom(¶€tz ‚jkcm‡|p

rÍ†cªtfhŽo#ªØxy€l†5m‡k\°¨©m˜]ØkcŽ †d|tm£Ž^£kcf ¬mF†5ªlmˆ€lkc‚jtz m£« f Í‰‹ŠŒšŽc#ªtm‡|titzhf tg x{t|Í|tmh]؁lm3†5ªlm

Øx{Ž^fh~£‚{t£m‡€l†5Ž‡p¯nªtm‡U¨Ãm x{€l€tz O†5ªtmTk5xy†cm)«3‚{t‚{†5‚{tfh ø oµ ú Ž^#ªtm£|tilzhfhlg.x{z gj‚jk^f †5ªl« †c‚

Žc#ªlm£|titz mšx.Ž^m‡†)‚{ƒ‰‹ŠŒŽ)xyt|L¢xykck^U‚jil†3Žc#ªlm£|titzhx{tf zhf †xyØx{z  Ž^fhŽ£p>e؂jzhz ‚D¨1fhtgš†5ªtxy†`\a¨Ãm


 l

|tf Žc£ilŽcŽN†cªtmKf ŽcŽcilm‚{ƒµ]؁l|tfhtgPx{+‚j€l†cfh«3x{zõŽc#ªlm£|titz m«ˆfhtf «3fHí£fhlgÞxÖ£m‡k^†5x{fh+‡‚j†5k^‚jz½€,m£k ƒ„‚jk)V

\ ¨ÃmKkcm‡zx¶~†cªtmKf |tm¢xyz†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{
«3x{t£md«ˆm¢x{Ž^itkcmyp1e fhØxyzhz  l x{Ž^Žcit«ˆ€l†cfh‚jtŽ'x{t| Žcªt‚D¨ ªt‚D¨

Žc#ªlm£|titz fhtg.x{t|†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{Uf t|tit‡m£||lm£zx¢ ŽF¨1fhzhz|lm£gjkcx{|tm \ ¨1ªlfh#ª


‰‹ŠŒU€,m£k ƒ„‚jkc«3x{t‡m Ã

zhm£x{|tŽa†c‚3‚jilkŽ^†5il|l~fh Š©ªØx{€†5m£k1qtp

Þ
~’”‘ ‘A”u +¥›š˜mË¢¡¢™ áà täŽ r‘
– ~Ÿ

9
ÐΊÍÆÎÑ f ”å Ec : =><
èjÓ OäÝ }Ý èâá9Úâ)ÓÙÖ

Š©‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡k§xoŽ^m‡†§‚{ƒ ‰‹ŠŒŽ ¨1ªtf #ªÖx{k^m£‚jltm£Y†5m£|ˆ†5‚xtm‡†¨Ã‚jk?Z\x{Ž fhz zhitŽ †5k5x³†5m£|Kfhˆe fhg{itkcmÐXp p


ï

S x{#ª€lzx{†TªØx{ŽTx kcmU;itf kcm‡|>†5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚jk5xy†cm ø x Žci*Lj£f m£† £‚jt|lf †5f ‚j7¨1ªtfh#ª ¢xy,m

ƒ„‚jitl|7itŽcf tg`†5ªtmšk^m£Ž^itz †cŽ)fh Š©ªØx{€†5m£kTn ú ‚{ƒo†5ªtm‡fhk3Žcm£lŽc‚jk^Ž Ä |Øxy†5x`fhL‚jk^|tm£kPƒ„‚{kÖf †Ö†5‚ ,m

Ž^†5x{tz m{pµì=‚D¨©mYvjm£kh\¨1ªtm£Þ†5ªlm©†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j€Øxy†cªfhŽ½ŽcªØxykcm£|Þ¨1f †5ª‚{†cªtm£k‰‹ŠŒŽh\j†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{

Žc#ªlm£|titz fhtg3x{«ˆ‚jtg†cªtmo€tzx{†cŽ=ªtx{Ž†5‚F¬mo‡‚jtŽcf |tm£k^m£|p

 ‚jk^moƒ„‚{kc«3x{zhz \ x á: ×ØÎ ä{ݏ Î £x{ ,m|tm(]؁tm£| x{Ž1xހtf m££mY¨1fhŽ^mkcfhg{ª;†)V‡‚j†5fh;it‚{itŽ©ƒ„ittY†5f ‚j

æ s ó
c
¡ ç p½uN3x{zhgj‚{kcf †cªt«¦†5‚O]؁l|ˆŽ^it#ªPx‹Ž^#ªtm£|litzhm æ fhŽ£x{zhz m£|Fx á: ×ØÎ ä{ÝE Ü0àE2Ú À2 â ß Ü Ï„× Ù p

‰'‚{†5x{tz \l†cªtm£k^mxykcm†¨©‚ˆ€tk^‚jtzhm‡«3Ža†c‚F¬mo£‚{tŽcf |tm£k^m£|s

è (XJ y®°¯ Á½¿?Ê„Ä "é ƒ ƸʸƄ ê ìë


ÄØÀ?ÄtÊ °Å£ÆÇÅ n½‚Okcm‡Žc‚jz vjmTŽcfh«Kitz †5x{tm£‚{itŽÖxy££m‡ŽcŽ^m£ŽÖ†c‚O†5ªlm tmY†¨©‚{k?Z\

†ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚j ‚{ƒ†5ªtmŽcm‡tŽc‚jk^Ž Ä |txy†#x3ƒ„k^‚j« m¢x{#ªš€lzx{†‹«KitŽ^†,mKŽ^#ªtm£|litzhm‡| ø x{t|+€lkcf V

‚jk^f †cf=í£m‡| ú õ
\ m‡f †cªtm£kŽ †#xy†cfh¢xyzhz  ‚jko|l Øx{«ˆfh£x{zhz jpŸ¦‹ilmF†c‚)†5ªtm˜]؁tf †5mޏØx{l|l¨1fh|l†cªO‚yƒ©†5ªlm

tmY†¨©‚{k?Z\aŽc#ªlm£|titzhx{tf zhf †`x{Øx{z  ŽcfhŽFŽ^ªt‚jitz |U,m~¢x{k^kcfhm‡| ‚jil†Fƒ„‚jkˆxÍg{f vjm‡UŽ^#ªtm£|litzhf tg

x{z gj‚jk^f †5ªl« ƒ„‚{k1xˆgjf vjm‡TŽ^m‡†'‚{ƒ ‰‹ŠŒŽ‡p


,

h1 (t)
Plant 1
.
x(t) = A x(t) +B u(t)

Controller 1
u(t+ ) = - K ^x(tk )

Network
hN (t)
.. Plant N
x(t) = A x(t) +B u(t)

Controller N
u(t+ ) = - K ^x(tk )

e fhgjilkcm@Xlp s§Œ#ªtm‡|titz fhtgˆ‚{ƒ xFŽ^m‡†=‚{ƒ ‰‹ŠŒŽ


ï

èîí J
¼°ÂAƸ´.ÄØÊÅ y®°¯ Á½¿?ÊÇƸÀ =ïMë n?‚R]؁t|Px{Ö‚j€†5fh«3x{z#\{ƒ„m¢x{Ž^fhtz m1Žc#ªtm‡|titzhm'†5ªØxy†Ã¢xyÖ«ˆfhtf «3fHí£m

ø ‚jk«ÖxW¶lf «3fHí£m ú xFgjf v{m£~€¬m‡k^ƒ„‚jk^«Öxyt£m«ˆm¢x{Ž^itkcmƒ„itl‡†5f ‚jp

9
ÐΊÍÆÎŠÍ ?> e<wð G< ">
Òqã â LÓÙÖ Ý´á9Ú

Š©‚jt‡m£€l†cŽ ‚{ƒtmY†¨©‚jkZoŽc#ªtm‡|titzhf tg=fhd‰‹ŠŒox{kcm m$¶†cm£t|lm£|Kƒ„k^‚j«†5ªlm©ŠÆ™› Žc#ªtm‡|titz fhtg=fhoªØx{k^|

kcm£x{z ÔV †5f «3m‡‚j«3€lil†5f tgKŽ Ž †5m‡«3Žh\l¨1ªtfh#ªPx{kcm'|tmh]؁lm£|~fhbž ¥Wª p ‚{†5ªP£x{Žcm‡Žafhv{‚jz v{m‹x{z zh‚ ¢xy†cfhtg
ï i
x~ŽcªØx{k^m£|Okcm£Ž^‚jitk^£m3†c‚ ­
x~ŽcmY†K‚yƒ©‡‚jt£ilkckcm‡†K†#xyŽ?Z;Ž ,‚{†cªOf ;v{‚jz v{mˆƒ„k^mU;itm‡;†Kfhvj‚ ¢x³†5fh‚{tŽ‚{ƒ
ï

£‚{t£itk^kcm‡;††5x{Ž?Z;Žh\Cx{t|),‚{†5ªP†5x{Ž?Z;ŽªØx¢vjmk^m¢x{zîV†cfh«ˆm'‡‚jtŽ^†ck5x{f †5Žx{l|)ªØx¢vjm|tm£x{|tzhf tm£ŽÃ†5‚ޏ,m

«ˆm‡†¢pkì'‚D¨Ãm‡vjm‡k\;fh†5ªtm£x{Žcma‚yƒ¬lm‡†¨Ã‚jk?ZŽc#ªtm‡|titzhf tgfh‰‹ŠŒd\{†cªtmaŽ^ªØx{kcm‡|Þkcm‡Žc‚jitk^£m,m£‡‚j«3m‡Ž

†5ªlmdlm‡†¨Ã‚jk?Z)f tŽ^†cm¢x{|T‚{ƒ?†5ªtmŠÆ™›w€tkc‚ £m‡ŽcŽc‚{k\,x{t|~†5ªtmom$¶lm‡£il†cfh‚jT‚{ƒ xÞkcm¢xyz 


V †cfh«ˆm'†5x{Ž?Z)ªØxyŽ

,m£m£Tkcm‡€tzxy£m£|T)†5ªtm†ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚j)‚{ƒ xÞ|Øxy†5xF€tx{Z{mY†¢p

‰'mY†¨©‚jkZK†5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚jtŽ x{kcmal‚jkc«3x{zhz  ñ


à â³à hã ß5Î#Î ÙNã Ï Ü G Ωø x'†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j²\j‚jl£maŽ †#x{k †5m£|5\

fhŽ£x{kck^fhm‡|͂{il†dit†5fhz f †5Ž‡‚j«ˆ€tzhmY†5fh‚{ ú puNÍ‚jVg{‚jfhtgրØx{Z{mY†K†ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚jš£x{tt‚{†o,mFfhV

†5m‡kck^it€l†5m‡| |tilmo†c‚ˆxFlm‡¨1z Vx{kck^f vjm‡|T†ck5x{lŽc«ˆfhŽcŽ^fh‚j)k^mU;itm‡Ž^†¢p

r gjm£tm‡k5x{z#\x{ ‰NŠŒ+|Øxy†#xֆck5x{lŽc«ˆfhŽcŽ^fh‚j Ùò ù ¨1f †5ªš€,m£k^fh‚ | Ð


ù ¢x{ ,m#ªØx{kcx{‡†cm£k^f=í£m‡| ;

†5ªlmd€tx{k5x{«ˆm‡†cm£k^Ž=Ž^ªt‚D¨1 f Te fhgjilkcm@Xlpnp

è & P²A²³Æ„ÉlÄØÊ'ÂAƸ´.¯ €ó ë Å ù †5ªtmF†5f «3mFx³†d¨1ªlfh#ª`x~tmY†¨©‚jkZO€tx{Z{mY†£‚{;†5x{fhlfhtg)†5ªlm3Ž^m£tŽ^‚jk

|Øx³†#x~ªØx{Žd¬m‡m£.litfhz †`\õ€tzhx{£m‡|Of ;†c‚T†cªtmF†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{TU;itm‡itm \ x{t|Íkcm£x{|lšƒ„‚jk†5kcx{tŽV

«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{p‰'‚{kc«3x{zhz \;†5ªtf ŽfhŽa†5ªlmdŽ †#x{k †=‚{ƒ m£x{#ª~†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{T€,m£k^fh‚ |p

è ( €ó•3 ë
¬ÂDÄt²DÂFÂAƸ´.¯
ù †5ªtm†5f «3mox³†¨1ªtfh#ª x†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{)Ž^†#xyk^†5Ž‡p

è ôJõ =ï €ó=Ò ë
¾Þʄ± õÆÇÀ +ÂAƸ´.¯
ù Z m‡Ža†5‚¨©x{f †Ãƒ„‚jk©†cªtmN†5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚jPŽ †#x{k †1xyƒ0†5m‡kaf †
†5ªlmN†5f «3m'f †©†5x {

Ò ö3
x{k^kcf vjm£Žh\lfÇp myp
ù  ù &b ù p
i
z ‚Z;fhlg†5f «3m Ò ù ‡‚jtŽcf Ž^†cŽ©‚{ƒ†¨Ã‚Þ€Øx{k †5Ž‡s †5f «3m1†5‚d¨ax{f †Ãƒ„‚{k

x{z zªtf gjªtm£k€lkcfh‚{kcf †3†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚jtŽa†5‚Ÿ]؁lfhŽcª5\Ø|tm£t‚y†5m£|  Ò® Ž ù


\Cx{t|~†5fh«ˆm‹†5‚Þ¨©x{f †ƒ„‚{k

x{T‚jVgj‚jf tgFzh‚D¨©m‡k1€tkcf ‚jkcf †P†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j)†5‚˜]؁tfhŽ^ª ,m££x{itŽ^mKtmY†¨©‚jkZ)†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{

f Ž't‚{V€tk^m£m‡«3€l†cf v{m ,
\ |tm£t‚y†5m£| ; ҍ÷ø® ù p ì'm£l£m \ Ò ùÒ ® Ò ÷ø®
ù  Ž ù ÿ ù \ zhm‡†=†5ªlm
p1eCilk^†5ªlm£kc«ˆ‚jk^m ,

¨Ã‚jkcŽ †V¢x{Ž^mtz ‚Z;f tg†5f «3m‡Ž1x{¬‚Dv{md,mokcm‡€tkcm‡Žcm£†cm£|+ Ò Ò® þ


ù\
þ
Ž ù
\Øxyt| þ ҍ÷Y® ù p

è ­©²AÄØÀ?Å¢´`ƸŢŢƄ±,ÀOÂAƸ´.¯ €ó ë þ ù †cªtm1†5fh«ˆm1f † †#x«Z{m£ŽÃ†5‚KŽ^m£t|3†5ªtm'tm‡†¨Ã‚jk?Zˆ€Øx{Zym‡†aƒ„k^‚j« †5ªlm


n

Ž^‚jitkc‡m†c‚3†5ªlmK|tm‡Ž^†5f Øxy†cfh‚j x{£k^‚jŽcŽ=†5ªtmtm‡†¨Ã‚jk?ZCp r†‹f Ž't‚{kc«3x{zhz P|tm‡£fh|lm£|+T€Øx{Zym‡†

z m£tg{†cªTx{t|~†5ªtmotf †k5xy†cmo‚{ƒ½†cªtmo€tª Žcfh£x{zõtmY†¨©‚jkZCp

è K Æ¸À½Æ¸Å¢®?ÆÇÀ =ï ÂAÆÇ´O¯ hóÂl ë ù †5ªtm†cfh«ˆmxy†¨1ªtf #ª x†5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚je]؁tf Žcªtm‡Ž£p

è ­©²AÄØÀ?Å¢´`ƸŢŢƄ±,ÀÁ°¯ Ê¸Ä €óEú ë ù †cªtm†5f «3m‹,m‡†¨Ãm£m‡ ¨1ªtm‡T†cªtmo€Øx{Z{mY†‹xykckcf vjm‡Ž'xyt|T¨1ªlm£

†cªtmo€Øx{Z{mY†'†ck5x{lŽc«ˆfhŽcŽ^fh‚j)f ŽÆ]؁tf Žcªtm‡|pÙnªlm£kcmYƒ„‚jkcm«\ ú öl


ù  ù &w ù ‚{k ú öÒ
ù  ù ÿ
þ ù p

r†5ªtm x{Øx{z  ŽcfhŽÞf †cªtfhŽF#ªØxy€l†5m‡k\a¨Ãm]Øk^Ž^†3fhgjl‚jkcm)†5ªlm m(à m‡‡†3‚{ƒN†cªtm |lm£zx¢ x{ŽV

Ž^it«3f tg †5ªØx³† ú Qû


ù Ð
ù p ua†T†cªtmÍm£t|>‚{ƒKf 7†5ªtf ŽT#ªtx{€l†5m‡k\‹¨Ãmͨ1f zhz‹Ž^ªt‚D¨@\ x{

m$¶txy«3€tz m 
\ †5ªtxy† ¨1ªtm£P‡‚j†5k^‚jzhz fhtgoxƒ¸x{Ž^†cm£k§€tzxy;†Ãx{l| ú ù xyt| Ð
ù \ †5ªlm
x{kcm1£‚{«3€Øxyk5x{tz m 

tmY†¨©‚{k?ZVf t|tit‡m£|)|tm‡zx¢Þ¨1fhz zØ|tm£gjkcx{|tm'Ž^ Ž^†cm£« €¬m‡k^ƒ„‚jk^«Öx{l£m{pknªtmNŽ †#x{tf zhf †ނ{ƒ°‰NŠŒŽ

¨1f †5ªÍtm‡†¨Ã‚jk?Zym£|Vfht|lit£m‡|`|tm£zhx¢Íx{t|Í£‚j«ˆ€¬m‡tŽ5x³†5fh‚{ÍŽ^#ªtm£«ˆm£Žd¨1fhz z¬mF|tf Žc‡itŽcŽ^m£|`f 

Š©ªØxy€l†5m‡k=qlp

è H )¯;ÄØÁ?ÊÇƸÀ?¯ €óü5 ë ù †cªtmֆcfh«ˆm֏,m‡ƒ„‚jk^m3¨1ªtf #ªUxT†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{`Žcªt‚{itzh|`,mP‡‚j«3€lzhm‡†cm£|.†c‚

x¢vj‚{fh|~€¬m‡k^ƒ„‚jk^«Öxyt£m|tm‡gjk5xy|Øxy†5f ‚j~‚{ƒ?†5ªtmoŽ^ Ž †5m£«Tpsr ‚jilk1‰‹ŠŒ)Žcm‡†cit€²\ 5 ù y  ù


ÿ
Ð
ù p

ýþb
þb ýþb
ýþýbþb ýþb
þb ýþb
þb þýþý
τi
Ji bi
ýþb
ý þb ý ý þb
ci
ý ý þý
ai si fi di t

e½fhgjitk^m@Xlpns™ x{kcx{«ˆm‡†5m‡kcŽ1‚{ƒ xÞkcm¢xyz 


V †cfh«ˆmNtmY†¨©‚{k?ZP†5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚jP†#xyŽ?Z

§.mˆŽcil«3«3x{kcfHí£m†cªtmÖxyØx{zh‚{g{+,m‡†¨Ãm£m‡ tm‡†¨Ã‚jk?Z Ž^#ªtm£|tilzhfhlg x{l| ŠÆ™› Ž^#ªtm£|litzhf tg f 

n½x{tzhm Xlp pe؂jk «ˆ‚jkcm1|tmY†#x{f zhm‡|3|tf Žc‡itŽcŽ^fh‚j3‚{ƒ°ŠÆ™›>Ž^#ªtm£|litzhf tgKf 3k^m¢x{zîV†5f «3m©Ž^ Ž^†cm£«ˆŽ\lk^m‡ƒ„m‡k
ï

†5‚ž ¥ \tq ª p
ï
X

ÿ ¯Â±C² õ J Å y®°¯ Á½¿?ʸÆÇÀ =ï  I » J


Å y®°¯ Á½¿?ʸÆÇÀ =ï
†#x{ŽZ €Øx{Zym‡†=†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j †#xyŽ?ZPm$¶lm‡£il†cfh‚j
Ð †5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j)€¬m‡kcf ‚| †#x{ŽZ)€¬m‡kcf ‚|
ù

l
þ ù †5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{P†5fh«ˆm £‚j«ˆ€til†5xy†5f ‚jP†5f «3m

5 ù ]؁lfhŽcªlfhtgކ5f «3m ]؁tf Žcªtf tgކ5fh«ˆm


†5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚j~|tm¢xy|tzhf tm †#x{ŽZP|tm£x{|tzhf tm
ù

€lkcm£m‡«3€†5fh‚{
É tm‡†¨Ã‚jk?Z)i†5fhz f=í£xy†5f ‚j
t‚{V€tk^m£m‡«3€l†cf v{m
ŠÆ™› il†5f zhfH¢
í xy†cfh‚j
€tkcm‡m£«ˆ€l†5f vjm

n½x{tzhm@Xp su'Øx{z ‚jg{P,m‡†¨Ãm£m‡+tmY†¨©‚jkZ~x{t| ŠÆ™› Ž^#ªtm£|litzhf tg


ï

§.md|tm(]؁tm†cªtm à ÎYÏ ©
! â ß .- Ý Ï Ü Ü ø Ú Ï ÜÔâ³àÞí‡ÚE: Ï â ß \
É \¬‚yƒxFŽcm‡†'‚{ƒ‰‹ŠŒT€lzx{†5Ž1¨1ªtf #ª kcmhU;itfhk^m

€,m£kcf ‚|lfhN†ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚j)‚{ƒ?†5ªlm£fhkŽ^m£tŽ^‚jkcŽ Ä «ˆm£Ž^Ž5x{g{mxyŽ


É 8
þ ù
 
ù 
Ð
ù 

uMŽ^m‡†Þ‚{ƒ=‰NŠŒO†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚jtŽdfhŽKŽcx{fh|͆5‚+,m á: ×ØÎ ä{ÝE Ú Õ  Î .x Žc#ªtm‡|titz fhtgšxyzhgj‚jk^f †cªt«

ø ‚{k©†5ªtm'†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{PŽc#ªtm‡|titz mdf Ž í Î Ú³áYÜ Õ  Îcú f ƒ?x{z z,†ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚jtŽ©¢x{),m‹£‚{«3€tz m‡†cm£|),m‡ƒ„‚jk^m

†5ªlm£fhk|lm¢x{|tz fhtm‡Ž£p

u¦ŽcmY†1‚{ƒ?‰‹ŠŒÖ†ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚jtŽÃfhŽÃŽ5x{f |P†5‚,m áYÜ0ÙNã7 è ã ÎYß ÜÔâ£ä{ܒ: f ƒõƒ„‚jkÃm‡v{m£k^P€Øx{fhkÂ{ƒõ†5kcx{tŽV

ò ò
Ð Ð Ð
«ˆfhŽcŽ^fh‚jlŽ
ù x{l| x{t| Ð
ù î7Ð \ Ð f Ž1x{~fh†5m‡gjm£k1«ilz †5f €tzhm'‚{ƒ Ð
ù p

u ŽcmY†‹‚{ƒ§‰NŠŒ †5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚jtŽ=fhŽNŽcx{fh| †5‚֏,m ñ


Ü0à hã × Ú³á Î f ƒ†5ªlmx{k^kcf vyx{zõ†cfh«ˆm£Ž=‚{ƒ†5ªtm3]ØkcŽ †

†5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚jtŽ‚{ƒ?†5ªlm‰NŠŒŽ'x{kcm‹†cªtmoŽ5x{«ˆm{p


{q

Þ Þ
~’ :ž3Ì¥  –ˆ™+–ŸÌ–ˆ™š¡  ‘A”u +¥›š˜mË¢¡¢™ áà t*Ž r‘
– ~Ÿ

9 09
ÐÎ ÐÎÑ šãkÚÝßë ÓÙÖ1ÓpÚÓÙÖOâ k<w$ª< 7Ü1Ý ×@ÔOä)âÖ G³
rTž÷q ª \Ø}õfhiÖx{t|~}°x¢zhx{t|)xy|t|tkcm‡ŽcŽ^m£|~†5ªtm‹€lkc‚jtz m£« ‚{ƒ°€tk^fh‚jk^f †cf=í£m‡|²\;€tkcm‡m£«ˆ€l†5f vjm‹Ž^#ªtm£|litzhf tg

ƒ„‚jkFxšŽcmY†Ö‚yƒ Ü0à,ä Î ã Î à,ä Î à ϋø fhlf †5fhxy†5f ‚j.‚{kÞ£‚j«ˆ€tzhmY†5f ‚j ‚{ƒ'|tfHìm£k^m£†F†#x{ŽZ Žˆ|t‚ t‚{†ˆ|tm‡€¬m‡t|

‚j`m£x{#ª \ €¬m‡kcf ‚|tf 3k^m¢x{zîV†cfh«ˆmF†5x{Ž?Z;Ž‡pmnªtm‡.€tkc‚j€,‚jŽ^m£|`†5ªlm


‚{†5ªlm£k ú  ß Ú ÏæÎ ÙÖâ³à â Ï â³àØܒ: ø oµ ú

Žc#ªlm£|titz fhtgÖx{zhg{‚jkcf †5ªt«Tppr†Nf Ž=xˆŽ^fh«ˆ€tzhmk^itzhmo†5ªØx³†NxyŽcŽcf gjtŽ=€tkcf ‚jkcf †5f m£Ž©†c‚3†#xyŽ?Z;ŽNxy££‚{kc|tf tgˆ†c‚

†5ªlm£fhk€,m£k^fh‚ |tŽ£p§Œ €¬m‡£fH]t¢x{z z \ †#x{ŽZ;Ž1¨1f †5ª~Žcªl‚jk^†cm£k1€¬m‡kcf ‚|tŽÃ¨1fhzhz¬ªØx¢vjmdªtfhg{ªtm£k€tk^fh‚jk^f †cfhm£Ž‡p •o 


fhŽxe]*¶m£|V€tkcf ‚jkcf †Íx{ŽcŽ^fhgjt«ˆm£†£sK€tk^fh‚jk^f †5f m£Žox{k^mÖxyŽcŽcf gjtm‡|.†5‚T†#x{ŽZ Ž¬mYƒ„‚jkcmˆm(¶m‡£il†cfh‚j xyt|

|t‚ˆt‚{†=#ªØx{lgjm‚Dv{m£k1†5fh«ˆm{p ” ‚{kcm£‚Dv{m£k\ [o  £x{ ,md€tkcm‡m£«ˆ€l†5f vjm{s †5ªlmd‡itkck^m£†5z ~m(¶m£‡il†5f tg

†#xyŽ?ZPf Ž€tkcm‡m£«ˆ€l†5m‡| ~xށtm‡¨1z Væx{k^kcf v{m£|~†#x{ŽZÖ¨1f †cª~Žcªt‚jk †5m‡k'€,m£k^fh‚ |p

}õfhiPxyt|)}°x¢zhx{t|PŽ^ªt‚D¨©m‡|)†5ªØxy† /oµ fhŽ§‚j€l†5f «ÖxyzCx{«3‚{tgx{z z]*¶m£|V€tkcf ‚jkcf †3x{ŽcŽ^fhgjt«ˆm£†cŽ

fh†cªtm1Žcm‡tŽcm1†5ªØx³† t‚o‚{†5ªtm‡kp]*¶m£|V€tkcf ‚jkcf †Þx{z gj‚jkcf †5ªt« £x{FŽc#ªtm‡|titzhm'x‹†#x{ŽZŽcmY† †5ªØxy† £x{tt‚y†

,m+Žc#ªtm‡|titz m£| ;Loµ ÍpÆnªtm‡ƒ„itk^†cªtm£kP|lm£kcf vjm‡|†cªØxy†P†cªtm+¨Ã‚jkcŽ †~¢x{Ž^mšil†5f zhf=í£xy†5f ‚j¬‚jilt|

ø Ž^i*Lj£f m£†N‡‚jt|tf †5f ‚j ú f Žgjf v{m£T;

­K®°¯;±C²³¯ ´ g
¶¸· ºc­K®°¯;±C²³¯ ´ º¶¸·C·  €ó Sy[ ËTò á ÎYÏ âæí Ü0à,ä Î ã Î à,ä Î à Ï 4 ã ß5Î#Î ÙNã Ï Ü G Î 4 ã ÎYß ÜÔâ£ä{ܒ:

Ï Ú³á - áŸ:cÚ{à ÕYÎ í Î Ú³áYÜ Õ è 


á : ×ØÎ ä{ݏ Î ä Õ£èˆÏ0×ØÎ Ú À2 â ß Ü Ï„× ÙMÜ íoÜ Ï á Ï â Ï Ú õ
 Ý ÏÜÜ ø Ú Ï ÜÔâ³à
É á£Ú Ï Ühá çaÎ á

 4Ó
É 8
þ ù  
  y  n &
ï`“Å
ù  ù
Ð

nªtmoil†5f zhfHí¢xy†cfh‚jˆ¬‚{itt|)|tm‡£kcm£x{Žcm‡Ž'«ˆ‚jt‚y†5‚jtf ¢x{z z ƒ„k^‚j« , XK¨1ªtm£  n†5‚Þz ‚jgCn 



-

, ¥ lXx{Ž ¡ pknªtmNk^m£Žcilz †aŽ^ªt‚D¨1Ža†5ªØx³†ax{3€¬m‡kcf ‚|tf †#x{ŽZ3Ž^m‡†a‚yƒ°x{֎^f=í‡m'¨1fhz zC¬mNx{tzhm



†5‚3«3m‡m‡†'x{z zõ|tm¢x{|lzhfhlm£Ž'x{zhzõ‚{ƒ½†5ªtmo†5f «3mof ƒ †5ªlmkcxy†5md«3‚{t‚{†5‚{tfhox{z gj‚jk^f †5ªl«MfhŽ1itŽ^m£|šxyt| †5ªlm

†5‚y†#x{zti†5fhz f=í£xy†5f ‚jfhŽl‚{†§gjkcm£xy†5m‡k †cªØx{ , ¥ lXlp½u lm££m‡ŽcŽcx{k^3x{t|ˆŽciÇ3‡fhm‡;†Ã£‚{t|tf †cfh‚jF‚jF†5ªlm



Žc#ªlm£|titzhx{tf zhf †ւ{ƒ xFŽ^m‡†=‚{ƒ?†#x{ŽZ;Ž'Ž^#ªtm£|tilzhm£|  oµ x{z gj‚jkcf †5ªt« fhŽg{f vjm‡ f  žVq
ï
ª p

oµ Žc#ªtm‡|titz fhtg3‚{ƒxˆŽcm‡†'‚{ƒ t‚jV€tkcm‡m£«ˆ€l†5f vjm C


\ €,m£k^fh‚ |tfh‹†5x{Ž?Z;ŽNf Ž1|tfhŽ^£itŽ^Žcm£|šf Lž÷q*\ ¥ ª p

nªtm‡fhk1kcm‡Žcitz †5Ž1¢x{~,moŽcit«ˆ«Öxykcf=í‡m£|~fh

­K®°¯;±C²³¯ ´ g
¶ µLºc­K®°¯;±C²³¯ ´ ·Eº Xó € º Ëôò á ÎYÏ âæí Ü0à,ä Î ã Î à,ä Î à Ï 4 ñ
à â³à hã ß5Î#Î ÙNã Ï Ü G Î 4 ã ÎYß Ü œñ
â£ä{ܒ: Ï Ú³á - áÍåÜ0à,ä Î Û Î ä Õ£è τ×ØÎ ä Î : ß5Î Ú³áYÜ0àE2.â ß ä ÎYß âæí Ï0×ØÎ Ü ß ã ß ÜÔâ ß Ü Ï Ü Î áe!Ü Ï0× j B
ï
ÕYÎ Ü0àE2 Ï0×ØÎ

× Ü 2 ×ØÎ á Ï Ú{à,ä j
t ÕYÎ Ü0àE2 Ï0×ØÎ hâ! Î á Ï ìÖÚ ß5Î á: ×ØÎ ä{ݏ Ú Õ  Î Ü íí¢â ß Ú j
  k
ï

`


þ` þ$ þ ù þ ҍ÷Y® j 4Ó ù y ´ n


 ù
& X p
ø l ú
Ð5 ÿ Ð ÿ ` ÿ Ð ÿ Ð ï`“Å ï
ù ù

! ×ØÎYß5Πҍ÷ø®
þ
ù Ühá Ï Ú³á -nj ñ
 á@!©â ß á Ï ?:cÚ³á ÎdÕ hâ: - Ü0àE2 Ï Ü0Ù ÎKÕ£èˆÏ0×ØÎ hâ! ÎYß ã ß ÜÔâ ß Ü Ï¸è3Ï Ú³á - á 4 Ü / Î /4

ҍ÷ø® 8 m® ‚ ‚ ®
Ð
«3x¶
ù  þ
þ

Ð ù cd  

nªtm£‚{kcm£« Xlpn3fhŽ'x{zhŽ^‚)x֎^i*Lj£fhm‡†£‚jl|tf †cfh‚jpŧOmK¢xyškcm¢xy#ª+†5ªtf ŽN£‚{t£z itŽcf ‚j ¨1f †5ªt‚ji†

£‚{tŽcf |tm£k^fhtgo†5ªtm=fhl|tf v fh|liØx{ztvyx{zhilm£Ž ‚{ƒ†cªtm=†5x{Ž?ZFxykckcf vyx{zt†5f «3m«\€¬m‡kcfh‚ |²\ x{t|3m(¶m£‡il†5f ‚j3†cfh«ˆm{p

ì'‚D¨Ãm‡v{m£k\¬xƒ„m¢x{Ž^fhtz mŽc#ªtm‡|titz m«3x¢Pt‚{†=tm‡£m‡ŽcŽ5xykcfhz )Ž5x³†5fhŽ ƒ0eSpU;iØxy†cfh‚j X p


ø l ú p
ï

9 09
ÐÎ ÐÎŠÍ #
áOáOä)â e< ãkÚjâÓÕÖÛÚ*Ó wð $ª>
rŠ©ªØx{€l†cm£k3n\ ¨©mTªØx¢vjmT|tm£k^f v{m£|Ux{Uil€t€¬m‡kF¬‚jilt|U‚{ †cªtm)†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j €¬m‡kcf ‚| ø z ‚D¨©m‡k

,‚jitt|`‚{.†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚jOkcxy†5m ú ƒ„‚jkx{ ‰NŠŒO†5‚ ¬m3Ž^†#xytzhmyp u'zhŽc‚*\½¨ÃmPªØx¢vjmPl‚{†5f £m£|Oƒ„kc‚j«


¥

Sk¶lx{«3€lzhm1npn ¥ †cªØxy†ƒ¸x{Ž †5m‡k€tzxy;†cŽkcmhU ilfhkcm©ªtfhgjªlm£k †ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚jkcxy†5m‡Ž£pk§ªlm£ˆx‹ŽcmY† ‚{ƒ¬‰‹ŠŒ

€tzhx{†5Ž‹xykcmK‡‚jttm‡‡†cm£|+†5‚3†5ªtmtm‡†¨Ã‚jk?Z x{t|+x{kctf †5kcxy†5moƒ„‚jk=tm‡†¨Ã‚jk?Z Øx{t|¨1fh|l†cª²\¬tx{Žcm‡|š‚j

†5ªlm o  Žc#ªtm‡|titz fhtgˆx{z gj‚jkcf †5ªt«\ xƒ¸x{Ž^†cm£k€tzhx{†¨1f †5ª)ªlfhgjªtm‡ka†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j)k5xy†cmŽcªt‚{itzh|~,m

gjf vjm£Tªtf gjªtm£k€lkcfh‚{kcf †3‚Dvjm‡kNxގcz ‚D¨©m‡k=€lzx{†¢p

nªtm£‚{kcm£« Xlpn ¢x{ ,mÖilŽcm£| †c‚ †5m‡Ž^††cªtmPŽc#ªlm£|titzhx{tf zhf † ‚yƒ=x+Žcm‡†‚{ƒ=‰‹ŠŒŽK£‚jtlm£‡†cm£|

†5‚P†cªtmFŽ5x{«ˆmtmY†¨©‚{k?Z+¨1ªtm‡OŽ^#ªtm£|tilzhm£|͏+†5ªlm oµ x{z gj‚jkcf †5ªt«TpOnªtmƒ„‚jz zh‚D¨1fhlgÖm(¶lx{«ˆ€tz m

fhz zhitŽ †5kcxy†5m‡Žaªt‚D¨†cªtfhŽ£x{ ,mo|t‚jtmyp

·¹¸ Ät´.¼ ʄ¯ šg †g


¶ º (XJy®°¯ Á½¿?Ê„Ä "é ƒ ƸʸƄ ­©¯ ŇÂyË Š©‚jlŽcfh|lm£kTxŽ^m‡† ‚{ƒŽc¢xyzx{k~€tzhx{†5Ž~kcm‡€tkcm$V

Žcm‡†5m£| TSpU;iØxy†cfh‚j ø npYX{q ú ¨1f †cª ô n -  n , - x{t| fT - , q -  X , \°kcm£Ž^€¬m‡‡†cf vjm‡z {p~‰'‚{†cm

†5ªtxy†Fx{z z †cªtkcm‡m~‰‹ŠŒŽKªØx¢vjm)†5ªtm֎5x{«ˆmևzh‚jŽ^m£|Vzh‚ ‚j€.€,m£k ƒ„‚jkc«3x{t‡m \ þ +& n - m


p nªtmPil€t€¬m‡k

,‚jitt|tŽ ø Žci*Lj£f m£†3£‚jt|lf †5f ‚jtŽ ú ‚j†cªtm~€tzxy;†cŽ Ä †ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚j €,m£k^fh‚ |tŽ\ \ ¢x{z £itzhxy†5m‡|
Ð*;=<?> Ã

mnªtm‡‚jkcm‡« npn X*\°x{l|+†5ªtmށtm‡£m‡ŽcŽ5xyk^Íx{t| Ž^i*Lj£fhm‡†‡‚jt|tf †5f ‚jtŽ ø ‡ƒæpõe½fhgjitk^mFnpYX ú \ d„† '‡


Ð =< \

£‚{«3€ti†5m£|T^SpU;iØxy†5f ‚j ø npYX - ú ‚{©™½x{gjm ¥¥ \Øxykcmogjf v{m£~fh^n½x{tz mRXp np

‰NŠŒ j ï
n X
 n - n , -

„Š .‡
Ð*;=<?> , , n , ގ , , n j X nKŽ , , X ¥ Ž
  
Ð H< , , qXlގ , , q«Ž , ,¥  
X Ž
  
n x{lzhm@Xlpns§Š©‚j«ˆ€Øx{k^fhŽc‚{T‚yƒ ,‚jitt|lŽ1ƒ„‚{kŽc¢xyzx{k€tzhx{†5Ža¨1f †5ª~†5ªtmoŽ5xy«3m‡zh‚jŽ^m£|Vzh‚ ‚j€

i
x{Ž^m£|L‚j †5ªlm+x{,‚DvjmTkcm£Ž^itz †cŽÖxyt|U†cªtm Åo  xyzhgj‚jk^f †cªt«\†cªtmTŽcm‡†Ö‚{ƒ‰NŠŒŽ3¨1f †5ª [

n -  n ,* - xykcmox{Ž^Žcfhg{tm£|~€tk^fh‚jk^f †5f m£Ž


ï
 n  XÞxyt|~fht|tm$¶m£|T; k j ï
 n  X*\lk^m£Žc€,m£Y†5f vjm£z jp§}õm‡†1†5ªlm

†5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚jš€,m£kcf ‚|lŽ‚{ƒ©†cªtmˆ‰‹ŠŒŽd¬m Ðd1 , , n ¥ hŽ \ j


Ð RP, , X , 
Ž \½x{t| ÐR , , X{q)Ž‡p
  


uNŽ^Žcit«ˆm~m‡v{m£k^ ‰‹ŠŒ ªØx{Ž†5ªlm)Ž5x{«ˆmP†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j.†5f «3m þ˜ þ$e þ$e ,  , , qšŽ n ªtf Ž
ø 

vyx{zhilm+fhŽP#ªl‚jŽcm‡>ØxyŽcm£|‚jŒ¦‹mYvf £m£‰'m‡†~Ž^€¬m‡£f Ø
] ¢xy†cfh‚jßž - l ª0ú a
p nªtm‡kcm‡ƒ„‚{kcm \=†5ªtm+¨Ã‚jk^Ž^†V¢x{Ž^m

tz ‚Z;fhlg~†cfh«ˆmƒ„‚jk‹†5ªlm։NŠŒŽ ø  zh‚D¨©m‡k€lkcfh‚{kcf † ‰‹ŠŒ Ž ú xykcm þ ҍ÷ø® ҍ÷Y®


1 þ   , 

, , q~Ž£punªtm

Žc#ªlm£|titzhx{tf zhf †Px{Øx{z  ŽcfhŽilŽcfhlg nªlm£‚jk^m£« XlpnfhŽ1x{Žƒ„‚jz zh‚D¨1Ž£p

e؂jk j
t
ï
þ` þ ҍ÷Y® 
Œ, X ,  y ø n

& úp
Ðd ÿ Ð5  ï ï ï

e؂jk j
t n

þ þ( ҍ÷ø®


þ 
}, q;n , - y n ø n

 ‡
& úp}, n«{q
Ðd ÿ Ð ÿ Ð  ï  

e؂jk j
t X
þ` þ$ þ(
}, q , q y X ø n

 ‡
& úp,  l
Ð5 ÿ Ð ÿ Ð  ï  

§Om'£x{3Ž^m£m1†5ªØx³†Ã†cªtm1Žcm‡†Ã‚{ƒ‰‹ŠŒŽ ¨1f †cªˆ†cªtm'Ž^m£z m£‡†cm£|ˆ†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{ˆ€,m£k^fh‚ |tŽ fhŽŽ^#ªtm£|tilzx{tz m

itŽ^fhtgކ5ªlm o  Žc#ªtm‡|titzhf tg3x{zhgj‚{kcf †cªt«Tp

uNŽ=|tmh]ttm£| fhTŒm‡‡†5f ‚jXlp n p n\txކck5x{lŽc«ˆfhŽcŽ^fh‚j~tz ‚Z;f tg†5f «3m Ò ù £‚jlŽcfhŽ †5Ž1‚{ƒ?†¨©‚3€Øx{k †5Ž£s

†5ªlmˆ†cfh«ˆmK†5‚~¨axyf †oƒ„‚jkox{z zªtfhg{ªtm£kV€tk^fh‚jk^f †T†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{tŽ‹†5‚^]؁tf ŽcªOx{t| †5ªtmF†5f «3m†c‚~¨©x{f †

ƒ„‚jkox{ ‚jEVgj‚jf tgPz ‚A¨Ãm£kV€tk^fh‚jk^f †T†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j+†5‚e]؁tf ŽcªpˆŠ©‚{tŽcf |tm£k^fhtg)†5ªlfhŽ\†cªtmFk5x{lgjmނ{ƒ

†5ªlm †5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚j€¬m‡kcfh‚ |‚{ƒ‹m£x{#ª‰‹ŠŒ fhŽ3x«Ã m‡‡†cm£|Lf †cŽˆ¨Ã‚jkcŽ †V¢x{Ž^m+tzh‚ Z;fhtg †5f «3m þ Ò
ø €lkcm£m‡«3€†5fh‚{`.ªtf gjªtm‡k)V€lkcfh‚{kcf †š‰‹ŠŒŽh\ þ Ò®
Ž ù
\ €tzhitŽd†5ªtm֏tzh‚ Z;fhtgT†5fh«ˆmˆ;.zh‚D¨Ãm£k)V€tkcf ‚jkcf †

‰‹ŠŒ Ž\ ҃÷Y®


þ
ùú \ ¨1ªlfh#ªx{kcm)Ž^it«ˆ«Öx{k^f=í‡m£| fhwn½x{tz m^XlpYXlpT§Om~Žcm‡m~†cªØxy††cªtm~k5x{lgjm)‚{ƒ1†5ªtm Ð²Ä Ž

|t‚3t‚{†=m(¶£m‡m£|+†cªtm£f k=k^m£Ž^€¬m‡‡†5f vjmit€t€,m£k=¬‚jilt|tŽN‚{T†ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚jT€¬m‡kcf ‚|tŽ‡pÕnªtm‡kcmYƒ„‚jkcm«\,¨Ãm

£‚{t£z it|tma†5ªtxy††5ªlmaŽcmY† ‚{ƒ¬‰‹ŠŒŽŽ^#ªtm£|tilzhm£|ˆK†cªtm oµ bxyzhgj‚jk^f †cªt«wfhŽŽ^#ªtm£|litzx{lzhm1x{t|Þm£x{#ª

‰‹ŠŒ)fhŽŽ †#x{lzhm{p


‰‹ŠŒ j þ Ò Ò ® ҍ÷ø®
ù 
þ
Ž ù ÿ
þ
ù Ð
ù ¨
, , , , q }  , ,, qގ ž , p , njn\ , p , X ,ª
ï ÿ  
n , , , q , ,, q Œ, , , ގ ž , p , njn\ , p , X ª
 ÿ  
X , , ,
 ,3}, ,, Ž ž, p, n ¥ \ , p , q;n ª
 ÿ 
n½x{tzhm@XpƒXlsµ§O‚jk^Ž^†V¢x{Ž^mlzh‚ Z f tg†5f «3m‹x{t|~†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{)€¬m‡kcfh‚ |~k5x{lgjm‹ƒ„‚jkÅSk¶lx{«3€lzhm@XlpYX

9 09 09 c Mc
ÐÎ ÐÎ  áOäÝ Ý´ÖÕÚ*ãkÚjâÓÕÖ >d> *Ô1Ý

nªtm ~oµ Žc#ªtm‡|titzhf tgPxyzhgj‚jk^f †cªt«M£x{ ,mf «3€lzhm£«ˆm£†cm£|T‚j €tk^fh‚jk^f †Vtx{Žcm‡| tmY†¨©‚{k?Z;Ž\¬Žcit#ª

x{ŽoŠ©uN‰ x{t|ô¦‹mYv fh£m£‰'mY†`\¬¨1ªlm£kcm†cªtm€tk^fh‚jk^f †~‚{ƒ†cªtm«ˆm£Ž^Ž5x{gjmK¢x{š,mfhl£‚jk^€¬‚jkcxy†5m‡|+fh†c‚

†5ªlmd«ˆm£Ž^Ž5x{g{mdf |tm£†cfH]Øm‡k£p

Þ
~’ ‘A”u +¥›š˜mË¢¡¢™ áà s  ©Ì¡¢ ¡!=žRÌ¡£–ˆ™

9 `_
ÐÎ 9ÎÑ f ”å Ec F €c
èjÓ OäÝ 1Ósè aÔOäãkÚjâÓÙÖ

§OmKªØx¢vjmx{Øx{z 
 í‡m£|T†5ªtmŽc#ªtm‡|titzxytfhz f †~‚{ƒ ‰NŠŒŽNilŽcfhlg3†5ªlm Ýo  Žc#ªtm‡|titz fhtgÖx{zhgj‚{kcf †cªt«bf 

Œm‡‡†5f ‚jmXlpYXlpnp‹u Øxy†5ilk5x{z?m(¶ †5m‡tŽcf ‚jš†5‚Ö†cªtm€tk^‚jtz m£« fhŽh\5ì=‚A¨ £x{+¨©mގ^m£z m£‡†x{+‚j€l†cfh«3x{z

ƒ„m¢xyŽcfhlzhmŽ^#ªtm£|tilzhmÞ¨1ªtfh#ª £x{ «3f tfh«ˆf=í‡m ø ‚jk‹«3x¶fh«ˆf=í‡m ú Žc‚j«ˆmހ¬m‡k^ƒ„‚jk^«Öxyt£m«ˆm¢xyŽcitk^m#"7u

Žc#ªlm£|titz fhtgÍx{z gj‚jk^f †5ªl« f ŽÞŽ5x{f |`†5‚ ,m â#ã Ï Ü0ÙˆÚ  f ƒ=f †Þ«3f tfh«ˆf=í‡m£ŽdŽc‚j«ˆm)gjf vjm£ €,m£k ƒ„‚jkc«3x{t‡m

«ˆm¢x{Ž^itkcmƒ„ittY†5f ‚j~|tmh]؁lm£| ‚Dv{m£k1†5ªtm†#xyŽ?ZPŽ^m‡†¢p

o
=m‡¢x{z z؆5ªØxy†§¨Ãmx{kcm=£‚{tŽcf |tm£k^fhtgKxŽcmY†a‚{ƒ ‰‹ŠŒ Ž\tm£x{#ªÖ¨1f †cªÖf †5Ž †5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{3€,m£k^fh‚ |

Ð
ù \'¬‚jilt| \ x{t|7†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j†5f «3m
Ð;H<?>%$ ô ' þ ù pSuNŽ^Žcit«ˆm m¢x{#ª>‰‹ŠŒLf Ž~x{ŽcŽ^‚‡fxy†cm£|L¨1f †cª

x+€,m£k^ƒ„‚{kc«3x{t£m3«3m£x{Žcilkcmփ„itl‡†5f ‚j²\ ¼ ù øÔÐ \ ¨1ªtfh#ª


ùú  gjf vjm‡ŽK†5ªtmÖ£‚j†5k^‚jz©‡‚jŽ^†ˆxyŽÞx ƒ„ittY†5f ‚j
l

‚{ƒ=†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j €¬m‡kcf ‚| Ð


ùw
p nªlm£kcmYƒ„‚jkcm«\èÃm~¢x{ ƒ„‚jkc«Kitzxy†cm3†cªtm)ƒ„‚jzhz ‚A¨1f tg ‚{€l†5f «3fHí¢xy†cfh‚j

€tk^‚jtzhm‡« s

¼ 
¼
8
«3f tfh«ˆf=í‡m ø «ÖxW¶lf «3fHí£m ú øÇÐ ú  øÇÐ ú
ù ù ù
ù 
Ô
Žcil ^m£Y†'†c‚

è o Ž^#ªtm£|litzx{lfhzhf †և‚jtŽ †5k5xyfh†5Ž‡s

Ðd y y Ð
 
ҍ÷Y®
``
þ
Ðd ÿ ` ÿ Ð
þ ù
ù
ÿ
þ

Ð
ù
ù y j 4Ó
5ø n
 ù
&
ï
ú( j
t
ï

`
 ­
è ‰NŠŒ~Ž †#x{tf zhf †և‚jtŽ^†ck5x{f †5Ž£s

Ð
ù y Ð*;=<>&$ ôE& þ Ò j ù t
ï

``



nªtm¨Ã‚jk^Ž^†V¢x{Ž^mޏtzh‚ Z;fhtg3†5fh«ˆmK‚yƒ m¢x{#ªÍ‰‹ŠŒ †ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚j²\ þ Ò ù \tm‡m£|tŽ‹†c‚)¬m†#x Zym£

f ;†c‚ˆx{£‡‚jit†1¨1ªtm£ Žcm‡†^†5f tgކ5ªtmoit€t€,m£k1,‚jitt|T‚j Ð p


ù

nªtmPŽ^m£zhm‡‡†cfh‚j`‚yƒa†5ªtm3€¬m‡k^ƒ„‚jk^«Öxyt£m3«3m£x{Žcitk^m3ƒ„itl‡†5f ‚j ¼ ù øÔÐ


ù ú fhŽd£k^it£fhx{zÃf O†cªtmւj€†5f V

«ˆf=í¢x³†5fh‚{ˆ€lkc‚jtz m£«Tpkr†Ã|tfhk^m£Y†5z kcm£zhxy†5m‡Ž§†cªtmN‡‚j†5k^‚jzC£‚jŽ †©†5‚d†5ªtm'‰‹ŠŒF†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{3€,m£k^fh‚ |

Ð p Œ ‚j«3mlm‡†¨Ã‚jk?Zގ^#ªtm£|tilzhfhlgd‚{€l†5f «3fHí¢xy†cfh‚j€tkc‚jlzhm£«ˆŽªØx¢vjm1z fhtm£x{kx¢vjm‡k5x{gjm1‡‚jŽ^†§€,m£k†5f «3m


ù

Žcz ‚{†Öx{t|[U;iØx{|lk5xy†cfh~†5‚{†5x{z1£‚jŽ †P‚j Ð xyŽÖfh ž- ª g


p r†cªtm+‰NŠŒŽc#ªtm‡|titzhf tg.‚{€l†5f «3fHí¢xy†cfh‚j

€tk^‚jtzhm‡«\ ¨©mdt‚jk^«Öxyzhz ˆ#ªt‚ ‚jŽ^mRU;iØx{|lk5xy†cfh£‚{Ž^†=‚jkm(¶€,‚jtm‡;†cfx{zõ‡‚jŽ^†£p

nªtmdŽc#ªtm‡|titzhf tgˆ‚j€l†5f «3fHí¢xy†cfh‚j3fhŽf zhzhilŽ^†5kcxy†5m‡|P)†5ªtmƒ„‚jz zh‚D¨1fhlgm(¶lx{«ˆ€tzhmyp


l ,

9 `_
ÐÎ 9ÎŠÍ #
ÖÛޝà9㠓c áOäÝ

§Omd‡zx{f «Q†5ªØxy††ck5x{lŽc«ˆfhŽcŽ^fh‚j)m‡kck^‚jk |;øFN^ú ¢xyT,mitŽ^m£|+xyŽ1xF€,m£k ƒ„‚jkc«3x{t‡m«3m£x{Žcilkcm{p 1m££x{zhz ‰o


†5ªtxy†`\tf  Š©ªØx{€l†cm£kNn\ ;
| øFN^ú f Ž|tmh]؁lm£|+xyŽ

|;¤ øFN^ú ñ |;øFN^ú ñ þ ½øFN_¢ú( Nƨ ž N_ N_cd^ú


ÿ 

·¹¸ Ät´.¼ ʄ¯ šg øy¶ 7º í ¼°ÂAƸ´.ÄØÊ /(ôJ ³®°¯Á?¿?ÊÇƸÀ Ë Mï Š©‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡kT†cªtm Ž5x{«ˆm Žcm‡†cit€¦xyŽ gjf vjm‡>f 

Sk¶lx{«3€lzhm@XlpYXlp \ †cªtm†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j~m£kck^‚jk


e؂jka†5ªlmdŽ^¢x{zhx{k¢xyŽcm t |;øFN^ú f Žgjf v{m£T;

|;¤ ø N^úsŒ|;øFN^ú 
þ ½øFN_¢ú(
ÿ

†5ªlmdŽ^‚jzhi†5fh‚{P†5‚ |;øFN^ú fhŽ


‹ •
|;øFN^ú ”| ‚ & ½ø N_Aú
 ï 

nªtm‡kcm‡ƒ„‚{kcm \؆cªtmokcm£zhxy†5f vjmm‡kckc‚{k¬mY†¨©m‡m£ †ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚jtŽ©fhŽ1¢x{z £itzhxy†5m‡|)

¬¬¬ ¬¬¬ ‹
¬¬ ¬¬
|;øFN^ú & þ •
 ”| ‚ &
½øFN_¢ú  ï 

ì'm‡t£m«\ب©md¢x{~|tm(]؁tmo†5ªtmo€,m£k ƒ„‚jkc«3x{t‡m«3m£x{Žcitk^mƒ„‚jkm¢x{#ª ‰‹ŠŒ j x{Ž

‹
¼ ù øÔÐ
ùp
ú 
& þ
 ù
| ÀÀ Ž 

¨1ªtf #ª f Ž1xF‡‚jvjm$¶+xyt| «ˆ‚jt‚y†5‚jtf ¢x{z z Ff t£k^m¢x{Ž^fhtgރ„ittY†5f ‚jp

§.m †5ªtm‡7£‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡kֆ5‚L]tt|L†5ªtm ‚j€l†5f «ÖxyzŽc#ªtm‡|titzhmš‚yƒ†5ªtmš‰NŠŒŽ)Žc#ªlm£|titz m£| Io 


Žc#ªlm£|titz fhtgd«ˆfhtf «3fHí£fhlg=†cªtm=x{¬‚Dv{m'€,m£k ƒ„‚jkc«3x{t‡m«3m£x{Žcitk^m 
\ †5ªtxy†§fhŽ\«ˆfhlfh«ˆf=í£f tg1†5ªtm†5kcx{tŽV

«ˆfhŽcŽ^fh‚jÍm£k^kc‚jk¬mY†¨©m‡m£`†ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚jtŽ‡p^nªtmP€tk^fh‚jk^f †5f m£Ždx{t|Ofht|lm(¶O‚{ƒ†5ªlmP‰‹ŠŒ ŽÞx{kcm3x{ŽV

Žcf gjtm‡| x{Žf Sµ¶lx{«ˆ€tz m@XlpƒXpµ§.mo¢xyTƒ„‚jk^«itzhxy†5mN†cªtmo«3f tfh«ˆf=í£xy†5f ‚jˆ€tkc‚jlzhm£«Mx{Ž

¼ ¼


8
«3f tfh«ˆf=í‡m 
øÔÐ
ùp
ú 
ù øÇÐ
ù ú
ù 
l
ï

Ô
Žcil ^m£Y†'†c‚

è o Ž^#ªtm£|litzhf tgF£‚jtŽ †5kcx{fh†5Ž‡s

Ðd y Ð y Ð

þ þ ҍ÷Y® 
y ø n

& úp 

ҍ÷Y®
Ðd Ðd


ÿ ï ï ï
þ þ$ þ   ‡
î n ø n & úŒ, jn {q 
Ðd Ð Ðj 

ÿ ÿ ï
þ
Ðd ÿ Ð
þ$
ÿ
þ(
Ð
y X ø n
 ‡
&
ï
úŒ,

  l d­
è ‰NŠŒ~Ž †#x{tf zhf †և‚jtŽ^†ck5x{f †5Ž£s

Ð
ù y „† .‡ Ò
Ð =< '$ ôE& þ
ù

¨1ªtm‡kcm Ò ù fhŽP†5ªlm+¨©‚jk^Ž^†T¢xyŽcm tzh‚ Z;fhtg`†cfh«ˆm ƒ„‚jkPm£x{#ª>‰‹ŠŒ j \'¨1ªlfh#ª fhŽPgjf vjm‡>f 

n½x{tz @
m XlpƒXp

nªtmN«ˆfhlfh«ˆf=í¢x³†5fh‚{€tk^‚‡m£Ž^ŽÃf Ž§£x{kck^fhm‡|3‚ji†ÃilŽcfhlg ­¯®*° ±®t³Öƒ„itl‡†5f ‚j)('*,+.-%/!0 -;p1('*2+3-%/40 -

]؁t|lŽ †5ªtm©£‚jtŽ †5kcx{fhtm‡|Þ«3f tfh«Kit«¦‚{ƒ,xNl‚jtzhf tm¢xyk½«ilz †5f vyx{kcfhx{tzhm Žc¢xyzx{k?ƒ„itt‡†cfh‚jKŽ^†#xyk^†5f tg‹x³†

x{Ffhlf †5fhx{zm£Ž †5f «Öxy†cm{ptnªtfhŽf Žgjm£lm£k5xyzhz kcmYƒ„m£k^m£m£|ކc‚xyŽ :#â³àlá ÏÇß Ú{Ü0à Î äà â³àj Ü0à Î Ú ß â#ã Ï Ü0ÙÞÜ ø Ú Ï ÜÔâ³à

‚jk à â³àj Ü0à Î Ú ß ã ß â?2 ß Ú{ÙÞÙÞÜ0àE2 ž n ,Wª 


p nªtmd‚j€l†cfh«3x{zC†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{)€¬m‡kcfh‚ |tŽaƒ„‚jka†cªtfhŽ1Ž^m‡†5il€ x{k^m

Ð5p}, , q ¥ Ž  ÐjÕ}, , - , Ž  ÐjÕ}, , ¥ KŽ


 ï  ï  ï 

nªtm‡ŽcmPvyx{zhilm£Žd«Öx{|lm3†5ªlm3ƒ„‚jk †5ª o Ž^#ªtm£|tilzx{tz f †Í£‚{tŽ^†ck5x{f ;†cŽªt‚jz |O¨1f †5ª.mhU;iØx{zhf †jp›'ŽV

fhlgO†5ªlm£ŽcmT†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚j€,m£k^fh‚ |tŽ\©†cªtm †c‚{†#xyz1†ck5x{lŽc«ˆfhŽcŽ^fh‚jm£k^kc‚jk^ŽÖ‚{ƒN†5ªtmT†5ªtk^m£mš‰NŠŒŽÖf Ž

«ˆfhtf «3fHí£m£|ˆ¨1ªtm£T†5ªtmYTx{kcmŽ^#ªtm£|litzhm‡|+P†5ªtm no  Ž^#ªtm£|litzhf tgˆx{zhgj‚{kcf †cªt«Tp


ln

Þ
~’”“ Ž €ã
–ˆ™65 °›+¥‹žBËœUž™šŸ ¡£ŸŸ¡£–ˆ™šŸ87 9;: ´ t ?u
¥ ÐÌb– [Ì +¥ < ¥1Ë£ž>=

rT‚jitk€tk^m‡v fh‚jilŽ=|lfhŽc‡itŽcŽ^fh‚j5\Cx{~fh|tm£x{z †5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚j)€tk^‚‡m£ŽcŽ1¨©x{Ž1£‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡kcm‡|pr €Øxyk^†5f £iV

zxyk\t†5kcx{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽcf ‚j~|tm£zhx¢)¨ax{Ž't‚{†=£‚{tŽcf |tm£k^m£|+f T†cªtm‡‚j†5k^‚jz°‚{ƒ †cªtmK‰NŠŒŽ£pÐn?k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{

|tm‡zx¢Íkcm£Ž^itz †cŽfhO|tm£zhx¢jm£| k^m£‡m£€l†cfh‚j ‚{ƒ©†5ªtmPŽ^m£tŽ^‚jk|Øx³†#x ͆5ªtm3£‚j†5k^‚jzhz m£k‡p§ªtm‡ £‚jEV

†5k^‚jzhz fhtg.x`ƒ¸x{Ž^†)€lzx{†`\'f ƒ†cªtmÍx{«3‚{it†)‚{ƒ|tm£zhxDLx{t|7†5ªlmšŽ^ Ž^†cm£« Ž5xy«3€tz fhtg.€¬m‡kcfh‚ |x{k^m

\ Ž^ Ž^†cm£«
£‚{«3€Øxyk5x{tz m  |tm£g{k5x{|Øx³†5fh‚{~x{t|Tm‡vjm‡ f tŽ^†5x{tfhz f †ˆ«3xDPkcm£Ž^itz †£p

nªtm3ƒ„‚{zhzh‚D¨1f tg)m(¶lx{«ˆ€tzhmˆfhz zhitŽ †5kcxy†5m‡Ž‹†5ªtmˆfh ?titm£t‡mւ{ƒÃ†5ªtmˆtmY†¨©‚jkZVfhl|tit£m‡| |tm£zhx¢ ‚j

†5ªlmd€,m£k ƒ„‚jkc«3x{t‡m‚{ƒ ‰‹ŠŒŽ‡p

·¹¸ Ät´.¼ ʄ¯ šg ÿ


¶ ¹º ±,ÀA@cȇÁ?¯;ÄØÊa­Ã²³ÄtÀ½Å¢´.ÆÇŢţƸ±,À?Å³Ë }°mY†©†cªtmN‡‚j†5fh;it‚{itŽ©‚j€,m£EVzh‚ ‚j€ˆ€tzxy;†Ã,m

¾¿ ¾¿ ¾¿ ¾¿
²¤ ¿ , , ¿ ² ¿ , ¿
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
»¼
¼
¼½
¤ Á
 »¼
¼
¼½
,
ï

, Á
»¼
¼
¼½
 Á
ÿ
»¼
¼
¼½ Á
z 
X pn ú
ø l

uS‡‚j†5f  il‚jitŽ)VŽ^†5xy†5mƒ„m‡m£|tØxyZ £‚{;†ckc‚jz zhm‡k'f Ž


z P& ý \¬¨1ªtm£k^m ý  ž - ,,
ï
,,ªwø £zh‚{Žcm£|EV

zh‚ ‚j€€,‚jz m£Žx³† & - ,X© « - , ú p½uNŽ^Žcit«ˆma†5ªØx³††5ªtmÄitzhzîVŽ^†5xy†5mÃfhlƒ„‚{kc«3xy†5f ‚jofhŽ †ck5x{tŽ^«3f †c†cm£|Þx{‡kc‚jŽ^Ž

x1tm‡†¨Ã‚jk?ZCp ‰'‚D¨ £‚{tŽcf |tm£kõ†¨Ã‚=v{m£kcŽ^fh‚jlŽ½‚{ƒ†5ªtm €tzhx{†õ¨1f †cª|tf à m‡kcm‡;†?‡‚jtŽ^†5x{†°†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{

€,m£kcf ‚|lŽ£s Ðd1 ,  , , )Ždx{t| ÐR , , ¥ Ž‡p n ªtmކ¨©‚


ø  ‰‹ŠŒŽx{k^m áYÜ0ÙNã7 è ã ÎYß ÜÔâ£ä{ܒ: p ú nªtm
  ï

Žc£x{zhm‡|UŽ †5m‡€kcm‡Žc€,‚jtŽ^m£ŽPxykcm~gjf v{m£fhUe fhg{itkcm^XlpYXlpw§Om £x{UŽ^m£m~†5ªtmYx{kcm~Ž^fh«ˆfhzxyk†5‚ †5ªlm

£‚{;†cfh;it‚jilŽÃŽ Ž †5m‡«—k^m£Žc€,‚jtŽ^m{pµ§Om=ƒ„ilk^†5ªlm£kÃx{ŽcŽ^it«3m1†5ªlm'Žcx{«3m=£‚{tŽ^†5x{†Ã†ck5x{tŽ^«3f ŽcŽ^fh‚jÞ†5f «3m

þ`}þ$Õ,  , , Xގ£p

‰'‚D¨@\§£‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡k†5ªtm Ao  Žc#ªtm‡|titz fhtg ‚{ƒ1†5ªlmP†¨©‚͉‹ŠŒ Žˆ‚{Ux+lm‡†¨Ã‚jk?ZCp
i
O†5ªtm Ao 
x{z gj‚jkcf †5ªt«\A€tzxy;† gjm‡†cŽªtfhg{ªtm£k€lkcfh‚{kcf †dŽ^fht‡maf † ªØx{Ž xNªtf gjªtm‡k †5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚jk5x³†5m{p½uNŽ^Žcit«ˆm
ï
lX

2
Continuous
T = 0.008
1
1.8 T = 0.016
2

1.6

1.4

1.2

1
1

x
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (s)

e fhgjilkcm@XlpYXls§Œ£x{zhm‡|TŽ †5m‡€ kcm‡Žc€,‚jtŽ^m£Ž=‚{ƒ †cªtmo‚jkcf gjfhØxyz¬‡‚j†5kc‚{zõŽ^ Ž^†cm£«

†5ªlmF†¨Ã‚+‰NŠŒŽx{kcm ñ
Ü0à hã × Ú³á Î pŸnªtm‡`‰NŠŒ
ï
Ä Žd|Øxy†#x)f Ž|tm£zhxD{m£|O; f †5Ž‚D¨1 †5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{

†5f «3m«\ ú
WÙ}, 

, , XFŽ\ب1ªtf zhm‹†5ªtxy†=‚{ƒ‰NŠŒ nÞfhŽ|tm‡zx¢jm‡|+~f †5Ž‚D¨1T†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{~†cfh«ˆm€tzhilŽ

€tk^m£m£«ˆ€l†cfh‚j~P†5ªlmdªlfhgjªtm‡k€tkcf ‚jkcf †)‰NŠŒ


ï
ú
\ Æ, 

, ,¥ Ž \CxyŽ=f zhz itŽ^†ck5xy†cm£|)fh~e½fhgjitk^m@Xlprq

e fhg{itkcmOXp - |tm‡€tfhY†5Ža†5ªlmdŽ^¢x{z m£|~Ž^†cm£€Tkcm‡Žc€,‚jtŽcm¨1ªtm‡ Åo  Žc#ªtm‡|titz fhtgFfhŽm‡«3€lzh‚Djm‡| xyt|

|tm‡zx¢ Žx{k^mÆ#x«Z{m£Þf †5‚'x{£‡‚jit†¢pk§f †5ªK‰‹ŠŒ Ä Ž½k^m£Ž^€¬‚jlŽcmŽcf \ ‰‹ŠŒ


«3f zx{k¬†5‚'†cªtm©‚{kcfhg{fhØx{z‚{tm {
ï

n Ä Ž1kcm£Ž^€¬‚{tŽcmdfhŽitlŽ^†#xytzhm«\Ø¢x{itŽ^m£| ;ֆ5ªtmom(¶‡m£ŽcŽ^f v{mK|tm‡zx¢ Ž'|tilkcfhlg†5ªtmo†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚jtŽ£p

nªtm'x{¬‚Dv{m'm$¶txy«3€tz m1ªØx{Ž |tm£«ˆ‚jtŽ †5kcxy†5m‡|ˆ†cªØxy†§Žc#ªtm‡|titz fhtgx{t|F†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚jF|tm£zhxD Ž ø f 

gjm‡tm£kcx{z’\CtmY†¨©‚jkZVfhl|tit£m‡|+|tm‡zx¢ ú |tm‡gjk5xy|tmKŽ Ž †5m‡«:€,m£k ƒ„‚jkc«3x{t‡mxyt| «3x¢~¢x{itŽ^mKŽ Ž †5m‡«

fhlŽ^†#xytfhz f †jp §OmF¨1fhzhzx{Øx{z 


 í‡mˆ†cªtmFmhìm£Y†‚{ƒÃtm‡†¨Ã‚jkZVfht|lit£m‡| |tm£zhxD+‚jOŽ  Ž^†5m‡« Ž †#x{lfhzhf †

x{t|T|tf Žc£ilŽcŽ1Žc#ªtm‡«3m‡Ž'†c‚ˆ‡‚j«ˆ€¬m‡tŽ5xy†cmof †1fhTŠ©ªtx{€l†5m‡k'qlp


l{q

B c 1 DB
DC E FE
FC G HG
HC I JI
JC
Plant 1 DBCDB FECFE HGCHG JICJI
DBCDB FECFE HGCHG JICJI
DB DB
C FE FE
C HG HG
C JI JI
C
h1
MAMAM
c2
KALAKALAK L MANAMANAM N
Plant 2
KALAKALAK L NANAN

h2

O QARA
PC PO QARAQARAQ R S TS
TC U WAXA
VC VU WAXAWAXAW X Y ZY
ZC
RM POCPO TSCTS VUCVU ZYCZY
POCQARA PO QARAQARAQ R TSCTS VUCWAXA VU WAXAWAXAW X ZYCZY
POCPO TS TS
C VUCVU ZY ZY
C
τ1 t
τ2

e f gjitkcm@Xp qts “o  Žc#ªtm‡|titz fhtgˆkcm‡Žcitz †

2
h 1 = 0.008 s
h 2 = 0.016 s
1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2
1

1
x

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Time (s)

e fhgjilkcmOXlp - s§Œ£x{zhm‡| Ž †5m‡€ k^m£Žc€,‚jtŽ^m£Ž'; ¿oµ Žc#ªtm‡|titz fhtg


r™u Ýs +ž ©Ì¥‹[

‘
zÌž]\š¡`Ë¢¡hÌ^= – t½Ž r‘ v ?u Ž Xv ‰ß ã
~Ÿ ¡(Ì ¥¹Ì M–ˆ _5 °™š›š˜ š =¥› < ¥OË£ž>=

+’ Úâ ã
°™z̝ –~›š˜ š ÐÌ¡‡–3™

ršŠ©ªtx{€l†5m‡kn\بÃmK|tm‡kcf vjm£| x3Ž^i*Lj£fhm‡†‹£‚{t|tf †cfh‚j~‚jT†5ªtm‰‹ŠŒ~†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{T€,m£k^fh‚ | N ú


аø ^

ƒ„‚jkF†5ªtm Ž^ Ž^†cm£« †5‚O¬mTŽ^†5x{tzhmypŒì'‚D¨©mYvjm‡k\1¨©m |tfh|Ut‚{†3£‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡k3†cªtm |txy†#x †5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{

|tm‡zx¢Ö£x{itŽ^m£|T;3Žc#ªlm£|titz fhtgˆx{l|P†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{Ö†5f «3mypkr Š©ªØx{€l†cm£kÐX\l¨©mŽcx¢¨>†cªtmx{|lv{m£k^Žcm

mhìm£Y†F‚{ƒ=|tm£zhx¢.‚j Ž Ž †5m‡« €¬m‡k^ƒ„‚jk^«Öxyt£m)xyt| Ž^†5x{tfhz f †{pmnªtm£k^m‡ƒ„‚jk^m §


\ f †f Žfh«ˆ€,m£k5x³†5f v{mˆ†c‚

x{Øxyz Eí£mˆ†5ªtmPŽ †#x{lfhzhf †š‚{ƒ1‰NŠŒO¨1f †cª`tm‡†¨Ã‚jkZVfht|lit£m‡||lm£zx¢Ox{t|.|tfhŽ^£itŽ^ŽŽc#ªtm‡«3m‡Ž†5ªØx³†

£‚{«3€,m£tŽcxy†5mƒ„‚jka†cªtfhŽm(à m‡‡†£p

nªtmˆ‰‹ŠŒš«3‚ |tm‡z £‚{tŽcf |tm£k^fhtg)tmY†¨©‚{k?ZVf t|tit‡m£|.|lm£zx¢ fhŽ‹Ž^ªt‚D¨1Of  e fhgjilkcmqtp pRnªtm


ï

«ˆ‚|tm‡z'‡‚jtŽ^fhŽ^†cŽP‚{ƒoxO£‚j†5f ;it‚jitŽP€lzx{†)xyt|L£‚{;†ckc‚jz zhm‡k3gjf vjm‡7;¯SpU;iØxy†5f ‚jtŽ ø np ú xyt|


ï

ø n p n ú pgnªtm£k^m+x{k^m †¨Ã‚`Žc‚jilkc£m‡ŽP‚{ƒ|lm£zx¢ Ž3ƒ„k^‚j« †5ªlm tmY†¨©‚jkZCs †cªtm Ž^m£tŽ^‚jk)VԆ5‚«V£‚j†ckc‚jz zhm£k

|tm‡zx¢\ ú 2] \ax{t|†cªtm ‡‚j†5k^‚jzhz m£k)VԆ5‚«Vx{‡†ciØxy†c‚jkÞ|tm£zhx¢\ ú ]‹ p7u';U£‚{;†ckc‚jz zhm‡kˆ‡‚j«ˆ€til†#x³†5fh‚{Øx{z

|tm‡zx¢ £x{ ¬mFxytŽc‚jk^¬m‡|šfh†5‚ ú ]‹ ¨1f †5ªt‚ji†zh‚jŽ^Ž‹‚{ƒ§gjm‡tm£kcx{zhf †Lž - ª peC‚{k9]*¶m£|Í£‚{;†ckc‚jz½zx¢¨

ø †cfh«ˆm(Vfhvyx{kcfhx{†1£‚j†5k^‚jzhz m£k^Ž ú C
\ †5ªlmKŽcm‡tŽc‚{k)V†c‚«V‡‚j†5k^‚jzhz m£k=|tm£zhxD x{t| £‚j†5k^‚jzhz m£kV†5‚Væx{Y†5iØxy†c‚jk

|tm‡zx¢)¢xy ,mzhit«ˆ€,m£|)†5‚jg{m‡†5ªlm£k=x{Ž ú îú 2 ] ú ] ‹
z
ÿ
ƒ„‚jk1x{Øx{z  ŽcfhŽ€litkc€,‚jŽcm‡Ž£p

 itk xyØx{z  Ž^fhŽ°fhd†5ªtf Ž?#ªtx{€l†5m‡k ‚jlz ‡‚jt£m‡†5k5x³†5m£Ž ‚j‰NŠŒŽ½¨1f †5ªd£‚jtŽ †#x{†½†5k5xytŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcfh‚{

l -
l ¥

Plant h
.
x(t) = Ax(t) + Bu(t)

Control Control
Network Network
τca τsc

Controller
u(t+ ) = -K x(t- τk )

e f gjitkcmNqtp s ‰‹ŠŒT«ˆ‚ |tm£z ¨1f †5ª~tmY†¨©‚jkZVfhl|tit£m‡| |tm‡zx¢jp


ï

€,m£kcf ‚| Ð p§Š©‚jtŽ †#x{†aŽcx{«ˆ€tzhf tg€,m£k^fh‚ |3£x{P,m‹x{#ªlfhm‡v{m£|P3m£«ˆ€tzh‚D fhlgtmY†¨©‚{k?Zˆ€tkc‚{†c‚‡‚jzhŽ

Žcil#ª)x{Ž§e fhk^mh§f kcm@žrn ªk


p §.m1¨1fhz ztitŽ^m=†cªtm†5m£k^« á£Ú{ÙNã7 Ü0àE21ã ÎYß ÜÔâ£ä «ˆ‚jk^m=‚yƒ0†5m£F†5ªtx{ Ï¸ß Ú{àláYÙÞÜháqñ
áYÜÔâ³à)ã ÎYß ÜÔâ£ä fh †cªtfhŽ'#ªØx{€l†cm£kh\ †5ªt‚{itgjª †cªtm‡ x{kcmKŽ^ t‚j «3Ž ø ‡ƒæpŒm£Y†5f ‚j np ú p nªtm†cfh«ˆfhtg
ï

‚{ƒ½Žcf gjØx{z Ž‚{ƒ½†cªtmoŽcmY†5it€~¨1f †cª ú î7Ð x{kcmŽ^ªt‚D¨1 fhTe f gjitk^mqtp n p

x(kh) or y(kh)

Plant

kh (k+1)h (k+2)h

τsc,k u(kh)

Controller

kh (k+1)h (k+2)h

τ ca,k u(kh)

Actuator

kh (k+1)h (k+2)h
τk

e fhg{itkcmqtpns ‰=m‡†¨Ã‚jk?ZVf t|tit‡m£| |tm£zhxD{p

r†5ªlfhŽÖ#ªtx{€l†5m‡k\a¨Ãm©]Øk^Ž^†P«ˆ‚ |tm£z=‰‹ŠŒ ŽÖ¨1f †cªtmY†¨©‚jkZ{m‡|Vf t|tit‡m£||tm£zhx¢jpŒnªtm£L¨Ãm


l

x{Øxyz Eí£mK†cªtm£f kNŽ †#x{tf zhf †)itŽcf tg á Ï Ú Õ Ü  Ü ÏÇèPß5Î {


2 ÜÔâ³àlá x{l| xÖªlkcfh|šŽ  Ž^†5m‡«3ŽŽ †#x{lfhzhf †Tx{Øx{z  ŽcfhŽ

†5m‡#ªttfHU ilm{pš}°xy†cm£k¨ÃmP|tf Žc‡itŽcŽÞx Žc#ªtm‡«3mֆcªØxy†K£‚j«ˆ€¬m‡tŽ5x³†5m£Žƒ„‚jklm‡†¨Ã‚jk?Zym£|Vfht|til£m£||tm$V

zx¢{p e fhØxyzhz  \ †cªtmo£‚j«ˆ€,m£tŽcxy†5f ‚j~Žc#ªtm‡«3mdfhŽf «3€tz m£«ˆm£†5m‡|)‚Dvjm£k'x{~m(¶€,m£k^fh«ˆm£†#x{zõ€lª; Ž^fh¢xyz

tmY†¨©‚jkZP¨©mdªØx¢vjmdtitf z †1x³†'ŠÙ§ ’o ƛp

+’”‘  –~›+¥OË¢¡¢™ áà Ž r‘ v •u Ž Xv “ß €ã ~Ÿ ¡hÌ ¥¹Ì b–ˆ _5 °™š›š˜ š 1¥› < ¥1Ë£ž>=

_
9ΊÍÆÎÑ : =B@ =>d>La
}Ý´äã ˜Ý vÜ1ãÖa`[Ö1Ý w$ “c ã áOä)âÖ G³™f ©Ý èâ)ÓÅ×

e f kcŽ^†1‡‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡k=†cªtm£x{Žcmo¨1ªtm‡kcmo†5ªtmd|tm£zhx¢~‚{ƒ m£x{#ª+Žcx{«3€lzhm ú
\ _ \,f Ž1zhm£Ž^Ž†5ªØx{ ‚jtmoŽ5xy«3€tz fhtg

€,m£kcf ‚|5\ Ð p ì m‡kcm§†5ªtm§ŽcitlŽc£k^fh€l†½kcm‡€tkcm‡Žcm‡;†cŽ †5ªlmÎcx{«3€lzhfhlg=f tŽ^†5x{† ú ptnªtmÎ^ Ž^†cm£«


ø ' mU;iØxy†cfh‚jlŽ

¢xy ,m¨1kcf †^†5m‡ xyŽ

¤ ^N ú
½ø  ñ N ú
½ø ^
ÿ
ü
z øFN^ú$Nƨ ž ftÐ
ÿ
ú
h_ ø’f
ÿ ï
úcÐ
ÿ
ú
_cd^ú(

ø qtp ú
b ø N^ú  c@½ø N^ú(
ï

z ø N
c
ú  & ý ½ø Nµ& ú
h_Dú$}Nƨ flÐ ú
h_ 9f ,*  n  ý

ú
ú ÿ ï `
¨1ªtm‡kcm
z øFN
c
ú fhŽÃ€tfhm‡£mY¨1fhŽcmN£‚j†5f ;it‚jitŽxyt|)‚jtz F#ªØx{tgjm‡Žavyx{zhitmNxy† flÐ
ÿ
h_ p§Œlxy«3€tz fhtgo†5ªlm

Ž^ Ž †5m£« ¨1f †5ª)†5ªtmo‡‚jtŽ^†5x{†=€¬m‡kcfh‚ | Ð ¨Ãm‚{l†#x{f TžVq ª

½øcø#f
ÿ ï
úcÐCú  – ½ø#ftÐCú
ÿed
êú z
³ø h_Dú ø#ftÐCú
ÿed
Ϝ z
‡ø _¢ú øcø#fB&
ï
úcÐCú(

b ø’ftÐCú  cO½ø’flÐ,ú$

¨1ªtm‡kcm

–  |  Ž 

d
êú
³ø h_Dú  f  Ž ‰g#„ |  d2 5 3 ü 

d
êú
£ø h_Dú  f Ž
Ž ‰g „
| d2 5 3 ü

l

¦‹mh]ttfhtgih ’ø ftÐCú¹ ž Q #ø ftÐCú(


z Q øcø#fu&
ï
ú^ÐCúª Q x{Ž‹†cªtmˆx{itgj«ˆm£†5m‡|OŽ †#xy†cmÞvjm£Y†5‚jkh\?†cªtmˆx{itg«V

«ˆm£†5m‡| ‡zh‚jŽ^m£|Vzh‚ ‚j€)Ž^ Ž^†cm£« fhŽ

h ø^ø’f
ÿ ï
úcÐCú – ø’flú h ø#ftÐCú( ø qtp n ú

¨1ªtm‡kcm

– ø’ftú »¼
– &
d
³ø _¢úœú ý
d
êú
Yø h_Dú
¾¿
¿
¿
¼ 
¼½ Á
& ý ,

rƒ‹†cªtm |tm‡zx¢ fhŽˆ£‚{tŽ^†5x{† ø fÇp mypH\ ú §ú


_  ƒ„‚jk fŒ ,*
ï
 n 
``
\ †5ªtm
ú © Ž^ Ž^†cm£« fhŽˆŽ^†cfhzhza†cfh«ˆm(V

fhvyx{k^fx{†`\D¨1ªtf #ªŽcf «3€lzhfH]tm£Ž†5ªlmÎ Ž †5m‡«Sx{tx{z  Žcf Ž£p´nª;itŽ½¨Ãm©£x{m£v fhŽ^fh‚jdŽ^†5xy†5f Î^#ªtm£|litzhf tg

tmY†¨©‚jkZF€tkc‚{†c‚‡‚jzhŽh\Žcit#ªPx{Ž†5‚Zym£Ök^fhtgo‚jk†c‚Z{m‡ÖtitŽh\ ¨1ªlfh#ªÖ£x{ˆ€tkc‚Dv fh|tm=£‚{tŽ^†5x{†©|tm‡zx¢jp

Svjm‡ ] m£|PŽ^m‡†cit€²\؆5ªtmotm$¶ †¹U;itm‡Ž^†5f ‚jTfhŽ\kj?ì'‚D¨¦«Kit#ª


fh)†cªtfhŽŽ^fh«ˆ€tzhf Ø |lm£zx¢Ö¢x{~†5ªtmoŽ Ž †5m‡«

†5‚{zhm£kcxy†5ml"lm

uNt‚y†5ªtm‡k©‚jtŽ^m£k v{x³†5fh‚{3f Ž †cªØxy†§†5ªtm=Žcm‡tŽc‚{k)V‡‚j†5k^‚jzhz m£k |tm£zhx¢F¢x{3¬m=£‚j«ˆ€,m£tŽcxy†5m‡|֏3x{

m£Ž †5f «Öxy†c‚jk f ƒ†cªtmN«ˆm£Ž^Ž5x{g{m£Ž©Ž^m£†‚ji†aˆŽcm£lŽc‚jk^Žx{kcm=†5f «3m$VŽ^†5x{«ˆ€¬m‡| ø ‡ƒæp5ž - ª0ú p


p n½kcx{|tf †5fh‚{Øx{z

‚jtm$VŽ †5m£€)€lkcm£|lfh‡†cfh‚jÖm£Ž^†cfh«3xy†5f ‚jˆ¢x{)‡‚j«3€,m£lŽ5xy†cm‹|tm£zhx¢Ž©zhm£Ž^ŽÃ†cªØx{)‚jtmNŽ5x{«ˆ€tzhf tgd€¬m‡kcfh‚ |²\

Žcf t£m‹†cªtmom£Ž †5fh«3xy†cm‹‚{ƒ ½ø’ftÐCú ‚jtz Ö|lm£€,m£t|tŽ=‚j)†5ªlm‹v{xyzhitm‚{ƒ b øcø#fR& ú^Ð,ú pµ§.m‹¨1f zhz¬kcm‡v f Žcf †
ï

†5ªlfhŽ€tk^‚jtzhm‡«bfhP†cªtmoŽcm‡‡†5f ‚jT‚j ‡‚j«ˆ€¬m‡tŽ5xy†cfh‚jPƒ„‚{ktm‡†¨Ã‚jk?ZVfht|til£m£| |tm£zhxD{p

_
9ΊÍÆÎŠÍ @ G³ I: ôBª>
˜ÓÕÖ sÝ è }Ý´ä)ã

§ªtm‡ †cªtmÞ|tm‡zx¢ Ž¢x{š,mÞzh‚jlgjm£k=†5ªØx{š‚{tmގ5x{«ˆ€tz fhtg3€¬m‡kcfh‚ | ø Ž5x¢\ ~


, î *ú _ˆîon¸Ð \ nÆ8
ï
ú \

‚jtmF«3x¢+kcm‡£m‡f vjm˜í‡m£kc‚*\½‚jlm õ
\ ‚jko«ˆ‚jkcmK†cªØx{Í‚jtm ø it€Í†c‚ nÇú ‡‚j†5kc‚{zŽ5x{«ˆ€tz m ø Ž ú fhÍx)Žcf tgjzhm

Ž5xy«3€tz fhtg3€¬m‡kcf ‚|pOr+†cªtmŽ^€¬m‡£fxyz ¢xyŽcm¨1ªtm‡kcm øpn &


ï
úcÐÍî *ú _Fîon¸Ð ƒ„‚{k‹x{z z f \ ‚jtmÞ£‚{;†ckc‚jz
ll

Ž5xy«3€tz mFfhŽokcm‡£m£f vjm‡|`m‡v{m£k^͎cx{«3€lzhmF€¬m‡kcf ‚|šƒ„‚jk fw88n x


p rO†cªtfhŽo£x{Žcm«\½†5ªlmÖx{tx{z  Žcf Žƒ„‚jzhz ‚A¨1Ž

†5ªtxy†1fh ž÷q ª \Øk^m£Ž^itz †cfhtgÞf 

»¼
– d
êú
Yø _ q ú
d
³ø _ q êú ú
``
,
¾¿
¿
¿
¿
¿
¼ ¿
¼
– ¼ , , r , ¿
¼ ¿
ø#ftú ¼ `` ¿  ø qtpƒX ú
¼ ¿
¼ pp pp pp p p pp ¿
¼ p p p p p ¿
¼ ¿
¼
¼
¼½ & ý , , , Á
``
¨1ªtm‡kcm ú ’ú
_q  h_ &Íøpn &
ï
ú^Ð x{t|F†5ªtm=x{itg{«3m‡;†cm£|3Ž^†#x³†5m1vjm£Y†5‚jk§fhŽsh ø’ftÐCúp ž Q ’ø ftÐCú$
z Q ø^ø’f &

n¸úcÐCú(
z
``
 Q ø^ø’f &
ï
úcÐCúŠª Q p

r \ †5m‡|tfh‚{itŽ,‚‚ZZym£m£€lfhtg
†5ªtmP«ˆ‚jk^mPgjm£lm£k5xyza¢x{Ž^m  «itŽ †Þ,mP€¬m‡k^ƒ„‚jk^«3m‡|²\ x{ŽÞmYvjm£ †5ªlm

tz ‚ZTŽ^†ckcitY†5itk^mނ{ƒ†5ªtmÞ«3xy†ckcf ¶ –
¦f ŽN†5f «3m$Vvyx{k^ f tg\CŽcf t£mf †‹|tm‡€¬m‡t|tŽo‚j+†cªtmŽc#ªlm£|titz mނ{ƒ

†5ªlmdk^m£‡m£fh€†'‚yƒ½†cªtmo£‚j†5k^‚jzõŽ5xy«3€tz m£Ž‡p

+’ Þ ‘
zÌ t
ž \š¡`Ë£¡hÌu= Gà
:¥ ˆ¡£–ˆ™šŸ

Š©‚jvjm‡†5fh‚{Øx{zhz \Ãx+ƒ¸x{Ž^†cm£kގ5xy«3€tz fhtg k5xy†cmTf ŽÞ|tm£Ž^fhkcx{tzhm)f  Ž5x{«ˆ€tz m£|V|Øxy†#x+Ž  Ž^†5m‡«3ŽˆŽc‚ †5ªlm

|tf Žc£k^m‡†cm(V†cfh«ˆm£‚j†ckc‚jzC|tm‡Žcfhg{Öx{l|3€,m£k ƒ„‚jkc«3x{t‡m=£x{Pxy€t€tkc‚`¶fh«3xy†cma†5ªØxy†§‚{ƒ¬†5ªtm1‡‚j†5fh;it‚{itŽ

Ž^ Ž †5m£«Tp il†1f ~‰‹ŠŒŽh\CxKƒ¸x{Ž^†cm£kaŽcx{«3€lzhfhlgk5xy†cm‹¢xyTf t£k^m¢x{Ž^m‹†5ªtmlm‡†¨Ã‚jk?ZPz ‚x{|²\ ¨1ªtfh#ª~f 


i
†5ilkcškcm‡Žcitz †5Ž‹f +zh‚{tgjm£k'|tm£zhx¢ ‚{ƒ †cªtmŽcf gjØx{z Ž£p1nª;itŽO]؁l|tfhtgPxPŽ5x{«ˆ€tzhf tgˆ€¬m‡kcfh‚ | †cªØxy†£x{

,‚{†5ªš†5‚{zhm£kcxy†5m†cªtmށtmY†¨©‚jkZVfhl|tit£m‡|`|tm‡zx¢šx{l|.x{#ªlfhm‡v{mF|tm£Ž^fhkcm‡|OŽ  Ž^†5m‡« €¬m‡k^ƒ„‚jk^«Öxyt£mÞf Ž

fh«ˆ€,‚jk^†5x{†fh~‰NŠŒT|tm‡Žcfhg{p

™zh‚{†^†5fhlgT†cªtm3Ž †#x{lfhzhf †+k^m£gjf ‚j.‚{ƒax{`‰NŠŒÍ¨1f †cª.k^m£Žc€,m£Y†K†c‚ †5ªlm3Žcx{«3€lzhfhlgT€,m£k^fh‚ |²\ Ð \

x{t|ˆtmY†¨©‚jkZF|tm£zhxD \ ú \ fhŽ ªtm£z €lƒ„itzt†c‚Ž^m£m1†5ªtm=kcm‡zxy†cfh‚jtŽ^ªtfh€Þ,m‡†¨Ãm£m‡Ö†5ªlm£Žcm=†¨©‚€Øx{kcx{«3mY†5m‡kcŽ£p


,,
ï

\ ¨1ªtfh#ª~£x{)¬moxy#ªtfhmYvjm£|~PilŽcfhlgFx{
‰'‚y†5mN†cªØxy†ªtm‡kcm‹¨Ãmdx{kcm‹‡‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡kcfhlg£‚jlŽ^†#xy;†1|lm£zx¢ l

x{€t€lkc‚j€tk^fxy†cmtm‡†¨Ã‚jkZ)€tkc‚{†c‚‡‚jzÔp

_ 09
9Î ÐÎÑ #
Ö1ãä ÐÚjâ mB e< eB Á: ãä)ä wv }ݲÚ*Ý è €c â)Ö1Ý × $ “å UB =³
ÐÚ*ã Oâä)â‡Ú xšÝ Ùâ)ÓÙÖ

nªtm kcm‡zxy†cfh‚jlŽcªtf €‹¬mY†¨©m‡m£ Ð x{t| ú £x{o¬m |tm‡kcf v{m£|dx{Øxyz ;†5f ¢x{z z ƒ„‚jkõŽ^fh«ˆ€tzhm½Žc¢xyzx{kŽ  Ž^†5m‡«3Ž‡p

·¹¸ Ät´.¼ ʄ¯ Åy °¶¸·`º È£À¬Â¢¯ C²AÄlÂD±C²jË ï Š©‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡k1†cªtm Ü0à ÏæÎ 2 ß Ú Ï â ß m(¶lx{«ˆ€tz m

¤ ^N ú
½ø 
z øFN^ú( Nƨ ž ftÐ
ÿ
ú
ø#f
ÿ ï
úcÐ
ÿ
ú
Cú$ ú
Tîв

ú ú
ø qtp q ú

z øFN
c
ú  & ý ½ø Nµ& Øú( Nƨ
ú
flÐ
ÿ
*9fuŒ,*
ï
 n 
``
ý ý 8š,


¦‹mh]ttfhtg)h ’ø ftÐCú x{Ž1fh^SpU;iØxy†cfh‚j ø qlp n ú \

–  »¼ ï
&Ð ý
ÿ
ú ú ý
¾¿
¿
¿
¼ 
¼½ & ý , Á

e؂jk‹†5ªlfhŽn È \ ¨©mˆ¢xyOitŽ^mˆ†cªtmˆŽ^†#xytfhz f †T†5kcfhx{tgjz m^žrn


n)¢x{Ž^m ° ª †5‚~m$¶l€lzhfh‡f †cz +£x{zh‡itzx³†5m†5ªlm

kcm‡zxy†cfh‚j),m‡†¨Ãm£m‡ ú x{t| Ð p§eC‚{kxˆŽ †#x{lzhmo‰‹ŠŒ7\t†5ªtmo|tm‡zx¢ ú «itŽ †'Žcxy†5f Ž^ƒ0

«3x¶ } n
ï Ð &
ý
ï ,h ú Tî î «3f  } E ý
ï ”Ð ø qtp - ú

‚jk

«Öx¶ n} n
ï &
ý
ï
Ð
,  ú î
Ð
î «3f  } ý
ï
Ð

ï
 

nªtm)xyØx{z ;†cfh¢xyzhz  |tm‡†cm£k^«3f tm£|OŽ^†#xytfhz f †šk^m£gjf ‚jOƒ„‚jk , y ú


7î—Ð fhŽŽcªt‚D¨1 fh.e fhg{itkcm‹qlpƒXlp

§Omˆ£x{ Žcm‡mFƒ„k^‚j«:†cªtmFŽ^†5x{tfhz f †Tkcm‡gjfh‚{ †cªØxy†‹¨1ªlm£O†cªtmގ5xy«3€tz fhtgր¬m‡kcfh‚ | Ð f Ž‹Žc«3x{zhz#\ †5ªlm

Ž^ Ž †5m£«M¢x{)†5‚{zhm£kcxy†5mNx|tm£zhx¢Öit€)†c‚Þ‚jtmNƒ„itz z¬Žcx{«ˆ€tzhf tgK€,m£k^fh‚ |puNŽ Ð ,m££‚{«3m‡Žzx{k^gjm£kh\†5ªlm


,
ï ï

100%

80% Unstable

60% Stable 1/(hK)

τ/h
40%

20%

1/2−1/(hK)

0
0 1/K 2/K 3/K 4/K
h

e f gjitk^m‹qtpYXls§Œ †#xytfhz f †3kcm£g{fh‚j)‚{ƒxÞ£‚j†5k^‚jzhz m£|)f ;†cm£gjkcxy†5‚{k£p

it€t€,m£k1,‚jitt|~‚j ú
zy{Ð ,m££‚{«3m‡Ž=Ž^«Öxyzhzhm‡k£p ‰'‚{†cmo†cªØxy†ƒ„‚jk ý 8 \ m‡vjm‡
n y{Ð l †cªtmoŽ^ Ž^†cm£«b¨1f †cª

t‚F|tm‡zx¢)fhŽiltŽ^†5x{tzhmyp

nªtmFfh|tm£xւ{ƒ v fhŽ^iØx{zhfHí£f tg3†cªtmÞ£‚jlŽ^†5kcx{fh†cŽ‚j ú x{t| Ð itŽcf tgP†5ªtmގ †#x{lfhzhf †Tkcm£g{fh‚jšªØxyŽ

x{z Žc‚š,m£m£m(¶€tz ‚jkcm‡| fhžY ,ª L


p nªtm£k^m \§†5ªtm)Ž †#x{tf zhf †.k^m£gjf ‚j ‚{ƒNx+Žcm£‡‚jt|V‚jkc|lm£kFŽ^ Ž^†cm£« f Ž

x{Øxyz ;†5f ¢x{z z ˆ|tm‡†cm£k^«3f tm£|pu Ž^fh«ˆfhzxykÃk^m£Žcilz †¨©x{Ž'‚{l†#x{f tm£| p

_ 09
9Î ÐÎŠÍ ‘Ô ´c e< mB Á:
Ý èâ ãää wv }ݲÚ*Ý´è €c â)Ö1Ý´× $ “å ìB =³
ÐÚ*ã Oâä)âŠÚ xšÝ Ùâ)ÓÙÖ

r†«3x¢ ,mFx{Øx{z ;†5fh£x{zhz )fhƒ„m¢x{Ž^fhtz m†5‚)|lm£kcf vjm†cªtmÞm(¶lx{Y†oŽ^†#xytfhz f †~kcm‡gjfh‚{+ƒ„‚jkNgjm‡tm£kcx{zŽ ŽV

­
†5m‡«3Ž lªt‚D¨Ãm‡v{m£k\؎ †#x{lfhzhf †Þkcm‡gjfh‚{tŽÃƒ„‚jk§Žcil#ªTŽ  Ž^†5m‡«3Ž©¢x{PŽ †5f zhzC¬m'|tm‡†cm£k^«3f tm£|P;it«ˆm£k^fh£x{zhz jp

nªtmˆŽ^†5x{tfhz f †Tkcm‡gjfh‚{Íf Ž€tzh‚y†c†5m‡| ; f t£k^m£«ˆm£†#xyzhz  fhl£kcm£x{Žcf tgP†5ªlmˆ|lm£zx¢ \ ú \ xyt|š†5m£Ž †5f tg

†5ªlmT‡zh‚jŽ^m£|Vzh‚ ‚j€ Ž^ Ž^†cm£« «3xy†5k^f ¶d\§x{ŽÞƒ„‚jkc«ilzxy†cm£| fhïSpU;iØxy†5f ‚jtŽ ø qlp n ú x{l| ø qtpƒX ú pïrƒN†5ªlm

£z ‚jŽcm‡|Vz ‚‚{€ˆŽ  Ž^†5m‡«—«3xy†ckcf 


¶ fhŽ Ž^†5x{tz m \ x€,‚jfh† f ŽÃ«3x{k?Zym£|3fhF†5ªØxy†§z ‚£xy†5f ‚jÞ‚{ƒ†cªtm'Ž †#x{lfhzhf †
, n
ï

kcm‡gjfh‚{p

·¹¸ Ät´.¼ ʄ¯ Åy °¶ µº|{)¯ À?¯;²AÄØÊ ª(XJ ([


jÄØʄÄt² °Å‡Â¢¯´ Ë e؂jk1xFgjm£lm£k5xyzõŽc¢xyzx{kaŽ  Ž^†5m‡«

¤ ^N ú
½ø 
z
½øFN^ú
ÿ
øFN^ú$ Nƨ ž ftÐ
ÿ
ú
Kø’f
ÿ ï
úcÐ
ÿ
ú
Cú$

z øFN
c
ú  & ý ½ø Np& ú
Øú( Nƨ
ú
flÐ
ÿ
ú
*9fu},
ï
 n  ý
`` 

‹ ‹ ‹ ‹‹ ‹
¦‹mh]ttfhtg)h ’ø ftÐCú x{Ž1fh^SpU;iØxy†cfh‚j ø qlp n ú \

 ¾¿

– | Ž &o} #ø | € Ž ‰g$‹ & | Ž &q| ‰ g ú ¿


ú ø ¿
 »¼ ï ï
¼ 
¼½ Á
& ý ,

nªtmoŽ^†5x{tf zhf †ˆk^m£gjf ‚j)¢x{~,m‹|tmY†5m£k^«3f tm£|~;it«ˆm£k^fh¢xyzhz {p uwŽ^€¬m‡£fxyzŽc£x{zx{k©¢x{Ž^m‹¨1f †5ª Ÿ


ï

x{t| ý  n.fhŽ)Ž^ªt‚D¨1>f e fhg{itkcm+qlp qtpSe؂jkP†5ªtf ŽP£‚{«3€ti†#xy†cfh‚j²\¨Ãm £‚jtŽ^fh|tm‡kcm‡|>|tm‡zx¢ Ž

3.5

2.5
τ/h

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
h

ú
ú
e f gjitkcmÞqlp qtsŠ©‚j«ˆ€til†cm£|͎^†5x{tfhz f † kcm‡gjfh‚j ¤ FN^úO
‚{ƒ ½ø ½øFN^úÕ& ý ½øFNÙ& Cú ¨1f †5ª ý  nTxyt|
,Þî Tî q Ð p

,m‡†¨Ãm£m£ , xyt| q Ð p §.mF¢xyOŽ^m£mކ5ªØx³†d¨1ªlm£ , y ú \ f †ªØx{Ždx)ŽcªØxy€¬mFŽcf «3f zx{k1†5‚~†5ªlm


îSÐ °

fh†cm£gjkcxy†5‚jkÞ£x{Žcmyp nªlm Ž^ªØx{€,mT‚yƒ'†cªtm Ž †#x{lfhzhf †.k^m£gjf ‚j fhŽˆx{z Žc‚Íx«Ã¬m£Y†5m£| †5ªtm)ƒ„m‡m£|tØxyZ

£‚{;†ckc‚jz zhm‡k ø f ~†cªtfhŽ£x{Žcm«\؆5ªtmoŽc£x{zxykaƒ„m£m£|lØx{Z)gx{f  ú p


, X
ï

·¹¸ Ät´.¼ ʄ¯ Åy †g


°¶ º ·¹¸ ÄØ´.¼½Ê„¯ ág¶ ¹~P¯ɰƸŢÆ0ÂD¯ ÁË nªtm3Ž^†5x{tfhz f † kcm‡gjfh‚j ‚{ƒÆSk¶txy«3€tz m˜Xlp - ø x{

‰‹ŠŒ ¨1f †cªl‚jVf |tm¢xyz©†5kcx{tŽc«ˆfhŽ^Žcf ‚jtŽ ú f ŽÞ€tzh‚y†c†5m‡|U;it«ˆm£k^fh£x{zhz \ x{ŽFŽcªl‚A¨1Ufhe f gjitkcm)qlp - p

Š©zhm£x{kcz \l¨Ãmd¢x{TŽcm‡md†cªØxy†1†5ªtmvyx{z itm£Ž1‚{ƒ Ð5 x{t| ú


WyjÐd z fhm‹f tŽcf |tm†5ªtmoŽ^†5x{tz mdk^m£gjf ‚j²\l¨1ªlfhzhm

†5ªlmovyx{z itm£Ž‚yƒ Ð xyt| ú


€yjÐ \ «3x{tf ƒ„m‡Ž^†cfhtgމNŠŒ
zhf m‹‚jil†cŽcfh|lm Ø nfhŽiltŽ^†5x{tzhmyp

1
NCS 1
NCS 2
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
τ/h

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
h

e f gjitk^mqtp - s§Œ †#x{lfhzhf †ˆkcm£g{fh‚j~‚{ƒkSk¶txy«3€tz m@Xlp -

+’ Ê ™+ž ˀ=iN¡¢™ áà ‘ zÌ t


ž \š¡`Ë¢¡(Ìu= a‚„ƒl‡† ˆ ‰aŠ‹\Œ ƒ!Ž Š‹‚’‘„“” ‚

• “–˜—ƒl™š‡“

›œ›œŸž ¢¡¤£¦¥¨§ ©s£˜§«ª;¬’­®©A¯

°²±³´µ|¶¸·¹»º¼¹½µ'¾~¿ÁÀ>¶ÁÂeÃ>IJÅÇÆȹ»µÉ±Ê ³4µ'Ƥ¿ËÌÍ'¹»ÂÎÏÐ4³!Îeγ!º¼¶#¾~Ðl¶ÁÂe¶Áº¼´¿·Ñ³¶¸Â¶¸º»¾¨Ò!³4ÎÓÏ´¹»ÂÔÕ¶

±Ö¾¨·Ë¹»Î×´¾¨´ŸµÉ³4Ø_´2´µ|¶¸·¹»º¼¹½µ'¾‹¶¸ÂÙ¶¸º½¾Ú´Ÿ¹¼´>µ³!Ð|± ¹¼Ûϳ¸Ü]ݾ¨·˟¹¼ÎÕ´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!ØÞ´2Ð!¿ÂÖµ|¶Á¹¼ÂÐ!¿¸Âµ¹¼ÂÏ¿Ï ´Î ¾ÖÍ

ÂÙ¶¸ØÞ¹¼Ð4´ ¶¸Âΐι»´Ð4˳4µ³>³€ß³!ÂÖµ´2àâá¸á!ãäÜk°²± ³¦Ã¦Ä²ÅÞØ_¿¨Î³!ºÙƤ³¦¶¸ËŸ³´µÉÏÎÚ¾Ú¹»ÂÔt˟³!´³4Øt·º»³!´w¶,Ð!º¼¶¸´´ ¿¸À


á#å¸æ

±Ö¾¨·Ë¹»Î_´¾Ú´µÉ³4Ø_´kÆȹ»µ±èç éÚ³!Î깻´ŸµÉ¶¸Âֵɴk¿¸Àë¹¼ØÞìϺ»´³w³€í^³4Ð4µ!܄°²±³´Ÿµ|¶Á·¹¼º»¹»µ'¾,¿¸Àë´ÏÐ|±_Ð!¿Âֵɹ»ÂÏ¿Ï´®Í

ι»´Ð!˟³4µ³´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!ØÞ´Æw¶¸´Ð4¿Â´Ÿ¹¼Î³4˳!Îî¹»Âïàñð#ãäò¶¸ÂΫ˟³4ߨ¹¼³€Æ˜³4Îó¶¸Â Ϋ³€é¨µÉ³4Âγ!Îô¹¼Âõàâá%ö%ãäòÈÆȱ³!˟³

º¼¹»Â³l¶Á˹¼Ò4³!α־¨·Ë¹»Î6´¾¨´ŸµÉ³4Ø_´¿¸À÷µÉ±³Àø¿º»º¼¿#Æȹ¼Â Ô]Àø¿Ëض¸Ë³2Ð4¿Â´¹»Î³!˟³!Îuù

û ú üøýŸþÿ
1 û’ü ýŸþ’ü ýŸþ„ü û’üøýŸþ 1
 ü ýŸþ ýŸþ ý
ü æÜ þ
1ü ýAþÿ û’üøýŸþ1ü ýŸþ’üøû’üøýŸþ ’üøýŸþ ýŸþ óý

Æȱ³4˳ û "!$#%&!(' ò ¶¸ÂÎ  *


ÿ )#ý,+.-Ùý,+tÿ0/21 ò 143 / ÿ
å ò ‡ å á ö 65756598 
Ü :A³4µ<; üøýŸþ¦ÿ

à û2=kü ýŸþ >2=1üøýŸþ ã =@? µÉ±³4 „ü ; ŸýŸþ ùBADCFE >G !(# ¹¼´èÐ4¿Âֵɹ¼ÂÏ¿¸Ï´è¹¼Â ;¹¼Â¢µ±³Â³4¹¼Ô±·Ñ¿Ë±¿¨¿¨Î

ADCIH ! #  ' Àø¿Ë1¶¸ÂÖ¾ ý ¹¼Â µÉ±³w¹»Âֵɳ!ËßÁ¶¸º  H !  K


Ü JÙÏ˟µ±³!˟Ø_¿˟³¸ò 1ü å ýŸþkÿ å ýLMN 1
 ü å ýŸþ„ÿ
å ýL ¶ÁÂ΋Àø¿¸ËO;QP ;QP P ADC#òµÉ±³2Ð!¿¸Âι»µ¹¼¿ ´

-R-S„ü ; P ýŸþKTU„ü ; P P ŸýŸþV-R-BWYXZV-[- ; P T ; P P R- - Z 2\ ? XZ ^]43 å ? ýD

¶¸ÂÎ

-[-_1ü ; P ŸýŸþKTU1ü ; P P ýŸþ`-R-BWYXbac-R- ; P T ; P P [- - Z 2\ ? Xda`]43 å ? ý

±¿º»ÎuÜk°²±³2´ŸµÉ¶¸·¹»º¼¹»µ'¾_¿¸À÷µÉ±¹»´wµ'¾¨ìë³,¿¸À’´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!Ø Ë³4ÎÏÐ!³4´µ¿)³4ßÁ¶¸º¼Ï¶ÁµÉ¹»ÂÔtµÉ±³ ÅÚÐ|±ÏË®Í'³4´´¿¸À

fgg prqq
g i6jlk m q
e ÿ
h ni j%k m U
 o s

Æȱ³4˳ ÿ t C k i jNv9k6w%xzy |{~}I€ü‚1Ñþ


m u Ü

ƒ„†B‡Nˆ‰~Š ‹†Œ‹YŽ n‡Nˆ‰‡‘’’“lˆV”–•B‹†—™˜R•~š2›œž Ÿ¢¡|£R¤¥§¦^¨~©%ª«K¬ ¨®­ ¯°¬ ¨®­¢±‰­ ª²‰¬ ¨³¤`²‰´µ©~¬‚£z²‰¯²,ŸO¶¢·7©l¸º¹

¬’£z²‰¯ »½¼‘¾’¿^ÀÁ£R¤n¸‰¤ ‰ÃIđ¬,²‰¬’£z¦ ¸º´Å´µÂÁ¤ ¬z¸ÇÆ7´R­7¾

Èdz׿#Æ ¶¸ìì º»¾ µ±¹¼´µÉ¿e¶¸ÂóæIJÅëÜÉ´Ÿ¹¼ÂÔӵɱ ³ÇÃ>IJÅ;Ø_¿¨Î³4º¹¼ÂuÊkۨ϶ÁµÉ¹»¿ ü æÜ»á þ ¶ÁÂÎ

˳€Àø³!˟˹¼Â Ô µÉ¿,µÉ±³µÉ¹»Ø_¹»ÂÔ2¿¸ÀAµÉ±³´¹»ÔÂÙ¶¸º»´ ´Ÿ±¿#Æȹ¼ÂËJ1¹¼ÔÏ Ë³æÜ3ö¨ò¨µ±³Àø¿º»º¼¿#Æȹ¼Â Ô,¹»´¤´ŸÏ¹»µÉ¶¸·º»³ÈÀø¿¸Ë


á#åÇÌ

¿ÏËȶÁÂÙ¶¸º»¾¨´Ÿ¹¼´!ù

û ú ü ýŸþ
’ ÿ û’üøýŸþÍT Îoû’Ï ü ýŸþ õýD à /21n Ðl]ü‚/n á þ 1n ÐÙþ
ü æÜ3ð þ
Ï üøý
û’  þ ÿ û’üøýÍT4ÐÙþ ýDÑ)Q/21&Ð2F/_ÿ å á ö 65656598B5
È~˹»µ¹¼ÂÔ û’ü ýKT4ÐÙþ ¹¼ÂµÉ³4ËØÞ´²¿¸À û’ü ýŸþ ¶¸ÂÎ Ï ü ýŸþ ò Ƥ³,¿· µ|¶Á¹¼Â
û„

û’ü ýÍTÒÐÙþ ÿÓi w~j%Ô û’ü ýŸþ†i w~j%Ô €üÅÐzþÕÎÖû„Ï ü ýŸþ

¶¸ÂÎ

 ÿ i w~j%Ô

 ÿ iQw~j%Ô6€ü ÐÙþÕÎ5
Ę¿ØÞìÙ¶¸Ë¹»ÂÔtµÉ± ¹¼´²µÉ¿³ÊkÛÏÙ¶ÁµÉ¹»¿ ü æÜ× þ ò Ƙ³,¿· µÉ¶¸¹¼Âµ±³Àø¿º¼º»¿#Æȹ¼ÂÔtÐ4¿Ë¿¸º¼º ¶Á˟¾Ü

n‡Nˆ‰‡‘’’“lˆV” ‹†Œ[ØŽ^ÙÛÚ`“lÜKݒ‚ÝÅÚ ”4ÞÝ Ú`„Yn‡‘ßáàâÚ6“®ßãÚËä(~ “Ç”Kœo姨®­æ¤ ¬z¸ÇÆ7£Å´µ£Å¬‚Âo²,Ÿ4¸º¯|çèK¥êéb£Å¬Å¨

¦^²‰¯l¤ ¬z¸º¯®¬Dë~­ ´ì¸ºÂÁª­ 뺩N¦^­^¤<¬²í­ÕîB¸ºÃ>£Å¯®£Å¯~ﳬŨ®­ð¥§¦^¨~©~ª ¹¯Û­^¤^¤²,Ÿ


fgg p qq
g i6jlk TI€êüz1zþÕÎ q
e ÿ 5
h i6j‘vk`wBÔ^yñTIiQw~j~Ô¨ü‚€êüz1zþKT €üÅÐzþŸþÕÎ s

òIó “2ŠÒôK .‹†Œ[õŽö7ßãÚ6~÷NˆV“lÚ`‡Nˆ³ø$Çù†Ý’à6Ý Ú6%ú͜ Èdz>Ðl¶¸ÂÏ ´³2Ę¿˟¿º¼º¼¶¸ËŸ¾)æ Ü9̵ɿt˟³!Ðl¶Áº¼Ð!Ï º ¶Áµ³µÉ± ³

¹¼ÂÖµ³!Ô˶ÁµÉ¿Ës³é¶ÁØ_캻³È¿¸ÀÊkÛÏÙ¶Áµ¹¼¿ ü æ Üñæ þ Übû¤¾)´Ÿ³4µµ¹¼ÂÔ ;ÿ å,¶¸ÂÎ ïÿ á¹¼ÂÊkÛÏÙ¶ÁµÉ¹»¿ ü æÜ.ð þ ò

Ƥ³,çÙ Î
fgg p qq
g á Tü1®Î q
e ÿ 5
h á Ttü‚1T4ÐzþÎ s
JÙ¿ËOexµÉ¿)·Ñ³]ŨÐ|±¨Ï Ë!ò Ð ØtÏ´Ÿµ´¶ÁµÉ¹»´ŸÀ ¾íÊkÛÏÙ¶Áµ¹¼¿ ü æ Ü9Ì þ ò Æȱ¹»Ð|±‹ß¸³!˹½çÙ³!´Ê1é ¶¸ØÞ캼³ öÚÜ
á#åc

›œ›œý þ4ÿ ¬ש¯FÿŸ£  ªó¬÷­®© ¯

°²±³>¶¸Î ßÁ¶¸ÂÖµ|¶¸Ô¸³¿¸À^µÉ±¹»´ ±Ö¾¨·˟¹¼Î´¾Ú´µÉ³4ض¸Â¶¸º»¾¨´¹»´kµÉ³!Ð|± ¹¼Ûϳ¦¹»´s¿·ÖßÚ¹»¿Ï´ Æȱ³!ÂêƤ³>Î ³l¶¸ºÙÆȹ»µ±

µÉ¹»Ø_³Í ßÁ¶¸Ë¾Ú¹»ÂÔ³€µ'Ƙ¿˟ÌÍ'¹¼Â ÎÏÐ!³4ΐγ4º ¶l¾èÆȹ»µ±Þµ¹¼ØÞ³€Í ßÁ¶¸Ë¾¨¹¼ÂÔ´¶¸Ø_ì º¼¹¼Â Ô,ìѳ!˟¹¼¿¨ÎuÜ1°²± ¹¼´ Ô³!³4Ëɶ¸º

´Ÿ¾¨´µÉ³!Ø ØÞ¿ÚÎ ³!º^¹»´ÈÔ¹»ß¸³!Âi·Ö¾

û’üøýŸþKT Îoû1Ï ü ýŸþ ýD à ý,+QÈý,+


û ú üøýŸþÿ
1
 ZŸþ ü æÜ þ
Ï üøý þÿ
û’ û’ü ýKT4Ðâ+#þ ýDÑ)#ý,+ºF/_ÿ å á ö 65656598B
Æȱ¹»Ð|± ¹»´è¶¸º»´¿¹¼º»º¼Ï´µÉ˶ÁµÉ³4΢¹¼Â J1¹»ÔÏ˟³êæÜ× Ü¢Ý³!˟³¸òkµÉ±³ ¤7¸ºÃIđ´µ£Å¯~ïËÄ®­ ª £z²7ë ü ¿Ë ¬’ªÕ¸º¯l¤ Ã>£R¤^¤ £z²‰¯

Ä®­ ª £z²7ë þ ¹»´˜ÂÙ¶&µÉÏ˶¸º¼º½¾)γ4çÙ ³!΋¶¸´ 12+ÿîý,+  §Z T‡ý,+ Ük°²±³¦Ð4¿ÂÖµÉË¿¸º¼º¼³4ˤ˟³!Ð4³!¹»ß¸³!´È¶]´Ÿ³!´Ÿ¿˲ÏìÑÎÙ¶Áµ³

¶Áµµ¹¼ØÞ³ ý,+ òAÆȱ¹»Ð|±×Ƙ¶¸´,´É¶¸ØÞ캼³4Î ý,+ITÐâ+ Ϲ½µÉ´,¶¸Ô¿Üû˜¿¸µÉ± 12+ ¶¸ÂÎ Ð7+ ¶¸ËŸ³tµÉ¹»Ø_³Í ßÁ¶¸ËŸ¾¨¹»ÂÔÜ

JÙÏ˟µ±³!˟Ø_¿¸Ë³¸òzƤ³è¶¸´´ŸÏØÞ³]µÉ±Ù¶&µ>¿êØ_¿˟³]´Ÿ³!´Ÿ¿˦ÏìÑÎÙ¶Áµ³!´¶¸ËŸ³]´Ÿ³!ÂÖµ¿Ï µ>ÏÂֵɹ»º µ±³tÐ4ÏË˟³!ÂÖµ

¿Â³2¹»´²Ë³!Ð4³!¹½ß³!Î6·Ö¾µÉ±³2Ð4¿ÂÖµÉË¿¸º¼º¼³4Ë!Ük°²±¹»´²ÔÏÙ¶¸Ë¶¸Âֵɳ4³!´ÈµÉ±Ù¶Áµ Ðâ+ –12+ w Z Ü

hk-1 hk

tk t k+1
τk τk+1

J1¹»ÔÏ˳>æÜÚù>ÂÙ¶¸º½¾¨´¹¼´²¿ÁÀ1µÉ¹»Ø_³Í ßÁ¶¸Ë¾Ú¹»ÂÔtγ4º ¶l¾Ï ´¹¼Â ÔÞµ±³2±¾¨·˟¹¼Îi´Ÿ¾¨´µÉ³!Ø µ³!Ð|±Â¹»Ûϳ

JÙ¿º¼º»¿%Æȹ»ÂÔ]µ±¹¼´²´Ÿ³4µÉÏ ìuòѶÁµ ýsÿôý,+ òƤ³ Ð!¶¸Â‹ÆÈ˟¹»µ³

û’üøýÍTÑÐ7+lþ ÿui w~j%Ô û’ü ýŸþ†i w~j%Ô €üÅÐ7+lþÕÎoû1Ï üøýŸþ 5

°²±³4Â6µÉ± ³neCØ_¶ÁµÉ˟¹½éêÐ!¿ØÞìÏ µ³!´²µÉ¿

fgg p qq
g i6jlk  TI€êüz12+#þÎ q
e zü 12+‰ Ð7+lþkÿ ?
h i j‘vk  Bw Ô  y TFi w~j%Ô  ’ü €üz12+lþKT&€üÅÐ7+%þŸþÕÎ s
á#åÖð

¹»µÈ¹»´È¶tµÉ¹¼ØÞ³€ÍäßÁ¶¸ËŸ¾¨¹¼Â ÔtØê¶&µÉ˹âé¶&µÈ³4ß³4˟¾‹´Ÿµ³!ì / Ü

°’¿Þ³4ßÁ¶¸º»ÏÙ¶Áµ³´Ÿµ|¶Á·¹¼º»¹»µ'¾_¹¼ÂµÉ±¹»´²Ðl¶¸´Ÿ³¸òÙƤ³,±¶#߸³

ƒ„†B‡Nˆ‰~Š ‹†ŒŽ ÙãÚ`“2Üá݂’Ý Ú ”ÑÞËÝÅÚV„"ƒn݂ŠÑ<“2ˆ`”†Ý’ß@÷æäí~’“Ç”KœMž Ÿð¬Å¨®­ ª­³­Õîc£R¤ ¬Å¤¸áÂc¸ đ©~¯Û²


Ÿ ©~¯Û¦ ¬‚£z²‰¯ üŸýŸþkÿ=   «béK¨®­ ª^­ ôÿ à û2=KlÏû2= ã = «b¤ ©®¦^¨°¬ ¨l¸º¬

e = zü 12+º Ðâ+!þ e zü 12+‰ Ð7+lþKT!" å

Ÿ6²‰ªn¸º´Å´ /Þÿ å á 656565 « ¬Å¨®­ç>èK¥Méb£Å¬Å¨°¬’£ÅÃË­ ¹#‰¸ºª ‰£Å¯~ï$ë~­ ´ì¸ºÂ`¤<£R¤­ÕîâÄ®²‰¯Û­ ¯®¬’£’¸º´Å´µÂ>¤ ¬z¸ÇÆ7´R­7¾

ÅÚ¹¼ØÞ캽¾_ì Ï µlò¨µÉ±¹»´²¶¸ìì˟¿Ö¶¸Ð|±iÐl¶Á˳!´È¶Á·ë¿ÏÚµw±¿#Æ;¿º¼Î¹»´¤µ±³ÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶]µÉ±Ù¶Áµw¹¼´˜ËŸ³!Ð4³!¹»ß¸³!΋·Ö¾êµÉ± ³

Ð!¿¸ÂµË¿º»º¼³4Ë ü γ4º ¶l¾ Ðâ+#þ òÙ¶¸Â΋±¿#Æ º»¿ÂÔèµÉ±³2Ð4¿ÂÖµÉË¿¸ºA¹¼´²¹¼Â‹¶¸Ð€µÉ¹»¿ ü ìѳ!˟¹¼¿¨Î 12+!þ Ü

$&%(' )+*ޔ ,Ǔ‚1ˆ,‘kƒ-*Þ ./*ތ10 “>‘324*_Œ6587:9 Žš–È“Ž ; “ <!ˆ>Š

ÅÚ³4´¿Ë®Í µ¿ÁÍ'Ð4¿ÂÖµÉË¿¸º¼º¼³4ːγ4º ¶l¾ò Ð x= ò¦¶¸Â ÎôÐ4¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»³!ËÍäµÉ¿ÁÍ'¶¸Ð4µÏÙ¶Áµ¿Ëêγ4º ¶l¾ò Ð =?>


ò>±¶#߸³~Î ¹»íë³!˳4ÂÖµ

ÂÙ¶ÁµÏ˳4´!ÜsŨ³!´Ÿ¿ËÍäµÉ¿ÁÍ Ð!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»³!ËAγ4º ¶l¾2Ðl¶ÁÂt·ë³ Ì¿#ÆÈÂtÆȱ³! µÉ±³¤Ð!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»³!Ë Ï´Ÿ³!´1µ±³¤´Ÿ³!´Ÿ¿Ë-@ ´

ÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶ÇµÉ¿¢Ô¸³!³4ËɶÁµ³‡µÉ±³‡Ð4¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¦´¹»ÔÂÙ¶¸ºpò²ìË¿#ߨ¹¼Î ³!Î µÉ± ³‡´³4´¿ˋ¶¸Â ΫÐ!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»³!ËÞÐ!º»¿ÚÐ|Ì´i¶¸ËŸ³

´Ÿ¾¨ÂÐ|± ˿¹»Ò!³4ÎÓ¶¸ÂÎǵ±³êØÞ³!´Ÿ´É¶¸Ô³_¹¼´2µÉ¹»Ø_³Í'´ŸµÉ¶¸ØÞìë³4Îuܐ°²±Ï´)¶¸Â~³!´Ÿµ¹¼Ø_¶ÁµÉ¿¸Ë,Ð!¶¸Â¢·Ñ³êÏ´Ÿ³!Îǵ¿

˳4Ð!¿ ´ŸµÉ˟ÏÐ4µ¦¶¸Â6¶¸ìì˟¿#éÚ¹»Øê¶Áµ¹¼¿µ¿Þµ±³,ÏÂγ4º ¶l¾³4Π캼¶¸ÂÖµ´µ|¶Áµ³]¶ÁÂÎ6Ø_¶¸ÌÁ³,¹½µ¶#ßÁ¶¸¹»º ¶¸· º¼³Àø¿¸Ë

µÉ± ³ Ð4¿ÂÖµÉË¿¸ºAÐl¶¸º»Ð!Ϻ¼¶ÁµÉ¹»¿ÂuÜ Ý¿#Ƥ³4ß³4Ë!òëÐ!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»³!Ë®Í µÉ¿&Í®¶¸Ð€µÉÏÙ¶Áµ¿˘Π³!º ¶l¾¹»´Èι»íë³!˟³!ÂÖµ>¹»ÂµÉ±Ù¶ÁµµÉ± ³

Ð!¿¸ÂµË¿º»º¼³4Ë1勉!´k¿ÁµkÌ¿#Æ ±¿#Æeº¼¿ Ԧ¹»µ’Æȹ¼º¼ºµ|¶Á̸³²µÉ±³˜Ð!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º´Ÿ¹¼ÔÂÙ¶Áº¨µ¿Ë³l¶ÁÐ|±Þµ±³²¶¸Ð€µÉÏÙ¶Áµ¿Ë ?


µÉ± ³!˳€Àø¿Ë³ÁòÙ¿޳€é ¶¸Ð4µÐ4¿Ë˟³!Ð4µ¹¼¿ÂiÐ!¶¸Â6·Ñ³2Øê¶Áγ2¶Áµ²µÉ± ³2µ¹¼ØÞ³¿¸À’Ð!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿ºAÐl¶Áº¼Ð!Ï º ¶Áµ¹¼¿ÂuÜ

Èdz,ì˟³!´³4ÂÖµ2¶ÞØÞ³4µ±¿¨Î6¿¸À1³!´µÉ¹¼Ø_¶Áµ¹¼ÂÔèµÉ± ³ Ϡγ!º¼¶#¾¸³!Î‡ì º ¶¸ÂÖµ´ŸµÉ¶ÁµÉ³,Ï´¹»ÂÔ)µÉ¹¼ØÞ³2οØ_¶¸¹¼Â

´¿¸º¼Ï µ¹¼¿Â´²¿ÁÀ’µ±³2ìº ¶¸Âֵȴµ|¶Áµ³,³4ÛÏÙ¶ÁµÉ¹»¿Â´4Ü


á#å/

Ã>IJÅ׳4´ŸµÉ¹»Øê¶&µÉ¿Ë´Ÿ±¿Ïº»Î~±Ù¶l߸³_µ'Ƥ¿ ì˟¹¼Ø_¶¸ËŸ¾6ÀøÏÂÐ4µ¹¼¿ ´!ÜBA¦Â³Þ¹¼´µ¿‹Æ¤¿ËÌÕ¶Á´]¶iÐ!¿¨Í

ß³4Âֵɹ¼¿¸ÂÙ¶¸ºw´µ|¶Áµ³³!´µÉ¹¼Ø_¶Áµ¿Ë µ¿³!´Ÿµ¹¼Ø_¶ÁµÉ³ÞµÉ±³ÀøÏ º¼º ´Ÿµ|¶&µÉ³¿¸À²µ±³ìº ¶ÁµtÏ´¹»ÂԍìÙ¶¸ËµÉ¹ ¶Áº¤´µ|¶Áµ³

ØÞ³l¶¸´ŸÏ˳4Ø_³4µ´ ü ¹pÜñ³ÁÜ»ò¤µÉ±³6ìº ¶¸ÂÖµ_¿Ï µìÏ Éµ ´ þ ? µ±³ ¿ÁµÉ±³4Ëê¹¼´)µÉ¿~Ð!¿ØÞìѳ!´¶ÁµÉ³‹Àø¿Ë_µ±³ ´Ÿ³!´Ÿ¿Ë

γ4º ¶l¾ê¹»Â¿˟γ!˘µ¿tØ_¶¸Ì¸³¶tØÞ¿˟³¦¶¸Ð4Ð!Ï˶ÁµÉ³³4´ŸµÉ¹»Øê¶&µÉ³¸Ü1°²±¨Ï ´!òµ'Ƥ¿è´¹»µÏÙ¶Áµ¹¼¿Â´¤´±¿¸Ïº¼Î·Ñ³2¶¸ÂÚÍ

¶¸º½¾ÚÒ4³!Îuù´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!ØÞ´¦Æȹ»µ±‡ÀøϺ¼ºâÍ'´ŸµÉ¶ÁµÉ³2Àø³!³4ηٶ¸Ð|Ì ¶¸Â΍µÉ± ¿´³]Æȹ½µÉ±ìÙ¶Á˟µÉ¹¼¶¸º½Í ´ŸµÉ¶ÁµÉ³2Àø³!³4ηٶ¸Ð|ÌzÜ,°²±³

³!´µÉ¹»Øê¶Áµ¹¼¿Âè¿ÁÀëµ±³ì º ¶¸ÂÖµs´ŸµÉ¶ÁµÉ³ û’ü‚/21D°Ð


x=DC +!þ
¹»´k·Ù¶¸´Ÿ³!Î꿸ÂÞµ±³È´³! ´¿Ë Ø_³!¶¸´Ï ˳!ØÞ³!ÂÖµ˜¶ÁµkµÉ¹»Ø_³

/21 ¶¸ÂÎtµ±³w´³4´¿¸ËÍ µ¿ÁÍ'Ð4¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»³!Ë÷γ!º¼¶#¾ Ð x=DC + Ü1ݳ4˳˜Æ¤³È¶¸´´ŸÏØÞ³w´¹»ÂÔº¼³Í'ìÙ¶ÁÐ|̸³4µ1µÉËɶÁ´ØÞ¹¼´Ÿ´¹¼¿¸Â

¶¸Â΋γ4º ¶l¾º»³!´´²µ±Ù¶¸Â‹¿Â³2´É¶¸ØÞ캻¹¼ÂÔtìѳ!˟¹¼¿¨Î ü ¹äÜ ³¸Ü½ò Ð x= Y1zþ Ü

›œ#EwœŸž FHG­­DJI²§ ©1§¬KF¦¬ ¬ML N¦©O:P

Èî¹»µ±]ÀøϺ»º½Í'´µ|¶Áµ³ Àø³4³!η¶¸Ð|Ìzòµ±³w¿ º»¾2µ|¶¸´ŸÌ ¿ÁÀٵɱ³w³4´Ÿµ¹¼Ø_¶ÁµÉ¿Ë÷¹¼´÷µÉ¿Ð4¿Ø_ìѳ! ´É¶Áµ³˜Àø¿˒µ±³wγ4º ¶l¾ò

Ð x= òֵɿ,¶¸Ð|±¹»³4߸³>¶2Ø_¿¸Ë³È¶¸Ð4Ð!Ï˶ÁµÉ³ìº ¶Áµs´µ|¶Áµ³¶ÁµsµÉ±³²µÉ¹»Ø_³wµ±³ÈÐ!¿Âֵ˿ºÙ´Ÿ¹¼ÔÂÙ¶Áº¹¼´sÐl¶Áº¼Ð!Ï º ¶Áµ³!ÎuÜ

>´Ÿ´ÏØÞ¹¼Â Ô¦µÉ±³²ìº¼¶¸ÂÖµs¶¸ÂÎ)Ð4¿ÂÖµÉË¿¸º¼º¼³4˄ØÞ¿Úγ4º¼´1¶¸Ë³²Ô¹½ß³4ÂÞ·Ö¾ ÊsÛÏÙ¶&µÉ¹¼¿¸Â´ ü öÚܽá þ ¶ÁÂÎ ü öÚÜ.ö þ òÁµÉ±¹»´

Ðl¶ÁÂ6·Ñ³2ο³2Ï´Ÿ¹¼ÂÔ

j Q û’ü å þTS C Q
û’ü ýŸþ ÿui R i jNv Q½w%x‚y ’ü‚}&þÍ{~}c5 ü æÜ U þ

°²±³Þ³!´µÉ¹¼Ø_¶Áµ¹¼¿ÂÕ´Ð|± ³!ØÞ³_¹»´,¹»º¼º»Ï´ŸµËɶÁµ³!ÎÕ¹¼ÂæJ1¹»ÔÏ˳)æÜ.ðÚÜÞ°²±³!˟³¸ò Ð x=DC + γ4¿¸µ³!´2µÉ±³Þ´³4´¿Ë®Í

û’üz/21zþ ò¤¶¸ÂÎKû’
V ü‚/21íuÐ
x=DC +lþ
µÉ¿&Í'Ð!¿¸ÂµË¿º»º¼³4Ë]γ4º ¶l¾ÇÀø¿Ë]ìº ¶¸ÂÖµ)´µ|¶Áµ³ Î ³!¿¸µ³!´èµÉ± ³ìº ¶¸ÂÖµ)´µ|¶Áµ³

³!´µÉ¹»Øê¶Áµ³‹¶Áµ)µÉ±³iµÉ¹»Ø_³ û’ü‚/21zþ ¹»´)˳!Ð4³!¹½ß³!Î^ÜW>´´ŸÏØÞ¹¼ÂÔյɱ³4˳‹¹¼´)¿×Ø_³!¶¸´Ï ˳!ØÞ³!ÂÖµ_¿¹»´³¸ò

û V üz/l1
’ Ð x=DC +!þ Ðl¶¸Â‹·ë³2Ð!¶¸º¼Ð4Ϻ ¶Áµ³!η־

+ k  Ô X\Y[ 
û V ü‚/21&Ð
„
x=DC +lþsÿîû’ü‚/21&Ð x=#C +!þkÿoi j~ÔXZY[  û’üz/21zþ† S i j‘v + k  ÔX\Y[ ^w%xzy ’üz}%þÍ{~}cÞü æܽá#å þ
+k
á#å/U

¶¸ÂÎiµÉ± ³,Ð4¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿ºAº ¶lÆ;¹¼´²Ð!¿¸Ø_ìÏڵɳ!΋·Ö¾

1ü‚/21&Ð x=DC +lþsÿ|TFÎ û V üz/21


1 Ð x=DC +lþ 5 ü æܽáá þ

É´Ÿ¹¼ÂÔèµ±¹¼´²Ð4¿ÂÖµÉË¿¸ºAº ¶lÆ2òµÉ±³2Ð4º¼¿´Ÿ³!ÎÚÍ º¼¿¨¿쐴Ÿ¾¨´µÉ³!Ø ·Ñ³!Ð4¿Ø_³4´

û’üü‚/< á þ 1n âÐ +  ZŸþsÿ ] m ü^â+#þ'û’üz/21n Ðâ+#þ ü æܽá%ö þ

Æȱ³4˳

â+
^ ÿ 1 Ð x=DC +  @
Z TÒÐ x=DC +‰

] m + þÿ
ü^ l ] ü^â+%þKT`_¤ü^â+lþÕÎ

] ü^â+#þÿ i jRa
a
_ ü^ lþÿ + S C i 2j x  {~}c5

x(kh) x((k+1)h) x((k+2)h)

Plant

kh (k+1)h (k+2)h

x(kh+τsc,k)
Estimator
Controller

kh (k+1)h (k+2)h
τsc,k

J’¹¼ÔÏ˟³æÜ.ðÚù6bkº ¶¸ÂÖµ¶¸Â΋³!´µÉ¹»Øê¶Áµ¿˘µ¹¼ØÞ¹¼ÂÔtÎ ¹ ¶¸Ô˶¸Ø Æȹ»µÉ±ÀøϺ»º½Í ´Ÿµ|¶&µÉ³>Àø³4³!ηٶÁÐ|ÌÑÜ


áá#å

›œ#Ewœý cTG§edHG§TF¦¬ ¬ML N¦©O P

Èî±³4ÂÓÀøÏ º¼º½Í ´ŸµÉ¶ÁµÉ³Þ¹¼Â Àø¿¸ËØ_¶ÁµÉ¹»¿Â~¹»´]¿Áµ)¶l߸¶Á¹¼º ¶Á·º¼³)Àø¿Ë]Ð!¶¸º¼Ð4Ϻ ¶&µÉ¹¼¿¸ÂÇ¿¸À²µ±³Ð!¿¸ÂµË¿º˜´¹¼Ô¸ÂÙ¶¸ºäò1¶

´ŸµÉ¶ÁµÉ³ ³!´Ÿµ¹¼Ø_¶ÁµÉ¿¸Ëê¹¼´_·Ï¹»º»µêµ¿Ê³!´µÉ¹¼Ø_¶Áµ³6µÉ± ³‡ìº ¶Áµ´Ÿµ|¶&µÉ³¸ÜKxÐ4¿ÂÖß³4µ¹¼¿Â¶¸º¦Ð!Ï Ë˳4ÂÖµŸÍ'´µ|¶Áµ³

³!´µÉ¹»Øê¶Áµ¿Ë ³!´Ÿµ¹¼Ø_¶ÁµÉ³4´¤µ±³>캼¶¸ÂÖµw´µ|¶Áµ³ û’üz/21zþ Ï´¹»ÂÔ]µÉ± ³¦ìº ¶Áµ˜¿Ï µìÏ µgf üz/l1ÑþkÿÓ2û’ü‚/21zþ ò¶Á´

γ4´Ð!˟¹¼·Ñ³!΋¹¼Â~à öð&ãpù

Ï üüz/<
û’ 1 þCÿ
á þ z ]hû1
V üz/21zþi_†’ü‚/21zþ ü æܽákj þ

V üüz/<
û’ 1 þCÿ
á þ z Ï üü‚/<
û1 1 þUX
á þ z ü f üŸüz/ 1 þKT
á þ z û’Ï üüz/ð 1 þþ
á þ z ü æܽálæ þ
=

Æȱ³4˳ X =
γ! ¿¸µÉ³4´,µ±³)Ð!Ï˟˳!ÂÖµ ³!´µÉ¹¼Ø_¶Áµ¿ËÔÖ¶¸¹»ÂuÜè°²±³ÞÐl¶¸º»Ð!Ϻ¼¶ÁµÉ¹»¿‡¹¼´2ο¸Â³)¹¼Âµ'Ƙ¿‹´Ÿµ³!ì´ ?
V üz/l1Ñþ ¹»´¤ì˟¿lŸ³!ЀµÉ³4Î_Àø¿ËÆw¶¸ËŸÎê·Ö¾Þ¿Â³´É¶¸ØÞ캻¹¼ÂÔìѳ!˟¹¼¿¨ÎÞµ¿ ¿·Úµ|¶¸¹»Â
çÙ˟´ŸµlòµÉ± ³³4´ŸµÉ¹»Øê¶&µÉ¿Ëk´µ|¶Áµ³8û1

Ï üü‚/n
û’ 1 þ òÙ¶¸ÂÎiµÉ±³4Â
á þ z Ï üŸüz/ð
û’ 1 þ ¹¼´²Ð!¿¸Ë˳4Ð4µ³!΋·Ù¶¸´³4Î
á þ z ¿Âµ±³2ìº ¶¸ÂֵȿÏÚµÉìÏ µ˟³!Ð!³4¹»ß¸³!ÎuÜ

°²±³t³4´ŸµÉ¹»Øê¶&µÉ¿˲Æȹ»µ±‡´³4´¿¸Ë¦Ø_³!¶¸´Ï ˳!ØÞ³!ÂÖµ>γ!º¼¶#¾‹¹»´·Ù¶Á´³!΍¿¸Â6µÉ± ³tÐ!Ï˟˳4µÍ'´µ|¶Áµ³t³!´µÉ¹½Í

Ø_¶ÁµÉ¿Ë4ÜJ’¹¼ÔÏ˟³tæÜm´±¿#ÆÈ´2±¿#Æ µ±³è³!´µÉ¹»Øê¶Áµ¹¼¿ ¹¼´¦Ð!¶¸Ë˟¹¼³!΍¿¸Ï µlÜ °²±³)³!´Ÿµ¹¼Ø_¶ÁµÉ¹»¿‡´ŸÐ|±³!ØÞ³

¶Áµ²µ¹¼ØÞ³ /21 ¹»´È¶¸´²Àø¿º¼º»¿%ÆÈ´4ù

áÜĘ¿˟˳4Ð4µÉ¹»¿Âi·Ù¶¸´Ÿ³!Î ¿¸Âf üz/l1Ñþ ù

û V ü‚/21zþsÿ
„ Ï üz/21zþUX
û1 ü f ü‚/21zþáT û’Ï üz/21zþþ ü æܽáVÌ þ
=

öÚÜJÙ¿ËÆw¶¸ËŸÎµÉ¿ /21&Ð x=#C + ù

+ k  ÔX\Y[ 
V üz/l1
û’ Ð x=DC +4þsÿoi j%ÔX\Y[  û’V ü‚/21zþ† S
+k i jNv + k  ÔX\Y[  w%x‚y ’üz}%þÍ{~}Ç ü æܽá` þ

j ÜÄw¶¸º»Ð!Ϻ¼¶ÁµÉ³>Ð!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿ºAº ¶lÆ2ù

’üz/l1 Ð x=DC +!þsÿ|TFÎ û V ü‚/21&Ð


„
x=#C +4þ ü æܽá%ð þ
ááá

æÜJÙ¿ËÆw¶¸ËŸÎµÉ¿ üz/ð á þÕ1 ù

Ï üŸüz/ð
û1 á þÕ1zþkÿoi j‘vk6wBÔ XZY[  y û’V ü‚/21&Ð x=#C +!þ S
v +  Z ìy k i j‘vìv +  Z ìy k6w%x‚y ’ü‚}&þÍ{~}c5 ü æܽák þ
+ k  Ô X\Y[ 

y(kh) y((k+1)h) y((k+2)h)

Plant

kh (k+1)h (k+2)h

x (kh+ τ )
sc,k
Estimator
Controller
x (kh) x((k+1)h)

kh (k+1)h (k+2)h
τ
sc,k

J’¹¼ÔÏ˟³æÜm ù6bkº ¶¸ÂÖµ¶¸Â΋³!´µÉ¹»Øê¶Áµ¿˘µ¹¼ØÞ¹¼ÂÔtÎ ¹ ¶¸Ô˶¸Ø Æȹ»µÉ±i¿ÏÚµÉìÏ µÈÀø³4³!ηٶÁÐ|ÌÑÜ

ø$~ŠÒ“2ˆon ‹†ŒZpŽ ÙÛBôá“2ˆV“lÚ`ݒ‡‘ßrq<ˆQݒßtsÇݒôᐒ2œ–姨®­Á¤`­Äl¸ºªÕ¸º¬’£z²‰¯.đª £Å¯Û¦ £đ´R­>¨®²‰´ì뉤OŸ6²‰ª³¬Å¨®­°­^¤ ¬’£Å¹

󸺬’£z²‰¯u¤`¦^¨®­ ÃË­Më~­^¤`¦ ª £’Æ ­ ëUÆ7Â4¶D·7©2¸º¬’£z²‰¯ »½¼‘¾vuw ÀyxQ¶D·7©l¸º¬‚£z²‰¯ »½¼‘¾vu/zâÀº¾+†­ ¬ tü z/21° Ðâ+#þÕÿ
à û2=kü‚/21 Ð7+lþ û2m =1ü‚/21 Ðâ+#þ ã = « éK¨®­ ª­ û1m üz/l1UÐâ+#þ £R¤<¬ ¨®­>­^¤ ¬’£Å󸺬‚£z²‰¯Ò­ ª ª²‰ªn¸º¯‘ëË£R¤ë~­?{d¯Û­ ë
¸‰¤

m üz/l1
û’ Ðâ+#þkÿ V ü‚/21&Ð7+lþKTÇû’üz/21
û’ Ðâ+#þ 5 ü æܽákU þ

| ¤ £Å¯~ï.¬ ¨®­³¯Û²‰¬z¸º¬‚£z²‰¯&ë~­?{d¯Û­ ë £Å¯Ò¶D·7©2¸º¬’£z²‰¯–»½¼‘¾vu~}7À`«F¬ ¨®­Ë¦ ´R²`¤`­ 뺹´R²`²^Ä4¤ ÂV¤ ¬­ à éb£Å¬Å¨¬ ¨®­í­^¤ ¬’£Å¹
󸺬²‰ª<£R¤

tüüz/ á þ 1n âÐ +  ZŸþsÿ ] m ü^â+#þèü‚/21n&Ð7+lþ ü æÜ.ö¸å þ


áá%ö

éK¨®­ ª­
fgg p qq
g ] + þKT€_ ü^ l+ þÎ
ü^ # T_¤ü^â+lþFÎ q
] m + þkÿ
ü^ # 5
h å ] ü^â+%þKT&X e‚] ü^â+lþ
s
=

nˆV‡§‡:ƒŒ
q °²± ³,ì º ¶¸ÂÖµÈØÞ¿Úγ4ºu¹¼´²Ô¸¹»ß³4Â6·Ö¾

û’üüz/ð 1n Ð x=DC +  Z þsÿ ü^â+lþ®û’ü‚/21 Ð x=DC +!þ„_ + þ,1ü‚/21&Ð x=DC +!þ
á þ ] ü^ #

Æȱ³4˳ ^â+ òe] ü^â+#þ òÙ¶¸Â Î +


_ ü^ #þ ¶¸ËŸ³2Ô¹»ß¸³! °Êkۨ϶ÁµÉ¹»¿ ü æܽá%ö þ Ü

°²±³t³4´ŸµÉ¹»Øê¶&µÉ¹¼¿¸Â‹´ŸÐ|±³!ØÞ³t¹»´Ô¹½ß³4‡·Ö¾.ÊkÛÏÙ¶Áµ¹¼¿ ü æܽáVÌ þ† k
Ê ÛÏÙ¶ÁµÉ¹»¿ ü æܽák þ ? Àø˟¿Ø ÊsÛÏÙ¶%Í

µÉ¹»¿Â´ ü æÜ»á`Ì þ ¶¸ÂÎ ü æ Ü»ák þ Ƙ³,Ðl¶¸Â‹±Ù¶lß³

û V üü‚/ð
’ á þÕ1Ñþÿ i jNv9k6wBÔ X\Y[  y û’V üz/21nUÐ x=DC +4þTS C k6wBÔ X\Y[  i 2j x |
 {%}ð’üz/21n Ð x=DC +lþ

X = <i j‘vk`wBÔX\Y[  y üøû’ü‚/21&Ð


x=DC +lþKT û V ü‚/21
’ Ð x=DC +4þþ

ÀøË¿¸Ø ÊkÛÏÙ¶ÁµÉ¹»¿ ü æܽá` þ Ƥ³,Ðl¶¸Â‹±Ù¶lß³

û V üüz/ð 1n Ð x=DC +  Z þÿ ü^â+%þ û’


V zü /21n Ð x=DC +!þ„_ + þ’ü‚/21&Ð x=#C +4þ
’ á þ ] ü^ #

X =  ] ü^â+lþ!ü û’üz/21&Ð


x=DC +lþKT û V ü‚/21&Ð
’
x=#C +!þþ 5

°²±³,³!´µÉ¹¼Ø_¶Áµ¹¼¿³4Ë˟¿˲¹¼´Èγ€çÙ³!Î6¹¼Â(ÊkÛÏÙ¶Áµ¹¼¿ ü æܽákU þ òÙ¶¸Âε±³2³!Ë˟¿Ëȳ!ÛÏÙ¶Áµ¹¼¿Âi¹»´

m üŸüz/ð
û’ á þÕ1&Ð
x=#C +  Z þsÿ ü ] ü^â+lþKT&X
=
 ] ü^â+%þŸþ û’
m üz/l1 Ð x=DC +!þ 5 ü æÜ.öÚá þ

ÿ#Æõ¶Áì캻¾êµÉ±³2Ð!¿¸ÂµË¿ºAº¼¶lÆ;µ¿)Àø¿¸ËØ µ±³2Ð!º»¿´³4ÎÚÍ'º»¿Ú¿ì´¾¨´ŸµÉ³4Ø

1ü‚/21&Ð x=DC +lþsÿ|TFÎ û V üz/21


1 Ð x=DC +lþ 5
áákj

°²±³,Ð!º»¿´³4ÎÚÍ'º»¿Ú¿ì괟¾¨´Ÿµ³!Ø ¹¼´

û’üü‚/ð á þÕ1 Ð x=DC +  ®Z þÈÿ + þ®û’ü‚/21&Ð x=#C +!þKT€_ + þDÎ V ü‚/21&Ð


x=DC +lþ
] ü^ % ü^ # û’

ü ] ü^â+%þÅTt_¤ü^â+lþÕÎÕþ®û’ü‚/21@>Ð
x=DC +4þ Tt_ + þÎ m üz/21@>Ð x=DC +4þ 5lü
ÿ ü^ # û’ æÜ.öö þ

Ę¿Øt· ¹¼Â¹»ÂÔÁÊkۨ϶ÁµÉ¹»¿Â´ ü æÜ.öÚá þ ¶ÁÂÎ ü æÜ.öö þ ò Ƙ³,±Ù¶lß³nÊkÛÏÙ¶ÁµÉ¹»¿ ü æÜ.ö¸å þ Ü ‡

Èdz)Ð!¶¸ÂÕ´³!³èµ±Ù¶ÁµµÉ± ³è´³!춸ËɶÁµ¹¼¿ì ˹¼Â Ð!¹¼ì º¼³t±¿¸º¼Î´>Àø¿¸Ë¦µÉ±³è³4´ŸµÉ¹»Øê¶&µÉ¹¼¿¸Â‡´Ð|±³4Ø_³ÁÜt°²±Ï´

µÉ± ³ìº ¶Áµt¶¸ÂÎǵ±³³4´ŸµÉ¹»Øê¶&µÉ¿Ë,Ðl¶¸ÂǷ볐Π³!´¹»Ô³4ÎÊ´³!춸ËɶÁµ³!º½¾òk¶¸Â ΢Ƙ³Ð!¶¸ÂÊÔÏÙ¶ÁËɶ¸Âֵɳ4³êµÉ± ³

´ŸµÉ¶¸·¹»º¼¹»µ'¾_¿¸À’·ë¿ÁµÉ±uÜ

$&%‰ˆ )+*ސ‘kŒ*<‹ŠŒŽ,ǓŒsƒl” “¦‘„‚’‘Þ“Œ ˆ”“ —Š‹‚„ƒl–Ȉ•<0 “>‘2–*ތ65

›œD—²œŸž I¬u§eGHd

°÷¿~´Ÿ±¿#Æ µÉ±³‹¹¼Â™˜Ï³!ÂÐ4³6¿ÁÀ¦Â³€µ'Ƙ¿˟Ì´ê¿ Ð!¿Âֵ˿ºÈ´Ÿ¾¨´µÉ³!Ø ìѳ!ËÀø¿ËØ_¶¸ÂÐ4³6¶ÁÂÎeµ¿×µ³!´ŸµÞµÉ± ³

Ð!¿¸Ø_ìѳ!´¶ÁµÉ¹»¿ÂÂΫÐ4¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¦´ŸµËɶÁµ³!Ô¹»³!´4òÐ4¿ÂÖµÉË¿¸º¦³€éÚìѳ!˹»Ø_³4Âֵɴ¿#ß³4Ë6¶¢ì ±¾¨´Ÿ¹¼Ðl¶Áº¦Â³4µ'Ƥ¿˟Ì

Ƥ³!˳iìѳ!ËÀø¿ËØÞ³!ÎuÜ×°²±¹»´t³€éÚìѳ!˹»Ø_³4ÂÖµÞ¶¸º¼º»¿%ÆÈ´ ˳!¶¸ºw³€µ'Ƙ¿˟ÌǵÉ˶yšÞАµÉ¿·Ñ³¹¼ÂÖß¿¸º»ß³4ÎÓ¹¼Â¢µÉ± ³

Àø³!³4ηٶ¸Ð|ÌÐ4¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿ºA¿¸À÷µÉ±³2캼¶¸ÂÖµlÜk°²±³,³€éÚìѳ!˹»Ø_³4ÂÖµ|¶¸ºu´Ÿ³4µÏì ¹»´²´±¿#ÆÈ ¹»Â°J1¹¼ÔÏ Ë³¦æÜmU Ü

JÙ¿Ë2¿ÏË,³€éÚìë³4˹»Ø_³4µ´!ò÷Ƙ³ÞÏ´³ÞµÉ±³êÄw¶¸´Ÿ³È~³!´Ÿµ³!˟Â!›³4´³4˟ß³$ɹ½ß³!˟´¹½µ'¾ÕÐl¶¸ØÞìÏ´®Í Æȹ¼Î ³

³€µ'Ƙ¿ËŸÌ ü ÄLȍ›Dɳ4µ þ ò˜Æȱ¹»Ð|±e¹»´Þ¶Æȹ»Î³€Í'¶¸Ë³!¶× ³4µ'Ƥ¿ËÌÊÐ4¿ÂÖµ|¶¸¹»Â¹¼ÂÔÕ·Ñ¿¸µÉ±ʄµÉ±³4˳€µ¶ÁÂÎ

k°œ ¶Áµtµ±³ì±Ö¾¨´¹»Ðl¶¸º¤º ¶l¾³4Ë!Ü×Ę¿ØÞØtÏ ¹¼Ðl¶&µÉ¹¼¿¸ÂǷѳ4µ'Ƥ³!³!ÂÓ¿¨Î³4´è¹¼´]Î ¿Â³Ï´Ÿ¹¼ÂÔ °ÄgbŸžb

´¿¨Ð|̸³€µÉ´ ü ¶&µ¦µÉ±³tµËɶ¸Â ´ìÑ¿˟µ2¶ÁÂ΍³4µ'Ƥ¿˟̇º ¶l¾³4Ë!òu˟³!´Ÿìë³4Ð4µÉ¹½ß³4º»¾ þ Ü °ÄgbŸžb;´¿¨Ð|̸³€µÉ´,ìË¿#ߨ¹¼Î ³

˳4º¼¹¼¶¸·º¼³wµËɶ¸Â ´ØÞ¹¼´´Ÿ¹¼¿ÂÞ¿¸ÀAζÁµ|¶,ìÙ¶¸Ð|̸³€µÉ´4òÙ˳!Ô¶¸Ëκ»³!´Ÿ´˜¿¸À^ìë¿´Ÿ´¹»·º¼³Ð!¿º»º¼¹»´¹¼¿¸Â´„µÉ±Ù¶&µ˜ØÞ¹¼Ô±Öµ ±Ù¶¸ì¨Í

ìѳ!«¿ µ±³ì±Ö¾¨´¹¼Ð!¶¸º>µËɶ¸Â´ŸØ_¹»´´Ÿ¹¼¿ÂeØ_³4ι¼ÏØ à ðÁæÁãpÜo°²±³!˟³4Àø¿˟³¸ò>°Ägb¡žyb Æȹ¼º»º˟³!´Ï º»µ¹»Â


áálæ

Plant Computer

Plant Computation
(MATLAB)

ActiveX
Automation
Actuator Sensor
Data Plant Data
(C++ Program)

Controller
(C++ Program)

ActiveX
Automation

Controller Computation
(MATLAB)

Controller Computer

J’¹¼ÔÏ˟³æÜmU d
ù Ê1é ìѳ!˟¹¼ØÞ³!ÂÖµ|¶Áºu´³€µÉÏìuÜ

ìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µ˜Î³!º¼¶#¾¸ò·Ï µ¤Â¿¸µ ìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µwº»¿´´4Ü6œ6¿˟³!¿#ß³4Ë!òÚ°ÄgbŸžb¢ÔÏÙ¶¸Ë¶¸Âֵɳ!³4´¤µ±Ù¶ÁµsµÉ±³ìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µ´w¶¸ËŸ³

γ4º¼¹»ß¸³!˟³!΋¹¼ÂµÉ±³2¿˟γ!˲¹»ÂÆȱ¹¼Ð|±iµÉ±³€¾‹¶¸Ë³´Ÿ³!ÂÖµlòÙÆȱ¹»Ð|±6¹»´²Î³!´Ÿ¹¼Ë¶¸·º¼³¹»Â‹Ã¦Ä²ÅÚ´4Ü

ÅÚ³! ´¿Ë,ÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶6¶¸Â ÎǶ¸Ð€µÉÏÙ¶&µÉ¿Ë2ÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶‹ì¶¸Ð|̸³€µÉ´t¶Á˳)´Ø_¶¸º¼º„¶¸ÂÎ×˳!ÛϹ»Ë³)Àø˳4Û¨Ï ³!ÂÖµ µËɶ¸Â ´ØÞ¹¼´Í

´¹»¿Â´4ܕ'ÂÕ¿Ï˳€éÚìѳ!˟¹¼ØÞ³!ÂÖµlòAµÉ± ³è´³! ´¿˟´-@ ÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶i춸Ð|̸³€µ]±Ù¶Á´2¶iØ_¶&éÚ¹¼Ø]ÏØ[¿ÁÀ¢jcÌ·Ö¾µÉ³4´]¶ÁÂÎ

µÉ± ³]¶¸Ð€µÉÏÙ¶&µÉ¿ËÈÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶Þ춸Ð|̸³€µ¦±Ù¶¸´¶)Øê¶&éÚ¹»ØtÏØ¿ÁÀwákè·Ö¾µÉ³!´4Ü£' ¿˟γ!˲µ¿_Ô³€µ>ì Ë¿ØÞì µ²µÉ˶¸Â´®Í

ØÞ¹¼´´Ÿ¹¼¿ ´!òµÉ± ³ ç¸`ﺴR­g¤I´rï~²‰ª £Å¬ ¨~à àñð&æÁãz¹¼´sι»´É¶¸· º¼³!Î)¹»Â)µ±³°ÄgbŸžb¢´¿¨Ð|̸³4µ˜Ð!¿ Â³!ЀµÉ¹¼¿¸Âu܄°²±¹»´

¶¸º»º¼¿#ÆÈ´uµÉ±³s´ŸØ궸º»º½Í ´¹¼Ò4³1ÎÙ¶&µ|¶²µÉ¿È·ë³kµËɶ¸Â´ŸØ_¹½µµ³!ÎÆȹ»µ±¿Ï µ ±Ù¶lߨ¹¼Â Ôµ¿ÈƘ¶¸¹½µ÷µ¿²Àø¿ËØõ¶²º¼¶¸ËÔ³Í'´Ÿ¹¼Ò!³

ÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶èìÙ¶¸Ð|̸³€µlÜ

'Â_¿¸ÏËsÐ!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º´Ÿ³4µÉÏ ìuò¨µ'Ƥ¿]Ð4¿ØÞìÏ µÉ³4Ë´4òƤ¿˟̨¹»ÂÔ,¶¸´sìº ¶Áµ ¶ÁÂÎ_Ð4¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»³!Ë!ò¸Ë³!´Ÿìë³4Ð4µ¹»ß³4º»¾¸ò

¶¸ËŸ³ÞÐ4¿Â³4Ð4µ³!΢¿#ß³4ËtÄLȍ›É³€µlÜíÊs¶¸Ð|±~Ð!¿ØÞìÏ µ³!Ë2ËÏ ´]¶B¥¦¹»´ÏÙ¶¸º Ä ð ì Ë¿Ô˶¸ØC¶¸´2µÉ± ³


ááVÌ

Ï´Ÿ³!ËÞ¹¼Âֵɳ4˟À¶¸Ð4³iÀø¿¸ËÞ´Ÿ³4µŸµÉ¹¼Â Ô×Ï ìeµÉ± ³‹´Ÿ¿ÚÐ|ÌÁ³4µ´·ë³€µ'Ƙ³4³! µ±³!Ø ¶ÁÂÎ ¶ÁÐ!Ð!³4ì µÉ¹»ÂÔÕ߸¶Á˹¼¿¸Ï´èÐ!¿¨Í

çÙÔÏ ËɶÁµ¹¼¿Â~ìÙ¶¸ËɶÁØ_³€µÉ³!˟´!ò„´ŸÏÐ|± ¶¸´t´¶¸Ø_ì º¼¹¼Â Ô6ìѳ!˟¹¼¿¨Îuò1Ð4¿ÂÖµÉË¿¸º Æȹ½µÉ±¢³4´ŸµÉ¹»Øê¶&µÉ¹¼¿¸Âuò„¶¸Â ΢Ð!º»¿ÚÐ|Ì

´Ÿ¾¨ÂÐ|± ˿¹»Òl¶Áµ¹¼¿Â^ܦ°²±³tÐ4¿Ø_ì Ï µ|¶Áµ¹¼¿‹Àø¿Ë´¹¼Ø]Ϻ ¶Áµ¹¼ÂÔ)µÉ± ³tìº ¶Áµ>¶¸Â΍Ð4¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»³!˹¼´Ðl¶¸ËŸË¹¼³4Î

¿Ï µ Ï´Ÿ¹¼ÂÔ§¦T¨ª©¬«¨t­ ? µÉ±Ù¶Áµ ¹¼´4ò®¦„¨ª©¬«¨t­ÊƤ¿ËÌ´]¶¸´]¶iÐ!¿¸Ø_ìÏÚµ|¶Áµ¹¼¿Â׳!ÂÔ¸¹¼Â³èÀø¿Ë,³l¶¸Ð|±ÇìË¿ÁÍ

Ô˶¸Ø ¿ÂÓ¹½µÉ´t¿#ÆÈ Ð!¿ØÞìÏ µ³!Ë!Ü!¦T¨ª©¬«¨t­ ¹¼´t¹»ÂÖß¿ÌÁ³!Î ¶Á´)¶¸Â€>Ð4µ¹»ß¸³°¯ ¶¸Ï µ¿Ø_¶ÁµÉ¹»¿¢´³4˟߸³!Ë

à±j¸æǫ̀á4ãpÜhA¦Â‡µ±³t캼¶¸ÂÖµÐ!¿ØÞìÏ µ³!Ë4ò^µÉ±³èÄ < ì˟¿ÔËɶÁØ[¿·Úµ|¶¸¹»Â´µ±³èÐ!¿Âֵ˿º’´¹¼Ô¸ÂÙ¶¸º ÀøË¿Ø

µÉ± ³è³4µ'Ƥ¿ËÌzò÷ìÙ¶¸´Ÿ´³!´,¹»µ>µÉ¿¦T¨ª©3«J¨t­~Àø¿Ëì º ¶¸ÂÖµ´µ|¶Áµ³)¶¸ÂÎÕ¿Ï µìÏ µ,Ðl¶¸º»Ð!Ϻ¼¶ÁµÉ¹»¿Âuò붸Â΍µÉ± ³!Â

´³4Â䦵±³t캼¶¸ÂÖµ¦¿Ï µìÏ µµÉ¿µÉ± ³]Ð!¿¸ÂµË¿º»º¼³4Ë>Ð!¿¸Ø_ìÏڵɳ!Ë4Ü A¦Â µÉ± ³tÐ!¿Âֵ˿º»º¼³!ËÐ!¿¸Ø_ìÏڵɳ!Ë4ò^µÉ± ³

Ä ð ìË¿Ô¸Ëɶ¸Ø ¿¸· µ|¶¸¹»Â´sµÉ±³ìº ¶¸ÂÖµ¤¿Ï µìÏ µ ÀøË¿Ø µ±³>³€µ'Ƙ¿¸ËÌzòÏ´Ÿ³!´²¦T¨™©¬«¨³­µÉ¿ Ðl¶¸º»Ð!Ϻ¼¶ÁµÉ³

µÉ± ³_Ð4¿ÂÖµÉË¿¸º ´Ÿ¹¼Ô¶¸ºäò÷¶¸ÂÎ~´³4Âδ]µ±³_´Ÿ¹¼Ô¶¸º„µÉ¿‹µÉ±³Þìº ¶Áµ,Ð4¿Ø_ì Ï µÉ³4Ë!ÜB'Â~µ±¹¼´Ƙ¶l¾ò„´Ÿ³!´Ÿ¿Ë

ÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶¶¸ÂÎ Ð!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º1ζÁµ|¶¶Á˳]춸´´Ÿ³!΍¿‡µ±³]³€µ'Ƙ¿¸ËÌzò ¶¸º¼¿¸ÂÔ_Æȹ½µÉ± ¿ÁµÉ±³4˦Ðl¶¸ØÞìϴ³4µ'Ƥ¿˟Ì

µÉ˶yšÞиòz¶¸Â Î6Ø_¶l¾³€éÚìѳ!˟¹¼³! Ð!³,Ð!¿º»º¼¹¼´Ÿ¹¼¿Â_¿ËÈγ!º¼¶l¾Ü

Jٿ˶Êγ4µÉ¶¸¹¼º»³!Ϋγ4´Ð4˹¼ìڵɹ¼¿¸Â«¿¸À ¶¸Âô¶¸º»µ³!˶ÁµÉ³‡³éÚìë³4˹¼ØÞ³!Âֵɶ¸º>µÉ³4´Ÿµ·ë³4ÎôÀø¿ËêÐ!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»¹¼ÂÔ

´Ÿ¾¨´µÉ³!ØÞ´¿%߸³!Ëȵɱ³ 'Âֵɳ4˳€µlòÙƤ³,Î ¹¼Ë³4Ð4µÈµÉ± ³,˟³l¶¸Î ³!˲µÉ¿6à_åÁãpÜ

›œD—²œý Ê­®¡²O:P´Iȯ£ O µ Ù¡¤£ÿ¶A©1§2ÿ¡¤£

'Â2µÉ±³ ³€éÚìѳ!˹»Ø_³4ÂÖµlò&³4ß³4˟¾,ØÞ³!´´¶¸Ô³s´³4ÂÖµ1¿ÏÚµ’·Ö¾µ±³sìº ¶¸ÂÖµ’¶¸ÂÎ,Ð!¿¸ÂµË¿º»º¼³4Ëu¹¼´AµÉ¹»Ø_³Í'´µ|¶¸ØÞìë³4ÎuÜ

°÷¿_Ð!¶¸º¼Ð4Ϻ ¶Áµ³>µÉ± ³,Î ³!º ¶l¾i¶ÁÐ!Ð!Ï ËɶÁµ³!º»¾¸òÙìº ¶Áµ¶ÁÂÎiÐ!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»³!ËwÐ4º¼¿¨Ð|Ì´ØtÏ ´ŸµÈ·Ñ³,´¾¨ÂÐ|±Ë¿¸Â¹¼Ò4³!ÎuÜ

Ęº¼¿¨Ð|̐´Ÿ¾¨ÂÐ|± ˿¹»Òl¶Áµ¹¼¿ÂiÐ!¶¸Â6·Ñ³2¶¸Ð|±¹»³4߸³!Î ¹»Âi´³4߸³!˶¸ºAÆw¶l¾¨´!òz´Ï Ð|±‡¶¸´²´Ÿ¿¸À µ'Æw¶Á˳,´Ÿ¾¨ÂÐ|±˟¿ÁÍ

¹»Òl¶Áµ¹¼¿Âuò¨±Ù¶¸ËŸÎ Ƙ¶¸Ë³¦´¾¨ÂÐ|±Ë¿¸Â¹¼Ò!¶ÁµÉ¹»¿Âuò¿˘¶tÐ!¿Ø]·¹¼ÂÙ¶&µÉ¹¼¿¸Â_¿¸À µ±³>µ'Ƥ¿Ü Ęº¼¿¨Ð|Ì_´¾¨ÂÐ|±Ë¿¸Â¹¼Ò!¶&Í

µÉ¹»¿ÂÓ¹¼ÂÓ¿ÏËè³éÚìë³4˹¼ØÞ³!ÂÖµÞ±Ù¶¸´)·Ñ³!³4Âeο¸Â³ ¶Á´Þ¹»Âôà×ÌyjÁãäÜeÅÚÏ ìì뿸´³iµÉ±³iÐ!¿¸ÂµË¿º»º¼³4Ë]Æw¶Áµ´Þµ¿


áá`

´Ÿ¾¨ÂÐ|± ˿¹»Ò!³è¹½µÉ´Ð!º¼¿¨Ð|ÌiÆȹ»µÉ±‹µÉ±³]ìº ¶¸ÂÖµ!Ü· µ¦´Ÿ³!ÂÎ ´2¶_ØÞ³!´´¶¸Ô³]µ¿êµÉ± ³]캼¶¸ÂÖµlòu¶ÁÂÎ µÉ± ³tìº ¶Áµ

Æȹ¼º»ºs´³! Π¹½µÉ´ Ð!º¼¿¨Ð|ÌÕ˳!¶¸Î¹¼Â ԇ·Ù¶¸Ð|Ì׵ɿ µ±³Ð!¿¸ÂµË¿º»º¼³4Ë!Ü °²± ³Ð!¿Âֵ˿º»º¼³!Ë Ë³4Ð!¿˟δ]µÉ± ³Ð!º»¿ÚÐ|Ì

¿¸íë´³€µ¶¸ÂΐµÉ± ³¦Ë¿Ï ÂÎÚÍ µË¹»ìµÉ¹¼ØÞ³¸Ü’°²±³ØÞ³l¶¸´ŸÏ˳4Ø_³4µȹ»´wÐl¶ÁË˹»³!ΐ¿¸Ï µ²Ø_¶¸ÂÖ¾êµÉ¹»Ø_³4´!òÚ¶¸Âεɱ ³

Ð!¿¸ÂµË¿º»º¼³4ËwÏ´³4´µ±³2Ð!º»¿ÚÐ|̐¿Áí^´Ÿ³4µÈÆȹ»µ±iµ±³2Ø_¹»Â¹¼Ø]ÏØ Ë¿Ï ÎÚÍ µË¹¼ìµ¹¼ØÞ³¸Ü

›œD—²œD¸ ¹õ¬u§/º¢¡¡eP¼»«¡¢G£ ºþ Nÿ
L  d ª;¬÷­©A¯¾½ ¬ ©k¥ªG Ù¬t ¬’£˜§

J1¹»ÔÏ˳2æܽá#åèγ4칼ЀµÉ´µ±³,³4µ'Ƥ¿ËÌi˟¿ÏÂÎÚÍäµÉ˟¹¼ìiγ!º¼¶l¾iØ_³!¶¸´Ï˟³!ØÞ³!ÂÖµ·ë³€µ'Ƙ³4³!Â×Ę¿ØÞìÏ µ³!Ë2á

¶¸Â΍Ę¿Ø_ì Ï µÉ³4Ë2öÚÜ ýZ Z ò ý,a C a ò ý,a ò^¶¸ÂÎ ýZ ¶Á˳]µ±³ µ¹¼ØÞ³€Í'´µ|¶¸ØÞì´³€éÚÐ|±Ù¶¸Â Ô³!Îշѳ4µ'Ƥ³!³!Âյɱ ³
C C¿ CÀ

Ð!¿¸Ø_ìÏڵɳ!˟´!Üs°²±³2Ë¿¸ÏÂÎÚÍäµÉ˹»ìiγ!º¼¶#¾¸ò ý#ÁZÂZà òÙ¹»´²Ð!¿ØÞìÏ µ³!΋·¾

ý#ÁZÂZÃÿ üøýZ TÇýZ C ZþKTôüøý,a T¢ý,a C a€þ 5


CÀ C¿

t 1,1 t 1,4
Computer 1
t1

Computer 2
t 2,2 t 2,3 t2

J1¹»ÔÏ˟³¦æܽá#å ù6›È¿ÏÂÎÚÍäµÉ˟¹¼ìγ4º ¶l¾ØÞ³l¶¸´ŸÏ˳4Ø_³4µ

°’¿i˟³!Ð!¿¸ËÎյɱ³tµ¹¼ØÞ³!´ŸµÉ¶¸ØÞì´!ò^µ±³ ¨~£ì~¹ª­^¤`²‰´µ©%¬’£z²‰¯°Ä®­ ªÅŸ6²‰ª 󸺯ۦ^­Ë¦^²‰©~¯®¬­ ª ¿ÂMÈî¹»Âο#ÆÈ´

ð æÜñ妿ìѳ!Ëɶ&µÉ¹¼Â Ô¦´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!Ø8¹»´„Ï´³4Î6à×Ìö%ãä܄°²± ³wµÉ¹¼ØÞ³!Ë4ò¸¹½À봟ÏììÑ¿˟µ³!Î)·Ö¾tµÉ± ³w´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!؋òìË¿#ߨ¹¼Î³4´

±¹»Ô±ÚÍ'˟³!´Ÿ¿º¼Ï µ¹¼¿³4º ¶¸ì ´³!Îյɹ»Ø_³ÁÜ)°²±³‹Ä ÅoÆyÇZÈJɪÆyÇZÊ?Ëdž̷ÍJÎoÏ°Æ~ÐJÇÆ-ѪÅoÆÎoÏ°ÈiÀøÏÂЀµÉ¹»¿ÂÕÐl¶¸Â~·ë³)Ï´Ÿ³!Î

µÉ¿ê³€éÚì˳4´´µÉ± ³]Àø˳4Û¨Ï ³!ÂЀ¾¿¸ÀkµÉ± ³]µÉ¹»Ø_³4Ë!ò^¹»Â Ð4¿ÏÂֵɴìѳ!˦´Ÿ³!Ð4¿ÂÎuÜ2°²±³tßÁ¶¸º»Ï³]¿¸Àkµ±³tÐ4¿ÏÂÖµ

¹¼´ì˟¿ÚÐ4³!´´Ÿ¿Ëγ!ìѳ!ÂÎ ³!ÂÖµlÜ°²±³ÒÄ ÅoÆyÇZÈJɪÆyÇZÊ?Ëdž̷ÍJÎoÏ°ÆÓ˙ÅÎkÔÆyÇkÀøÏ Ð4µÉ¹»¿‹Ë³4µË¹»³4ß³4´µ±³]Ð4ÏË˟³!ÂÖµ

ßÁ¶¸º¼Ï ³¿¸À’µ±³2Ð!¿Ï µ³!Ë4Ü


áá%ð

'Â]¿Ï Ë÷´Ÿ³4µÏìuò¸µ±³gÄ ÅoÆyÇZÈJɪÆyÇZÊ?Ëdž̷ÍJÎoÏ°Æ~ÐJÇÆ-ѪÅoÆÎoÏ°ÈÀøÏÂЀµÉ¹¼¿¸Â ˟³4µÉÏ Ë´ áákU/jÚákÖö²¶¸´ µÉ±³sßÁ¶¸º¼Ï³

¿¸À÷µÉ±³2Ð4¿ÏÂֵɴìë³4ËÈ´³!Ð4¿ÂÎuÜs°²±³4˳€Àø¿Ë³Áòzµ±³µÉ¹»Ø_³4Ëw±Ù¶¸´¶)˳!´Ÿ¿º¼Ïڵɹ¼¿¸Â¿¸À„å 5 /j~ áHÕu´!Ü

Èdz±Ù¶lß³Ø_³!¶¸´Ï ˳!Î޵ɱ³Ë¿¸ÏÂÎÚÍäµÉ˹»ìÞµËɶ¸Â ´ØÞ¹¼´´Ÿ¹¼¿Â)γ4º ¶l¾)·Ñ³4µ'Ƥ³!³!µ±³Ð!¿ØÞìÏ µ³!Ë´ Ï´Ÿ³!Î

¶¸´s캼¶¸ÂÖµ ¶¸ÂÎÞÐ!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»³!ËkÏ´Ÿ¹¼ÂÔµ±³¶¸·ë¿#߸³ØÞ³!Âֵɹ»¿Â³4ÎÞØÞ³4µ±¿¨Îu܄°²±³Èγ4º ¶l¾è¹¼´„µ¹¼ØÞ³€Íä߸¶Á˟¾¨¹¼ÂÔ

Æȹ»µ±‡ØÞ³l¶¸Â¿¸À¡j 5 UcöcÌ_ØÞ´¦¶¸Â΍´µ|¶¸Â ÎÙ¶¸ËÎÕγ€ß¨¹ ¶Áµ¹¼¿Â6¿¸À¤å 5 UºÖðcÌÞØÞ´¦¹»ÂÕö¸ååêØÞ³l¶Á´Ï˟³!ØÞ³!Âֵɴ4Ü

ÅÚ³4³nJ’¹¼ÔÏ˟³!´²æܽáá,¶¸Â΋æܽá%öÚÜ

›œD—²œ› Ö;£¾×Ø©6Ùd­®¬

°²±³êÀø¿¸º¼º¼¿#Æȹ»ÂÔ6³é ¶¸Ø_ì º¼³ê¹»º¼º»Ï´ŸµËɶÁµ³!´µÉ±³ê³4íë³!Ð4µ¹»ß¸³!³4´´)¿¸Àwµ±³Ð!¿¸Ø_ìѳ!´¶ÁµÉ¹»¿ÂÇ´ŸÐ|±³!Ø޳γÍ

´Ð4˹»·ë³4Î ¶¸·Ñ¿#ß³ÁÜ

òIó “2ŠÒôK .‹†ŒZÚŽ^‡‘ßãÚ6ˆ‰‡‘£Û>ù‘~ˆÝÜ ÇÚ Þ‡NˆonᜠĘ¿Â´¹»Î³!˲µ±³2´Ÿµ|¶&µÉ³€Í ´ìÙ¶ÁÐ!³2ìº ¶ÁµÈØÞ¿¨Î³!º

fgg pq fgg p q gf pq fgg p qq


g û§ú Z qq g å Ì qq gg §û Z qq g å q
ÿ  †
h Nû ú a s h å å s h Nû a s h á s

fgg pq
g §û Z qq
f ÿ à á8åÁã 5
h Nû a s
  ÿñTFÎ
´Ÿµ|¶&µÉ³_Àø³4³!η¶¸Ð|Ì~Ð4¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»³!˹¼´ Ó û ò1Æȱ³4˳ Î ÿ àñöcÌ á#åÁã ü Ð!º»¿´³4ÎÚÍ'º»¿Ú¿ì×ìÑ¿º¼³4´ ¶&µ

T ̝Þóálåàß þ Ü

°²±³iìº ¶Áµ޶ÁÂÎÓÐ!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»³!Ë]¶¸Ë³¹»Ø_캻³!ØÞ³!Âֵɳ4Îʹ¼Â¢µ'Ƥ¿á¦T¨ª©¬«¨t­WœiÍ çº¼³!´tµ±Ù¶Áµ)˟ÏÂÓ¿Â

 ü ýŸþ
µ'Ƥ¿Ð!¿ØÞìÏ µ³!˟´!òu¶Á´>γ4´Ð!˟¹¼·Ñ³!΍¶Á·ë¿#ß³ÁÜ>°²±³ ìº ¶Áµ´ŸµÉ¶ÁµÉ³ û’üøýŸþ ¶ÁÂÎ6µ±³]Ð4¿ÂÖµÉË¿¸º’´Ÿ¹¼ÔÂÙ¶Áº ’

¶¸ËŸ³_´Ÿ³!ÂÖµèÏ´Ÿ¹¼ÂÔ6°ÄgbŸžbﴟ¿ÚÐ|ÌÁ³4µÉ´4ܧ ´Ðl¶Áº¼³!Î~´Ÿµ³!ìÊ˳4´ìѿ´Ÿ³Ï´¹»ÂÔ6ÀøÏ º¼º½Í ´ŸµÉ¶ÁµÉ³tÀø³4³!ηٶÁÐ|Ì~¹»´


áák

Delay (ms) 4

1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Test Count

J1¹»ÔÏ˳>æÜ»á¸áùsó€µ'Ƙ¿˟ÌË¿Ï ÂÎÚÍ µË¹»ì‹Î ³!º ¶l¾¹»Â‹ö¸ååèØÞ³l¶¸´ŸÏ˳4Ø_³4µ´

40

Mean: 3.96 ms
35 STD: 0.97ms

30
Number of Occurrence

25

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Delay (ms)

J1¹¼ÔÏ Ë³æܽá%öÚùkݹ¼´µÉ¿Ô˶¸Ø¿ÁÀ1˟¿ÏÂÎÚÍäµÉ˟¹¼ìiγ!º¼¶l¾¹¼Â6ö¸å¸å)ØÞ³l¶Á´Ï˟³!ØÞ³!Âֵɴ
áákU

´± ¿%ÆÈÂ×¹¼ÂJ’¹¼ÔÏ˟³tæܽákj òuÆȹ½µÉ±Ð!¿¸Ø_ìÙ¶Á˹¼´Ÿ¿‡µÉ¿µ±³è¿ÂÚÍ Â³4µ'Ƥ¿˟̸³!Î~´É¶¸ØÞ캻³!΍ÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!؋Ü

ó€µ'Ƙ¿¸ËÌÍ'¹»ÂÎÏÐ4³!Î Î ³!º ¶l¾êÐl¶¸Ï´Ÿ³!´²µÉ± ³,Ð4º¼¿´Ÿ³!ÎÚÍ º¼¿¨¿ììº¼¶¸ÂÖµwµÉ¿)·Ñ³ÏÂγ4ËÎÙ¶ÁØ_ìѳ!ÎuòÙ˟³!´ŸÏº»µ¹¼ÂÔè¹»Â

º ¶ÁËÔ³4Ë¿#߸³!Ë´Ÿ±¿¨¿¸µ¹¼Â‹µÉ±³ ´Ÿµ³!ì‡ËŸ³!´ìѿ´Ÿ³¸ÜÀ µÉ³4Ë>Ï´Ÿ¹¼ÂÔ_γ!º¼¶l¾6Ð4¿ØÞìë³4´ɶÁµ¹¼¿Â^òzµ±³t˟³!´ìѿ´Ÿ³

¹¼´Èß³4˟¾6´¹»Ø_¹»º ¶¸Ëwµ¿_µÉ± ³]¿¨Í'³€µ'Ƙ¿˟̸³4Î×´¾¨´ŸµÉ³4Ø6ܝ'Âγ4³!ÎuòëµÉ±³ ι»íë³!˟³!ÂÐ4³]¹¼´Ðl¶ÁÏ´³4΍·¾‹µÉ± ³

Ð!¿¸ÂµË¿º»º¼³4ËÍ µ¿ÁÍ®¶ÁÐ4µÉ϶ÁµÉ¿ˤγ!º¼¶l¾ò Æȱ¹»Ð|±6¹»´È¿¸µÈÐ!¿¸Ø_ìѳ!´¶ÁµÉ³4Î6·Ö¾µ±¹¼´²´ŸÐ|±³!ØÞ³¸Ü

°²±¹¼´Èº»¹¼Â³!¶¸Ëw³!´µÉ¹»Øê¶Áµ¿˲¶¸º»´¿tƤ¿ËÌ´ÈƘ³4º¼ºuÆȱ³4Â6µ±³!˟³,¹»´È¶¸ÂiÏÂØÞ¿ÚÎ ³!º¼³4Îi¿º»¹¼Â³!¶¸Ë¹½µ'¾ê¹»Â

µÉ± ³,ì º ¶¸ÂÖµÈØÞ¿Úγ4ºäÜbJÙ¿˲³é ¶¸Ø_ì º¼³¸ò Ð!¿Â´Ÿ¹¼Î³4˲µÉ±³2캼¶¸ÂÖµ

û§ú Z ÿ ̄´¹»Â ü ûNa€þ

ûNú a ÿ †5

°²±³Õ³€éÚìѳ!˟¹¼ØÞ³!ÂÖµ|¶¸º˟³!´ŸÏº»µ!ò>´± ¿%ÆÈÂô¹¼ÂuJ1¹»ÔÏ˟³‡æܽálæò¹¼º¼º»Ï´ŸµËɶÁµ³!´êµ±Ù¶Áµµ±³ÕÐ!¿ØÞìë³4´ɶ&µÉ¹¼¿¸Â

´Ð|± ³!ØÞ³ ´µÉ¹¼º»ºëƤ¿ËÌ´ÈƘ³4º¼ºpÜ


á%ö¸å

1.6
w/o delay
w/ network
1.4
w/ estimation

1.2

Output
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time (s)

J1¹¼ÔÏ Ë³¦æܽákj ù Ę¿¸Ø_ìÙ¶Á˹¼´Ÿ¿Âi¿¸À’´Ðl¶Áº¼³!Îi´µÉ³!ì6˳4´ìѿ´³4´Æȹ½µÉ±iÀøϺ¼ºâÍ'´µ|¶Áµ³Àø³!³4ηٶ¸Ð|ÌzÜ

1.6
w/o delay
w/ network
1.4
w/ estimation

1.2

1
Output

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time (s)

J1¹¼Ô¸Ï˳¦æ Ü»álæ ù Ę¿Ø_춸˹»´¿Âi¿¸À’´Ð!¶¸º¼³4Î6´µÉ³!ì‹Ë³4´ìѿ´Ÿ³!´Æȹ½µÉ±iÏÂØÞ¿¨Î³!º»³!Îi¿º»¹¼Â³!¶¸Ë¹½µ'¾Ü


) —‡ˆ•, ‘„“¦Œ”'

‘„ˆh⍃à<lƒ4‘^Š *.ã0 )[i‚’2xƒ€‘k— ; ˆ,‘„ˆ “óˆt–¢5è“>‘ä; Œ6*,å*ޚ ‘

'B%kæ 9 ‘„Œ6*iŽš–²‘kƒ°*_

Èî±³4Â~Ã>IJŠµÉËɶÁ´ØÞ¹¼´Ÿ´¹¼¿¸Â´¦¶¸ËŸ³t¿¨Í'¹¼Î ³l¶¸ºpòë¿Áµ¿Âº½¾ ³€µ'Ƙ¿¸Ë̸³4ÎÚÍ'¹»ÂÎÏÐ4³!Î×γ!º¼¶l¾òA·Ï µ¶¸º¼´Ÿ¿

ÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶tìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µÎË¿ìÑ¿Ï µwØtÏ´ŸµÈ·Ñ³Ð!¿¸Â´¹»Î³!˟³!ÎuÜ Ã³€µ'Ƙ¿¸ËÌ´Ð!¶¸Âi·ë³¦ß¨¹»³4Ƥ³!Î6¶¸´²ÏÂ˟³!º¼¹¼¶¸·º»³>ÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶

µÉ˶¸Â´ŸØ_¹»´´¹»¿Âêì¶ÁµÉ±´4ò Æȱ³4˳Ð!¿¸ÂÔ³!´µÉ¹»¿Â¶¸ÂΠ¿ÚγÀ¶¸¹¼º»Ï˳Ðl¶¸Âê¿ÚÐ4Ðl¶¸´Ÿ¹¼¿ÂÙ¶Áº¼º»¾)¿¨Ð!Ð4ÏË!ÜÍÈî± ³!Â

µÉ± ³!´³~±Ù¶¸ììѳ!Â^ò,Î ³!ìѳ!Âι»ÂÔ ¿¸Âôµ±³Ç³€µ'Ƙ¿¸ËÌîìË¿ÁµÉ¿¨Ð!¿º³4Ø_캻¿#¾³!Î^ò,춸Ð|̸³€µÉ´‡Ð!¶¸Âó·Ñ³~º»¿´Ÿµ

¶¸ÂÎÓ¶Á˳꠿¸µt˟³!Ð!¿#߸³!ËɶÁ·º¼³ÁÜJz¿¸Ë]³€é ¶¸ØÞ캻³¸ò1µ±³íÉ·çHb¡žybõ´Ÿ¿ÚÐ|ÌÁ³4µ)勉!´t ¿¸µèÔÏÙ¶ÁËɶ¸Âֵɳ4³êµÉ± ³

γ4º¼¹»ß¸³!˾ʿ¸À¦Î¶Áµ|¶ÕìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µÉ´4Ü«°²±Ï´!òw¹½µ)¹¼´èßÁ¶¸º¼Ï¶¸·º¼³µ¿Ç¶ÁÂÙ¶¸º»¾¨Ò4³iµ±³‹ÎÙ¶Áµ|¶ìÙ¶ÁÐ|̸³4µêÎË¿¸ìë¿ÏÚµ

Ëɶ&µÉ³ ü ìë³4ËÐ!³4ÂÖµ|¶¸Ô³ þ ¶Áµ˜Æȱ ¹¼Ð|±µÉ±³>γ!´Ÿ¹¼Ë³4Îìë³4˟Àø¿˟Øê¶ÁÂÐ!³ ü ³¸Ü ÔÜk´ŸµÉ¶¸·¹»º¼¹»µ'¾ þ ¿¸À÷¶¸ÂiÃ>IJÅÐ!¶¸Â·Ñ³

ì˟³!´³4˟߸³!ÎuÜ

A¦ÂêµÉ±³¿¸µ±³!ˤ±Ù¶¸ÂÎuòÆȱ³4µÉ±³4˳¦¶Á˳ìÙ¶¸Ð|̸³€µ²Ð!¿¸º¼º¼¹»´¹»¿Â´s¶¸ÂÎ޵ɱ³Â³4µ'Ƥ¿˟Ì_¹»´¤Ï ´Ð|±³4ÎÏÚÍ

º ¶Á·º¼³Áòë¹½µ>ØÞ¹¼Ô±Öµ·ë³t¶¸Î ßÁ¶¸ÂÖµ|¶¸Ô¸³!¿Ï´µÉ¿Î˟¿썿º»Î ìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µ´ ¶ÁÂÎ µÉ˶¸Â´ŸØ_¹½µ>³€Æ ¿¸Â³!´4òu¹¼Â´µÉ³!¶¸Î

¿¸À1¶Áµµ³!ØÞì µÉ¹»ÂÔè˳€µÉ˶¸Â´ØÞ¹¼´Ÿ´¹»¿Â´!Ü

>Â]æIJŦÆȹ»µÉ±,ÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶ì¶¸Ð|̸³€µ1Î˟¿ìÑ¿Ï µ÷Ðl¶¸Â,·Ñ³ ØÞ¿¨Î³!º»³!Î,¶¸´÷¶¸Âè ç2ŦÆȹ»µÉ±,Ëɶ&µÉ³sÐ!¿ ´ŸµÉ˶¸¹¼ÂÖµ´

¿‹³4߸³!Âֵɴ4Ü°²± ³]´ŸµÉ¶¸·¹»º¼¹»µ'¾_¿¸À’µÉ±¹»´µ'¾¨ìѳ ¿¸À1´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!Ø ¹¼´È´µÉÏι»³!Î6¹¼ÂÇàéj/j&ãäܟ'Â6µÉ± ¹¼´ÈÐ|±Ù¶¸ì µ³!Ë4òÑƤ³

Æȹ¼º»º>³éÚµ³!ÂÎ;¶Ê˳4´Ïº½µµÉ±³4˳!¹»Â«µÉ¿ æIJÅÚ´4Ü ÈdzնÁº¼´¿ÊØÞ¿¨Î³!º¶ÁÂ;Ã>IJŠÆȹ»µÉ±îØtÏ º»µÉ¹âÍ'ìÙ¶ÁÐ|̸³4µ

á%öÚá
á%öö

µÉ˶¸Â´ŸØ_¹»´´¹»¿Âi¶¸´¶¸Â ç2ÅëÜ%Èdz2´Ÿµ¹¼º»ºu¶¸´Ÿ´ÏØÞ³µÉ±³,æIJÅi±Ù¶¸´²Ð4¿Â´ŸµÉ¶¸ÂÖµ>´¶¸ØÞ캼¹»ÂÔtìѳ!˹»¿ÚÎ 1 Ü

'B%(ê ëì; i‚–2 ƒ4‘k— í[ˆ,‘„“ )Ù*ލ‚’‘„Œsˆ]ƒl‘k‚

 ç2Ũ´!òÙº¼¹»Ì¸³¦±Ö¾¨·˟¹¼Îi´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!ØÞ´!òѶ¸ËŸ³´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!ØÞ´µ±Ù¶ÁµÈ¹¼Â Ð!¿˟ìë¿Ë¶ÁµÉ³>Ð!¿Âֵɹ»ÂÏ¿Ï´¶¸ÂÎiι»´Ð4˳4µ³2Î ¾ÖÍ

ÂÙ¶¸ØÞ¹¼Ð4´!Ü÷°²±³²Ð!¿¸Âµ¹¼ÂÏ¿Ï ´„Î ¾¨ÂÙ¶¸ØÞ¹¼Ð4´„¶¸ËŸ³wÔ¿#ß³4˳4ÎÞ·Ö¾ ι»íë³!˟³!Âֵɹ¼¶¸º¨¿Ë1ι½í^³4˳4ÂÐ!³²³4ۨ϶ÁµÉ¹»¿Â´!ò

Æȱ³4˳l¶Á´wµÉ±³Î¹»´Ð4˳4µ³¦Î ¾¨ÂÙ¶¸ØÞ¹¼Ð4´²¶¸ËŸ³¦Ô¿#ß³4˳4Î6·Ö¾ÞçÙ¹»µ³¶¸Ï µ¿Ø_¶Áµ|¶2µÉ±Ù¶Áµ²¶¸Ë³¦Î ˹»ß¸³!‹¶¸´¾Ú¨Í

Ð|±˟¿Â¿Ï´Ÿº»¾·Ö¾i³éÚµ³!˟ÂÙ¶¸ºAι»´Ð!˟³4µ³ ³€ß³!ÂÖµ´Æȹ»µ±ç éÚ³!΋ËɶÁµ³!´ àéj~jÁãäÜ

ÈdzÐ!¿¸Â´¹»Î³!ˤ¶,´Ÿ¹¼ØÞ캼¹½çÙ³!ÎÒ·ç2ÅèÆȹ½µÉ±ÞËɶÁµ³ÈÐ!¿Â´µÉ˶¸¹¼ÂֵɴsµÉ±¶Áµ Ðl¶¸ÂÞ·ë³Î³4´Ð!˟¹¼·Ñ³!Î_·¾Þ¶2´³€µ

¿¸À’ι»íë³!˟³!ÂÐ4³2³!ÛÏÙ¶Áµ¹¼¿Â´

û’üz/< á þkÿo üøû’üz/ þþ }>ÿ á ö 656565 ‰î°


x
Æȹ»µ±;Ð4¿Âֵɹ»Â¨Ï ¿Ï´ÍäßÁ¶¸º¼Ï³4Îó´µ|¶Áµ³ û’ü‚/þ !í# Ü Ý³!˳Áò)á ö 657565âïî ˟³!ì˟³!´³4Âֵɴ µ±³~´Ÿ³4µ6¿¸À

ι»´Ð!˟³4µ³‡´ŸµÉ¶ÁµÉ³4´!òÈÆȱ¹¼Ð|±î±Ù¶¸´¶ÇÐ!¿˟˳4´ìÑ¿Âι»ÂÔÊ´³€µ¿¸À,ËɶÁµ³!´‹ð Z ð a67565657 ðkñÜõ°²± ³!´³Õ˶ÁµÉ³4´

ñ
˳4ì˳4´³4µµÉ±³Àø˶¸Ð4µ¹¼¿Â¿¸À÷µÉ¹»Ø_³µÉ±Ù¶Áµ³!¶¸Ð|±6Î ¹¼´Ð4˳€µÉ³2´ŸµÉ¶ÁµÉ³2¿¨Ð!Ð!Ï Ë´ ? µ±¨Ï ´·ò
óõô Z ð
ó ÿ
áÜ

°²±³,´Ÿµ|¶Á·¹¼º»¹»µ'¾_¿¸À1´ŸÏÐ|±‡¶Á·ç2Åi¹»´²Ô¹»ß¸³!‹·Ö¾µÉ±³Àø¿º»º¼¿#Æȹ¼Â Ô]µÉ±³4¿Ë³4Ø6Ü

ƒ„†B‡Nˆ‰~Š اŒ’•&Ž ÙãÚ`“2Üá݂’Ý Ú ”Ò‡ ƒöíä.ÙàQ—˜ø÷:÷®›œrùD£vº­ ¯¸º¯8¤·ú¥M¸‰¤üë~­?{d¯Û­ ëÁ¸ÇÆ ²º­7¾žÅŸ¬ ¨®­ ª­

­Õîc£R¤ ¬@¸·Kº¸ đ©~¯Û²០©~¯Û¦ ¬‚£z²‰¯h üøû’ü‚/þþ ù ! # G !  ¸º¯‘ëü¤`¦ ¸º´ì¸ºª¤ ]bZ ^]†a66575657^] ñ ¦^²‰ª ª­^¤Ä®²‰¯‘뺹

£Å¯~יִ²í­ ¸~¦^¨°ªÕ¸º¬,­¤ ©®¦^¨(¬Å¨l¸º¬

]tûZ ü ]taå
û†ý þkþkþ ] ûDñ ÿ 3"]&3 á ü ÌÚÜ»á þ

¸º¯‘ë

 üøû’ü‚/n á þþKT  üøû’ü‚/þþDWïü‚] w a T á þ  üøû’üz/ þþ }¦ÿ á ö 656575â‰î° ü ÌÚÜ3ö þ


x
á%ö~j

¬Å¨®­ ¯M¬ ¨®­·¤·ú¥Mª­ 󸺣ůl¤­ÕîâÄ®²‰¯Û­ ¯®¬’£’¸º´Å´µÂ¤ ¬™¸ÇÆ7´R­^«déb£Å¬Å¨.ë~­^¦ ¸ºÂ³ª ¸º¬­Iﺪ­ ¸º¬,­ ª¬Å¨l¸º¯ ] ¾

°²±³4¿Ë³4Ø ÌÚÜ»á)˟³!ÛϹ¼ËŸ³!´µÉ± ³·ç2Å µÉ¿i·ë³)´µ|¶¸·º»³è¿µÉ±³Þ¶lß³4Ëɶ¸Ô¸³¸Ü µ,οڳ4´2¿¸µ2˳4ÛϹ¼ËŸ³Þ³€ßÖÍ

³!˾×ι»íë³!˟³!ÂÐ4³³!ÛÏÙ¶Áµ¹¼¿Â~¿¸Àwµ±³Ý·ç2Å׵ɿ6·ë³_´Ÿµ|¶Á·º¼³Áò1·Ï µ]ËɶÁµ±³!Ë ¹»µ,ÔÏÙ¶ÁËɶ¸Âֵɳ4³!´]µ±³Ý·ç2Å

µÉ¿·Ñ³è´ŸµÉ¶¸·º»³t¿µÉ±³tÆȱ ¿º¼³ÁÜ ÀsµÉ± ³èι¼´ŸÐ!˳€µÉ³è´µ|¶Áµ³èÎ ¾¨ÂÙ¶¸ØÞ¹¼Ð!´¹»´¦Ô¹½ß³!ÂÕ·Ö¾ û’üŸüz/ á þÕ1zþÿ

òµÉ± ³²´³l¶ÁËÐ|±_Àø¿¸Ë1µÉ±³:u¾Ö¶ÁìÏ¿#ßtÀøÏ Ð4µÉ¹»¿Â)¿¸Àѵ'¾Úìѳ 


x û’üz/21zþ } ÿ 7565657ïî ü û’üz/21zþþsÿ
] Àø¿Ë ¦ á ö

û2=1üz/l1Ñþ2û’ü‚/21zþ ¶¸Â Î~µÉ± ³_´ŸÐl¶¸º¼¶¸Ë´ ]bZ ]@a67565657] ñõÐl¶ÁÂǷѳ_Ð!¶¸´Ÿµ]¹¼Âֵɿ6¶6·¹»º¼¹»Â³l¶¸ËØ_¶ÁµË¹½é‡¹¼ÂÚÍ

³!ÛÏÙ¶Áº¼¹»µ'¾ û œŽ þ ìË¿· º¼³!Ø


ü£ à±j/jÁãpÜ(ÊkÛÏÙ¶ÁµÉ¹»¿Â´ÊsÛÏÙ¶&µÉ¹¼¿¸Â ü ̨ܻá þ ¶¸ÂÎÒÊkۨ϶ÁµÉ¹»¿ ü ÌÚÜ3ö þ Ð!¶¸Â¢·Ñ³

˳€ÆÈ˹½µµÉ³4 ¶Á´

ð Z º»¿Ô ]ÍZ† ð a º¼¿Ô ]†aK þkþkþ  ðàñ_º¼¿¸Ô ] ñ 3 å

¶¸ÂÎ

] =  ] Y
W ] w a ¢ }>ÿ á ö 656565 ‰î 5
x x x
°²±¹»´¹»´È¶Áû£œŽ˜ì Ë¿·º»³!ØÀø¿¸Ë  ¶¸Âεɱ ³,º»¿Ô ] ó
@ñ´4Ü

'B%  *iŽ‡“H<lƒl‡† 0 ) i‚ 2 ƒ4‘„— ; ˆ ‘1ˆ “óˆ]–¢5è“>‘ä;aŒ*,å*ޚ ‘

J1¹»ÔÏ˳íÌÚܻዹ¼º»º¼Ï´µÉ˶ÁµÉ³4´t¶¸ÂeæIJÅÊ´³€µÉÏìÓÆȹ»µ± µ±³ì뿸´´¹»·¹¼º»¹»µ'¾~¿¸ÀÎË¿ì ì¹¼ÂÔÕÎÙ¶&µ|¶ìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µÉ´4Ü

ÅÚ¹»ÂÐ!³¦Æ¤³2¶¸Ë³Î ³l¶¸º»¹¼ÂÔ]Æȹ½µÉ±Ð4¿Â´ŸµÉ¶¸Âֵȴɶ¸ØÞ캻¹¼ÂÔtìѳ!˟¹¼¿¨Î 1 ò Ƥ³,Ï ´³¦µÉ± ³´É¶¸ØÞ캼³4ΐß³4Ë´¹»¿Âi¿¸À

ÊkÛÏÙ¶ÁµÉ¹»¿ ü öÚÜÌ þ ¹»Âiµ±³2Ø_¿¨Î³4ºäòÚÆȱ ¹¼Ð|±‹¹¼´²Ô¹½ß³!‹·Ö¾~à æ&ãäù

] ÿ i jlk
k
_ ÿ S C i j2x {~}`Ë5
á%öÁæ

Plant x (kh)
x ((k+1) h)= Φ x (kh)+ Γ u (kh)

S S
1 2

Controller ^x (kh)
K ^x (kh)

J1¹»ÔÏ˳<̨ܻáùsÃ>IJÅÆȹ½µÉ±iÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶Þ춸Ð|̸³€µ>Î˟¿ìÑ¿Ï µlÜ

°²±³> ³4µ'Ƥ¿ËÌèÐ!¶¸Âê·Ñ³ÈØ_¿¨Î³!º»³!Î_¶¸´ ¶,´Æȹ»µÐ|±_µÉ±¶Áµ Ð!º¼¿¸´³!´¤¶Áµ¤¶2Ð!³!˵|¶¸¹»Â)ËɶÁµ³ð¨ÜáÈî±³4ÂêµÉ± ³

´ŸÆȹ½µÉÐ|±Ê¹»´]Ð!º»¿´³4Î ü ìÑ¿´¹½µÉ¹»¿Â Z þ ò1µÉ± ³Â³4µ'Ƥ¿˟ÌÇìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µ)Ð4¿ÂÖµ|¶¸¹»Â¹¼ÂÔ û’üz/21zþ ¹»´ µËɶ¸Â´ŸØ_¹½µµ³!Îuò

Æȱ³4˳l¶Á´ Æȱ³4Â_¹½µs¹¼´k¿ìѳ! ü ìë¿´Ÿ¹»µ¹¼¿Â a þ òµÉ±³È¿ÏÚµÉìÏ µ ¿¸Àѵɱ ³´Æȹ»µÐ|±_¹»´k±³!º»Î_¶&µkµÉ±³²ì˟³4ߨ¹¼¿¸Ï´

ßÁ¶¸º¼Ï ³¤¶ÁÂÎ µ±³˜ìÙ¶ÁÐ|̸³4µ1¹¼´÷º¼¿´µlÜ °²±Ï´1µ±³¤ÎÚ¾Ú¶¸Ø_¹»Ð!´÷¿¸À µ±³˜´Æȹ»µÐ|± Ï þ Ðl¶¸Â ·ë³ ØÞ¿Úγ4º¼³4Î


ü ´µ|¶Áµ³ ûë

¶¸´

 Z ù Ï üz/l1Ñþsÿ«û’üz/21zþ
û’

 a ù Ï üz/l1Ñþsÿ
û’ Ï üŸüz/T
û„ á þÕ1Ñþ 5
禳4糵ɱ³µÉ˶¸Â´ŸØ_¹»´´¹»¿Â¹¼Â ι¼Ð!¶ÁµÉ¿ˤÀøÏÂÐ4µ¹¼¿ }üz/l1Ñþ ¶¸´


 á ´É¶¸ØÞ캻³¹¼´wµÉ˶¸Â´ŸØ_¹½µµÉ³4Î
}üz/l1Ñþsÿ 

ö ´É¶¸ØÞ캻³¹¼´²Â¿¸µ²µËɶ¸Â ´ØÞ¹»µµ³!Î 5
:A³4µ tüz/21zþ2ÿ à û2=1ü‚/21zþ ÑÏû2=kü‚/21zþ ã = ·Ñ³_µÉ± ³ê¶¸Ï ÔØ_³4Âֵɳ!ÎÇ´Ÿµ|¶&µÉ³_߸³!ЀµÉ¿Ë4ò1µÉ±³_Ð!º»¿´³4ÎÚÍ'º»¿Ú¿ì

´Ÿ¾¨´µÉ³!Ø Æȹ½µÉ±µÉ±³2³€µ'Ƙ¿¸ËÌìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µÎË¿¸ìë¿Ïڵȳ4íë³!Ð4µ¹¼´²ËŸ³!ì˟³!´Ÿ³!Âֵɳ4··Ö¾

tüü ‚/ á þÕ1Ñþsÿ ] m x,v + k y tüz/21zþ ü ÌÚÜ j þ


á%öcÌ

Èî±³4‹µ±³2´ŸÆȹ»µÐ|± ¹»´²¹¼Âiì뿸´¹»µ¹¼¿  Z ò ¨} ü‚/21zþkÿ á,¶¸ÂÎ


fgg p qq
g ] ·T _†Î q
]m k Z ÿ ?
h ] ·T _†Î s

Æȱ³4Â6µÉ± ³,´Æȹ»µÐ|±6¹»´²¹¼Âiì뿸´¹»µ¹¼¿  a ò ¨} ü‚/21zþkÿ ö趸ÂÎ

fgg p qq
g ] T·_†Î q
]m ˜
a ÿ 5
h å  s

ÿ˟Øê¶Áº¼º»¾¸ò>¶ÁÂóÃ>IJÅîÐ!¶¸Â;µ¿º¼³4ËɶÁµ³Õ¶ÓÐ4³!˵|¶¸¹»Âó¶¸ØÞ¿ÏÂÖµi¿¸À Àø³!³4ηٶ¸Ð|ÌîÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶Êº¼¿´Ÿ´!Ü °²±³

Àø¿º»º¼¿#Æȹ¼ÂԘÐ!¿˟¿º¼º¼¶¸ËŸ¾>Ðl¶¸Â,·ë³ Ï´Ÿ³!Î µ¿µ³!´µ’µ±³s´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!Øﴟµ|¶Á·¹¼º»¹»µ'¾Àø¿Ë÷¶Ð4³!˟µÉ¶¸¹¼Â2ìÙ¶ÁÐ|̸³4µ1ÎË¿¸ìë¿ÏÚµ

Ëɶ&µÉ³ ü ìѳ!˟Ð!³!Âֵɶ¸Ô³ þ Ü

n‡Nˆ‰‡‘’’“lˆV”اŒ[šŽ^ÙÛÚ`“lÜKݒ‚ÝÅÚ ”&‡:ƒ·ÜMÁÙàÞÝ Ú`„„qü“esonNÇÚËäíˆV‡Nôb‡†Úºœ@²‰ª<¬Å¨®­¸ÇÆ ²º­¤`­ ¬‚©`Ä®«

¸‰¤^¤ ©~ÃË­I¬Å¨®­dđ´ì¸º¯®¬@¤ ¬z¸º¬,­ û’ü‚/21zþ £R¤I¬’ªÕ¸º¯l¤ Ã>£Å¬‚¬­ ëÁ¸º¬Í¬Å¨®­IªÕ¸º¬­ð²,Ÿ 𠾞ş¬ ¨®­ ª­ð­Õîc£R¤ ¬b¸ á
 Âc¸ đ©~¯Û²

Ÿ ©~¯Û¦ ¬‚£z²‰¯Ž ü?èü‚/21zþþ˜ÿ O= z/21zþètüz/21zþ ¸º¯‘볤`¦ ¸º´ì¸ºª¤ ]ÍZ ¸º¯‘ë ]†a Ÿ6²‰ª¶¢·7©l¸º¬’£z²‰¯»wǾâÀ>¤ ©®¦^¨
 1ü

¬Å¨l¸º¬

] ûZ ] a Z w û 3 á

] m = Z ] m Z W ] Zw a O

] m =a ] m a W ] a w a O

¬Å¨®­¤ ÂV¤ ¬­ à £R¤ü¤ ¬’£Å´Å´K­ÕîâÄ®²‰¯Û­ ¯®¬‚£’¸º´Å´µÂ¤ ¬z¸ÇÆ7´R­7¾

Èî¹»µ±ÇµÉ±³êìº ¶¸ÂÖµ ´ŸµÉ¶ÁµÉ³·Ñ³!¹»ÂÔ µËɶ¸Â´ŸØ_¹½µµ³!΢¶&µtËɶ&µÉ³Ýð¨ò1µ±³³4íë³!ЀµÉ¹½ß³´¶¸Ø_ì º¼¹¼Â Ô6ìѳ!˟¹¼¿¨Î

·Ñ³!Ð!¿¸Ø_³4´ 1óÿ 1 ð¨Ü °²± ¹¼´i´ÏÔ¸Ô³!´µÉ´iµÉ±Ù¶Áµiµ±³~ì º ¶¸ÂÖµiÐl¶ÁÂ;·Ñ³Õ´Ÿµ|¶Á·¹¼º»¹¼Ò!³4Îî·¾ô¶Ê´Ÿº¼¿#Ƙ³4Ë

´É¶ÁØ_캻¹¼ÂÔ]ËɶÁµ³¸Ü
á%öº

òIó “2ŠÒôK MاŒZ÷ŽÜÁÙ&ÞÝ Ú`„„qü“esonNÇÚËäíˆV‡Nôb‡†Úºœ Ę¿Â´Ÿ¹¼Î³4ˇµÉ±³Ç´Ÿµ|¶&µÉ³€Í ´ìÙ¶ÁÐ!³ÊØÞ¿Úγ4º]¹»Â

Ê1é ¶¸Ø_ì º¼³ö¨Ü j ÜÖÈî± ³! µÉ± ³‡ìº ¶Áµ깼´_´É¶¸ØÞ캼³4Î Æȹ»µ±î¶Ç´É¶ÁØ_캻¹¼ÂÔ~ìë³4˹»¿ÚÎ 1ïÿ å 5 jÇ´4òƤ³

¿· µÉ¶¸¹¼Â
fgg p qq fgg p qq
g á 5å ö UÇ̺Ì
å 5~ q g å á`Öð
å 5Ú å 5Ç
å ÌÚá%ö q
] ÿ @Î
_ ÿ
h å å 5 UÖð¸åÁæ s h å 5 á¸á#å/ å 5 j/j/U/U s
¶¸ÂÎ~µÉ±³ÞÐ!º»¿´³4ÎÚÍ'º»¿Ú¿ì×´Ÿ¾¨´µÉ³!Ø ü ] TW_†ÎÕþ ¹»´ ´µÉ¹¼º»ºk´ŸµÉ¶¸·º¼³)Æȹ»µ±~µ±³êÐ4¿Âֵɹ¼ÂÏ¿¸Ï´]Ð4¿ÂÖµÉË¿¸º¼º¼³4Ë!Ü

Èî¹»µ±µÉ±³2´³€µÉÏ싴± ¿%ÆÈÂ6¹¼Â(J1¹»ÔÏ˟³<ÌÚÜ»á¸òÙ¶¸Â΋¶¸´Ÿ´ÏØÞ¹¼ÂÔèµ±³µÉËɶÁ´ØÞ¹¼´Ÿ´¹¼¿¸ÂËɶÁµ³Hð ÿ å 5 ðÚò Ƥ³

´¿¸º»ß³µ±³<:³œ˜ì˟¿·º¼³4ØCà±U òÑö~%ã ¹¼Â6Ę¿Ë¿¸º¼º ¶Á˟¾$ÌÚÜ3ö]µ¿)çÂÎ

]ÍZ ÿ á 5 á%ö~/ ]@a˜ÿ å 5 ðcÌc̸ö

¶¸ÂÎ
fgg p qq
gg å 5 UÖöÚálå å 5 U ákUc T å 5 ÇÌð~ T Ì álææ
å 5¨ qq
gg qq
gg å 5 U ákUº ö 5
æ ð~/ T å 5 Ìö~jÖö T á 5 º¸ææ qqq
õÿ
gg qq
gg
g T å 5 Ç̸ð~ T Ì ö~jö
å 5 å 5 ðÁåå/j å 5 ¸æÇÚá qq
h T Ì á!ææ
å 5Ú T á 5 c¸æ¸æ  æÇ á
å 5Á ö 5 åÇ̺ö s
Æȱ¹»Ð|±ÊìË¿#ß³4´]µÉ± ³´ŸµÉ¶¸·¹¼º»¹»µ'¾¿ÁÀ²µÉ±³_´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!؋܇°²±¹¼´ Ø_³!¶¸Â´,µÉ±Ù¶Áµ Æȱ³!¢µ±³ìº¼¶¸ÂÖµ]´µ|¶Áµ³ê¹»´

´É¶ÁØ_캻³!Î ³4߸³!˟¾eå 5 jÕ´!òw¹½Àð¸åa¿¸À>µ±³‹ìÙ¶¸Ð|̸³€µÉ´ê¶¸Ë³‹Î³!º»¹»ß¸³!˳4Î µ¿×µ±³‹Ð!¿ÂÖµÉ˟¿º¼º»³!Ë4ò Ƥ³ Ð!¶¸Â

´Ÿµ¹¼º»ºÔ϶¸Ëɶ¸ÂÖµ³!³‡µÉ± ³´Ÿµ|¶Á·¹¼º»¹»µ'¾Ó¿¸À2µÉ± ³‡Àø³!³!Î ·Ù¶¸Ð|Ì Ð4¿ÂÖµÉË¿¸º¦´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!Ø‹Ü °²± ³×˟³!´ŸÏº»µ´Ÿ±¿#ÆÈ´‹¶¸Â

1 ÿ01 ð
³4íë³!ЀµÉ¹½ß³)´É¶¸ØÞ캻¹¼ÂÔ_ìë³4˹¼¿¨Î¿¸À  ÿ å 5 æj´!ܕ'À¶¸Ð€µlòuµ±³è´ϙšÞÐ4¹¼³!ÂÖµ,Ð!¿¸Âι»µ¹¼¿ ¿Â

µÉ˶¸Â´ŸØ_¹»´´¹»¿Âìѳ!˹»¿ÚÎi´Ÿ³l¶¸ËŸÐ|±³!Î6·¾°Ê1é ¶¸ØÞ캼³,ö¨Ü jåè¿ÂiìÙ¶ÁÔ³ ð¸åè¹¼´ 


1 2ÿ á 5 ðö~U¸æè´4Ü

°²±³²Ð!¿¸Ø_ìÙ¶Á˹¼´Ÿ¿Ât¿¸ÀÑ´µÉ³!ì)˟³!´ìѿ´Ÿ³!´kÆȹ»µ±tìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µ Î˟¿ìë¿¸Ï µÉ´„¹»´„´± ¿%ÆÈÂ)¹»´bJ1¹¼Ô¸Ï˳DÌÚÜ3ö¨ÜáÈ~³

Ðl¶ÁÂê´³4³µ±Ù¶Áµ µÉ±³´Ÿµ³!ìËŸ³!´ìѿ´Ÿ³Æȹ½µÉ±ðÁå ìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µ´˜µÉ˶¸Â´ØÞ¹»µŸµÉ³4Î_¹»´¤´Ÿ¹¼ØÞ¹¼º ¶Á˒µÉ¿,µÉ±³¿˟¹¼Ô¹»ÂÙ¶¸º


á%öð

´Ÿ¾¨´µÉ³!؋ܮ«º¼¶¸ËÔ³˜Î¹»íë³!˟³!ÂÐ4³²Ðl¶¸Â)·Ñ³²´³!³4ÂèÆȱ³!Â޿º½¾èö¸å￸ÀÑìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µ´¤¶Á˳wµÉ˶¸Â´ŸØ_¹½µµÉ³4Î ü ·ÏÚµ

µÉ± ³,´¾¨´ŸµÉ³4Ø ¹¼´²´Ÿµ¹¼º»º^´ŸµÉ¶¸·º»³¸òÙ¶¸´²Æ¤³ ì Ë¿#ß³,·ë³4º¼¿#Æ þ Ü

1.4
w/o packet drop out
w/ 70% packets transmitted
1.2 w/ 20% packets transmitted

Output 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)

J1¹¼ÔÏ Ë³<ÌÚÜ.öÚù Ę¿ØÞìÙ¶¸ËŸ¹¼´¿¸Â¿¸À1´ŸÐl¶¸º»³!΋´Ÿµ³!ì ˟³!´Ÿìë¿ ´³!´ÈÆȹ»µ±iìÙ¶¸Ð|̸³€µ¦Î˟¿ìÑ¿Ï µÉ´4Ü

°²±³Õº¼¿#Ƥ³!Ëêµ±³‡µÉ˶¸Â´ØÞ¹¼´Ÿ´¹»¿ Ëɶ&µÉ³¸òȵɱ ³º¼³!´Ÿ´Â³€µ'Ƙ¿ËŸÌ ·Ù¶¸Â Î Æȹ¼Î µ±îÏ´³4ÎuÜ °²±³Â ³€é¨µ

Ûϳ!´µÉ¹»¿ÂƘ¿Ï º¼Î·Ñ³¸ò!ÈÁµ²¹¼´¤µÉ±³º»¿%Ƥ³!˘·ë¿Ï ÂÎi¿ÂÎË¿¸ìë¿ÏÚµ²ËɶÁµ³ ð µ±Ù¶Áµ²´µÉ¹»º¼ºÑÔÏÙ¶¸Ë¶¸Âֵɳ!³4´

µÉ± ³ê´ŸµÉ¶¸·¹»º¼¹»µ'¾Õ¿ÁÀwµÉ±³ê´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!Ø#"%$ °²± ³!¿˟³!Ø ÌÚÜñæ ¹¼ÂÖß¿º½ß³4´ µÉ± ³·ë¿¸ÏÂ΢¿Â~µÉ±³ÞµÉËɶÁ´ØÞ¹¼´Ÿ´¹¼¿¸Â

Ëɶ&µÉ³ ð]Àø¿Ëȶ负µÉ¶¸·º»³2æIJÅëÜ

ƒ„†B‡Nˆ‰~Š اŒ‹YŽ&‡áß@ú‡‘ß–äíˆV‡‘ôb‡Ú³ø$“lÚ`2œ"èL²‰¯l¤ £’ë~­ ª³¬Å¨®­Á¤`­ ¬‚©`ÄY²,Ÿ'd£ìﺩ~ª^­‹wǾvu‰«ü¸‰¤ ¹

¤ ©~Ã>£Å¯~ﳬŨl¸º¬L¬Å¨®­¦ ´R²`¤`­ 뺹´R²`²^Ä°¤ ÂV¤ ¬­ à éb£Å¬Å¨í¯Û²뺪²^Ä®²‰©~¬ £R¤I¤ ¬™¸ÇÆ7´R­>»™£’¾’­7¾ì« ] T`_†Î £R¤I¥§¦^¨~©%ª™Àº¾

( žÅŸ¬Å¨®­F²^Ä®­ ¯®¹´R²`²^ÄÁ¤ Â`¤ ¬,­ à » ] À£R¤󸺪‚ﺣů‘¸º´Å´µÂF¤ ¬z¸ÇÆ7´R­^«¬Å¨®­ ¯¬Å¨®­¤ Â`¤ ¬,­ Ã|£R¤­ÕîâÄ®²‰¯Û­ ¯®¬‚£’¸º´Å´µÂ

¤ ¬z¸ÇÆ7´R­bŸ6²‰ªn¸º´Å´ å ð W á ¾

( žÅŸ¬Å¨®­Ë²^Ä®­ ¯®¹´R²`²^Äæ¤ ÂV¤ ¬­ à £R¤>©~¯l¤ ¬z¸ÇÆ7´R­^«O¬ ¨®­ ¯Ñ¬ ¨®­¤ ÂV¤ ¬­ Ãñ£R¤$­ÕîâÄ®²‰¯Û­ ¯®¬’£’¸º´Å´µÂ¤ ¬z¸ÇÆ7´R­DŸ6²‰ª
á%ö~

¸º´Å´
á
ð W á
T )®Z+)~a
á *

éK¨®­ ª­

)®Zsÿ º¼¿Ôzà-, a ] T`_@ÎÕþ ã )~awÿ º»¿Ôzà-, a ] ã 5


.0/21 ü .0/21 ü þ

<ˆ‰‡Û‡ ƒ Œ
q Ę¿Â´¹»Î³!˲µ±³2´³4µÏì ¿ÁÀkĘ¿˟¿º¼º¼¶¸ËŸ¾$ÌÚÜ.öÚò·ÏڵΠ³4çÙ³43 ó ÿÓ] w a Àø¿Ë65 ÿ á öÚÜ ÅÚÏ·´µÉ¹âÍ
ó

µÉÏڵɹ¼Â Ô_¶ÁÂε|¶¸Ì¹¼Â ÔÞº»¿Ô´4ò¹»À µÉ± ³2µËɶ¸Â ´ØÞ¹¼´´Ÿ¹¼¿Âi˶ÁµÉ³Hðt´¶ÁµÉ¹»´ŸçÙ³4´

º»¿Ô!3 a ð W á ü ÌÚÜñæ þ
º»¿Ô73 aLT º»¿Ô73 Z

Z
Æȱ³4˳83 g ᤶ¸ÂÎ43 a3 3 Z ¶Á˳sì뿸´¹»µ¹»ß¸³kÐ!¿Â´µ|¶¸ÂÖµ´„¶¸ÂÎ  ¹»´’¶ÈìÑ¿´¹½µÉ¹»ß¸³€Í γ4çÙ ¹»µÉ³k´¾¨Ø_ØÞ³4µË¹¼Ð

Ø_¶ÁµÉ˟¹½éê´ÏÐ|±‹µÉ±Ù¶Áµ

] m = Z æ] m Z W 3 Z ¢

] m =a æ] m a W a ¢
3 ‰

µÉ± ³,´¾¨´ŸµÉ³4Ø ¹¼´²³€éÚìѿ³4µ¹ ¶¸º»º»¾_´ŸµÉ¶¸·º¼³ÁÜ

°’˶¸Â´ŸØ_¹»´´¹»¿‡Ë¶ÁµÉ³•ðÞγ4ìë³4Âδ¿Â93 Z ¶¸Â Î:3 a òu¶¸Â ·µÉ±³tÐ|± ¿¹¼Ð4³t¿¸À!3 Z ò;3 a Ø]Ï´Ÿµ´¶ÁµÉ¹»´ŸÀ ¾

Z < a ] Á¶ ÂÎ>3 ? a ] aþÜ


.0/21 üQm Z þ a < .0/21 üQm €
3 = , ,

:A¿Ú¿Ì¹»ÂÔ)¶ÁµÊkÛÏÙ¶ÁµÉ¹»¿Â Ì Üñæ þ ò¹»µwØ궸ÌÁ³!´È´³4´³2µÉ¿èØÞ¹¼Â ¹¼ØÞ¹¼Ò!³·Ñ¿¸µÉ±iº¼¿¸Ô73


ü ¨ a Z
¶¸Â ΋º»¿Ô73 £ å

¹¼Âi¿˟γ!˲µ¿Þ¿¸· µ|¶¸¹»ÂµÉ±³Ƥ³l¶¸ÌÁ³!´µ¦º¼¿#Ƥ³!ËÈ·Ñ¿ÏÂ΋¿ ð]Ƥ³ Ð!¶¸Â‹Àø˟¿Ø µ±Ù¶ÁµÈ³4ۨ϶ÁµÉ¹»¿ÂuÜ

ÿ#Æ Â ¿¸µÉ³µÉ±¶Áµ

a a ]
.0/21 ü‰m Z þsÿ T€_†ÎÕþ
, ] ,
.0/21 ü
á%ö~U

´¹»ÂÐ!³‹µÉ±³6µ'Ƙ¿¢Ø_¶ÁµË¹¼Ð4³!´Þ´±Ù¶Á˳ µ±³ ´¶¸Ø_³6´ìѳ!ЀµÉËÏ Ø ü ¶¸º»µ±¿ÏÔ±e³l¶¸Ð|±«³4¹¼Ô³4ÂÖ߸¶Áº¼Ï³‹¿¸ÀµÉ± ³

Àø¿˟Ø_³4Ë]±Ù¶¸´tµ'Æȹ»Ð!³êµ±³ØtϺ½µÉ¹»ìº¼¹»Ð!¹»µ'¾ ¿¸Àȵɱ³º¼¶Áµµ³!Ë þ ‚
Ü >º»´¿‡Â ¿¸µÉ³êµ±Ù¶Áµtµ±³·º»¿ÚÐ|ÌÍ'Î ¹ ¶¸Ô¿¸ÂÙ¶¸º

´ŸµËÏЀµÉÏ˟³ ¿ÁÀ ] m a ¹¼ØÞ캼¹»³!´

a a ] þ BO
.0/21 üQm €
, ] a þkÿ Ø_¶&éA@ á ,
.0/21 ü C

Æȹ»µ±‡á¶¸Ð|± ¹¼³4ߨ¹»ÂÔ]µÉ± ³>Ø_¶&éÚ¹¼ØtÏØ8¹½À ¶¸ÂÎê¿Âº»¾Þ¹½Àt] ¹¼´˜´µ|¶¸· º¼³¸Ü1°²±³>µÉ± ³!¿˟³!Ø ¹¼´˜Â ¿%Æô´Ÿ³!³!µ¿

³l¶Á´¹¼º½¾êÀø¿º»º¼¿#Æ2Ü ‡

òIó “2ŠÒôK MاŒ[Ø Ê1é ¶¸ØÞ캼³ÌDZٶ¸´B] Ø_¶¸ËÔ¸¹¼ÂÙ¶¸º»º»¾Ç´Ÿµ|¶Á·º¼³Áò´Ÿ¿ÇµÉ± ³‡Â³4µ'Ƥ¿˟̸³!ÎôÐ!¿¸ÂµË¿º»º¼³4Ë_¹»´

´ŸµÉ¶¸·º»³¦Àø¿Ëȶ¸º¼ºð 3 å Ü

'B%$ i–¤—‡“Žš‚<lƒl‡† * .K0 )[i‚äí[“·‘‹ƒl‚1ƒ4‘„“Ž

'ÂÇĘ±Ù¶¸ì µ³!Ë j òuƘ³Þ´ŸµÏι»³!Îյɱ³)´Ð|± ³!ÎϺ»¹¼Âԋ¿¸À˜¶‹´Ÿ³4µ,¿¸ÀwæIJÅÚ´2Ï´Ÿ¹¼ÂÔiµÉ±³›œ ´ŸÐ|±³!ΠϺ¼¹»ÂÔ

¶¸º»Ô¿Ë¹½µÉ±؋Üê°²± ³!˳Áò1Ƥ³¹¼ØÞ캼¹»Ð!¹½µÉº»¾6¶¸´Ÿ´ÏØÞ³!Î~µÉ±Ù¶Áµ ³4߸³!˾ÇÎÙ¶&µ|¶6춸Ð|̸³€µè¹¼´,´ÏÐ4Ð!³4´´ŸÀøÏ º¼º»¾~γÍ

º¼¹½ß³4˳!Î^Ü!' ÅÚ³4Ð4µ¹¼¿ÂÌÚÜmj ò Ƥ³i´±¿#Ƥ³!Î µ±Ù¶ÁµèƤ³6Ð!¶¸Â ÎË¿ìe¶Ð!³4˟µ|¶Á¹¼ÂÓìë³4ËÐ4³!ÂÖµ|¶¸Ô¸³6¿¸ÀÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶

ìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µ´¦¶¸Â΋´Ÿµ¹¼º»ºuìË¿#ߨ¹¼Î ³ ¶)´ŸµÉ¶¸·º»³2æIJÅëÜz°²±¹»´¹»Î³l¶)Ðl¶ÁÂ6·Ñ³,¶¸ì캻¹¼³!ε¿_´ŸÐ|±³!ÎÏ º¼³ ¶Þ´Ÿ³4µ¿¸À

æIJŨ´!Ü ›È¿ÏÔ±º½¾i´ìѳl¶¸Ì¹»ÂÔò^¹½Às¶ê´Ÿ³4µ¿¸À Ã>IJÅÚ´¦¹»´>Ï´ŸÐ|±³!ΠϺ ¶¸· º¼³]Æȱ³4³4߸³!˟¾ ÎÙ¶ÁµÉ¶êìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µ

¹¼´ÔÏÙ¶ÁËɶ¸Âֵɳ4³!΋µÉ¿ê·Ñ³,γ!º»¹»ß³4˳4ÎuòÑƤ³]ØÞ¹¼Ô¸±µÐ4¿Â´¹»Î³!ËÎ˟¿ìì¹»ÂÔ_´Ÿ¿ØÞ³ ¿¸À1µÉ±³,ìÙ¶¸Ð|ÌÁ³4µÉ´ ü ¶Áµ¶

Ð!³4˟µÉ¶¸¹¼Âìѳ!˟Ð!³!Âֵɶ¸Ô³ þ ¿¸À µ±³¦À¶¸´Ÿµ³!Ë®Í'´É¶ÁØ_캻¹¼ÂÔ]æIJÅÚ´4òѶ¸ÂδŸµ¹¼º»ºëµÉ˾굿èÔÏÙ¶¸Ë¶¸Âֵɳ!³¦µ±³´³€µÈ¿¸À

æIJŨ´>¶¸ËŸ³2¶¸º¼º^´Ÿµ|¶Á·º¼³ÁÜ

œ6¿˟³2Àø¿¸ËØ_¶¸º¼º½¾ò¨Ð!¿Â´Ÿ¹¼Î³4˶)´Ÿ³4µ¿¸À1æIJÅÚ´ÈÔ¹½ß³!‹·Ö¾

û ó üüz/ð á þ 1 ó þsÿ
]
óû ó ü‚/21 ó þKT!_ ó Î Ï ‚/21
óû ó ü ó þ
5 ÿ á 7565657ïî ü ÌÚÜ9Ì þ
ákjå

³l¶ÁÐ|±ÇÐ!¿¸Â³!ЀµÉ³4Î~µÉ¿iµÉ± ³Þ ³4µ'Ƥ¿ËÌzò„¶ÁÂÎ~³!¶¸Ð|±~Æȹ½µÉ± ð


ó
E á#åå[´¶¸ØÞ캼³4´¦µÉËɶÁ´ØÞ¹»µŸµÉ³!Î^ÜJÙ¿Ë

³l¶ÁÐ|±Ã¦Ä²Å>5Ÿòzγ4çÙ ³ µÉ± ³t¶¸ÏÔ¸Ø_³4µ³!Î6´Ÿµ|¶&µÉ³2ß³!ЀµÉ¿Ë>¶¸´  ó üz/21 ó þ˜ÿ à û2= ü‚/21 ó þ ~Ï2


û =ó üz/21 ó þ ã = òzµÉ± ³
ó

µÉ˶¸Â´ŸØ_¹»´´¹»¿‡¹»Âι¼Ð!¶ÁµÉ¿¸Ë>ÀøÏÂЀµÉ¹¼¿¸Â } ó zü /21 ó þ
ò ¶¸Â΍µ±³è´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!ØCØ_¶ÁµÉ˟¹½é ] m ó C Ex D½v + kFDìy ¶¸Ð4Ð!¿˟ι¼ÂÔ¸º»¾

¶¸´È¹¼Â6ÅÚ³4Ð4µ¹¼¿ ÌÚÜmj Ü

ÿ#ÆóÀø¿¸Ëȵ±³2¿#ß³!˶¸º¼º^´Ÿ¾¨´Ÿµ³!؋òÑÎ ³4çÙ³2µÉ± ³ ¶ÁÏÔØÞ³!Âֵɳ4΋´µ|¶Áµ³,¶¸´

‚/
èü þkÿ à =Z ‚ü /21ãZþ ï a= zü /212aþ 656565âï ñ= zü /21 ñ þ ã =

µÉ± ³,´¾¨´ŸµÉ³4Ø Øê¶ÁµË¹â鐹»´²¹¼Â·º»¿ÚÐ|̐Π¹ ¶¸Ô¿¸ÂÙ¶¸ºëÀø¿¸ËØ

] m zü /þsÿ ι ¶¸Ô4G ] m Z C x ü v + k ü y lm] a C x ý v + k ý y 656565â2m] ñ


x v + k ÿ Iy H 5
C ÿ

ƒ„†B‡Nˆ‰~Š اŒ[õ"Ž ÙãÚ`“2Üá݂’Ý Ú ”Ò‡ 


ƒ “&Ù§ÇÚ³‡:ƒ·ÜM³Ù§à‰œrùD£vº­ ¯¬ ¨®­¤`­ ¬’©VÄ ¸ÇÆ ²º­^«(¸‰¤^¤ ©%ÃË­ÁŸ6²‰ª

­ ¸~¦^¨ ç>èK¥ 5 ¬ ¨®­ ª­æ­Õîc£R¤ ¬ ¤¸åáÂc¸ đ©~¯Û²³Ÿ ©~¯Û¦ ¬’£z²‰¯r ü ó ü‚/21zþþ6ÿ = z/21
 ó ü ó þ ó  ó ü ‚/21 ó þ
¸º¯‘ë

¤`¦ ¸º´ì¸ºª¤ ] ó Z ¸º¯‘ë ] ó a ¤ ©®¦^¨°¬ ¨l¸º¬


C C

] óû C D Z ] ó Z C w a û D 3 á

] m =ó C Z  ó ] ó m CZ W ] ów C Z a  ó

] m =ó a  ó ] ó
C
m a W ] ów a a  ó
C C

¬Å¨®­ ¯M¬ ¨®­¤ Â`¤ ¬,­ à ﺣvº­ ¯Æ7ÂÁ¶D·7©l¸º¬‚£z²‰¯ »wǾvw À>£R¤>­ÕîâÄ®²‰¯Û­ ¯®¬‚£’¸º´Å´µÂ¤ ¬z¸ÇÆ7´R­7¾

<ˆ‰‡Û‡ ƒ Œ :A³4µÈµÉ±³<:u¾Ö¶ÁìÏ¿#ßÀøÏÂЀµÉ¹»¿Âi¿¸À’µ±³2¿#ß³!˶¸º¼ºA´¾¨´ŸµÉ³4Ø
q ·ë³

 ü?èü‚/þþkÿ  = zü / þ èüz/ þ


ákj á

Æȱ³4˳ õÿ ι¼¶¸Ô üdZ 657565âï ñ þ Ü

 ütüz/ð á þþCÿ  = zü /ð á þètüz/ á þ

ÿ  = zü /þ%] m = zü /þæ] m ‚ü /þtüz/þ 5

ŨµÉ¶¸ËŸµ¹¼ÂÔtÀø˟¿Ø /)ÿ å òÙ¶&µ Î1 òƤ³2±Ù¶lß³

=
 ü?èü‚ÎÕþŸþkÿ = ü å þKJMN L ] m zü /þ2O PL
N ] m zü /þèü å þ 5
+ô C +ô C
+L ô C ] m ‚ü /þUT =
QSR R
 +L ô C ] m zü / þ ¹¼´È¶è·º¼¿¨Ð|ÌÍ'ι¼¶¸Ô¿Â¶¸º^Ø_¶ÁµÉ˟¹½é_Æȹ»µ±‹³!¶¸Ð|± · º¼¿¨Ð|Ì#5sÔ¹»ß¸³!‹·Ö¾

=
JVN L m ó O ]  ó
NL ] m ó C Wx D 5
+ ô C C Wx D +ô C
È~³,Ì¿#Æ µ±Ù¶Áµ²Àø¿˲³!¶¸Ð|± · º¼¿¨Ð|Ì

( ] m ó CZ ¹¼´²¹»Âi³4íë³!Ð4µÈÀø¿Ë£ð ó Î1 ó
¿¸À’µ¹¼ØÞ³¸ò

(*] m ó a ¹¼´²¹»Âi³4íë³!Ð4µÈÀø¿Ë ü á T ð
ó þÎ1 ó
¿¸À÷µÉ¹»Ø_³ÁÜ
C

°²±³4˳4Àø¿¸Ë³

= a Z
J NL m ó O]  ó
NL ] m ó C Ex D W ] ó w C Z a û D ] ó w C a v w û D[y L  ó
+ ô C C Ex D +ô C L
a
G ] û D Z ] Z wa û D w
ÿ ó
C
ó
C H L  ó 5

bkÏ µµ¹¼ÂÔèµ±³ î · º¼¿¨Ð|̨´²µ¿Ô³4µ±³!˲Ƥ³2±Ù¶lß³

a Z a
 ütü‚ÎÕþŸþWW = ] ûZ ü Z
ü å þ ι ¶¸ÔYX G M ] ZZ w a ûü H w L d
 Z 656575â G ] ûñ ÿ ZC ] ñ w C a û ÿ H w L  ñ!Z èü å þ 5
C C

>´ ÎñG [ ò´Ÿ¹¼ÂÐ4³ ] óû C D Z ] ó Z C w a û D 3 áòÚÀø¿Ëȶ¸º¼º;5 ÿ á 6565757‰î ò

G ] óû C D Z ] ó Z C w a û D w a  ó G å 5
H L
ákjÖö

°²±³4˳4Àø¿¸Ë³¸ò

º»¹¼Ø  ütü‚ÎÕþŸþkÿ å 5
L7\^]
‡

°²±³,ϴɶ¸Ô¸³,¿ÁÀ1°²±³4¿Ë³4Ø ÌÚÜ×)¹»´²¹¼º»º¼Ï´µÉËɶ&µÉ³!η־µ±³Àø¿º¼º»¿#Æȹ¼ÂÔt³é ¶¸Ø_ì º¼³¸Ü

òIó “2ŠÒôK MاŒUŽ^Ù¬s‰„@~úMᐒݒß@÷æ‡:ƒ·ÜM³Ù§àÁø$Çù†Ý‚à7Ý Ú`~ú͜ Ę¿Â´Ÿ¹¼Î³4ˋµ±³Õ´É¶¸ØÞ³Õ´³4µÏì ¶Á´6¹»Â

¹¼ÂÊ1é ¶¸Ø_ì º¼³j Ümj ܖ:A³4µÞµÉ±³‹µÉ˶¸Â´ØÞ¹¼´Ÿ´¹»¿ÂÓìë³4˹¼¿¨Î´Þ¿¸À>µ±³iµÉ±˟³!³‡Ã>IJÅÚ´ê·Ñ³ 1ÛZÿ å 5Ú


å á6´4ò

12atÿ å 5 å áVÌ´!ò’¶¸ÂÎ 1 ÿ å 5 åci´!ò÷˳4´ìѳ!ЀµÉ¹»ß¸³!º½¾ܐ°²±³Þ¹¼Â ι»ß¨¹¼Î ÏÙ¶¸º1µËɶ¸Â´ŸØ_¹»´´Ÿ¹¼¿ÂÕ´³4Ûϳ!ÂÐ4³!´


¿

¶¸ËŸ³,¹»º¼º»Ï´ŸµËɶÁµ³!ΐ¹»Âiµ±³µÉ¿ìµ±Ë³4³ ˟¿%Æȴȹ»Â J’¹¼ÔÏ˟³<ÌÚÜmj Ü

b`b`b d`d f`f`f h`h`h j`j`j l`l


b`b`b d`d f`f`f h`h`h j`j`j l`l
b`b`b d`d f`f`f h`h`h j`j`j l`l
_`_ b`b`b d`d f`f`f h`h`h j`j`j l`l
_ a` a_ cb`c` b cb d ed
e` f g`
g` f gf h i`
i` h ih j k`
k` j kj l ml
m`
_ a` a_ c`c`c e`e g`g`g i`i`i k`k`k m`m
NCS 1
’‘`
_ a` ‘ `
’ a_ ‘ `
’ ‘
c`c`c`
’ ‘ `
’ ‘ `
’ ‘ `
’ e`e‘ `
’ ‘ `
’ ‘
g`g`g`
’ ‘ `
’ ‘ `
’ ‘ `
’
i`i`i ‘ `
’ ‘ `
’ ‘ `
’
k`k`k ‘ `
’ ‘ `
’ ‘ `
’ m`‘ m ’`
’` ‘ ’‘
a_`a_ c`c`c e`e g`g`g i`i`i k`k`k m`m
0.01 0.03 0.05
qoqoq sososos uououou wowow
noponopon p qo
roqo roq r sotosotosotos t uovouovouovou v wo
xowo xow x
NCS 2
”“` “
noponopon p`
” “ `
” “ `
” “ `
” “ `
”
roror “ `
” “ `
” “ `
” “ `
” “ `
”
tototot “ `
” “ `
” “ `
” “ `
”
vovovov “ `
” “ `
” “ `
” “ `
” “
xoxox ”`
`
” “ ”“

0.015 0.045
{`{
y z` zy `
|{ |{
NCS 3 • •zy • • • • –` • –` • –` • –`
• –` • –` • –` • –` • –` • –` • –` • –` • –•`|` • | –` • –•
–`
zy –` –` –` –` –` –`
`` ƒ`ƒ ‡`‡`‡
`` ƒ`ƒ ‡`‡`‡
`` oo ƒ`ƒ ooo ‡`‡`‡ ‰o‰o‰o‰ `
`` ƒ`ƒ ‡`‡`‡ 0.06
} ~` ~} `` o ‚oo ‚o ‚ ƒ`ƒ o†oo†oo†o† ‡`‡`‡ ‰oŠo‰oŠo‰oŠo‰ Š  Ž
Ž`
‹`‹`‹
} ~` ~} €`€`€ o ‚oo ‚o ‚ „`„ o†oo†oo†o† ˆ`ˆ`ˆ ‰oŠo‰oŠo‰o ‹ Šo‰ Š Œ`
Œ` ‹ Œ‹  Ž
Ž`
Scheduling €`€`€ „`„ ˆ`ˆ`ˆ ‹ Œ`
Œ` ‹ Œ‹
with dropout ` ~} ~} `  €``
`  €``  € ‚o  ‚o‚ `
`  „``  „ ``  †o†o` †o† ` ˆ`  ˆ`
`  ˆ Šo`
`  ŠoŒ` ‹ Šo` Š Œ` ‹ ` Œ‹ ` `
 Ž`  Ž `
`  
€`€`€ „`„ ˆ`ˆ`ˆ ‹ Œ`
Œ` ‹ Œ‹
t
0.03 0.06

—™˜›šœžŸA¢¡¤£¢¥=¦¨§©žŸ«ªžœ¬˜­š®°¯²±´³6¦¢µ?¶^˜¸·¹©»º½¼¾§¿°ŸC·Kªž®¾ºÀ®œ¢·

Á6©žŸÂµÃŸC·6®¾¯o±Â³6¦¢µ6˜›µÄ­ž®°·Åšœ½¼°¹¼¾­·¹ŸCŸ«ªÆ·®YÇŸ´µ§©Ÿ«ªžœž¬¼¾Çž¬›ŸÂÇÈÆÉKÊ˵§©Ÿ«ªžœž¬›˜­žšÌ¼¾µ=µ©ž®%¶^­

ÇÈÆ·¹©Ÿ4µÃ§©žŸ«ªœž¬¼¾Ç˜¬˜¸·UÈ ¼¾­ž¼¾¬›È¨µ˜›µ6œžµ˜›­žšÍÁ6©žŸ«®¾Ÿ«ÎÏ£¢¡ÑÐ'ÇŸ«¬®%¶Ò¡
Ó ££

—½®6ÔVÕ Ó ÖØ× × ×Vé


×6ÚÜÛÝÞàß ×
Õâáãåäæ Óèç Ð Óëê Õ Ó ã
Ù Ù

ìK®%¶ÄŸCí¾Ÿ««Ì¯I®6ÔVÕîТÌ
Ö%× ÖFï ï ×Eõöï8é
×^Ú ïÂÚðÝÛ ÞSß ï
Õñáãåò£££'óôÐ ç Ð Óëê Õâáã¤äоä¾÷žã
Ù Ù Ù

ø*ŸùµŸCŸ¾Ì˜­:—V˜šœžÃŸù¢¡¤£¢Ì·©½¼°·KÎúŸCµµ¼¾šŸ4§«®¬›¬˜µÃ˜®­µ6©½¼¾ºžºŸ«­û¼°·Âá¢ã¤áüÂý!þ ç ±Â³6¦ Óÿ Ð ÿ £¼¾ÃŸ


Ú
˜­í¾®¬›í¾Ÿ«ª ê ¼¾­ª>á¢ã¤áü6ýVþ á¢ã¤á£ ç ±Â³6¦ Ó ÌžÐ'¼¾ŸA˜›­èí¾®¬›í¾Ÿ«ª ê Ìþ 
Õâá ÿØÓÿ ã«ãØãS¡ ®ºžº˜­žš'µÃ®ÎŸÂ®¾¯

·¹©Ÿ?ºž¼¾§¿¾Ÿ ·¹µ«Ì¼¾µ!µ©ž®%¶^­ú˜­'·¹©Ÿ^¯I®¾œžÃ·©úÃ®ë¶ ®¾¯;—™˜šœŸ?¢¡å£ÌÎú¼¾¿¾ŸCµ!·©žŸ^­žŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿ µ§©žŸCªžœž¬¼°Çž¬Ÿ°¡

U­#ºž¼¾Ã·˜§«œ¬¼¾C̶=Ÿ?ªž®¾º#Ο«µµ¼¾šŸCµ8¯IÃ®Î ±Â³6¦ Óÿ ÐÒ¼°·Äáã¤á¾ü!ýþ½Ìè¼¾­žª·¹©žŸ?Ο«µµ¼¾šŸ^¯I®Î ±Â³6¦


Ú
Ó ¼+· áãåáüùýÅþ á¢ã¤á£¢¡ Á6©ŸÆº½¼¾§¿°ŸC· ªžÃ®º¼°·¹ŸÍ¯I®4ŸØ¼¾§© ±´³6¦ ˜µùµ©ž®%¶^­ ˜­·¹©žŸ¯I®¬¬›®%¶^˜­žš

·¼°Çž¬Ÿ°¡

é
±Â³6¦ Ô Ó Ð £
®º®œ·^¼°·¹Ÿ ç Ó  ê á¢ã¤££ áã¤Ð áãåá


Á™¼°Çž¬Ÿ4¢¡ Ó ¥ V¼¾§¿¾Ÿ ·ÂªžÃ®º»¹¼°·ŸÒ¯I®¾^±Â³6¦¢µ?˜­  ¼¾Îúº¬Ÿ4¢¡

× ï

 ºžº¬›È¨˜­žš³=®¾®¬›¬¼¾ È ¢¡¤Ðù¯I®ÅŸ«¼¾§©>±Â³6¦ Ô̶ğҧؼ¾­ ½­žª   ß Ì  ß Ì½¼°­žª   ¯I®6Ÿ«¼¾§©>Ô!¼°µ

¯I®¬›¬®%¶^µ«¡

—½®^±Â³6¦ Ó ¥
é
× × × ï ×  
 é Ó ¢ã¤Ð Ó Ð Ó Ó¾Ó ã¤ò¾ò¾÷èÐ 
 ß Õ Ó ã壣¾÷Ð ÿ  ß Õ á¢ãѾü°÷è ÿ  Õ ã
 Ó¾Ó ã¤ò¾ò¾÷èÐ ÓÓ ã-÷äо 
Ó £¾÷

—½®^±Â³6¦ Т¥ é
ï × ï ï ï  
 é Ó Ð¢ã Ó á Ó Ð Ó á㤣 Ó äü 
 ß Õ Ó ã¤Ð¾ò ÿ  ß Õ á¢ãÑ°÷££ ÿ  Õ ã
 Ó á㤣 Ó äü ÓÓ ãåüü Ó ü 
×

—½®^±Â³6¦»£Ì·©žŸ«ÃŸù˜›µ6­ž®Íº½¼¾§¿°ŸC·Â¬›®µµCÌ·¹©Ÿ«Ÿ ¯I®Ÿ°Ì½®­ž¬¸È  ß é ˜›µ6˜­ 


Ÿ ;ŸC§C·Ø̽¶ÄŸù§«¼¾­ ½­žª
×  
 é ¢ãå£ ¾£°÷ # $
ü¢ã ¾ü¾ü 
! ß Õ Ó ãÑо¾ä ÿ "ÅÕ ã
 $
üã °ü¾ü òãåá¾÷÷ü 
±K®%¶Ò̼¾ººž¬›È¨˜­šKÁ6©žŸC®ŸCÎ ¨¡¤ü^¶=ŸÅ§«¼¾­YµÃŸ«Ÿ=·©½¼°·M·¹©žŸÄµŸ ·²®¾¯±´³6¦¢µ²µÃ§©žŸ«ªžœ¬Ÿ«ª ÇÈùªž®¾ºžºž˜­š

µ®¾ÎúŸAº½¼°§¿¾ŸC·µ´˜›µ6µÃ·¼°Çž¬Ÿ°¡

—½œžÃ·©žŸ«˜­ž§CŸ«¼¾µ˜›­žš·©žŸ»·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­ ºŸ«Ã˜®¨ª ®°¯ÂŸØ¼°§©ô±Â³6¦ ¶^˜¬¬=ºžœžµ© ·¹©žŸ ­žŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿

&%
œ·˜¬˜ ؼ°·˜®­ ('
¯W¼¾§ ·¹®CÌ ùÌ šÃŸØ¼°·Ÿ«´·©½¼¾­ Ó ¡AÁ6©èœžµÂ·©žŸ ­žŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿û˜µÂ¼¾Çžµ®¾¬œ·Ÿ«¬›È œž­µ§©žŸCªžœž¬¼°Çž¬Ÿ°¡

Á6©žŸ?ÎúŸC˜¸·!®¾¯;ª®ºžº˜­žš4¼Ò§«Ÿ« ·¼¾˜›­úºŸ«Ã§«ŸC­è·¹¼¾šŸ?®¾¯Àº½¼¾§¿¾Ÿ ·¹µÅ˜›µ7Îú®¾Ÿ6®Çí¨˜®œµ«Ì¨µ˜­§«Ÿ^ÇÈͪž®˜­š

·¹©˜µ´¶ÄŸ Î#¼ØÈû¼¾Çž¬›ŸY·¹® Îú¼¾¿¾Ÿ'·©žŸ'­žŸ ·U¶=®¾¿:µÃ§©žŸ«ªžœ¬¼¾Çž¬›Ÿ'¶^˜›·©ž®œ·A¬›®µµ´®¾¯8µÃ·¼°Çž˜¬›˜›·UÈ¡AÁ6©˜µÂ˜›µ

˜¬›¬œžµ ·¹¼°·¹ŸCª ÇèÈ#·¹©žŸA¯I®¬›¬®%¶^˜­žšYŸ ¼¾Îºž¬Ÿ°¡ 

)+*-,/.10 2436587&9î³=®­µ˜ªŸ«: ž¼°Îúºž¬›Ÿ»¢¡ :¼¾š¼¾˜›­ ̲Ÿ §CŸ«º·¶^˜›·© ; ŸCí¾Ÿ«­ µ©ž® ·¹ŸC'·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­


× ï

=<
ºŸ«˜›®¢ªµ«¡ oŸC·=·¹©žŸ?·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­#ºŸ«˜›®¢ªµ=®¾¯o·©žŸA±Â³6¦¨µÅÇÀŸ Ù Õñáãåááä4µ«Ì Ù Õ áãåá Ó Ð4µ«Ìž¼°­žª


Ù úÕ áãåá Ó ü>µ«Ì7ŸCµºŸ«§ ·¹˜›í¾Ÿ«¬¸È¡ Á6©žŸÆµÃŸC·Í®¾¯?±´³6¦¢µ ˜µùœž­žµ§©Ÿ«ªžœž¬¼¾Çž¬›ŸÆÇÀŸC§Ø¼¾œµŸÆ·¹©ŸÆ­žŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿

&%
œ·˜¬˜ ؼ°·˜®­¯W¼¾§C·®
Ö
 Ú Ú
' Õ >
×
 Õ
áã¤á¾á¾÷ áãåáá¾÷ áãåáá¾÷
Õ Ó ãåá䣣'ó Ó ã
@? Ù  áã¤á¾áä áãåá Ó Ð áãåá Ó ü

ìK®%¶ÄŸCí¾Ÿ««Ìž¯I®¾¬¬®%¶^˜›­žšA·¹©žŸ´·¹¼¾­µÎ˜µµÃ˜®­ú¼¾­žª ª®º®œ·Äº½¼°·Ã·¹Ÿ«Ã­ ¼¾µÅµÃ©ž®%¶^­ ˜­#—™˜šœŸ´¢¡å÷Ì¢·¹©Ÿ

­žŸ ·U¶=®Ã¿#˜›µ=µ§©Ÿ«ªžœž¬¼¾Çž¬›Ÿ´¶^˜›·©#·¹©žŸ´ªž®º®œ·=¹¼°·Ÿ«µÅµÃ©ž®%¶^­ ˜µÄÁ™¼¾Ç¬ŸA¨¡ÑТ¡  ¬µÃ®'­ž®¾·ŸK·¹©ž¼°·Å·¹©Ÿ


Ó £

½ÃµÃ·´·¹¼¾­µÎ˜µµÃ˜®­>®¾¯8±Â³6¦ Ó ¼¾Ã˜›í¾Ÿ«µÂ¼+·Aá#µCÌÀ·¹©Ÿ ½ÃµÃ·Â·¹¼¾­žµÃÎú˜›µµÃ˜®­ A ®¾¯8±Â³6¦ûÐ#¼¾Ã˜›í¾Ÿ«µÂ¼+·

áãåáá¾÷͵«Ì¼°­žª B
·¹©žŸ ½ÃµÃ·?·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­ ®¾¯²±´³6¦ £Í¼¾Ã˜¸íŸ«µ?¼°·Káãåá Ó ÐYµC¡

é
±Â³6¦»Ô Ó Ð £
®º®œ·6¼°·¹Ÿ ç Ó  ê áã Ó áãÑо áã壣


ÁV¼¾Çž¬›Ÿ4¢¡ÑШ¥ ™¼¾§¿°ŸC·Âª®º®œ·^¼°·¹ŸA¯I®^±´³6¦¢µK˜›­  ž¼°Îúºž¬›Ÿ4¢¡åä

FD
FD FF HD
HD HD
HD HH JD
JD JD
JD JJ LD
LD LD
LD LL ND
ND ND
ND NN PD
PD PD
PD PP
CED FD FGF HD D
H HIH JD D
J JKJ LD D
L LML ND D
N NON PD D
P PQP
NCS 1 CECDECECEC
ED GFD
GD
GD GG IHD
ID
ID
H D
I ID
D
I II KJD
KD
KD
J D
K KD
D
K KK MLD
MD
MD
L D
M MD
D
M MM OND
OD
OD
N D
O OD
D
O OO QPD
QD
QD
P D
Q QD
D
Q QQ deDdedDededed
eD
CD
E CE GDG IDIDI KDKDK MDMDM ODODO QDQDQ dD
e de
T-T-T-T V-V-V X-X-X-X Z-Z-Z-Z
0.008 0.024 0.040 0.048

R-S-R-S-R-S-R S T-U-T-U-T-U-T U V-W-V-W-V W X-Y-X-Y-X-Y-X Y Z-[-Z-[-Z-[-Z [


NCS 2
R-S-R-S-R-S-R S U-U-U-U W-W-W Y-Y-Y-Y [-[-[-[

^D^ `D`D` bDb


0.004 0.028 0.052

\ ]D
]D \ ]\ _^ _^
D a`DaD` a` cb cb
D
NCS 3
]\D]D\ ]\ _ _
D aDaDa c c
D
jD
jD jj
0.012 pD
pD pD
D
p pp r-r-r vD
vD vD
D
v vv
0.044 ~D
D
~ ~~ €D€
0.060

Scheduling gD
ff h-i-gfgf h-i-h-i-h i jD
gD kjD
D
k l jkjk mD
mD l n-o-ml n-o-n-o-n o pD
qpD
qD
pD
pqDpqpq r-s-uD
qD tuD
t tuD
r-s-r s uD t utut vD
wvD
wD
vD
vwD
wDx vwvw yD
yD x {Dz{D
z z{D
yx {D z |-}-{z{z |-}-|-}-| } ~D ~D~~ D
D € €
with dropout gD fgD
f h-i-gfgf h-i-h-i-h i kD kD l kk mD
mD l n-o-ml n-o-n-o-n o qD
qDqD qDqq s-uD tuD
t s-s uD tuD
t utut wD
wDwD wD x ww yD
yD x {D z{D
z yx {D z{D
z |-}-{z{z |-}-|-}-| } D D D
t

—V˜šœžÃŸÒ¢¡-÷ž¥!ÁV¼¾­žµÃÎú˜›µµ˜›®­»¼¾­žª ªžÃ®ºÀ®¾œ·^º½¼°·Ã·¹Ÿ«Ã­>®°¯²¼ µŸ ·´®°¯™œž­µ§©žŸCªžœž¬¼°ÇÀŸù±Â³6¦¢µ

ø*ŸA§«¼¾­Æ¯Iœž ·¹©žŸCÅšœ½¼¾¼¾­·¹ŸCŸÂŸØ¼¾§© ƒ‚
±´³6¦ åµ6µ ·¼¾Ç˜¬˜¸·UÈÍÇÈ ¼¾ºžº¬›È¨˜­žš'³=®®¾¬¬¼°ÃÈú¢¡¤Ðù¯I®=Ÿ«¼¾§©
× ï

±Â³6¦ Ô¡7ø ŸÒ§Ø¼¾­ ½­žª„  ß Ì   ß Ì½¼¾­žª „  ¯I®6Ÿ«¼¾§© Ôļ°µ^¯I®¾¬¬®%¶^µC¡

—½®^±Â³6¦ Ó ¥ é
× × × ï ×   
 é ÷žãå£üÐ † $
Ш㠾ò¾ää 
 ß Õ Ó ã Ó ää¾÷ ÿ  ß ÕâáãÑ°äüá ÿ  Õ ã
 $
Т㠰òää Т㤾ò 
Ó £ü

—½®^±Â³6¦ Т¥
é
ï × ï ï ï  
 é Ó Ð¢ã Ó á Ó Ð Ó á㤣 Ó äü 
 ß Õ Ó ã¤Ð¾ò ÿ  ß Õ á¢ãÑ°÷££ ÿ  Õ ã
 Ó á㤣 Ó äü ÓÓ ãåüü Ó ü 

—½®^±Â³6¦»£¥
é
× ï   
 é £ãåá£á¾ä Шã Ó ü¾£Ð 
! ß Õ Ó ãÑÐ+÷ò£ ÿ ! ß Õâáã¤ü¾ä¾÷ ÿ "ÅÕ ã
 Тã Ó 
ü £РТãåü°÷èÐ 

±K®%¶ÒÌ;¼¾ºžºž¬¸È¢˜›­žš#Á6©Ÿ«®ÃŸ«Î ¢¡¤ü¶=Ÿ'§«¼¾­:µÃŸ«ŸY·©½¼°·´·©žŸ'µÃŸC·Â®°¯8±Â³6¦¢µÂµÃ§©žŸ«ªœž¬ŸCªÇÈ>ªž®¾ºžºž˜­š

µ®¾ÎúŸAº½¼°§¿¾ŸC·µ´˜›µ6µÃ·¼°Çž¬Ÿ°¡

 ž¼°Îúºž¬›Ÿ £¡å£Ì - ¼¾Îºž¬ŸÍ¨¡ ¢Ì;¼¾­žª$ ‡ ¼¾Îúº¬ŸÍ¢¡åä#ÃŸ«˜›·Ÿ«¼°·¹ŸY·©žŸ'·¹¼¾ªžŸC® *¶^©žŸC­ † œžµ˜›­žš»¼

­žŸ ·U¶=®Ã¿ ˜›­±´³6¦¢µ«¡ „œžŸÍ·¹®>·©žŸ#¬›˜Î˜›·¹¼°·¹˜›®­û®¾¯Å­žŸC·U¶Ä®¿ǽ¼¾­ª¶^˜ª·© ̲˜¸¯=¶ÄŸú¶=¼¾­·Y·¹©Ÿ#µŸ ·

®¾¯´±Â³6¦¢µÍ·¹® ÇŸ»µ§©žŸCªžœž¬¼°Çž¬Ÿ»®­ ·¹©žŸ»­žŸ ·U¶=®¾¿Ì=·¹©Ÿ«­ ŸCíŸCÃȨÇ®¢ªÈ ©ž¼¾µ ·¹® ‰ˆÃµ¬›®ë¶ ªž®%¶^­/Š ¼

¬˜¸··¬Ÿ¾Ì0œžµÃ˜­žšû¼ûµ¬›®%¶=ŸCù·¹¼¾­žµÃÎú˜›µµ˜›®­¹¼°·Ÿ¾¡ „‹¼¾Îºž¬›Ÿ#£¡å£>µÃ©ž®%¶^µ'·¹©½¼+·'±´³6¦¢µY¶^˜›·©*µÃ¬®%¶=ŸC
·¹¼¾­žµÃÎú˜›µµ˜›®­ ¹¼°·Ÿ«µ#§«¼¾­ ÇŸûµÃ§©žŸ«ªœž¬ŸCªôœžµ˜›­žšÉKÊ µÃ§©žŸ«ªžœ¬˜­šž¡ ŒA­ ·¹©žŸ>®¾·¹©Ÿ«©½¼¾­žª Ì6˜¸¯

ŸCí¾Ÿ« ȢǮ¨ªÈ:©½¼°µA¼ú¯W¼¾µ ·¹Ÿ«K·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­>¼°·¹Ÿ°Ì;·¹©žŸC­:µ®¾ÎúŸCÇÀ®¨ªÈ>©½¼¾µK·® ŽˆÃǽ¼°§¿>®†‹Š ¼°·ÂµÃ®ÎŸ

º®˜­·Ø̪žÃ®ºžºž˜›­žš#µÃ®ÎŸùº½¼°§¿¾ŸC·µ«Ì0¼¾µ?˜¬›¬œžµ ·¹¼°·¹ŸCª>˜›­  ¼¾Îºž¬ŸY¢¡ #¼¾­žª ‹¼¾Îºž¬›Ÿ'¢¡åä¡‘=®¾·©


ΟC·¹©®¢ªžµ6Îú¼ØÈ ºžÃ®ëí¨˜›ªžŸÒµÃ·¼°Çž¬ŸÒ±´³6¦¢µ«¡
Ó £ #

’ “;’ ” •–˜—B™›š›œ˜ ž Ÿ¡¢ £¤š¦¥‹§ ” ¨6™¦¥=š©6™—«ª­¬‰®°¯²±³—+¥ ´¶µ=®°œ6¢!ª

· š¢‹¢‹š•:œ

 ¸
­ñ±Â³6¦â¶^˜¸·¹©âÎ'œž¬¸·¹˜º¬Ÿ öº½¼¾§¿°ŸC·»·¹¼¾­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜›®­žµ §Ø¼°­ ¼¾¬µÃ® ÇÀŸÎú®¨ªžŸC¬Ÿ«ª ¼¾µ>¼¾­  Ò¦À¡¹U­

Î'œž¬¸·¹˜›ºž¬Ÿ Uº½¼¾§¿°ŸC·V·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­ Îú®¨ªžŸ¾Ì¾ºž¬¼¾­·7µ ·¼°·Ÿ6®²®œ¢·¹ºžœ·8¼°Ÿ6µº¬˜›·™˜­·¹®AµÃŸ«º½¼°¹¼°·Ÿ6º½¼¾§¿ º¸
ŸC·µ«¡8—™˜›šœžŸ4¨¡Ñ'˜¬›¬œžµ ·¹¼°·¹ŸCµÅ¼Í§Ø¼¾µÃŸÒ¶^©Ÿ«ŸÒ·¹©Ÿ4º¬¼¾­·6µ ·¼°·Ÿ4˜›µÅ·¹¼¾­žµÎ˜›·Ã·¹ŸCª ˜›­ ·U¶=®º½¼¾§¿°ŸC·¹µC¡

Á6©žŸ4ªȨ­½¼¾Î˜§Cµ6®¾¯V·©žŸÒ­žŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿ ˜µ6š˜¸íŸ«­ ÇÈ


é
× × × ï ï

» ¥½¾ ¼ Àç ¿ Ù ê Õ ¾ × Àç ¿ Ù êé ÿ ¾ ¼ ï Àç ¿ Ù ê Õ Á¾ ¼ ççÀ¿ Óëê Ù ê ÿ


ï × ï

» ¥½¾ ¼ Àç ¿ Ù ê Õ Â¾ ¼ ççÀ¿ Óëê Ù ê ÿ ¾ ¼ Àç ¿ Ù ê Õ ¾ Àç ¿ Ù ê ã

 µÃµœžÎŸ
×U× ×Wï ×
× ï       × ï
     È 
¾ Àç ¿ Ù ê ÕÄà ¾/Å Àç ¿ Ù ê ÿ ¾/Å Àç ¿ Ù êÇÆ Å ÿ  Õ ï× ïUï ÿ È Õ ï ÿ É Ê
Õ ÃÉ ÿ É
‘ Æã
     È 
× ï × ï

<oŸC·4·¹©žŸú¼¾œžš¾ÎúŸC­è·Ÿ«ªµÃ·¹¼°·¹ŸÇÀŸ:Ë Ìç ¿ Ù ê Õ ½Ã ¾ Å çÀ¿ Ù ê ÿ ¾ Å çÀ¿ Ù êFÿ ¾ ¼ Å Àç ¿ Ù êFÿ ¾ ¼ Å Ìç ¿ Ù êÍÆ Å ¡úø Ÿú§«¼¾­

θ
­ž®%¶ñ¶^Ã˜›·ŸÒ·©žŸÒ§«¬›®µŸCª U¬›®¢®º#µÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Î ϸ
¶^˜›·©»·U¶Ä® öº½¼¾§¿¾Ÿ ·´·¹¼¾­žµÃÎú˜›µµÃ˜®­»¼¾µ

Ú
Ë çÃçÀ¿ Óëê Ù ê Õ ¡ÒÐ ÑÓË Àç ¿ Ù ê

‘Ô
¯I® ÂÕ Óÿ Т¡²ø ©Ÿ«­»·¹©žŸÒµÃ¶^˜¸·¹§©>˜µ^¼°· » Ì
é é
×U× ×Wï × × × ï
  
   é È É é È É 
 ï× ïUï ï × ï ï 
×
   é È É é È É 
Ð Õ  ×U× ×Wï × × × ï  ÿ
  
 È É È É 
 á á á Õ 
Ó £ä

¶^©žŸCŸØ¼°µ?¶^©žŸC­>·©žŸÒµÃ¶^˜›·§©>˜›µ^¼°· » Ì
é é
×U× ×Wï × × × ï
  
   é È É é È É 
 ï× ïUï ï × ï ï 
ï
   È É È É 
Ð Õ   ã
 
 á á é Õ é á 
ï× ïUï ï × ï ï
   È É È É 

x1 (kh)
Plant
x ((k+1) h) = Φ x (kh) + Γ u (kh) x2(kh)

S S
1 2

Controller
K x^ (kh) ^ ^T
x(kh) = [ ^xT
1(kh) , x2(kh) ]
T

—V˜šœžÃŸ4¢¡¤¢¥!±Â³6¦Æ¶^˜›·©>Î'œ¬›·¹˜›ºž¬Ÿ Uº½¼°§¿¾ŸC·=·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­ ¡ ;¸
Á6©žŸ4Îú®¨ªžŸ«¬›˜­žšY§Ø¼¾­ 
ÇÀŸAŸ«¼¾µ˜›¬›È#Ÿ ¨·¹ŸC­žªžŸ«ª>·¹®ÍµÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµ?¶^˜¸·¹©»Î®ŸÂ·©½¼¾­»·U¶=®º½¼¾§¿°ŸC·¹µC¡

ÖÒ×ÇÖÒ× ž ØÚÙ/ÛÜBÝÓÞÓÝÇن߽àâá6ؑãåäçæ!èêéBÞÓÝìëçíïîðæ8Ùºñòàâóô¹õ

ø Ÿ'¿è­ž®%¶ð·©½¼°·Â®¾­:µ§©žŸCªžœž¬›˜­žš ­žŸ ·U¶=®¾¿èµ«Ì0º½¼¾§¿°ŸC·µÒ¼¾Ÿ'µÃŸ«­·Ò®œ·´µŸ ¨œŸ«­·¹˜¼¾¬¬¸È>˜›­9¼#ºžÃŸ«ªžŸ ¦ö ;¸


× ï ×

¦ö
·¹ŸCÎ˜­žŸCªû®ÃªžŸ«C¡´Á6©žŸYº½¼¾§¿¾Ÿ ·ÒµŸ ¨œŸ«­ž§CŸÃŸ«§CŸ«˜›í¾Ÿ«ª9ÇÈ ·¹©žŸ'§C®­·¹Ã®¬¬›Ÿ«^˜µ ¾ ÷ ¾ ÷ ¾ ÷
ï

¾ ÷ øùøùø
× ï

úû3ü.1,/ýÿþ¶587 Ð ø Ð   !"$#%&'(*)%+,-.0/  12#%-3"4&1-.657+8#%-

"'#%9:2;<5/=->"-&&#%++,?@"$#BAC+CD
Ó £ò

× ï

Á6©ž˜µÄµ©ž®%¶^µÅ·©½¼°·Å˜¸·=˜›µÄ­®¾·Å­žŸC§«ŸCµµ¹¼°ÃÈ#·®'Ÿ«­µœžÃŸ´·¹©½¼+·ÅÇ®¾·¹© Ð ¼¾­žª Ð ¼¾ÃŸA¦¢§©èœžC¡!Á6©žŸ


× ï

±Â³6¦ ˜µ6µ ·¼¾Ç¬ŸÒ˜›¯ AÐ ø Ð 


˜›µ?¦¢§©èœž«ÌÀ¼¾µÅ·¹©ŸÒ¯I®¾¬¬®%¶^˜›­žš'Ÿ ¼¾Îºž¬›ŸA˜¬¬›œžµÃ·¹¼°·Ÿ«µC¡
× ï

)+*-,/.10 2436587&EGF ³=®­žµÃ˜ªžŸCV·¹©ŸÅµÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Î𘭠° ¼¾Îºž¬ŸÅ¢¡å£?¶^˜›·©Y·¹©ŸÅºž¬¼°­è·VµÃ·¹¼°·¹Ÿ ¾ ÿ ¾ ·¹¼¾­žµ ͸


Θ›··Ÿ«ª µÃŸ«º½¼¾¼°·¹ŸC¬›È ˜›­ ·U¶=®º½¼¾§¿°ŸC·¹µC¡Äø ˜¸·¹© Ù Õ á¢ã¤£ µ«Ì½¶ÄŸÒ©½¼ØíŸ
é é
 
 Ó ãåá á¢ãÑоò¾ò é áãåá Ó ü º é áãåá Ó Ð 
 
×
 á #
á¢ã¤ò °á¾÷ é áã ÓÓ á¾ä é áã壣òò

Ð Õ   ÿ
 
 Ó ãåá á¢ãÑоò¾ò áãåá Ó ü º áãåá Ó Ð 
 á á
é
Ó ãåá
é
á 
  
 Ó ãåá á¢ãÑоò¾ò é áãåá Ó ü º é áãåá Ó Ð 
 
ï
 á #
á¢ã¤ò °á¾÷ áã ÓÓ á¾ä áã壣òò 
Ð Õ   ã
 
 á á é Ó ãåá é á 
 á #
á¢ã¤ò °á¾÷ áã ÓÓ á¾ä áã壣òò 
× ï × ï

±KŸC˜›·¹©Ÿ« Ð ­ž® Ð ˜›µ^¦¢§©èœž<H½©ž®%¶=Ÿ ퟫC̘›¯M¼'µ§©Ÿ«ªžœž¬›˜­žš ­ŸC·U¶Ä®¿Æ˜›µ6¼¾ºžº¬˜ŸCª Ì Ð ø Ð ˜›µ

¦¢§©èœžC̶^©˜§© ºž®%íŸCµ?·©žŸÒµÃ·¹¼¾Çž˜¬›˜›·UÈú®¾¯M·¹©žŸÒµÃȨµ ·¹Ÿ«Î ¡

IKµÃ˜­žšµÃ·¹¼°·¹˜›§Aµ§©žŸCªžœž¬˜›­žšÍ®­»·¹©ž˜›µÅ·U¶=® ϸöº½¼¾§¿°ŸC·ÂµÃŸC·œžº ̟ؼ¾§© º½¼¾§¿°ŸC·K˜µÅ·¹¼¾­žµÃÎú˜¸··Ÿ«ª>¾áBJ

®¾¯K·¹©žŸ»·¹˜›ÎúŸKHÅ·¹©èœžµÍ·¹©žŸ ¦
Ÿ ÀŸ«§ ·¹˜›í¾Ÿûµ¼¾Îúº¬˜­š9ºÀŸC˜®¨ª ˜µ Ù3LM Õ Ù7N áãÑ Õ áãåüµC¡ Á6©žŸ µÃ·Ÿ«º

ϸ
ŸCµº®­žµÃŸù®¾¯M·¹©˜µÅ·U¶Ä® Uº½¼°§¿¾ŸC·K·¹¼¾­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜›®­ µŸ ·¹œžº>˜µ6µ˜›Îú˜›¬¼¾!·¹® ·©žŸÒ®˜›š˜­½¼°¬;µÃȨµ ·¹Ÿ«Î ¡
Ÿ §˜®°©¥‹—çµPO

Ÿï• œ6¯‘™›¨6¢‹š¦• œ6¢ ® œ6– Q ¨¥‹¨6µ—SR •:µ±

“(T
O Ÿï•:œ6¯«™¨6¢‹š•:œ6¢

—½œž­žª½¼°ÎúŸC­è·¹¼¾¬ÅºžÃ®Ǟ¬›Ÿ«Îµ ˜­ ±Â³6¦¢µ©½¼ØíŸ ÇŸ«Ÿ«­ µÃ·œžªž˜ŸCª ˜›­ ·¹©ž˜›µ'·¹©žŸCµ˜µC¡ Á6©žŸ«µÃŸûºžÃ®Ǟ¬ŸCÎúµ


˜­§«¬œªžŸ¾¥VµÃ·¼°Çž˜¬›˜›·UÈ'®°¯o±Â³6¦¨µ8¶^˜¸·¹©Í·¹˜ÎŸ 2í°¼¾ÃȨ˜­šÂ·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­ºŸ«Ã˜®¨ª Ì譞ŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿µÃ§©žŸ«ªœž¬˜›­žš

˜­ ±´³6¦¢µ«ÌµÃ·¹¼¾Çž˜›¬˜›·UÈú®¾¯™±Â³6¦¢µ6¶^˜¸·¹© º¸
­žŸC·U¶Ä®¿ ö˜­žªžœ§«Ÿ«ª>ªžŸ«¬¼ØÈ»¼¾­žª»ª½¼°·¹¼ºž¼¾§¿¾Ÿ ·´ªžÃ®º®œ·Ø¡

U­®œž4µÃ·œžªȾ̙¶=Ÿ#¼¾µµÃœžÎŸ«ª*·©½¼°·4·¹©žŸ®˜›š˜­ž¼¾¬²§«®¾­è·˜­èœž®œµÓ¸ö·˜ÎŸÍ§«®­·¹Ã®¬!µÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµ ¼¾ÃŸ

ªžŸCµ˜š¾­žŸ«ª ¶^˜›·©ž®œ·=§«®­µ˜ªŸ«˜›­žš'·¹©ŸA­žŸC·U¶Ä®¿¡7ø ŸA©½¼ØíŸAŸCí°¼¾¬›œ½¼°·Ÿ«ªÆ·¹©ŸAºÀŸCÃ¯I®ÃÎ#¼¾­§«Ÿ ç Ÿ¾¡-šž¡›Ì

µÃ·¹¼¾Çž˜›¬˜›·UÈ ê ®¾¯Òµœ§©âµ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎúµÆ¶^©Ÿ«­ ·¹©Ÿ«˜¯IŸ«ŸCªžÇ½¼¾§¿ §«®­·¹Ã®¬´¬›®¢®¾ºžµÆ¼¾ÃŸû§C¬®µÃŸ«ª ·¹©®œžš¾©ô¼

§«®¾ÎúÎ'œ­ž˜§«¼°·¹˜›®­#­žŸ ·U¶=®¾¿¡8ø ŸA·¹©ž˜›­ž¿Í·¹©ž˜›µ6µŸC·œžº ˜µ6¼ §«¬›®µŸAÎú¼°·§©Æ·¹® ·¹©žŸAº¹¼¾§ ·¹˜§«¼¾¬ œžµÃŸA®¾¯

±Â³6¦¨µ«¡

U­'³=©ž¼¾º·¹ŸC²Ð¨Ìë¶ÄŸ8©½¼ØíŸ!µÃ·œžªž˜ŸCª4·©žŸ!µÃ·¹¼¾Çž˜¬›˜›·UÈK®¾¯±Â³6¦¢µ0¶^˜›·©Ò·˜ÎŸ¸2í¾¼°ÃȨ˜­žšÄ·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­
ºŸ«˜›®¢ª;¡*ø*Ÿ»©½¼Øí¾Ÿ ªŸ«˜¸íŸCª œžººÀŸCÇ®œž­ªžµ ç µœUú§C˜ŸC­è·ú§«®¾­žªž˜›·˜®­µ ê ®­ ·©žŸ ·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­

ºŸ«˜›®¢ª ¯I®ú¼¾­ô±Â³6¦ ·®ÇŸ:¼¾µ Ȣκ·®¾·¹˜›§Ø¼¾¬›¬›È µ ·¼¾Çž¬›Ÿ¾¡ ‰ŒÂœžú·©žŸ«®ÃŸ«Î ®¾¯Ò±´³6¦ µÃ·¼°Çž˜¬›˜›·UÈ ˜›µ

ǽ¼¾µÃŸ«ª9®­>·¹©žŸùªžŸ«§CŸØ¼°µŸ ®¾¯8¼ û< ȼ¾ºžœž­ž®%í ¯Iœž­ž§ ·¹˜®¾­9¼°·?·¹©žŸ'µ¼¾Îºž¬˜›­žšú˜›­žµÃ·¹¼¾­·¹µCÌ;¹¼+·¹©žŸCK·¹©ž¼¾­

·¹©Ÿ <
ªžŸ«§CŸØ¼°µŸÍ®¾¯ oȼ¾ºžœž­®ëíû¯Iœž­ž§C·˜®­9®%í¾Ÿ«A·¹˜›ÎúŸ°¡4Á6©˜µÂ·¹©Ÿ«®ÃŸ«Î ¬›Ÿ«ª9·¹® ¬›Ÿ«µÃµA§«®­žµÃŸ« í¾¼+·¹˜›í¾Ÿ

Ç®œž­žªžµ6·©½¼¾­»®­žŸCµ?®¾Ç·¼¾˜›­žŸ«ªÆ¯IÃ®Î ºŸCí¨˜›®œžµ6ŸCµœž¬¸·¹µC¡8ÁŶĮÍퟫÃµ˜›®­žµ^®¾¯™¼¾­½¼¾¬¸È¨·˜§«¼¾¬ÀÇ®œž­ªžµ

Ó ÷á
Ó ÷ Ó

®­·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­·˜ÎŸ¾Ì0¶^©ž˜§© &
¼°Ÿ#Ǟ¼¾µŸCª®­*ª˜ ÀŸ«ŸC­·'Ç®œž­žªžµù®­*·©žŸúŸ ¢ºÀ®­Ÿ«­·¹˜¼¾¬Ä®°¯^¼ ;
Îú¼°·¹Ã˜ ÀÌÅ©½¼ØíŸûÇÀŸCŸ«­ôªžŸC˜›í¾Ÿ«ª ¡ñìK®%¶ÄŸCíŸC«Ì?­žŸ«˜¸·¹©žŸC#˜›µÆ¼¾¬¸¶Å¼ØȨµ#¬›Ÿ«µµ#§«®­žµÃŸ« í¾¼+·¹˜›í¾Ÿû·¹©ž¼¾­ ·¹©Ÿ


®¾·©žŸ«CÌè¶^©˜§©©½¼¾µ8ÇÀŸCŸ«­˜¬¬›œžµÃ·¹¼°·Ÿ«ª ÇÈ͟ ¼¾Îºž¬›Ÿ«µ«¡7Ê>ŸC·©ž®¢ªµ8·®4­èœžÎŸ«Ã˜§«¼¾¬¬¸ÈYµÃŸØ¼¾Ã§©ú¯I®7·¹©Ÿ

Ç®œž­žª>¼¾ŸAª˜µ§CœžµµÃŸ«ª9¼+·6·¹©žŸÒŸ«­ª>®¾¯M·¹©Ÿ4§©ž¼¾º·¹ŸC«¡

U­ ³=©½¼°º·¹ŸC'£Ì0¶=Ÿú©½¼ØíŸú§«®­žµÃ˜ªžŸCŸCª*·¹©žŸµ§©Ÿ«ªžœž¬›˜­žš>®¾¯6¼ µŸ ·Y®¾¯6±Â³6¦¢µù§«®­ž­Ÿ«§C·Ÿ«ª*·®

·¹©Ÿµ¼¾ÎŸ­ŸC·U¶Ä®¿¡úø ŸµÃ·¹œªž˜ŸCª ©ž®%¶ ·®»µ§©žŸCªžœž¬Ÿ#¼ µŸC·ù®¾¯Å±Â³6¦¢µ4œžµ˜›­žš ç ·¹¼¾­žµÃÎú˜›µµÃ˜®­ ê

¹¼+·¹Ÿ»Îú®¾­ž®¾·¹®¾­ž˜§ÆµÃ§©žŸ«ªœž¬˜›­žš*¼°¬š®Ã˜›·©žÎ>̲¶^˜¸·¹© ·¹©Ÿ«˜ÍÇ®œž­žªµú®­ ·©žŸ ·¹¼¾­µÎ˜µµÃ˜®­ ¼°·¹ŸCµ

®Ç·¹¼¾˜­Ÿ«ª ¯I®Î ³=©½¼¾º¢·¹Ÿ«KТ¡8¦¨§©žŸ«ªžœ¬¼¾Çž˜›¬˜¸·UÈƼ¾­ž¼¾¬›È¨µ˜›µ6®¾¯VÉ´Ê`µ§©Ÿ«ªžœž¬›˜­žšÍ©½¼°µ6ÇÀŸCŸ«­ §Ø¼¾Ã˜ŸCª

®œ·«¡™ø Ÿ?©ž¼%í¾ŸÂ¼¾¬›µ®A¯I®ÃÎ'œž¬¼+·¹Ÿ«ª ·©žŸ^®º·¹˜›Î#¼°¬žµ§©žŸCªžœž¬›˜­žš4ºž®¾Çž¬ŸCÎ ¶^˜›·©·©žŸ?É´Êϵ§©žŸCªžœž¬¼ ÿ¸


Ǟ˜›¬˜›·UÈÒ§C®­žµ ·¹¹¼°˜­·¹µ7¼°­žªÍ±Â³6¦'µÃ·¹¼¾Çž˜›¬˜›·UÈÒ§C®­žµ ·¹¹¼°˜­·¹µC¡  & ;
µºŸ«§C˜ ½§6Ÿ ¼¾Îúº¬Ÿ=©ž¼¾µ²ÇŸ«Ÿ«­Íš˜¸íŸC­ ®­

·¹©Ÿ ®º·¹˜›Î#¼°¬VµÃ§©žŸ«ªžœ¬˜­š %
Îú˜›­ž˜Î˜ C˜­žš ·¹©Ÿ'·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­:Ÿ«Ã®WV çXÃê ®¾¯!·¹©žŸÍ±´³6¦¢µÒÇÀŸ ·U¶=ŸCŸ«­

·¹¼¾­žµÃÎú˜›µµ˜›®­žµC¡ <M¼+·¹Ÿ«ù˜­ ÿ
·¹©ž˜›µù§©ž¼¾º·¹ŸC«Ì²¶ÄŸ#ÃŸ«¬¼ ŸCª*·¹©Ÿ#˜ªŸØ¼¾¬²·¹¼¾­žµÃÎú˜›µµÃ˜®­*¼¾µµÃœžÎúº¢·¹˜®¾­

¼¾­žª µÃ©ž®%¶=ŸCª ÌVÇÈ 


¼°­9Ÿ ¼¾Îºž¬Ÿ°Ì ·¹©½¼°·Â­žŸC·U¶Ä®¿ ö˜­žªžœ§«Ÿ«ª º¸ ªžŸ«¬¼ØÈ:§«®¾œž¬ª9ªžŸCš¹¼°ªžŸÍµÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Î ºŸ« ͸
¯I®ÃÎ#¼¾­§«ŸÒ¼¾­žª &%
ŸCí¾Ÿ«­>ªžŸ«µ ·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜ «ŸA¼ÍµÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Î ¡

¦¨·¼°Çž˜¬›˜›·UÈ ®¾¯ ±´³6¦¢µ #¸


¶^˜¸·¹©â­žŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿ ö˜­žªœž§«ŸCªîªžŸ«¬¼ØÈô©½¼¾µ»ÇŸ«Ÿ«­ 
Ÿ ¢ºž¬›˜§«˜¸·¹¬¸È ü%
¼¾­ž¼¾¬›È «ŸCªñ˜›­

³=©½¼¾º¢·¹Ÿ«^÷ž¡²ø ŸAÇŸ«š¼¾­ ¶^˜¸·¹© º¸


ή¢ªžŸC¬˜›­žš'®¾¯V±Â³6¦¨µ^¶^˜¸·¹©»­žŸ ·U¶=®Ã¿ U˜­ªžœž§«ŸCª>ªŸ«¬¼ØȾ¡8Á6©Ÿ«­ ̞¶ÄŸ

ü%
¼¾­½¼°¬›È «ŸCªú·¹©Ÿ«˜8µÃ·¹¼¾Çž˜›¬˜›·UÈYœžµ˜›­žšYµ ·¼¾Ç˜¬˜¸·UÈ'ÃŸ«š˜›®­žµÄ¼¾­žªÆ¼Ò©ȨǞ˜›ªÆµÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµ=µ ·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜¸·UÈͼ¾­½¼¾¬¸È¨µ˜µ


·¹ŸC§©ž­ž˜ ¨œŸ¾¡îÁ6©žŸûÎúŸC˜›·®¾¯´·¹©žŸ:©ȨǞÃ˜ª ö
µ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµ#·Ÿ«§©ž­˜ 蜞Ÿ9˜µ˜›·µú§«¼¾º½¼¾Ç˜¬˜¸·UÈ ®¾¯4¼¾­ž¼¾¬›È ü%¸

˜­šÍ±Â³6¦¢µ^¶^˜›·©»·˜ÎŸ 2í¾¼°ÃȨ˜­žš4·¹¼¾­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜›®­ ºÀŸC˜›®¢ª ¼¾­žª ¸ 
·˜ÎŸ öí°¼¾ Ȩ˜­žš'ªŸ«¬¼ØȾ¡ !µ ·¹˜›Î#¼°·˜®­

µ§©Ÿ«ÎŸ«µ=¯I®8§«®¾ÎúºŸ«­žµ¼°·¹˜›­žš4­žŸC·U¶Ä®¿ ö˜­žªžœ§«Ÿ«ª º¸ ªŸ«¬¼ØÈÍ©½¼Øí¾ŸA¼¾¬µÃ®ùÇŸ«ŸC­ÆºžÃŸ«µŸC­·¹Ÿ«ª;¡8Á6©ŸÂŸ«µ ·¹˜ ¸


Îú¼°·¹˜›®­#µÃ§©žŸ«ÎŸ«µ?¼¾ÃŸÂǽ¼¾µÃŸ«ª ¸
®­Æ·¹©žŸK·¹˜ÎŸ öªž®Îú¼¾˜­µ®¾¬œ·˜®­Æ®°¯M·©žŸÂ§C®­·¹˜­èœž®¾œžµ 2·¹˜ÎŸ´º¬¼¾­·Ø¡ Ó¸
Ó ÷èÐ

Á6©žŸ4µ§©žŸCÎúŸCµK©ž¼%í¾ŸùÇŸ«ŸC­>˜›Îúº¬Ÿ«ÎŸ«­·Ÿ«ª ®%íŸC´¼ ºž©Ȩµ˜›§Ø¼¾¬0­žŸ ·U¶=®Ã¿»¼¾­žª»¶=®¾¿¾ŸCª>¶ÄŸ«¬›¬2¡

¦¨·¼°Çž˜¬›˜›·UÈ>®¾¯Å±´³6¦¢µÒ¶^˜›·¹©ª½¼°·¹¼ º½¼¾§¿¾Ÿ ·'ªžÃ®º®œ·A¶=¼¾µùµ ·¹œžª˜Ÿ«ª˜­ ³=©½¼°º·¹ŸCY¨¡Íø ³½µ ·


Ÿ

ή¢ªžŸC¬ŸCª ·©žŸù­ŸC·U¶Ä®¿ ¶^˜›·©ûº½¼°§¿¾ŸC·´ªž®¾ºÀ®œ¢·´¼°µ´¼µÃ¶^˜›·§©û§C¬®µÃ˜­žšú¼°·K¼ú§CŸ«Ã·¹¼¾˜­ ¹¼+·¹Ÿ¾¡=Á6©žŸ

µÃ·¹¼¾Çž˜›¬˜›·UÈ´·¹©žŸC®ŸCÎܶ=¼¾µ7ǽ¼¾µÃŸ«ª ®­Yšœ½¼¾¼¾­·¹Ÿ«ŸC˜­žšKµ®ÎŸ Ò< ȼ¾ºžœž­ž®%íù¯Iœž­ž§C·˜®­Y˜µMªžŸ«§CŸØ¼°µ˜­šA®­

·¹©Ÿù¼Øí¾Ÿ«¹¼°šŸ¾Ì˜­µÃ·¹Ÿ«¼¾ª»®¾¯VªžŸ«§CŸØ¼°µ˜­šúή­ž®¾·®­ž˜›§Ø¼¾¬›¬›È¡0ø Ÿù¼°¬µ®Í§«¼¾ÎúŸAǞ¼¾§¿Æ·¹® ·¹©Ÿ4º®Ǟ¬›Ÿ«Î

®¾¯7­ŸC·U¶Ä®¿ µ§©žŸCªžœž¬›˜­žšž¡6ø ©ž˜›¬Ÿ4±Â³6¦¨µA¼¾Ÿ4µ®¾ÎúŸ ·¹˜ÎŸ«µ?­ž®¾·Kµ§©Ÿ«ªžœž¬¼¾Çž¬›Ÿù¶^©žŸC­:ŸCí¾Ÿ«ÃÈ>ª½¼°·¹¼

º½¼¾§¿°ŸC·ÒÎ'œµÃ·ÂÇŸù·¹¼¾­µÎ˜›··Ÿ«ª ̪žÃ®ºžºž˜›­žšÆ¼#§CŸ« ·¼¾˜›­ûºŸ«§CŸ«­·¼°šŸ'®¾¯!º½¼°§¿¾ŸC·µA§Ø¼¾­ûÎ#¼¾¿°ŸY·¹©Ÿ

&
µŸ ·Â®¾¯7±Â³6¦¢µKµ§©žŸCªžœž¬¼°Çž¬Ÿ4¶^˜›·¹©®œ·Kµ¹¼¾§C˜ ž§«˜­šúµ ·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜¸·UÈ¡=ø ŸY©½¼Øí¾ŸYªžŸCÎú®­µÃ·¹¼°·¹ŸCªû·¹©˜µ?ÇèÈ


¼¾­ÍŸ ¼¾Îºž¬›Ÿ¾¡Vø Ÿ?¼¾¬µÃ®Aªž˜µÃ§«œžµÃµŸCªú·¹©Ÿ?µ ·¼¾Ç˜¬˜¸·UÈ4®¾¯ ±´³6¦¢µ!¶^˜›·¹© ¸
ÎYœž¬›·˜ Uºž¼¾§¿¾Ÿ ·7·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­žµ«¡

“ZY
O ¨¥=¨6µ=—SR
Q •:µ±

„3B\Z]_^ ýÿþa` bKc!3de"21f&gihjf&gk[ml0`


[ n

ø Ÿ>©½¼Øí¾Ÿ>µ ·¹œžªž˜›Ÿ«ª ©ž®%¶ ·¹®µ§©žŸCªžœž¬›Ÿ:¼ µŸC·ú®¾¯Â±Â³6¦¢µúœžµ˜›­žš*ÉKÊ µ§©žŸCªžœž¬˜›­žšžÌ8¶^©ž˜§© ˜µ¼

µÃ·¹¼°·¹˜›§¾Ì ΟCªÎ¸Uº˜®¾˜›·UÈ#µ§©žŸCªžœž¬›˜­žšú¼¾¬š¾®˜¸·¹©žÎ (¡ ö·?Θš©·6ÇŸ4¼°··¹¼¾§ ·¹˜¸íŸÂ·¹®Íµ ·¹œžªÈ ·©žŸ4¼¾ºžºž¬›˜ ¸


§Ø¼+·¹˜®¾­#®¾¯oª¢È¢­ž¼¾Îú˜›§KµÃ§©žŸ«ªœž¬˜›­žš ¼¾¬›š®˜¸·¹©žÎµ«ÌµÃœž§©»¼¾µÄŸØ¼¾Ã¬˜ŸCµÃ·ÄªžŸØ¼°ªž¬˜›­žŸ žµÃ· ç ‘ A— ê Ìè¶^©˜§©

©½¼¾µÒ¼Æš¾ŸØ¼+·¹Ÿ«AœºžºÀŸCAÇÀ®¾œž­žª ®­9·¹©žŸ %
­ŸC·U¶Ä®¿:œ¢·¹˜¬›˜ «¼°·¹˜›®­ ¡Aì?®ë¶ÄŸCí¾Ÿ«CÌ A—ôµ§©žŸCªžœž¬›˜­žš ˜›µ

˜­·˜­µ˜§C¬›ÈùºžŸCŸ«Îº·¹˜¸íŸ°Ì¢¼°­žªÍ­žŸC·U¶Ä®¿'·¹¼¾­µÎ˜µµÃ˜®­ θ
˜›µ7­ž®­ öºžŸCŸ«Îº·¹˜¸íŸ°Ìè¶^©˜§©Î#¼ØÈ'Îú¼¾¿°Ÿ

µœ§©ûµ§©Ÿ«ªžœž¬›˜­žšú¼¾­½¼°¬›È¨µ˜›µ6©½¼¾ª;¡

ŒÂº·¹˜›Î#¼¾¬0µÃ§©žŸ«ªžœ¬˜­š»¼¾¬µÃ®ÆªžŸ«µÃŸ« ퟫµ4ޝŸùŸ¦À®Ã·µ«¡Aø*ŸY©½¼ØíŸ'¯I®ÃÎ'œž¬¼+·¹Ÿ«ª>·¹©žŸ'º®Ǟ¬›Ÿ«Î

˜­9³=©½¼¾º·Ÿ«A£ÌÀ©ž®%¶=Ÿ íŸC«Ìoªž˜ ;ŸCŸ«­·AºŸ« ¯I®Îú¼¾­ž§CŸYΟؼ¾µÃœžŸ4¯Iœž­ž§ ·¹˜®¾­žµÂµ©®œž¬ªûÇÀŸùºž®º®µÃŸ«ª
Ó ÷£

ü% ¦
¼¾­žª>¼¾­½¼°¬›È «ŸCª»¯I®¾6Ÿ ÀŸ«§C·˜›í¾Ÿ«­žŸCµµ«¡

ö· ¶=®¾œž¬ª ÇŸ9˜­·¹ŸCŸ«µ ·¹˜›­žš·¹® 


Ÿ ¢ºž¬›®Ÿ:·©žŸ9ŸC¬¼°·˜®­µ©ž˜›ºžµ#ÇŸC·U¶ÄŸ«ŸC­ ·¹©Ÿ9µ§©žŸCªžœž¬˜›­žš ®¾¯

±Â³6¦¨µÍ¼¾­žª ®¾·¹©Ÿ«'µÃ§©žŸ«ªžœ¬˜­šº®Ǟ¬›Ÿ«Îµù¶^˜¸·¹© ¿è­ž®%¶^­ ›


ç ¼¾ºžºžÃ® ˜›Î#¼+·¹˜®¾­ ê ¼°¬š®Ã˜›·©žÎúµC̙Ÿ°¡åšž¡

·¹©Ÿ AC/C#B)*#="o)%p ºž®Ç¬Ÿ«Î ½Ãå¨Ìü Æ ¡


 ·´·©žŸYŸC­žª9®¾¯8¦¢ŸC§C·˜®­:¢¡å÷̶ğ'ªž˜›µ§«œµµŸCª:·¹©žŸ4·¹¼¾ªžŸ«® Ï ÇŸC·U¶ÄŸ«ŸC­ µ¬®%¶ÄŸ«?·¹¹¼°­žµÎ˜µÃµ˜®¾­

¹¼+·¹Ÿ¼¾­žª º½¼¾§¿¾Ÿ ·'ªžÃ®º®œ·4˜­ºžŸCµŸCÃí¨˜­žšû±Â³6¦ µÃ·¼°Çž˜¬›˜›·UÈ9¼°­žª ­ŸC·U¶Ä®¿ µ§©Ÿ«ªžœž¬¼¾Çž˜›¬˜›·UÈ:µ˜ ¸



Î'œž¬¸·¼¾­Ÿ«®œžµÃ¬›È¾¡>—½®Ò·¹©Ÿ#Ÿ ¼¾Îºž¬›Ÿ«µY˜›­ ·©½¼°·ùµŸ«§ ·¹˜›®­ ̙·©žŸ ˆÃª®º®œ·ùº½¼°·Ã·¹Ÿ«Ã­žµ Š9œµŸ«ª¶ÄŸ«ÃŸ
ªžŸCµ˜š¾­žŸ«ª ÇèÈ ©½¼°­žª ¡ ö·úÎ#¼ØÈ ¼¾¬›µ®ÇÀŸ ˜­·Ÿ«ŸCµÃ·˜­žš ·¹® ŸCí¨˜›µ˜›·µÃœž§© º½¼¾§¿°ŸC· ª®º®œ·ú¼¾µú¼

µ§©Ÿ«ªžœž¬›˜­žš º®Ǟ¬›Ÿ«Î ¡î±K¼¾ÎúŸC¬›È¾Ì6§Ø¼¾­ô®­Ÿ:§«®Îºžœ·Ÿû·¹©Ÿ:º½¼°·Ã·¹Ÿ«Ã­žµÆ®¾¯4ªžÃ®º®œ·#·©½¼°·#µÃ·¹˜›¬¬

ºžÃŸ«µŸCÃí¾Ÿ'±Â³6¦ ºŸ«Ã¯I®¾Îú¼¾­ž§«Ÿrq

s 3ü2 ,Btvu 2&ewn0u+,b þ 3B\xs ýy^å0!^7ez\

ø º¸
Ÿ´©½¼ØíŸAµ ·¹œžª˜Ÿ«ª#­žŸC·U¶Ä®¿ ö˜­žªžœ§«Ÿ«ª»ªžŸC¬¼ØÈú¼¾­žªÆ­ŸC·U¶Ä®¿úº½¼¾§¿¾Ÿ ·6ªžÃ®ºÀ®¾œ·ÅµÃŸ«º½¼¾¼°·¹ŸC¬›È¾¡7Á6©žŸ

§«®¾Î'Ǟ˜­ž¼°·¹˜›®­ ®¾¯ÂªŸ«¬¼ØÈ ¼¾­ª ªžÃ®ºÀ®¾œ·˜µ¼¾­ ˜­·¹ŸCŸ«µ ·¹˜›­žš·®ºž˜›§¾¡ Á6©˜µÍµŸ ·¹œžº ˜›µÍµ©ž®%¶^­ ˜›­

—™˜›šœžŸÒü¢¡ Ó ¡

Dropout

Plant

Delay

Controller

—V˜šœžÃŸÒü¡ Ó ¥!±Â³6¦Æ¶^˜›·© ªž¼°·¼ º½¼¾§¿°ŸC·´ªžŸ«¬¼%ÈƼ¾­žª ªž®¾ºÀ®œ¢·Ø¡


Ó ÷÷

[ml0`vs 3nrfh7g

—™˜›­½¼¾¬¬¸ÈÌo®œ4¶Ä®¿ ©½¼°µYÇŸ«Ÿ«­ §«®­§«Ÿ«­·¹¼°·Ÿ«ª ®­·¹©žŸúµÃ·¼°Çž˜¬›˜›·UÈ9¼°­½¼¾¬›È¨µÃ˜µ4®¾¯6±´³6¦¢µ«¡»ø*Ÿú¼¾µÍ¸



µœÎúŸCª>·¹©ŸùªžŸCµ˜›š­û®¾¯V·¹©žŸ4§«®¾­è·®¬oµ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎúµKªž®¨Ÿ«µ?­ž®¾·?·¼¾¿°Ÿ4·©žŸùŸ ;ŸC§C·K®¾¯²·©žŸù­ŸC·U¶Ä®¿»˜­·®


¼¾§C§«®œž­·«¡8Ê>®ŸK¼¾ªí°¼¾­§«Ÿ«ª#ªžŸ«µÃ˜š­ÎúŸ ·¹©ž®¨ªžµ8§«®­µ˜ªŸ«˜›­žš4­žŸC·U¶Ä®¿ÍŸ ;ŸC§C·¹µÄµ©ž®¾œž¬ªúÇÀŸ?ªžŸCí¾Ÿ«¬ ¸
®ºŸ«ª ¡
{ æ!á;æ"óæ"ëçã-æ!õ

à ÓÆ M¡  ¬ÇŸ« ·¹®µCÌ  ê


¡K³=ŸCµº®žÌ ¡KÉ^˜º®¬›¬2ÌKÊ ¡ 8
| ¼¾¬¬"Ÿ«
} µ«Ì´¼¾­žª ‰V¡‘Å¼¾¬›Ç½¼¾µÃ·Ÿ°ÌÒəÁ §«®¾­è·®¬
µÃ§©žŸ«ªžœ¬˜­šÒ·®ÂŸCªžœž§CŸ?§C®­·¹Ã®¬ºŸ« ¯I®Îú¼¾­ž§CŸÅªžŸ«š¾¹¼¾ªž˜›­žšžÌ˜›­~ /(*)%-.=€/   ‚ƒ

o/=-  ""->6/=-x„_""'/=- #%-7)o/=-&/=+ ̺žº ¡+÷ääò(†¨÷äò¾÷̦¨È¨ªž­ŸCÈÌ  †


œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì Ÿ«§«ŸCÎ ¸
ÇŸ«Kоáá¾á¡

Ã-Ð Æ '¡  ­žªŸ«µÃ®­ ̈‡ 3‰ Š‹?y"Œ"4Ž€9"& Ì  θ


ªªž˜µÃ®­ öø Ÿ«µÃ¬Ÿ ÈÌ?É?Ÿ«¼¾ªž˜›­žšžÌ?Ê  Ì
Ó ò¾òä¡

à £ Æ: ¡‘   ì%7Ÿ«} ­;Ì  ¡™³=ŸCÃí¨˜­;̙¼¾­ª“’¡ 7¿¾ŸC«Ì !  ­ ˜›­è·®¨ªžœž§ ·¹˜®¾­·®>§C®­·¹®¾¬!¼¾­žª*µÃ§©žŸ«ªœž¬˜›­žš


ϸ
§C® UªžŸCµ˜›š­ ̘›­”~ /(*)%-.=W/   ‚ƒ o/=-  ""->W/=-‘„_""'/=-Š#%-7)”o/=-&/=+ ̺žº ¡
º
÷ä¾ü(†¨÷ä ¾á̽¦èÈ¢ª­žŸCÈ¾Ì  
œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ«Kоáá¾á¡

à ÷ Æ: 
¡•’¡” µÃ·¹r®
– Î ¼¾­žª K¡Mø ˜¸··¹ŸC­žÎú¼¾¿Ì o/=4€57Œ"Z—Zo/=-1/=++*)Š‹?("9"4@C˜“™ /="?š#%-7)

„_"8.%- /
Ì !ÃŸ«­·¹˜›§«Ÿ4ì´¼°¬¬2Ì3IKºžºŸ«K¦¼°ªžªž¬ŸÒÉ^˜›í¾Ÿ«C̱›’Ì Ó òò ¢¡Á6©ž˜›ª º „7ªž˜›·˜®­ ¡

Ã- Æ  /¡ Å¼¾Í¸ ±?®ëȾ̞ÉÒ¡ Ä©½¼°·¹˜¼Ì3’¡ž±´¼°®«Ì¼¾­žª´¡¦¢§©ž˜›Ÿ«ÇŸ««Ì½Ê>˜­ž˜›Îú˜&%«˜›­žšÒµŸ« í¨˜§«ŸÒ¼°­žª ®ºŸ« Ó¸


¼°·˜®­ §C®µÃ·µ!®¾¯ºÀŸC˜®¨ªž˜›§Åµ§©žŸCªžœž¬›˜­žšžÌ˜›­ ~ /(*)%-.=€/  €œ%@€--3#%+G_š—$  ›

‹?=4€5/("4ž/=-”„W(""Œ €+Ÿ./=Z4@0'w¡o„¢œ¤£<¥ ̨ºžº ¡ ÓÓ 


† оá̦¼¾­»—½¹¼°­ž§«˜›µ§«®̞³  Ì
’¼¾­èœ½¼°ÃÈ Ó òò¾ä¡

à ü Æ  º¡ Å¼¾Í¸ ±?®ëȾÌ#´¡†™¼°·Ã·ì¸ ¦¨©½¼¾Î˜«Ì¾¼¾­žª°¡¤¦;˜ºŸ«C̺=Ã®¼¾ªž§«¼¾µÃ·7ª˜µ¿èµ²¶^˜¸·¹©'º®¬›È¨­ž®¾Îú˜¼¾¬§«®µ ·


¯Iœž­§C·¹˜›®­žµCÌM˜›­j~ /(*)%-.=/  x§Bœ%©¨/=-ªo/=-  ""-> /   ƒƒ o/=4€579"

#%-7)xo/=44-'*#%&'/=- /("'"1'›   ‡ ¡ˆ¡o¬«3­B­B­¥ º


Ì°ºžº;¡ r†¾ä¾÷žÌ+ÁMŸ«¬ ¸ Ï
í¨˜›íÌ Uµ¹¼°Ÿ«¬2Ì
Êû¼°§©9аááá¡

Ã Æ  
¡åÁA¡ =¼¾¹¼¾Çž¼¾­ž®%íƼ°­žª® º% ü
¡å—=¡ž¦¨·¼¾Ã® «©˜¬®%íÌ U­èí¾Ÿ«µ ·¹˜š¼°·¹˜›®­ ®¾¯o·¹©ŸÂµÃ·¹¼¾Çž˜¬›˜›·UÈÍ®¾¯0§C®­·¹˜›­¨œ ü¸
Ó¸
®œµ Uª˜µ§CŸ ·¹Ÿ´µ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎúµ=ÇèÈ < å‚
ȼ¾ºœž­ž®%í åµÅµÃŸ«§C®­žª ΟC·¹©®¢ª Ì /=¯('"¨/=Z-7#%+i/  €Œ/=4x#%—

&'/=-°#%-7)  -  /=Z4x#%&'/=-± Ì ²zE7³´¶µë¥å£(†¨÷


"'"->  Î
Ó Ìž±?®ëí¾Ÿ«Î'ÇŸ«Œ† Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ« Ó òä¾ä¡

à ä Æ Œ'¡‘=Ÿ«¬›ªž˜Îú¼¾­ ̈·Í¡Åø*¼¾¬µÃ© ÌÒ¼¾­žª <!¡‘=œµ©ž­žŸC¬¬EÌê!ÃŸ«ªž˜›§C·®µ»¯I® ­žŸC·U¶Ä®¿°Ÿ«ª §«®¾­è·®¬


µ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµCÌŘ­k~ /(*)%-.=Š/  €4 "Z'*#%-¸o/=-&/=+›o/=-  ""-> Ì!ºžº ¡8о£°÷ (†о£ Ó Ì
³=©ž˜›§Ø¼¾š¾®žÌ‹’¾œž­žŸYоáá¾á¡

Ó ÷è
Ó ÷ü

Ãò Æ  å< 
¦À¡ Ä®ëȨª Ì 7¡ 7¬w·Ò©ž¼¾®œž˜EÌ 6¡—ŸC®­;̽¼¾­žª / Å¼°¬¼¾¿è˜›µ©ž­ž¼¾­
|'¡ ̶¹ ->*#%›m#%&Zº;  ->*»C3#%+,—

&':-š‹?y"Œ"4ž#%-7)šo/=-&/=+¼™ /=Z? Ì7©ž˜›¬¼¾ªŸ«¬º©ž˜¼¥²¦Î  ÊÌ Ó òò¾÷ž¡

ÃÓ á Æ Ê ê
¡¤¦À¡ =¼¾­ž˜›§¿èȾÌͳ=®­·¹˜›­èœž˜›·UÈñ®¾¯ ŒêB µ®¬›œ·¹˜›®­žµCÌ ¼5B57+,'*)k©#%"4x#%1' ¹ "1Œ" Ì
½ ³ 5¶µë¥¤º(†¢ü¾áÌ Ó ò¾ò¾÷ž¡

à ÓÓÆ Ê â
¡¤¦À¡ =¼¾­ž˜§¿ȾÌ6¾ ?¤ACZ&)¿‹?("9"4@C˜m°/C)"+,-.=›€-7#%+,?y"_#%-7)ao/=-&/=+ ÌŦ¨§¾¡ '¡8ª˜µ 
Ó¸
 ¹
µÃŸ«Ã·¹¼°·¹˜›®­ Ì ÂŸ«º½¼¾ ·¹ÎŸ«­·'®°¯ 7¬Ÿ«§ ·¹Ã˜§Ø¼°¬ 7­žš¾˜­žŸCŸ«˜›­žš:¼°­žª ² ³=®Îºžœ·Ÿ« ¦¨§«˜ŸC­ž§«Ÿ°Ì8Êû¼¾µÍ¸
µ¼¾§©èœžµŸ ··¹µ+U­žµÃ·˜›·¹œ¢·¹ŸA®¾¯™ÁVŸC§©ž­ž®¬›®š¾ÈÌ7’¾œ­žŸ Ó òò¢¡

ÃÓ Ð Æ Ê ÿ
¡¤¦À¡ =¼¾­ž˜›§¿èȾ̦跼¾Çž˜›¬˜¸·UÈ´®¾¯¢©ȨǞ˜›ªùµ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµC¥™¦è·¼°·Ÿ8®°¯¢·©žŸ8¼¾Ã·«Ì+˜›­@~ /(*)%-.=/  

‚ƒ o/=-  ""->:/=-Š„_""'/=-±#%-7)Šo/=-&/=+ ̺žº ¡ Ó Ð°áy† Ó Ð¨Ìž¦¼°­ ˜Ÿ«š¾®žÌ/ŸC§«Ÿ«ÎYÇÀŸC


#
Ó ò¾ò ¢¡

ÃÓ £ Æ Ê ¡¤¦À¡ Ä¹¼¾­ž˜›§¿ÈÌÊ>œž¬¸·¹˜›ºž¬Ÿ< ȼ¾ºžœ­ž®%í ¯Iœž­ž§ ·¹˜›®­žµô¼¾­ª ®¾·¹©Ÿ«ô¼¾­ž¼¾¬›È¨µ˜›µ ·®¢®¬›µ ¯I®¾


µ ¶^˜›·¹§©Ÿ«ª ¼¾­žª ©èȨǞÃ˜ª µ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎúµCÌÀƒƒ ™Á2#%-3C#"1'/=-3Â/=-ž€9/=4x#%&'Ão/=-&/=+ Ì
ĶŠ³ Ä µë¥-÷ (†¨÷äÐ¢Ì  ºž˜›¬ Ó òò¾ä¡

ÃÓ ÷ Æ Ê 
¡¤¦À¡ =¹¼¾­˜§¿ÈÌK¦À¡¤Ê Ò
¡ 7©ž˜›¬¬›˜ºžµCÌ=¼¾­ª ø ¡¦;©½¼°­žšžÌ^¦¨·¹¼¾Çž˜›¬˜›·UÈ ®°¯A­žŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿¾Ÿ«ªâ§«®¾­è·®¬
µ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµC¥ ¶ ¢ºž¬›˜§«˜¸·»¼¾­½¼°¬›È¨µ˜›µÆ®¾¯ùªžŸ«¬¼%Ⱦ̴˜›­Æ~ /(*)%-.=°/  ”€4 "Z'*#%-Âo/=-1/=+

o/=-  ""-> º
̺º ¡о£Ðr†о£ ¨Ì½³=©ž˜›§Ø¼¾š®̋’¾œž­žŸùоáá¾á¡

ÃÓ Æ ÉÒ¡-ø ␠%
¡ =Ã®¢§¿°ŸC·Ã·ØÌ?¦¨·¹¼¾Çž˜¬›˜ «¼°·¹˜›®­®¾¯´Îú®¾·®Í­žŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿¨µCÌ6˜­Ç~ /(*)%-.=±/   ‚ƒ

o/=-  ""->È/=-¿„@""'/=-“#%-7)Éo/=-&/=+ ÌMºº ¡ Ó ÷ä¾÷=† Ó ÷ääÌ ±KŸC¶ ŒAÃ¬Ÿ«¼¾­žµ«Ì"ŸC§«Ÿ«ÎYÇÀŸC


Ó ò¾ò¢¡

ÃÓ ü Æ · ¡Ñ³´¡ =œ·Ã·¼  †%¦%«®žÌ›¾ #%*)ÉÊ *#%+,—r™i4 Éo/=4€57&-.ɋ?y"Œ"4@C˜ ~ *)%'"$#BAC+” *)%+,-.

€+Ÿ./=Z4@€#%-7):¼5B57+,'*#%&'/=-3 Ì  ¬›œ¶=ŸC  ¹
§Ø¼¾ªžŸCÎú˜›§ 7œžÇž¬˜›µ©žŸCµC̱?®Ã¶ÄŸ«¬›¬2Ì¨Ê  #
Ì Ó òò ¢¡

ÃÓ Æ · ¡Ñ³´¡ Ĝ··¹¼  †%%C®žÌ  ª½¼¾º·˜›í¾Ÿ ¹¼°·Ÿ §«®­·¹Ã®¬Å·¹©®œžš¾© ŸC¬¼¾µ ·¹˜›§Æµ§©žŸCªžœž¬›˜­žšžÌ8˜­k~ /(*)%—

-.=_/   ‚ƒ o/=-  ""->@/=-Š„@""'/=-©#%-7)±o/=-&/=+ ̞ºžº ¡½÷ä¾ä£y†¨÷ä¾ää̦¨È¨ªž­žŸCȾÌ


 
œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì Ÿ«§«ŸCÎ'ÇŸ«Kоááᢡ

ÃÓ ä Æ  ƒ
¡ ³=ŸCÃí¨˜­û¼¾­žª©’¡ 7¿¾ŸC«ÌÀ—ŸCŸ«ªžÇž¼¾§¿>µÃ§©žŸ«ªœž¬˜›­žš#®¾¯²§«®­·¹Ã®¬o·¼¾µÃ¿èµ«Ì;˜›­m~ /(*)%-.=/ 

 ‚ƒ o/=-  ""-> /=-“„_""'/=-À#%-7)vo/=-&/=+ Ì7ºžº ¡V÷ä # Ó è #


† ÷ä ¾ü̲¦¨È¨ªž­žŸ ÈÌ  œžµÍ¸
·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì Ÿ«§«ŸCÎ'ÇŸ«?оáá¾á¡ 
Ó ÷

ÃÓ ò Æ ì4¡³=©½¼°­ – ¡
¼¾­žª Iù Œ – %Cš
B œž θ
– ­žŸC«Ì³=¬›®µŸCª U¬›®¢®¾ºù§C®­·¹®¾¬¨®°¯½µÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµ²®%íŸC7¼K§C®ÎúÎYœž­ž˜§«¼°·¹˜›®­žµ

­žŸ ·U¶=®¾¿ ¶^˜›·© ö蜞ŸCœžŸ«µC̶ -Œ""-7#%&'/=-7#%+>¨/="-7#%+/  Ì ´‹²i³ Å


o/=-1/=+ 7 µë¥å÷ò£y† Ó áÌ Ó òò¢¡

Ã-оá Æ ÁA¡À³=®¬›Ÿ«Îú¼¾­ ÌÊ  å¡ =¼¾­ž§© ÌÀ¼¾­žª  ¡7·A¹¼¾§CŸ¾Ì ¡57148Ë(#%&'/=-k™¶/(/=+8A"/<;G˜


¡ ‡ /= Ì (@!

ÍaÎ3ÏzÐBÎÑ0̱´¼°·˜§¿ÌÊ  ¥ÀÊû¼°·¹©¢ø*®Ã¿èµ«Ì7’¼¾­èœ½¼¾ È Ó òòò¢¡|!Ÿ«Ãµ˜›®­:Ш¡


Ã-Ð Ó Æ · =
¡7³=®œ¬®œžÃ˜µC̃’¡ ®¬›¬˜Î®ÃŸ¾ÌM¼¾­žª ÁA¡  ˜›­žªžÇŸ«šÌ „W"&"&ACŒ*)m‹?("9"4@C˜jo/=->Œ57

#%-7)›„_"8.%- Ì  ªžªž˜µÃ®­Yø < #


Ÿ«µÃ¬ŸCÈ o®­žšÎú¼¾­ ̾촼¾Ã¬®%¶ÒÌ 7­žš¬¼¾­žª Ì Ó òòü¢¡¦¢ŸC§«®­ª !ª˜›·¹˜›®­ ¡

Ã-ÐÐ Æ '¡å—=¡¹Ÿ«¬›§©½¼¾Îºžµ«ÌA¦¨·¼¾Ç˜¬˜&%«˜›­žš ¼ ¬˜­ŸØ¼¾ µ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎ ¶^˜¸·¹© ö¨œž¼¾­·¹˜ %CŸ«ª µÃ·¼+·¹Ÿ ¯IŸ«Ÿ«ªǽ¼¾§¿Ì
‚ƒ ™Á2#%-3C#"&'/=-3@/=-”€9/=4x#%&'xo/=-&/=+ Ì Å 5i³ 9¶µë¥åò Ó ü(†¢òа÷žÌ  œšœžµÃ· Ó ò¾òá¡

Ã-о£ Æ ³´¡  
¡ Ÿ«µ®¨Ÿ«Y¼¾­žª Ê¡w|´˜ªÈ¼¾µ¹¼¾š¼¾«Ìo‡ *)BA#p‘‹?("9"4@C˜  -%571—Z¡Ò,57 ~ /5"Z1' Ì
 ê å
§Ø¼¾ªžŸCÎú˜›§ 7Ÿ«µÃµ«Ì U­ž§¾¡¸Ì±KŸ ¶Æ®8®Ã¿̞± ® #
Ì Ó ò ¢¡

Ã-а÷ Æ <7¡ºœš¼¾ªY¼¾­žª 6¡¡K|!Ÿ«Ã˜›Ÿ«µÃ·«Ì#7ªžµ«¡¸Ì ‹'#BAC+,1?ª#%-7)0o/=-1/=+7/  ™i4 "—'„_"+8#%?€‹?("9"4@ Ì


<oŸ«§ ·¹œžÃŸ ±K®°·¹Ÿ«µ´˜­9³=®¾­è·®¬(U­¯I®ÃÎ#¼°·˜®­>¦¢§C˜ŸC­ž§«ŸCµ«Ì;í¾®¬2¡;ÐоäÌ;¦¢ºžÃ˜­žš¾Ÿ«Ó¸'|!Ÿ«Ã¬¼¾šžÌì?Ÿ«˜ ¸
ªžŸC¬ÇŸ«ÃšžÌ7·ÒŸCÎú¼¾­ÈÌ Ó òò#¢¡

Ã-Ð Æ !¼°·®­Í³=®ÃºÀ®¼°·¹˜›®­ Ì Ê /=-rÓ.%2#BAC+!›("4xAC+,?o"++¶1Êҍ_¶¥ Ì%ø ˜¬¬›®œžš©èÇÈ4ìK˜›¬¬›µ«Ì Aì ό


÷÷áò¾÷ž¡

Ã-оü Æ ’¡­!˜›ªžµ®¾­ ¼¾­žª:ø 8


¡o³=®¾¬Ÿ¾Ì 7·©žŸ«Ã­žŸC·ÒÃœž¬ŸCµÂ§«¬›®µŸCª U¬›®¢®¾ºûµÃȨµ ·¹Ÿ«Î θ Ìw -ԙ7 ÌÀºº ¡ £ò(†¨÷èТÌ
’¾œž­Ÿ Ó ò¾òä¡

Ã-к Æ ·  ü
¡¤—Ä¡¢—½¼¾­ž¿è¬˜›­ Ì’¡ '¡ V®%¶ÄŸ«¬›¬2Ì¢¼¾­žª»Ê ¡èø ®¿èÎú¼¾­ Ì „W8.%$#%+wo/=-&/=+i/  „W?=-7#%4'Ջ?("—

Œ"4@ Ì  ªžª˜µ®¾­»ø Ÿ«µÃ¬Ÿ È <0®¾­žšÎú¼¾­ ̞É^ŸØ¼°ªž˜­žšÌÊ  Ì Ó òò¾÷ž¡¦¨Ÿ«§«®¾­žª 7ªž˜¸·¹˜›®­ ¡

Ã-оä Æ M¡3·Ò¼¾©ž˜›­žŸC·«Ì   ¡ü<0¼¾œžÇ Ì¢¼¾­žª#Ê ¡¢³=©ž˜›¬¼¾¬›˜2̹  


¡¨±KŸCÎú˜›®%í¨µ©ž˜EÌ o/=-&/=+!™7/(/=+8A"/<;G˜ ‡ /=

Ì (:! ÍÀÎÁÏzÐBÎwÑM̽±K¼°·¹˜›§¿ÌÊ  ¥Êû¼°·©ø ®¿èµ«ÌÀÊû¼ØÈ Ó òò¢¡


Ã-оò Æ · ¡¤ì4¡·A®¬œÇô¼¾­žªâ³´¡å—=¡¼|8¼¾­ <o®¼°­ Ì m#%&Zº;Æo/=4€57$#%&'/=-3 Ì^Á6©žŸ°’¾®©ž­žµ»ì?®ºž¿è˜­µ
I?­ž˜›í¾Ÿ«µÃ˜›·UÈ 7ŸCµµC̃=¼¾¬›·˜Î®Ÿ°Ì Ó ò¾òü¡Á6©˜ª „7ªž˜›·˜®­;¡
à £á Æ ®'¡!ì´¼¾¬›ŸCí¨˜^¼¾­žª  ²
¡7É?¼ØÈÌ U­è·Ÿ«š¼°·¹ŸCª §C®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­ ¼¾­ª §C®­·¹®¾¬ÅµÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµ«¥ ™¼¾ ·
1Ö  ­½¼¾¬¸È¨µ˜µCÌ ›Á  ¨/="-7#%+‚/  „W?=-7#%4'@‹?("Œ"4@ҝ¿*#=""4 "-6#%-7)¿o/=-&/=+ Ì
E‹EGFo¥¤£ü (†¢£ º #¾£¢ÌŸ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ« Ó ò¾ää¡
Ó ÷ä

à £ Ó Æ ®'¡ ì´¼°¬ŸCí¨˜V¼¾­žª  8
¡ É?¼ØÈÌ MŸ« ¯I®Îú¼¾­ž§CŸ ¼¾­½¼¾¬¸È¨µ˜µ?®¾¯!˜›­è·Ÿ«š¼°·¹ŸCª:§«®¾ÎúÎ'œ­ž˜§«¼°·¹˜›®­û¼°­žª
§C®­·¹®¾¬=µÃȨµ ·¹Ÿ«Î ­žŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿¨µCÌ ›Á  ¨/=Z-7#%+/  „W?=-7#%4'x‹?y"Œ"4@€°*#=""4 "-

Ì E‹E²
#%-7)šo/=-&/=+ z ¥å£ü(†¨£ # Ó Ìž¦¢Ÿ«º·Ÿ«Î'ÇŸ« Ó ò¾òá¡

à £Ð Æ ìK¼¾­žµÃ¯I®¾ª  œ·®Î#¼+·¹˜®¾­ Ì °/C)%+8#%Ս€("4xAC+,?‹?y"Œ"4@ ÌÉ?®¨§©žŸCµÃ·¹ŸC«Ì± ® Ó ÷üо£¡

à ££ Æ   - 
¡ ì´¼°µµ˜›Çž˜2Ì ¦À¡ V¡ =®%Ȩª Ìo¼°­žª°’¡ M¡oìK®%¶ÒÌ0³=®¾­è·®¬™®¾¯8¼¾µÃȨ­ž§©®­ž®¾œžµÒªȨ­½¼¾Î˜§Ø¼°¬Vµ È¢µ ͸
·Ÿ«ÎµY¶^˜›·©¹¼°·ŸÆ§«®¾­žµÃ·¹¼¾˜›­è·µ'®­Ÿ íŸC­è·µ«Ì8˜­À~ /(*)%-.= /   ƒƒ o/=-  ""->

„_""'/=-©#%-7)±o/=-1/=+ /
̞ºº ¡ Ó £¾÷èr† Ó £ Ó Ì 7©ž®¨Ÿ«­ž˜ ;Ì ÂŸC§«ŸCÎ'ÇÀŸC Ó òòò¢¡ 
à £¾÷ Æ ¡ì?®Ã·®­ Ì¶× '.%---.ÉØi"3#%+ƒÒوÙÂÚ Ìø ® Ó!ÃŸ«µÃµ+< 
·¹ª;¡›Ì =˜›Î˜­žš¾©½¼¾ÎÃI  Ì Ó òò¾ä¡

à £ Æ '¡¢ìKÃ˜µÃ·œÆ¼¾­ª  /<
¡žÊ>®¾š¼¾­µŸ«­;Ì o˜Î˜›·Ÿ«ª§«®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­§«®¾­è·®¬EÌ ‹?("Œ"4@@ÛÜo/=-—

&/=+ ¹ "&Œ" Ì Å ½ ³ Ä µë¥ Ó ò£y†¢Ð¾á¢Ì Ó òòò¡

à £ü Æ '¡^ì?˜µ ·¹œ ÌA¦¨·¼¾Ç˜¬˜ ؼ°·˜®­ &% ®¾¯ ³<¨ÁÚ#µ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµ ¶^˜›·¹©â§«®¾ÎúÎ'œ­ž˜§«¼°·¹˜›®­ §«®¾­žµÃ·¹¼¾˜›­è·µ«ÌA˜›­
~ /(*)%-.=›/  ¼€4 ""'*#%-šo/=-1/=+zo/=-  ""-> ̺žº;¡¨Ð¾£¾÷èÐ(†¢Ð¾£¾÷ü̳=©ž˜§«¼¾š®žÌ’¾œ­žŸ
оá¾áá¡

à £# Æ M¡  º¡ U®¼¾­ž­®œÍ¼¾­žªx’¡è¦¨œž­ Ì Ê /%ACG"¶6)B#"571¯%Wo/=-1/=+ #


Ì 7ŸC­·¹˜§CŸ^ì´¼¾¬›¬2Ì%IKºžºŸ«!¦¢¼¾ªžªž¬›Ÿ
É^˜›í¾Ÿ««Ì±€’Ì Ó òòü¢¡

à £ä Æ ÁA¡  ¼¾˜›¬¼°·© Ì7¹ ->*#%›‹?("9"4@  ¸ 


Ì 7ÃŸ«­·¹˜›§«Ÿ Uì´¼¾¬›¬2Ì 7­žš¾¬ŸC¶Ä®¨®¢ª>³=¬˜ ;µC̞±€’Ì Ó òäá¡ 
à £ò Æ ÉÒ¡ 
– ¡
Ã·®¬˜›§Ø¼Ì Iù Œ – %«š>œ– ­žŸ«CÌìù¡è³=©ž¼¾­
ç ̨ìù¡G·x®
– ¿·¼°µ«Ì’¡¾ø #<
˜›­ž¿¾ŸC¬Îú¼¾­ ̼¾­ª#Ê¡ o˜œžÇ½¼°¿¨¿+¼Ì
¦¨·¹¼¾Çž˜›¬˜›·UÈÍ®°¯V¬›˜­žŸ«¼¾!¯IŸ«Ÿ«ªǽ¼¾§¿Æµ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµ6¶^˜›·© ¹¼¾­ªž®Î §«®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­ªžŸC¬¼ØȨµ«Ì‹ -9"Z—

-7#%&'/=-7#%+>¨/=Z-7#%+/  o/=-&/=+ Ì 5‹w³ Ä µ%¥¤òо(†¢ò¾£¢Ì Ó ò¾ò¾÷ž¡

à ÷á Æ ø †<
¡ M¼Ø¶^ÃŸ«­ °Ì /% i€݋?y"Œ"4  -.%->"Z-.B˜ ‡ /=4ޙ /=Z?ˆ9/ ~ 2#"&'*#%+G¼5B57+,'*#%1'/=-3 Ì
͸
¦¢º˜­šŸ« $|!Ÿ«Ã¬¼¾š̞±KŸ ¶ß®8®Ã¿Ì Ó òò ¢¡ #
à ÷ Ó Æ ’¡"<oŸ«©ž®¨§%C¿ÈÌ=<7¡V¦¢©½¼̙¼¾­žªm® ¡"˜­žšÌMÁ6©Ÿ#¹¼+·¹ŸÎú®­®¾·¹®­˜§ µ§©Ÿ«ªžœž¬›˜­žšû¼¾¬š¾®˜¸·¹©žÎ ¥
 ¼¾§C·4§©½¼°¹¼¾§ ·¹Ÿ«Ã˜ %«¼°·¹˜›®­9¼¾­žª¼ØíŸC¹¼¾š¾Ÿ §Ø¼¾µÃŸÇŸ«©ž¼%í¨˜›®«Ì ˜›­É~ /(*)%-.=x/   ‚ƒ
Ê *#%+,—r™i4 ˆ‹?("9"4@›‹?K4€5/("4 ̞ºžº ¡ Ó üüy† Ó Ó Ì/Â
 ŸC§«Ÿ«ÎYÇÀŸC Ó òäò¡
à ÷èÐ Æ < <
—=¡ 7¡ o˜¼¾­ Ì!’¡åÉÒ¡7Ê>®%Ȩ­žŸ¾Ì!¼°­žª '¡¤Ê 
¡™Á6˜›¬Ǟœž ÈÌ VŸ« ¯I®Îú¼¾­ž§CŸÆŸCí°¼¾¬›œ½¼°·˜®­®¾¯^§«®¾­è·®¬
ê
­žŸ ·U¶=®¾¿èµ«¥ ²·¹©Ÿ«­ŸC·ØÌM³=®¾­è·®¬±KŸ ·ØÌ ¼°­žª ŸCí¨˜§CŸØ±?ŸC·ØÌzƒƒ o/=-1/=+w‹?y"Œ"4@ª©#(.%—

Ì ²zE7³CE3µë¥åüüy†¢ä¾£̞—½Ÿ«Çœ½¼¾
#(ËC-> ‹ È Ð¾áá Ó ¡
Ó ÷ò

à ÷£ Æ ´¡ÿ<o˜›­ž§«®¬›­Ò¼¾­žª ´¡ùÄŸ«­©½¼¾ªµµ®¾­ ºÌ ÔU§«˜›Ÿ«­·™ºœž­ž˜›­žš6®¾¯¢µŸ«¼¾§©4·¹ŸCŸ«µ0˜­ <wàAÉ*§«®¾­è·®¬


®¾¯VµÃ¶^˜¸·¹§©žŸCª>¬›˜­žŸ«¼¾=µ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎúµC̘­±~ /(*)%-.=@/   ƒƒ o/=-  ""->@/=-Š„@""'/=-

#%-7)šo/=-&/=+ ̞ºžº ¡ Ó äоäy† Ó ä¾££Ì¦¨È¨ªž­žŸCÈ¾Ì  


œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ«Kоáá¾á¡

à ÷÷ Æ 7< ¡ ø ¡ <o˜®¾œ¼¾­žª  ¡VÉK¼ØȾ̋U­·¹Ÿ«š¾¹¼°·Ÿ«ª§C®ÎúÎYœž­ž˜§«¼°·¹˜›®­¼¾­žª§C®­·¹Ã®¬Äµ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎúµC¥:™¼¾ ·


ì 1Öâ±?®­ž˜›ªžŸ«­·¹˜›§Ø¼¾¬™µŸ«­µ®Y¼¾­žª§«®­·¹Ã®¬¬›Ÿ«Aµ¼¾Îúº¬˜­šžÌ ˆÁ  ¨/=Z-7#%+¼/  „W?=-7#%4'
‹?("9"4@!°*#=""4 "-o#%-7)šo/=-&/=+ ÌzE‹E² ¥å£º(†¨£ü¾÷žÌž¦¢Ÿ«º·Ÿ«Î'ÇŸ« Ó ò¾òá¡

à ÷è Æ <7¡ ø 
¡ <0˜›®œ ¼¾­žª  ¡!É?¼ØÈÌ  µÃ·¹®¨§©½¼¾µ ·¹˜›§ ÃŸ«šœ¬¼°·®Y¯I® ˜›­è·Ÿ«š¼°·¹ŸCª §«®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­
¼¾­ª*§«®¾­è·®¬!µ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµC¥ ™¼°Ã· ° A1Ö◽®ÎYœž¬¼°·˜®­û®¾¯Å§C®­·¹®¾¬8¬¼Ø¶ÒÌ ™32#%-3C#"1'/=-3È/  

›Á ÄÌwE‹E Å ¥åüá¾÷y†¢ü  Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ« Ó òò Ó ¡


ÓÓ Ì Â

à ÷ü Æ <7¡ ø 
¡ <0˜›®œ ¼¾­žª   µÃ·¹®¨§©½¼¾µ ·¹˜›§ ÃŸ«šœ¬¼°·®Y¯I® ˜›­è·Ÿ«š¼°·¹ŸCª §«®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­
¡!É?¼ØÈÌ
¼¾­ª#§«®¾­è·®¬µ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµC¥™¼¾ ·²ì1Öâ±?œžÎúŸC˜›§Ø¼¾¬¼¾­ž¼¾¬›È¨µ˜›µ8¼¾­žªµ˜ÎYœž¬¼°·˜®­;Ì ™Á2#%-3C#"&'/=-3
/  €ˆÁ ÄÌiE‹E Å ¥åü Ó Ð(†¨ü Ó òÌ Â Ÿ«§«ŸCÎ'ÇŸ« Ó òò Ó ¡
Ã÷ Æ < (< ¼°­žªj’¡ ø ¡"<0¼%Ȩ¬¼¾­žª ÌV¦¢§©žŸCªžœž¬›˜­žš>¼¾¬š¾®˜¸·¹©žÎϯI®AÎ'œž¬¸·¹˜›ºž®š¾¹¼¾ÎÎú˜›­žš˜­¼
³´¡ 7¡ o˜›œ
©½¼°ªÎö¸ ŸØ¼°¬ ¸ö·˜ÎŸÄŸC­í¢˜›®­ÎúŸC­è·«Ì ¨‹/=Z-7#%+>/  ¼›(/("&#%&'/=-  /=:o/=4€57&-.W©#-—
"Z? Ì7²‹Fw³CE3µë¥-÷ü U ¸ ü Ó ÌÁ’¼¾­èœ½¼¾ÃÈ Ó ò#¾£¡
à ÷ä Æ ’¡ ø ƒ<
¡Ñ¦¡ o˜›œ Ì Ê *#%+,—r™i4 ˆ‹?("9"4@ /
Ì !ÃŸ«­·¹˜›§«Ÿùì´¼¾¬›¬2Ì3IKºžºŸ«K¦¼¾ªªž¬ŸÒÉ^˜›í¾Ÿ««Ìž±›’Ìоáá¾á¡

à ÷ò Æ ÉÒ¡ 0œ§¿â< ¼¾­žª  ¡!ÉK¼ØÈ¾Ì  ­ ͸


®ǞµÃŸ«Ãí¾Ÿ« Uǽ¼¾µÃŸ«ªô§C®ÎúºŸ«­µ¹¼°·® ¯I®Íªž˜µ ·¹˜›Çžœ·Ÿ«ª ªžŸ«¬¼%ȨµCÌ
Ì ²‹´
€9/=4x#%&'*# 7 ¥¤òá¾£ ¸ òá¾äÌ Ó ò¾òá¡

Ã-¾á Æ '¡•·Í¡ <oœžŸC­èÇÀŸCšŸC«Ì> -&/C)%"&'/=-°Œ/0„W?=-7#%4'ˆ‹?y"Œ"4@C˜È™ /="?(!°/C)"+•#%-7)¼57—

Ì ’¾®©ž­»ø
57+,'*#%&'/=-3 ‹ ˜¬›ŸCÈ á ¦¢®­µ«Ì±KŸ ¶Æ®8®Ã¿Ì Ó ò ¾ò¡ #
Ã- Ó Æ Á6©žŸ ­
Êû¼°·¹©¢ø*®Ã¿èµ«Ì U­§¾¡¸ÌzÍaÎÁÏ ÐGÎwÑ ¼5B57+,'*#%&'/=- ~ /*.%2#%4  -9"  # âÒ&) Ì;±K¼°·¹˜›§¿Ì
Ê  á Ó ¾üá̋’¼°­¨œž¼¾ÃÈ Ó òòä¡3|!ŸCµÃ˜®­>¢¡

Ã-Ð Æ Ê>˜›§«Ã®µ®¾¯·V³=®¾º®¹¼°·˜®­;Ì ±Á„€ ¹ &AC2#%"? Øz"Á#%+¤‹&Á)%'/ˆÚ%D&­ Ì+É^Ÿ«ªžÎ®­žª;Ìëø  Ì%òä¾áТ¡

Ã-¾£ Æ '¡8Ê>˜›¬¬›µ«ÌU­·¹Ÿ«Ã­žŸC·ú·¹˜›ÎúŸÆµ Ȩ­ž§©ž®¾­ž˜ %«¼°·¹˜›®­ ¥ Á6©žŸû±?ŸC·U¶Ä®¿ Á6˜›ÎúŸ 7®¾·®¢§C®¬2Ìo‚ƒ


™3*#%-3C#"&'/=-3@/=-ão/=44-'*#%&'/=-3 Ì Å Œ
¥ Ó ÷äÐ(† Ó ÷ò£Ì § ·¹®ÇŸ« Ó ò¾ò Ó ¡
Ó ¾á

Ã-°÷ Æ · ¡¤±4¡0±´¼¾˜›Ò¼¾­žª ! ü¸
É4¡•’¡ ²í°¼¾­žµ«Ì™³=®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­ U¬˜›Îú˜S·¹ŸCª>µ ·¼¾Ç˜¬˜ ؼ°·˜®­>®¾¯Å¬›˜­žŸ«¼¾Âµ È¢µ &% ͸
·Ÿ«Îµ«Ì˜›­~ /(*)%-.=É/   ƒƒ o/=-  ""->°/=-߄_""'/=-Æ#%-7)ßo/=-&/=+ ̺žº ¡
Ó á¾á(† Ó á Ó á̽¦èÈ¢ª­žŸCÈ¾Ì  
œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ«Kоáá¾á¡

Ã- Æ ¸Ç
¦À¡ ¡M±?˜§«œ¬Ÿ«µÃ§«œ Ì  ¡-ÁA¡™±?ŸC·®žÌԒ¡ Ê¡ ˜›®­ ÌV¼¾­žª ¸ (
1<!¡"œžš¼¾ª Ì"ŸC¬¼ØÈ#¸UªžŸCºÀŸC­žªžŸ«­·YµÃ·¼ÿ¸
Ǟ˜›¬˜¸·UÈ ®¾¯o¬›˜­žŸ«¼¾7µÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµ=¶^˜›·©#ªžŸC¬¼ØÈŸCª µÃ·¹¼°·¹Ÿ°¥  ­ M
< ʄ² ¼¾ºžºžÃ®¼¾§© Ì¢˜­”~ /(*)%-.=ˆ/ 
 ƒ‚ o/=-  ""->‘/=-j„_""'/=-v#%-7)“o/=-1/=+ ̙ºº ¡ Ó ÷ò(† Ó ÷òüÌV±KŸ ¶ Œ Ã¬Ÿ«¼¾­žµ«Ì
A
<  Ì Â  ŸC§«ŸCÎ'ÇÀŸC Ó òò¢¡
Ã-¾ü Æ ¸Ç
¦À¡ ¡ž±K˜§Cœž¬ŸCµ§Cœ Ì ¡Ò-š€"'#BAC+,&? #%-7)_"$#BAC+,8Ë(#%&'/=-°/  +,->*#%Õ"?y"Œ"4@ˆ!Š)"+8#%?B*)

"'#%9 º  º<
Ì !©;¡ '¡°ªž˜µÃµŸ« ·¼°·˜®­;Ì 0¼¾Ç®¹¼°·®˜ÃŸ!ª 8‚  ö
œ·¹®¾Î#¼°·˜ 蜞ŸÄªžŸ A
· Ÿ«­®Ǟ¬Ÿ°Ì † ±«o· Ì Ó òòü¡

Ã-º Æ ¸Ç B  B< Ú


¦À¡ ¡^±?˜§Cœž¬ŸCµ§«œ;Ì 6¡ ¡|!Ÿ«Ã˜›Ÿ«µÃ·«Ì 7¡ œžš¼°ª ÌA¼°­žª¸’¡ Ê¡ ˜®­ Ì´¦¨·¹¼¾Çž˜¬›˜›·UÈ ¸ ¹ ¼¾­žªâ® ϸ

ǞœµÃ·?µÃ·¹¼¾Çž˜¬›˜›·UÈ®¾¯0·¹˜›ÎúŸ UªžŸC¬¼ØȵÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµ«¥  šœž˜›ªžŸ«ªÆ·®œž«Ì˜­ ‹'#BAC+,1?#%-7)±o/=-&/=+w/ 

™i4 "—'„_"+8#%?ȋ?("Œ"4@ < =


ç oŸ«§C·œžŸ±?®¾·¹ŸCµ4˜›­³=®­·¹Ã®¬ U­¯I®ÃÎ#¼°·˜®­9¦¢§«˜›Ÿ«­ž§CŸ«µ ê ̲7² 9 ¥Ó †

Ó¸
Ó Ì¦¢ºžÃ˜­žšŸC '|!Ÿ«¬¼¾šžÌìKŸ«˜›ªžŸ«¬›ÇÀŸCšžÌ·ÒŸCÎú¼¾­ÈÌ Ó ò¾ò ¢¡ #
Ã-¾ä Æ ’¡è±?˜¬µÃµ®­;Ì Ê *#%+,—r™i4 :o/=-1/=+Á‹?("9"4@!„_"+8#%?(  
Ì 7© ¡ '¡ªž˜µÃµŸCÃ·¼+·¹˜®¾­ Ì ÂŸ«º½¼°Ã·  ì¸
Ο«­·!®¾¯  œ¢·¹®Îú¼°·¹˜›§^³=®­·¹Ã®¬2Ì 0œ­žª º< U­žµÃ·˜›·¹œ¢·¹Ÿ6®¾¯ÀÁVŸC§©ž­ž®¬›®š¾È¾Ì <0œ­žª Ì¢¦¨¶ÄŸ«ªžŸC­ Ì Ó òòä¡

Ã-¾ò Æ ŒÂºŸ«­ûŸ í¨˜§«Ÿ«±KŸ ·‚|!ŸC­žªž®  µÃµ®¨§«˜¼°·¹˜›®­ Ì „_"¯(':"w¤5" ÓÒ*#%&'/=- 


Ì =®¨§Ø¼4ÉK¼+·¹®­ Ìè— !Ì <
Ó ò¾ò#¢¡3|!ŸCµ˜›®­>Т¡åá¡

à üá Æ ’¡ ø "Œ


¡ ´íŸ«ÃµÃ·Ÿ«Ÿ ·ù¼¾­žª  Ú%
¡ Á CŸ«µCÌ  Ó¸
­˜›­·¹Ÿ«Ã­žŸC· Uǽ¼°µŸ«ª ¸
ÃŸØ¼¾¬ ö·¹˜›ÎúŸù§«®­·®¬²ŸC­žš˜›­žŸ«ŸC˜­š
¬¼¾ÇÀ®¾¹¼°·®ÃȾ́ƒƒ ¤5"1Z4 Œ
̞ºžº ¡ Ó òy†¢£¾÷žÌ A§ ·¹®ÇŸ« Ó òòò¡

à ü Ó Æ ÉҡѦ¡ÉK¼yäØE̽¦¢Îú¼¾ ·^­žŸC·U¶Ä®¿èµ?¯I®6§«®­·®¬E̋ƒƒ ¤5"1Z4 ̞ºžº ¡½÷ò(†¢ÌÁ’¾œž­žŸ Ó òò¾÷ž¡

à üÐ Æ M¡;É?¼¾Îú¼¾§©½¼¾­žª¹¼¾­ ̶· 


¡ 6¡Á®8®œž­šžÌ;¼°­žª ˜6¡  å
¡;Ê>˜µ¼%¶=¼Ì U­·¹Ÿ«Ãµ¹¼¾Îºž¬›Ÿù®œ¢·¹ºžœ·´Ÿ«µ ·¹˜Îú¼ ¸
·˜®­Í¶^˜›·©úÎ'œ¬›·¹˜›¹¼°·Ÿ6µ¹¼¾Îºž¬›˜­žšžÌ˜›­ ~ /(*)%-.=ˆ/   ‚ƒã -Œ""-7#%&'/=-7#%+io/=-  "Z—

"->_/=-ão/=-&/=+‹¼5B57+,'*#%1'/=-3 º 
̞ºº ¡ ¾üy†¢¾ä Ó Ì ÂŸØ¼¾ÃÇÀ®Ã­ ̦¢ŸCº·¹ŸCÎ'ÇŸ« Ó òòü¡

à ü£ Æ  +
¡6ÉK¼ØÈ¾Ì MŸ«Ã¯I®¾Îú¼¾­ž§«ŸûŸCí°¼¾¬œž¼°·¹˜›®­ ®¾¯4Ο«ªž˜›œžÎ ¼¾§«§CŸ«µµ»§C®­·¹®¾¬Âºž®°·¹®¨§«®¬›µú¯I®Æª˜µ Ó¸
·˜Çœ·¹ŸCªªž˜š¾˜›·¼°¬7¼Øí¢˜›®­ž˜›§«µ«Ì ™Á2#%-3C#"&'/=-3‘/  _ˆÁ ÄÌÒEGF7 #
¥¤£ °áy†¢£ #º¨Ì ŸC§«Ÿ«ÎYÇÀŸC
Ó ò¾ä ¢¡ #
Ó Ó

à ü¾÷ Æ  ¡°É?¼ØÈÒ¼¾­žªˆ® ÿ
¡ëìK¼¾¬Ÿ í¨˜2Ì U­·¹Ÿ«š¾¹¼°·Ÿ«ªY§C®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­Ò¼¾­ªù§C®­·¹®¾¬¨µ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎúµC¥ V¼¾Ã·  "ì1Ö
ŸCµ˜š¾­*§«®¾­žµ˜›ªžŸ«¼°·¹˜›®­žµ«ÌV˜­ ˆÁ  ¨/="-7#%+Ò/  „W?=-7#%4'x‹?y"Œ"4@՝°*#=""4 "-

#%-7)šo/=-&/=+ ÌzE‹EFo¥å£#°÷=†¨£ä Ó Ì Â  Ÿ«§«ŸCÎ'ÇŸ« Ó òä䢡


à ü Æ  ²Œ
¡²É?¼%È¾Ì Aœ¢·¹ºžœ·Y¯IŸ«Ÿ«ªǽ¼¾§¿§C®­·¹®¾¬=œž­žªŸ« ¹¼°­žªž®Î¬›È9í°¼¾ È¢˜›­žš9ªž˜›µÃ·¹Ã˜Ǟœ¢·¹Ÿ«ª*ªžŸ«¬¼%ȨµCÌ
  6å¨/="-7#%+w/  âÒ&)B#%-> Ì E ½
o/=-1/=+•o#%-7)0„ˆ?K-7#%4' > ¥ ¾á Ó Î
† ÓÓ ÌÁ’¾œž¬›È¤†  œžšœžµ ·
Ó ò¾ò¾÷ž¡

à üü Æ  <
¡²É?¼%È¾Ì 7¡-ø (<
¡ o˜®œ ̲¼¾­žªã’¡åìù¡²¦¢©žŸ«­;Ì=¦è·¼°·Ÿ#Ÿ«µ ·¹˜›Î#¼°·˜®­ œžµ˜›­žš:¼¾­žªž®Î¬›È ªŸ«¬¼ØȾŸ«ª
Οؼ¾µÃœžŸCÎúŸC­·¹µ«Ì ›Á  ¨/=Z-7#%+Ò/  „W?K-7#%4'0‹?("Œ"4@€°*#=""4 "-:#%-7)“o/=-—

Ì E7E
&/=+ i ü5 ¥Ó y
ò †оü¢ÌÊû¼¾Ã§© Ó ò¾ò£¡

à ü# Æ ì4¡žÉ^Ÿ«©èǞ˜­ªžŸ«6¼°­žª»Ê ¡ž¦¼¾­¯IÃ˜ªžµÃ®­ ̦¢§©žŸ«ªœž¬˜›­žš ®¾¯0¼Y¬›˜Î˜›·Ÿ«ª§«®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­§©½¼¾­ ü¸


­žŸC¬½¯I®!®º·¹˜›Î#¼°¬ž§«®­·®¬Ę˜›­ ~ /(*)%-.=›/   ‚ƒ o/=-  ""->›/=-Ȅ_""'/=-”#%-7)

o/=-&/=+ ̞ºžº ¡ Ó á ÓÓ † Ó á Ó ü̽¦èÈ¢ª­žŸCÈ¾Ì  


œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ«Kоáá¾á¡

à üä Æ <7¡K¦¢©½¼ÌÒÉÒ¡^É?¼yäÿ蜞Î#¼°«ÌA¼¾­ª’¡‘<oŸ«©ž®¨§%C¿èÈ¾Ì !Ã˜®Ã˜›·UÈ ˜­ž©žŸC˜¸·¼¾­ž§CŸ ºž®¾·®¢§C®¬µC¥  ­


¼¾ººž®¼°§© ·¹® Ÿ«¼¾¬ 2¸ ·¹˜›ÎúŸ µÃȨ­ž§©®­ž˜&Ø
% ¼°·˜®­;Ì°ƒƒ ™32#%-3C#"1'/=-3¸/=-Po/=4€57Œ" Ì
Å i³*F>µë¥ ÓÓ ÿ¸ ÓÓ ä¨Ìž¦¢ŸCº·¹ŸCÎ'ÇŸ« Ó òòᢡ

à üò Æ <7¡ë¦¢©ž¼Ì=æY¡ù<o˜œ Ì+Ê¡+³Å¼¾§«§«¼¾Îú®Ì°¼°­žªª·Í¡ Ĝ··¹¼ ù †%%C®žÌόA­¬˜­Ÿ²§«®­·®¬®º¢·¹˜Î˜ %«¼°·¹˜›®­?œžµ˜›­žš


¬›®¼¾ªªž˜¸íŸ«­úµ§©žŸCªžœž¬›˜­žšžÌ¨˜­‘~ /(*)%-.=:/   ƒƒ o/=-  ""->ˆ/=-Ȅ_""'/=-”#%-7)

o/=-&/=+ ̞ºžº ¡½÷ä ºº(†¨÷ä¾äТ̽¦èÈ¢ª­žŸCÈ¾Ì  


œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ«Kоáá¾á¡

þá Æ '¡Ô¦¢ç ˜›¬èä¼¾¿Ì¦¢¼¾Îúº¬Ÿ«ªü¸Uª½¼°·¹¼'§«®­·®¬oµ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµ?¶^˜›·¹©»·¹¼¾­žµÃºÀ® ·?¬¼¾š ς


ÇÈ>Ê>˜¸·¹®%í¨˜"§ } åµ?¼¾¬›šŸ ¸
Ǟ¼¾˜§úÎúŸ ·¹©ž®¨ª ̃ƒ‚ ™Á2#%-3C#"1'/=-3‘/=-ɍ¼5B57+,'*#%1'/=-3‘#%-7)  -7)%B"1Z? â5
Ì ½ ¥¤Ð°÷ (†¢ÐТÌ

±?®ëí¾Ÿ«Î'ÇŸ« Ó òü Ó ¡

Ã Ó Æ ’¡ '¡¦¢ºž¼¾š˜­µ«Ì‹’¡ <7¡ì´¼¾ÎÎú®¾­žª ̞¼°­žª  


¡ V¼Ø¶^¬˜¿°®%¶^µ¿è˜2Ì ™7"+/=44-'*#%&'/=-3C˜ ~ /=—

Œ/(/=+•@#%-7)0„_"8.%-3 ÌÉ?Ÿ«¼¾ªž˜­šžÌÊ  ¥  ü¸
ªžªž˜›µ®­ öø Ÿ«µ¬›ŸCÈ¾Ì Ó òò Ó ¡

ÃÐ Æ ³´¡ ¦¢ºžœžÃšŸ«®­;Ìw "Z->"'˜”™ W„_Ӄ-&¯%ÈâÒ&) -Œ°‚åÉ?ŸC˜¬›¬›È


Ì á  8
µµ®¨§«˜¼°·¹ŸCµ«Ì U­§¾¡¸Ìo¦¢Ÿ ;¸
ǽ¼°µÃ·¹®¾ºÀ®¬E̳  Ìаááá¡

þ£ Æ · ¡¦è·¹¹¼°­žšžÌ¹ ->*#%ƒ€+Ÿ.CAC2#:#%-7)W‚¼5B57+,'*#%&'/=-3 ‹


Ìì´¼°§«®¾œžÃ· =¹¼¾§CŸ ¾
’ ®%í°¼¾­ž®%í¨˜§© Ì覢¼¾­

˜›Ÿ«š®žÌž³  Ì Ó òä¾ä¡Á6©ž˜›ª „7ªž˜›·˜®­ ¡


Ó Ð

ð÷ Æ  ¡Ñ¦À¡ÁV¼¾­žŸC­¨Çž¼¾œžÎ Ì o/=4€57Œ"›ª"&¼/=p( 


Ì !ÃŸ«­·¹˜›§«Ÿùì´¼¾¬›¬2Ì3IKºžºŸ«´¦¼¾ªžª¬Ÿ4É?˜¸íŸC«Ì±›’Ì
Ó ò¾òü¡žÁ6©ž˜›ª 7ªž˜›·˜®­;¡
Ã Æ Ê ¡ÁV¼¾­žš¾Ÿ«Îú¼¾­ž­ú¼¾­žª  Î
¡¦¼¾œžŸC«Ì VŸ« ¯I®Îú¼¾­ž§CŸ?¼¾­½¼¾¬¸È¢µÃ˜µ7®¾¯·¹©Ÿ^·˜ÎŸ«ª ·¹®¾¿¾Ÿ«­ºžÃ®¾·¹®¨§«®¬
‹Bç4¼¾­žª —‹BçÀ¸  Ìԁƒƒ
®¾¯´— ¨‹/=Z-7#%+6/=-a "+"Œ*)±€*#=È-o/=44-'*#%&'/=-3 Ì
i³²¶µë¥¤Ðº Ó †¢Ðº¾äÌ—ŸCǞœž¼¾ÃÈ Ó òò Ó ¡

þü Æ ¦À¡½ÁV¼°·˜¿¾®¾­žª½¼Ì  ¡¦¼¾©ž¼¾˜2̼¾­žªû¦À¡Ê>˜¸··¹ŸC«Ì³=®¾­è·®¬o®°¯ <wàW·ðµ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµ^œž­žªŸ«^§«®ÎÎ'œÎ¸


­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­ §«®­µÃ·¹¼¾˜­·µ«Ì7˜­ã~ /(*)%-.= /   ƒƒ o/=-  ""->‘/=-“„_""'/=-À#%-7)

o/=-&/=+ ̞ºžº ¡ ÓÓ ü(† ÓÓ ¾áÌÁV¼¾Îº½¼Ì ŸC§«ŸCÎ'ÇÀŸC Ó òòä¡


ú Æ: ¡6ÁMŸ«§©½¼¾¿è˜¸··¹˜›®=äCÌ ‹$#BAC+,&?k/  ¶#%4€57+*)%—'„ª#%'#ɋ?y"Œ"4@  ->"+,3)%-.êéÒÁ#%-&8Ë(#%1'/=- Ì
7© ¡ '
 ¡ëªž˜µÃµŸ« ·¼°·˜®­;̆ŸCº½¼¾Ã·ÎúŸC­·V®°¯¦¨È¨µÃ·Ÿ«Îµ«Ì³=®­·¹®¾¬¢¼°­žª U­žªœžµÃ·˜¼°¬Î7­žš¾˜­žŸCŸ«˜›­žšžÌ
³Å¼¾µÃŸ4ø Ÿ«µ ·¹ŸC­:É^Ÿ«µÃŸ« ퟪIK­ž˜¸íŸ«Ãµ˜¸·UÈÌÀÊû¼ØÈ Ó òò¾ä¡

þä Æ Ê ¡ƒ|˜›ªÈ¼°µ¹¼¾š¼°«Ì :/=-+,->*#%‘‹?y"Œ"4Ž€-7#%+,?y" Ú Ò


Ì 7ÃŸ«­·¹˜›§«Ÿ:ìK¼¾¬¬EÌ 7­žš¬›ŸC¶Ä®¢®¨ªô³=¬›˜ Àµ«Ì &
±€’Ì Ó òò£¡½¦¢Ÿ«§C®­žª „!ª˜›·¹˜›®­ ¡

þò Æ · ¡Ñ³´¡7ø*¼¾¬µÃ© ÌÄìù¡®8Ÿ¾Ì=¼¾­žª ¶<7¡=œžµ©­žŸ«¬›¬2Ì6¦è·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜¸·Uȼ¾­ž¼¾¬›È¨µ˜›µ ®¾¯Â­ŸC·U¶Ä®¿°Ÿ«ªô§«®¾­è·®¬


µ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµCÌŘ­k~ /(*)%-.=Š/  €4 "Z'*#%-¸o/=-&/=+›o/=-  ""-> º
Ì!ºžº ¡8Ð¾ä ¾üy†оä¾äáÌ
¦¼°­ ˜›Ÿ«š®žÌÁ’¾œž­žŸ Ó òò¾ò¡

à äá Æ · /Œ 
¡Ñ³´¡¢ø¼¾¬›µ© Ì '¡ =Ÿ«¬›ªž˜Îú¼¾­ Ì¢¼¾­žª <7¡Äœžµ©ž­Ÿ«¬¬EÌ  µÃȨÎúº¢·¹®¾·˜§ÂÇŸ«©½¼Øí¨˜®¾Å®¾¯M­žŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿¾Ÿ«ª
§C®­·¹®¾¬Mµ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎúµCÌÀ˜›­m~ /(*)%-.=_/   ƒƒÇ -9"Z-7#%&'/=-7#%+ƒo/=-  ""->_/=-ão/=-—

&/=+7Ò5B57+,'*#%&'/=-3 ̞ºžº ¡ Ó ÷÷äy† Ó ÷è¾£Ì  Ó¸Ç


®©½¼¾¬¼Í³=®¼¾µÃ· UµÃ¬¼¾­žª»®¾¯™ì´¼Ø¶=¼¾˜˜EÌ  œžšœžµ · Ó òòò¡

à ä Ó Æ ´¡7ø ˜¸··¹ŸC­žÎú¼¾¿Ì’¡8±?˜¬µÃµ®­;Ì=¼¾­ªôÊ ¡!Á:®


– Ã­žšŸC­ ÌÅÁ6˜›Îú˜›­žš ºž®Ç¬Ÿ«ÎµÍ˜­ ¸
Ÿ«¼¾¬ 2·¹˜ÎŸ
§C®­·¹®¾¬;µÃȨµ ·¹Ÿ«Îµ«Ì½˜›­Š~ /(*)%-.=@/  6€4 "Z'*#%-¿o/=-1/=+o/=-  ""-> ̨ºžº ¡žÐ¾ááá(†
оá¾á¾÷žÌ¦¢Ÿ«¼°··¬Ÿ°Ì‹’¾œž­žŸ Ó òò¨¡

à äÐ Æ ø ¡¤¦À¡èø*®­š ¼¾­žª#É4¡ ø 


¡ ĝ®¨§¿¾ŸC·Ã·Ø̞¦¨È¨µÃ·¹ŸCÎúµÄ¶^˜›·¹© :½­ž˜¸·¹Ÿ´§C®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­Íǽ¼¾­ª¶^˜ª·©
§C®­žµÃ·¹¼¾˜›­·¹µ€† V¼¾Ã· ¥M¦¨·¹¼°·¹Ÿ ŸCµÃ·˜Îú¼°·¹˜›®­9ºž®¾Çž¬ŸCÎúµCÌwƒƒ ™32#%-3C#"1'/=-3/=-m€Œ/=—

4x#%&'o/=-1/=+ Ì Ä ²i³¶µë¥ Ó Ð¾ò¾÷y† Ó Ð¾òò¢Ìž¦¢ŸCº·¹ŸCÎ'ÇŸ« Ó òò ¨¡ #


à ä£ Æ ø ¡¤¦À¡èø*®­š ¼¾­žª#É4¡ ø 
¡ ĝ®¨§¿¾ŸC·Ã·Ø̞¦¨È¨µÃ·¹ŸCÎúµÄ¶^˜›·¹© :½­ž˜¸·¹Ÿ´§C®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­Íǽ¼¾­ª¶^˜ª·©
§C®­žµÃ·¹¼¾˜›­·¹µ0† Ž™¼¾ · ì¥Å¦è·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜&%ؼ°·˜®­*¶^˜¸·¹© ¬˜Î˜›·Ÿ«ª ˜›­¯I®Îú¼°·˜®­¯IŸCŸ«ªžÇ½¼°§¿ÌՁ‚ƒ
™3*#%-3C#"&'/=-3@/=-”€Œ/=4x#%1'o/=-&/=+ Ì Ä‹Ä 5
³ >µ%¥ Ó á°÷òy† Ó á¾£ÌÊû¼ØÈ Ó òòò¢¡
Ó ¾£

à ä¾÷ Æ ’¡  !
¡>®8®¢®¿Ì '¡¤Ê ¡oÁ6˜¬›Çžœž ÈÌ0¼¾­žª±4¡¤ÉÒ¡0¦¢®ºž¼¾¿+¼¾CÌMÁM¹¼°ªž˜­žš ü¸
§C®Îºžœ·¼+·¹˜®¾­:¯I®Aǽ¼¾­žª
¶^˜›ª·¹© ¥ÅÉ?ŸCªžœž§«˜›­žš#§C®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­ ˜›­ûªž˜›µÃ·¹Ã˜Ǟœ¢·¹Ÿ«ª §«®¾­è·®¬MµÃȨµ ·¹Ÿ«Îµ´œµ˜­š#µÃ·¹¼°·¹ŸùŸ«µÍ¸
·˜Îú¼°·¹®Ãµ«ÌÁƒƒ ™32#%-3C#"1'/=-3ª/=-“o/=-1/=+ ‹?("9"4ë™7->/=+/*.%? ¡¦¢œžÇÎú˜¸··¹ŸCª ¡

à ä Æ ’¡¤¦;©½¼¾­žšžÌ³´¡¤ÉÒ¡  V¡°Á6µ˜›®¾·¹¼¾µ«Ìè¦è·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜¸·UÈA®¾¯·¹˜›ÎúŸ;¸UªžŸC¬¼ØÈAµÃȨµ ·¹Ÿ«Îµ«¥‹ö蜞˜¸í#¸


­ž®ºµŸ¾Ì¼¾­žª
¼¾¬›Ÿ«­ž§CŸ´ÇŸC·U¶ÄŸ«ŸC­„< ȼ¾ºžœž­ž®%í#¼¾­žªÆµÃ§Ø¼¾¬›Ÿ«ªÆµÃÎ#¼°¬¬ ö¸ š¼¾˜›­'§«®­ªž˜›·˜®­žµCÌÁƒ‚ ™Á2#%-3C#"&'/=-3
/=-”€9/=4x#%&'o/=-&/=+ Ì Ä ´i³ Å µë¥-÷äÐr†¨÷äüÌÊû¼¾Ã§©9оá¾á Ó ¡

à äü Æ ø ¡Ò¦;©½¼¾­žšžÌ6Ê Ò
¡Ñ¦¡ =¼¾­ž˜§¿ȾÌK¼°­žª ¦À¡¤Ê Ò
¡ 7©ž˜›¬¬›˜ºžµCÌŦ¨·¹¼¾Çž˜›¬˜›·UÈ ®°¯A­žŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿¾Ÿ«ªâ§«®¾­è·®¬
µ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµCÌ>ƒ‚ o/=-&/=+ Ì ²zE¶³<EÁµ%¥¤ä¾÷y†¢òòÌ—ŸCǞœž¼¾ÃÈ
‹?y"Œ"4@›©#(.B#(ËC-> ‹ аáá Ó ¡
ì ÝìÜBÞÓÝÍà²íâóۃíBäÒß

 Ò
¬ÇŸ«Ã·®µ«Ì V¡8H³=ÃŸ«µº®žÌ  
Å¼°¬ǽ¼¾µ ·¹ÃŸ¾ÌÚM¡°ˆÉVÁ §«®­ü¸
¡8HKÉ?˜›ºÀ®¬›¬2Ì ¡8HÕ|8¼¾¬›¬"Ÿ«} µCÌ6Ê ¡8H¼°­žª
·®¬µ§©žŸCªžœž¬›˜­žš'·®'ŸCªžœž§«ŸA§C®­·¹Ã®¬;ºŸ« ¯I®Îú¼¾­ž§CŸ´ªžŸCš¹¼¾ª˜­žšžÌ'
Š ˜›­Š~ /(*)%-.=:/  
‚ƒ o/=-  ""->0/=-©„_""'/=-j#%-7)mo/=-&/=+ ÌÀºžº ¡À÷ääòy†è÷äò¾÷žÌ;¦¨È¨ªž­žŸ ÈÌ  œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì

 ŸC§«Ÿ«ÎYÇÀŸC´Ð°ááá¡
Â

 ­žªžŸ«Ãµ®­;Ì '¡‡ ç 3‰ Š‹?y"Œ"4S€Œ"1 Ì  θ


ªžªž˜µÃ®­ 2ø*ŸCµ¬Ÿ ÈÌKÉ?Ÿ«¼¾ªž˜›­žšžÌ?Ê  Ì
Ó ò¾òä¡

   7% ŸC} ­ Ì  ¡HÀ³=Ÿ« í¨˜­ Ì  ¡8Hå7¿¾Ÿ«CÌ ’¡âˆ  ­ ˜­·¹Ã®¢ªžœ§C·¹˜›®­ ·¹®§«®­·®¬M¼¾­žª µ§©Ÿ«ªžœž¬›˜­žš§«® ¸


ªžŸCµ˜›š­ Ì û˜­j~ Š /(*)%-.= /   ƒƒ o/=-  ""-> /=-Ʉ_""'/=-j#%-7)Éo/=-1/=+ Ì0ºžº ¡
º
÷ä¾ü(†¨÷ä ¾á̦¨È¨ªž­žŸCÈ¾Ì  
œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ«Kоáá¾á¡

 µÃ·¹r®
– Î  ¡•’¡Hoø ˜›·Ã·¹ŸC­žÎ#¼°¿Ì ´¡ ! o/=4€579"Z—Zo/=-&/=++*) ‹?("9"4@C˜©™ /="?”#%-7)‘„_"—

"8.%- 
Ì 7ÃŸ«­·¹˜›§«Ÿ4ì´¼¾¬›¬2Ì3IKºžºŸ«K¦¼¾ªªž¬ŸÒÉ^˜›í¾Ÿ««Ì±€’Ì Ó òò ¨¡²Á6©ž˜Ãª # 7ªž˜¸·¹˜›®­ ¡

Å¼°Ó¸ ±?®%ÈÌ  ¡HÄ©½¼°·¹˜¼̞ÉÒ¡8H½±´¼¾®¾«Ì‹’¡8H¦¢§©ž˜›Ÿ«ÇŸ««Ì/´¡ˆ¹Ê>˜›­ž˜Î˜ %C˜­žšùµŸCÃí¨˜§CŸù¼°­žª»®ºÀŸC¹¼ ¸


Š ˜­È~ /(*)%-.=›/  €œ%@€--3#%+_š—$  ›
·˜®­ §C®µÃ·µÄ®¾¯ÀºŸ«˜›®¢ª˜§ÅµÃ§©žŸ«ªžœ¬˜­šžÌ 4
‹?=4€5/("4ž/=-”„W(""Œ6€+Ÿ./=Z4@0'w¡o„îœ¤£<¥ ̺žº ¡ ÓÓ †оá¢Ì½¦¼¾­»—½¼¾­ž§«˜›µ§C®žÌ½³  Ì

’¼¾­èœ½¼°ÃÈ Ó ò¾òä¡

Å¼°Ó¸ ±?®%ÈÌ  ¡8H­V¼°··Ó¸ ¦¢©½¼°Îú˜›«Ì ´¡8Hz¦;˜›ºÀŸC«Ì ¡²ˆ =®¼¾ªž§Ø¼°µÃ·Âª˜µ¿èµ?¶^˜›·¹©>ºÀ®¾¬›È¨­ž®Î˜¼¾¬À§«®µ ·


Š ˜­©~ /(*)%-.=@/  _§Bœ% ¨‹/=-€o/=-  ""->_/   ‚ƒ o/=4€579"
¯Iœž­§C·¹˜›®­žµCÌ 
#%-7)xo/=44-'*#%&'/=-x /("'"&'W   ‡ ¡ˆ¡ož«3­B­B­¥ Ì°ºžº ¡èº¾(†¾ä¾÷Ì°ÁMŸ«¬ ¸  í¨˜¸íÀ̆U  µ¹¼°Ÿ«¬2Ì
Êû¼°§©ûоááá¡

Å¼°¹¼¾Ç½¼°­ž®%í  º%
!ˆìU­íŸCµÃ·¹˜›š¼°·˜®­®¾¯·¹©žŸ^µÃ·¹¼¾Çž˜›¬˜›·UÈù®¾¯;§«®­·¹˜›­èœž®œžµÍ¸
¡-ÁA¡H¦¨·¹¼¾® C©ž˜¬›®%íÀÌ%®'¡¤—Ä¡
ªž˜›µ§CŸC·Ÿ´µ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµÅÇÈ < ȼ¾ºœž­ž®%íå‚åµÅµÃŸ«§C®­žª ΟC·¹©®¢ª ÌŠ /=¯('"¨‹/=Z-7#%+i/  €9/=4x#%&'/=-

#%-7)  -  /=Z4x#%1'/=-± "'"-> ÌÁ²zE¶³*´>µ%¥¤£r†¨÷ Ó Ì±K®%íŸCÎ'ÇÀŸC9†Î  ŸC§«ŸCÎ'ÇÀŸC Ó òää¡


=ŸC¬ªž˜›Î#¼°­ ÌŒ'¡H ø*¼¾¬µÃ© ̊·Í¡8H1Äœžµ©ž­Ÿ«¬¬EÌ <!¡6ˆ 7Ÿ«ª˜§C·®µ ¯I® ­ŸC·U¶Ä®¿°Ÿ«ª §«®¾­è·®¬
Š ˜›­j~ /(*)%-.=È/  @€4 "Z'*#%-ko/=-&/=+o/=-
µ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµCÌ :  ""-> Ìoºžº ¡Mо£°÷ (†о£ Ó Ì
³=©ž˜›§Ø¼¾š¾®žÌ‹’¾œž­žŸùоá¾áá¡

Ó °÷
Ó 

=®%Ȩª ̞¦À¡H 7¬ A  ü<


· ©½¼¾®œ˜2Ì 7¡H—ŸC®­;Ì 6¡8H ż¾¬¼¾¿è˜›µ©ž­½¼°­ Ì|Y¡‹¹  / ->*#%m#%&Zº;  ->*»CÁ#%+,&'

-±‹?("Œ"4Þ#%-7)±o/=-1/=+ҙ /=Z? Ì 7©ž˜¬¼¾ªžŸ«¬›ºž©ž˜¼¥7¦Î  Ê Ì Ó òò¾÷¡

=¼¾­ž˜›§¿èȾÌ8Ê êˆ
¡¤¦À¡ ¹³=®­·˜­èœž˜›·UÈ®¾¯ +ŒBB µ®¬›œ·¹˜›®­žµCÌ Š ¼5B57+,'*)±©#%"4x#%1' ¹ "1Œ" Ì
5 µë¥¤º(†¢ü¾áÌ
½ ³ ¶ Ó ò¾ò¾÷ž¡

=¼¾­ž˜›§¿èȾÌ^Ê ¡¤¦À¡Ò¾ ?%ACZ&)¿‹?y"Œ"4@C˜°°/C)"+,-.=W€-7#%+,?("0#%-7)Ào/=-1/=+ Ì6¦¨§¾¡ '¡8ª˜µÓ¸


µÃŸ«Ã·¹¼°·¹˜›®­ Ì= ŸCº½¼¾ ·¹ÎŸ«­·'®¾¯‘7¬›Ÿ«§C·˜›§Ø¼¾¬²7­žš˜­Ÿ«Ÿ«Ã˜­žšû¼¾­žª ³=®Îºžœ·Ÿ«'¦¢§«˜›Ÿ«­ž§CŸ¾ÌÄÊû¼¾µÍ¸
µ¼¾§©èœžµŸ ··¹µ«U ­žµÃ·˜›·œ·¹ŸÒ®¾¯VÁVŸC§©ž­ž®¬›®š¾È¾Ì7’¾œž­žŸ Ó òò¢¡

=¼¾­ž˜›§¿èȾÌVÊ +ˆ
¡Ñ¦¡ ¦¨·¼¾Ç˜¬˜¸·UÈ ®¾¯=©ȨǞÃ˜ªµÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµ«¥Y¦¨·¼°·ŸÍ®¾¯Ä·©žŸ¼¾Ã·«Ì Š ˜­j~ /(*)%-.=

/   ‚ƒ o/=-  ""->É/=-߄@""'/=-¸#%-7)Æo/=-&/=+ ̺žº ¡ Ó Ð°áy† Ó Ð¨ÌA¦¼¾­ ˜ŸCš®žÌ


ŸC§«Ÿ«ÎYÇÀŸC #
Ó òò ¢¡

=¼¾­ž˜›§¿èÈ¾Ì»Ê ¡¤¦À¡ ˆ¹Ê œž¬›·˜ºž¬›Ÿ < ȼ°ºžœž­ž®%í ¯Iœ­ž§C·˜®­žµ¼¾­žª ®¾·©žŸ« ¼¾­ž¼¾¬›È¨µ˜›µ ·®¢®¬›µ¯I®¾
µ ¶^˜›·¹§©Ÿ«ª ¼¾­ª ©È¢Ç˜ª Š
µÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµ«Ì ƒ ™Á2#%-3C#"1'/=-3ß/=-區9/=4x#%&'ðo/=-&/=+ Ì
ĶŠ³ Ä µë¥-÷ (†¨÷äÐ¢Ì  ºžÃ˜¬ Ó ò¾òä¡

=¼¾­ž˜›§¿èȾÌ0Ê ¡¤¦À¡8H-7©ž˜¬›¬˜ºµ«ÌÀ¦À¡¤Ê ¡Hz¦;©½¼¾­žšžÌø ¡Úˆ¹¦è·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜¸·UÈ ®¾¯!­žŸ ·U¶=®Ã¿¾ŸCª§C®­·¹Ã®¬™µ È¢µ ͸


·Ÿ«Îµ«¥ ¢ºž¬˜›§«˜›·6¼¾­½¼¾¬¸È¢µÃ˜µ6®¾¯VªžŸC¬¼ØÈÌŠú˜›­š~ /(*)%-.=ª/  €€4 "Z'*#%-jo/=-&/=+ƒo/=-—

 ""-> ̞ºžº;¡о£Ð(†¢Ð¾£º¢Ì³=©ž˜›§Ø¼¾š®̋’¾œž­žŸYоááᢡ

=Ã®¢§¿°ŸC·Ã·ØÌ ÉÒ¡ ø ҈
¡ ¹¦è·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜ ؼ°·˜®­ &% ®¾¯²Îú®¾·®?­žŸC·U¶Ä®¿èµCÌ »˜­m~ Š /(*)%-.=0/   ‚ƒ

o/=-  ""->È/=-Ʉ_""'/=-j#%-7)jo/=-1/=+ ÌMºžº ¡ Ó ÷ä°÷=† Ó ÷ä¾äÌ0±KŸ ¶ ïŒÂ¬Ÿ«¼¾­žµCÌ ŸC§«Ÿ«ÎYÇÀŸC


Ó ò¾ò¢¡

=œ¢··¼Ï%%«®̛· ¡Ñ³´¡ ¾ #%2)jÊ6*#%+,—r™i4 Éo/=4€571-.j‹?("9"4@C˜ ~ *)%'"'#BAC+± *)%+,-.

€+Ÿ./=Z4@ˆ#%-7)W¼5B57+,'*#%1'/=-3 Ì  ¬œ¶ÄŸ«  ‘
§«¼¾ªžŸ«Î˜§ 7œžÇž¬›˜µÃ©žŸ«Ãµ«Ì¢±K® ¶=ŸC¬¬2Ì¢Ê  #
Ì Ó òò ¢¡

=œ¢··¼Ï%%«®Ì7·Í¡¤³´¡ˆ  ª½¼¾º·˜›íŸÒ¼°·¹ŸÒ§«®¾­è·®¬À·¹©žÃ®œžš© Š
Ÿ«¬¼¾µÃ·˜§ÂµÃ§©žŸ«ªžœ¬˜­šžÌ ˜­š~ /(*)%—

-.=_/   ƒƒ o/=-  ""->_/=-Š„_""'/=-m#%-7)šo/=-&/=+ ̞ºžº ¡½÷ää£y†¨÷äää̞¦¨È¨ªž­žŸCȾÌ


 
œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì Ÿ«§«ŸCÎ'ÇŸ«Kоááᢡ

³=ŸCÃí¨˜­ Ì  ¡8Hº7¿¾ŸC«ÌG’¡ƒˆ—½ŸCŸ«ªžÇ½¼°§¿Aµ§©žŸCªžœž¬˜›­žš´®°¯ž§«®¾­è·®¬·¹¼¾µ¿èµ«ÌŠA˜­~ /(*)%-.=/  


‚ƒ o/=-  ""->0/=-©„_""'/=-j#%-7)mo/=-&/=+ ÌÀºžº ¡À÷ä# Ó †è÷ä#¾üÌ;¦¨È¨ªž­žŸ ÈÌ  œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì

ŸC§«Ÿ«ÎYÇÀŸC´Ð°ááá¡
Ó ¾ü

³=©½¼°­ Ììù¡8H Œ – %Cš œž– ­žŸC«Ì Iù– ¡âˆ³=¬®µÃŸ«ªÎ¸ö¬®¨®º §«®­·®¬o®¾¯™µÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«ÎµK®%í¾Ÿ«K¼§C®ÎúÎYœž­ž˜§«¼°·¹˜›®­žµ


B
­žŸ ·U¶=®¾¿Æ¶^˜›·©ö¨œŸ«œžŸCµ«ÌŠ  -Œ"Z-7#%1'/=-7#%+7¨‹/=Z-7#%+/  o/=-1/=+ ̋´‹²i³ Å µë¥-÷ò£y†¢ Ó áÌ Ó òò¨¡

³=®¬›Ÿ«Îú¼¾­ ÌÅÁA¡8H =¼¾­ž§© ÌKÊB ¡  ¡8Hˆ·A¹¼°§«Ÿ¾Ì  ¡ ¡57&48Ë(#%1'/=-¢™7/(/=+8A"/<;G˜ ‡ /=vÌ (±!

ÍaÎ3ÏzÐBÎÑ0̽±´¼+·¹˜§¿ÌÊ  ¥Êû¼°·©ø*®¾¿èµ«Ì¶’¼¾­èœ½¼¾ È Ó òò¾ò¡Ô|!Ÿ«Ãµ˜®¾­ûШ¡

³=®œ¬®œžÃ˜µCÌz· !
¡H ®¬›¬˜›Îú®ÃŸ¾Ì7’¡8H  ˜­žªžÇŸ«ÃšžÌ;ÁA¡ „W"1Z&AC9*)‘‹?y"Œ"4@C˜‘o/=->Œ570#%-7)

„_"8.%- Ì  ªžª˜µ®¾­ ø Ÿ«µÃ¬ŸCÈ <0®¾­žšÎú¼¾­ /


̽ìK¼¾¬›®ë¶ÒÌ !­š¬¼¾­ª Ì Ó òò¾ü¡8¦¢Ÿ«§C®­žª „7ªž˜›·˜®­ ¡

ŸC¬§©½¼¾ÎºžµCÌ('¡å—=¡‘ˆ¹¦è·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜&%«˜­š ¼>¬›˜­žŸ«¼¾ÂµÃȨµ ·¹Ÿ«Î ¶^˜›·© ö蜽¼°­è·˜ %CŸ«ª*µ ·¼°·Ÿ¯IŸCŸ«ªžÇž¼¾§¿Ì Š


‚ƒ ™Á2#%-3C#"&'/=-3@/=- €Œ/=4x#%1'o/=-&/=+ Ì Å 5w³ 9>µ%¥¤ò Ó üy†¢òа÷Ì  œšœžµÃ· Ó ò¾òá¡

ŸCµ®¨Ÿ««Ì³´¡  ¡8H|´˜ªÈ¼¾µ¹¼¾š¼¾«ÌÊ ¡Á‡ *)BA#p›‹?y"Œ"4@C˜  -%57&—Z¡Ò,57 ~ /5"Z&' Ì  §Ø¼ÿ¸


ªžŸCÎú˜›§ê7  Ÿ«µÃµ«Ì U­ž§°¡›Ì±?ŸC¶Æ®8®Ã¿Ì± ® #
Ì Ó ò ¢¡

œžš¼¾ª 8Ì <!¡8Hi|!Ÿ«Ã˜ŸCµÃ·ØÌ!6¡¡H(7ªžµ«¡ ‹$#BAC+,&?Š#%-7)Éo/=-1/=+ƒ/  ™i4 "—'„_"+8#%? ‹?("9"4@ Ì


<oŸ«§ ·¹œžÃŸ ±K®°·¹Ÿ«µA˜›­9³=®­·®¬(U ­¯I®Îú¼°·˜®­:¦¢§«˜›Ÿ«­ž§CŸ«µ«Ì í¾®¬2¡;Ðоä¢Ì ͸
¦¢º˜­šŸ« $|!Ÿ«Ã¬¼¾šÌ;ì?Ÿ«˜ ¸
ªžŸC¬ÇŸ«ÃšžÌ‹·AŸ«Îú¼¾­ÈÌ Ó òò#¢¡

!¼°·®­Í³=®ÃºÀ®¼°·¹˜›®­ Ì Ê6/=-rÓ.%2#BAC+ƒ€("4xAC+,?0o"++ 1Êҍ_¶¥ Ìëø ˜¬›¬®œžš¾©¨ÇÈ4ì?˜¬¬›µ«Ì Aì †Œ


÷÷áò¾÷ž¡

7˜ªµ®­ Ì!’¡H8³=®¬›Ÿ¾ÌMø çˆ ²·©žŸ«Ã­žŸC·


¡ Ãœž¬ŸCµY§C¬®µÃŸ«ª ö¬®¨®º θ µ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎ>Ì ¿ Š -ԙ7 ÌVºžº;¡™£ò(†¨÷èТÌ
’¾œž­Ÿ Ó òòä¡

º
—½¹¼°­ž¿è¬˜­;Ì=·Í¡å—=¡8H V®%¶ÄŸ«¬›¬2Ì%’¡ '¡8H¾ø  ®¿èÎú¼¾­ Ì°Ê ¡ „W8.%'#%+¶o/=-&/=+Á/  „ˆ?K-7#%4'ƒ‹?("9"4@ Ì
 ªžªž˜µÃ®­ ø*ŸCµ¬›ŸCÈ <o®­žšÎú¼¾­ ÌÉ?Ÿ«¼¾ªž˜›­žšžÌÊ  Ì Ó òò¾÷¡8¦¢Ÿ«§C®­žª „!ª˜›·¹˜›®­ ¡

·Ò¼¾©ž˜›­žŸC·«Ì!V¡8H™±?Ÿ«Î˜®%í¨µ©˜2Ì  ¡8H(<M¼°œžÇ Ì  ¡8H7³=©ž˜›¬¼¾¬›˜2Ì;Ê ¡¹   o/=-1/=+€™7/(/=+8A"/<;G˜ ‡ /=

Ì (:! ÍÀÎÁÏzÐBÎwÑM̽±K¼°·¹˜›§¿ÌÊ  ¥Êû¼°·©ø ®¿èµ«ÌÀÊû¼ØÈ Ó òò¢¡

·A®¬œÇ Ìw·Í¡åìù¡8H|8¼°­ 1<o®¼¾­;̲³´¡å—=¡ ©#%1Zº;ão/=4€57'#%&'/=-3 ÌMÁ6©ŸÈ’¾®©­žµYì?®ºž¿è˜­µªI?­ž˜ ¸


í¾Ÿ«µÃ˜›·UÈ 7ŸCµµC̃=¼¾¬›·˜Î®Ÿ°Ì Ó ò¾òü¡²Á6©ž˜›ª „7ªž˜›·˜®­ ¡

ìK¼¾¬Ÿ í¢˜EÌ7®'¡H0É?¼ØÈÌ  Ú
¡ ˆìU­·¹ŸCš¹¼+·¹Ÿ«ª9§C®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­û¼¾­žª9§«®¾­è·®¬VµÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµ«¥BV¼¾Ã·ç1Ö
 ­½¼¾¬›È¨µÃ˜µ«Ì Š ›Á  ¨/="-7#%+W/  „W?=-7#%4'±‹?("Œ"4@°*#=""4 "-È#%-7)ßo/=-&/=+ Ì
º #¾£¢Ì/Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ«
E‹EGFo¥¤£ü (†¢£ Ó ò¾ää¡
Ó º

ìK¼¾¬Ÿ í¢˜Ê®'¡H´ÉK¼ØÈÌ  ° ¡ ˆìVŸ« ¯I®Îú¼¾­ž§CŸû¼°­½¼¾¬›È¨µÃ˜µ®¾¯A˜­·Ÿ«š¼°·¹ŸCª §«®ÎÎ'œž­˜§Ø¼+·¹˜®¾­ ¼°­žª


§C®­·¹®¾¬Vµ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎ ­žŸ ·U¶=®Ã¿èµ«ÌŠ ›Á  ¨‹/=Z-7#%+ƒ/  „W?=-7#%4':‹?y"Œ"4@o°*#=""4 "-

#%-7)±o/=-&/=+ ÌzE‹E²o¥å£ür†¢£# Ó Ì½¦¢Ÿ«º·Ÿ«Î'ÇŸ« Ó ò¾òá¡

ìK¼¾­žµÃ¯I®¾ª  œ·®Î#¼+·¹˜®¾­ Ì °/C)%+8#%€€("4xAC+,?0‹?y"Œ"4@ ̽É^®¢§©žŸCµÃ·Ÿ««Ì±® Ó ÷üо£¡

ìK¼¾µµÃ˜Ǟ˜EÌ  ¡8H‘=®%Ȩª ˆ  
Ì?¦À¡ V¡8H´ì?®ë¶ÒÌ’¡ M¡ ³=®­·¹®¾¬?®°¯A¼¾µ È¢­§©ž®­®œžµÆªȨ­½¼°Îú˜›§Ø¼¾¬6µ È¢µ ͸
·Ÿ«ÎµÂ¶^˜›·¹©9¼°·¹ŸY§«®­žµ ·¹¼¾˜­·¹µA®¾­Ÿ íŸC­è·µ«ÌŠ:˜­É~ /(*)%-.=x/   ƒƒ o/=-  ""->

„_""'/=-š#%-7)šo/=-1/=+ ̞ºº ¡ Ó £¾÷èr† Ó £ Ó Ì 7  ©ž®¨Ÿ«­ž˜ ÀÌ Ÿ«§«ŸCÎ'ÇŸ« Ó òòò¢¡


ì?®Ã·®­ Ì ¡>× / '.%---.¿Øi"3#%+ƒÒوÙÂÚ Ìžø ® Ó!ÃŸ«µÃµ+< 
·¹ª;¡›Ì ĘÎ˜­š©½¼¾ÎñI  Ì Ó ò¾òä¡

ì?˜µ ·¹œ Ì '¡8H Ê å ®š¼°­žµŸC­ Ì  ²ˆ <o˜Î˜›·Ÿ«ª»§«®ÎÎ'œž­˜§Ø¼+·¹˜®¾­


¡ §C®­·¹Ã®¬2Ì Š ‹?("9"4@Ûño/=-—

&/=+ ¹ "&Œ" Ì Å ½ ³ Ä µë¥ Ó ò£y†¢Ð¾á¢Ì Ó òòò¡

( ¹ˆ &%
ì?˜µ ·¹œ Ì '¡ ¹¦è·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜ ؼ°·˜®­:®°¯ ¢Á ´µÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµù¶^˜›·© Ú< Ú §C®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­9§C®­žµÃ·¹¼¾˜›­·¹µ«Ì :˜›­ Š
~ /(*)%-.=›/  ¼€4 "Z'*#%-mo/=-&/=+io/=-  ""-> ̾ºžº ¡¢Ð¾£¾÷èÐr†о£¾÷ü¢Ìè³=©ž˜§«¼¾š®žÌ’¾œ­žŸ
оá¾áá¡

U®¼°­ž­ž®œž®Ì­M¡  ¡H0¦¨œž­ Ìz’¡ Ê /%ACG"!Õ)B#"57&¯%‘o/=-&/=+ ­


Ì 7ÃŸ«­·¹˜›§«Ÿ ìK¼¾¬¬E̶I?ºžºŸ«A¦¢¼¾ªžªž¬›Ÿ
É^˜›í¾Ÿ««Ìž±›’Ì Ó òò¾ü¡

 ¼¾˜›¬¼°·© Ì¢ÁA¡>¹ ->*#%ˆ‹?("9"4@  ¸  &


Ì 7ÃŸ«­·¹˜›§«Ÿ Uì´¼¾¬›¬2Ì !­š¬Ÿ ¶=®¨®¢ª>³=¬›˜ Àµ«Ì½±€’Ì Ó òäá¡

 Ã·®¬˜›§Ø¼Ì¢ÉÒ¡H Œ – %Cš
ç œž – ¡8H³=©½¼¾­;Ììù¡8H‹·®¾
– ­žŸ«CÌ Iù – ¿è·¹¼¾µ«Ìžìù¡8Hžø <
˜­ž¿°Ÿ«¬Îú¼¾­ ÌÁ’¡H o˜›œžÇ½¼¾¿è¿+¼ÌÊ ¡
ˆ¹¦è·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜¸·UÈÆ®¾¯™¬˜­ŸØ¼¾6¯IŸ«ŸCªžÇ½¼¾§¿»µ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµ´¶^˜¸·¹© ¹¼¾­ªž®Î §«®¾ÎúÎ'œ­ž˜§«¼°·¹˜›®­»ªžŸ«¬¼%ȨµCÌ Š  -—

Œ"Z-7#%1'/=-7#%+>¨/=Z-7#%+/  o/=-1/=+ Ì ‹ 5 i³ Ä µë¥åòÐ(†¢ò¾£Ì Ó òò¾÷ž¡


<0¼Ø¶^ŸC­/%¾Ìø ¡ i€ߋ?y"Œ"4  -.%->"Z-.B˜ ‡ /=4ï™ /=Z?ˆŒ/ ~ 2#"&'*#%+G¼5B57+,'*#%1'/=-3 Ì
¦¢º˜­šŸ«Í$¸ |!Ÿ«Ã¬¼¾š̞±KŸ ¶ß®8®Ã¿Ì #
Ó òò ¢¡

<oŸ«©®¢§¦%«¿ÈÌW’¡8Hù¦¢©½¼Ì«<7¡H ˜›­žšžÌÒ® ¡ ˆ Á6©žŸ9¹¼°·Ÿ9Îú®¾­ž®¾·¹®¾­ž˜§>µ§©žŸCªžœž¬˜›­žš ¼¾¬š¾®˜¸·¹©žÎ ¥


 ¼¾§C·?§©½¼°¹¼¾§ ·¹Ÿ«Ã˜ «% ¼°·¹˜›®­»¼¾­žª>¼Øퟫ¼¾šŸÒ§Ø¼°µŸÒÇÀŸC©½¼Øí¨˜®CÌ ŠÍ˜­±~ /(*)%-.=@/   ‚ƒ
Ê *#%+,—r™i4 ›‹?("Œ"4@W‹?K4€5/("4 ̞ºžº ¡ Ó üüy† Ó Ó Ì/Â
 ŸC§«Ÿ«ÎYÇÀŸC Ó òäò¡
<o˜¼°­ <
ÌA—=¡ 7¡H'Ê>®%È¢­Ÿ¾Ì@’¡¤ÉÒ¡HYÁ6˜¬ÇœžÃÈ¾Ì '¡ÑÊ¡ B ˆìVŸ« ¯I®Îú¼¾­ž§CŸ ŸCí°¼¾¬œž¼°·¹˜›®­ ®¾¯ §«®¾­è·®¬
­žŸ ·U¶=®¾¿èµ«¥ ²·¹©žŸC­žŸ ² ·Ø̳=®­·®¬±KŸC·«Ìž¼¾­ªŸCí¨˜§CŸØ±KŸ ·ØÌŠxƒƒ o/=-&/=+7‹?y"Œ"4@€©#(.%—

Ì ²zE7³CE3µë¥åüüy†¢ä¾£̞—½Ÿ«Çœ½¼¾
#(ËC-> ‹ Ȼоá¾á Ó ¡
Ó ¾ä

<o˜­§«®¬›­ üÌ ´¡H =Ÿ«Ã­ž©½¼¾ÃªžµµÃ®­ ̐K¡‹ˆ ÔU§«˜›Ÿ«­·Åºœž­ž˜›­žšY®°¯0µŸØ¼°§©Æ·¹ÃŸ«ŸCµ=˜­ <wàÒÉ §«®¾­è·®¬


®¾¯ÀµÃ¶^˜¸·¹§©žŸCª#¬›˜­žŸ«¼¾²µÃȨµ ·¹Ÿ«Îµ«Ì'Š ˜›­‘~ /(*)%-.=›/   ƒƒ o/=-  ""->›/=- „@""'/=-
#%-7)±o/=-&/=+ ̞ºžº ¡ Ó äоäy† Ó ä££̞¦¨È¨ªž­žŸCÈ¾Ì  œžµ ·¹¹¼°¬˜¼¢Ì/Â
 Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ«Kоá¾áá¡
< ˜®¾œ Ìç<7¡ ø ¡HYÉK¼ØÈÌ  ¡ ˆìU­·¹ŸCš¹¼°·Ÿ«ªâ§«®ÎÎ'œž­˜§Ø¼+·¹˜®¾­ ¼¾­žªâ§«®­·¹Ã®¬ÒµÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµ«¥ ™¼¾ ·
o
ì 1Öâ±?®­ž˜›ªžŸ«­·¹˜›§Ø¼¾¬;µŸ«­µ®K¼¾­žª §«®­·®¬›¬Ÿ«=µ¹¼¾Îºž¬˜›­žšžÌŠ ˆÁ  ¨/=Z-7#%+/  „W?=-7#%4'
‹?("9"4@¿*#=""4 "-¼#%-7)±o/=-&/=+ ÌzE‹E²o¥å£ºr†¢£ü¾÷žÌ½¦¢Ÿ«º·Ÿ«Î'ÇŸ« Ó ò¾òá¡

<o˜®¾œ °
Ì <7¡ ø ¡H  ¡ˆ  µ ·¹®¨§©½¼¾µÃ·˜§ ÃŸ«šœž¬¼°·¹®¾û¯I®9˜­·Ÿ«š¼°·¹ŸCª §«®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­
É?¼ØÈÌ
¼¾­ª:§«®­·®¬0µÃȨµ ·¹Ÿ«Îµ«¥‘V
 ¼¾Ã·+1Ö◽®ÎYœž¬¼°·˜®­ ®°¯7§«®­·®¬M¬¼Ø¶ÒÌŠ ™Á2#%-3C#"&'/=-3/  
›Á ÄÌiE‹E Å ¥¤üá°÷=†¢ü ÓÓ Ì/ Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ« Ó ò¾ò Ó ¡
<o˜®¾œ Ì <7¡-ø  ¡âˆ  µÃ·®¢§©ž¼¾µÃ·˜§ÒŸCšœž¬¼+·¹®Å¯I®6˜›­·¹Ÿ«š¾¹¼°·Ÿ«ª §«®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­»¼°­žª
¡8HÉK¼ØȾÌ
§C®­·¹®¾¬oµÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµ«¥²™¼¾ ·«ì1Öâ±?œžÎúŸC˜›§Ø¼¾¬o¼°­½¼¾¬›È¨µÃ˜µ^¼¾­žª µ˜›Î'œž¬¼°·¹˜›®­ ÌŠ ™Á2#%-3C#"&'/=-3@/ 
€ˆÁ  Ÿ«§«ŸCÎ'ÇŸ« Ó òò Ó ¡
ÄÌiE‹E Å ¥åü Ó Ð(†¨ü Ó òÌ Â

<o˜œ;̳´¡ <7¡H <M¼ØȨ¬¼°­žª ̀’¡-ø ¡:ˆ¹¦¨§©žŸ«ªžœ¬˜­š ¼°¬š®Ã˜›·©žÎ ¯I®¾ÆÎ'œž¬¸·¹˜º®š¼¾ÎÎú˜›­žš ˜›­ ¼


©½¼°ªÎö¸ ŸØ¼°¬ ö¸ ·˜ÎŸ Ÿ«­í¨˜Ã®­žÎŸ«­·ØÌŠ ¨/=Z-7#%+ˆ/  ȍ›(/("&#%&'/=-  /=Éo/=4€571-.°©#%—
->"Z? ̋²F³<EÁµ%¥å÷üÿ¸ ü Ó ÌÁ’¼¾­èœ½¼¾ È Ó ò#¾£¢¡

<o˜œ;̋’¡-ø ¡¤¦À¡ Ê *#%+,—r™i4 ˆ‹?("9"4@ /


Ì !ÃŸ«­·¹˜›§«Ÿ4ì´¼°¬¬2Ì3IKºžºŸ«K¦¼°ªžªž¬ŸÒÉ^˜›í¾Ÿ«C̱›’Ìоáá¾á¡

<oœž§¿ÌÒÉÒ¡HYÉK¼ØÈÌ  ¡:ˆ  ­ Ó¸
®ÇµŸ« íŸC UǞ¼¾µŸCª §«®ÎºÀŸC­žµ¹¼+·¹®Æ¯I®»ªž˜›µÃ·˜Çœ·¹ŸCªâªŸ«¬¼ØȨµ«Ì Š
€9/=4x#%&'*# ̋²‹´ ¥¤ò¾á£ ¸ ò¾áäÌ Ó òòá¡

<oœžŸC­¨ÇŸ«ÃšŸ«CÌ8'¡•·Í¡7 -1/C)%"1'/=-mŒ/0„W?K-7#%4':‹?("9"4@C˜È™ /=Z?yƒ°/C)"+•Ò#%-7)x¼57—

Ì ’¾®©­
57+,'*#%&'/=-3  ø ˜›¬ŸCÈÈá ¦¢®¾­žµ«Ì±KŸ ¶ß®8®Ã¿Ì Ó ò ¾ò¡ #
Á6©žŸ 8
Êû¼°·¹©¢ø*®Ã¿èµ«Ì U­ž§°¡›ÌzÍaÎÁÏzÐBÎwÑ Ò5B57+,'*#%&'/=- ~ /*.%2#%4  -Œ"  #‘âÒ&) Ì ±K¼°·¹˜›§¿Ì
Ê  á Ó ¾üáÌÁ’¼¾­èœ½¼¾ÃÈ Ó òòä¡|!ŸCµÃ˜®­û¢¡

Ê>˜›§«Ã®µ®¾¯·V³=®¾º®¹¼°·˜®­;Ì ±Á„› ¹ &AC*#%Z?ÈØi"3#%+B‹13)%'/ˆÚ%D&­ Ì+É?ŸCªžÎú®¾­žª Ìëø  Ìëòä¾áТ¡

 ²ˆìU­·¹ŸC­žŸ
Ê>˜›¬¬›µ«Ì '¡ &%
·´·¹˜›ÎúŸ4µÃȨ­ž§©®­ž˜ ؼ°·˜®­;¥ÅÁ6©žŸ'±?ŸC·U¶Ä®¿ A Š
Á6˜ÎŸ !Ã®¾·¹®¨§«®¾¬2Ì È‚ƒ
™3*#%-3C#"&'/=-3@/=-jo/=44-'*#%&'/=-3 Ì Å /Œ
¥ Ó ÷äÐ(† Ó ÷ò£Ì A§ ·¹®ÇŸ« Ó ò¾ò Ó ¡
Ó ¾ò

±K¼¾˜C̈· 
¡¤±4¡H 7í°¼¾­µ«ÌÒÉÒ¡ò’¡ :ˆ¹³=®¾ÎúÎ'œ­ž˜§«¼°·¹˜›®­Î¸U¬›˜Î˜›·Ÿ«ª %
µÃ·¼°Çž˜¬›˜ ؼ+·¹˜®¾­ ®¾¯ù¬˜­ŸØ¼¾ µ È¢µ ͸
·Ÿ«Îµ«Ì Š ˜­Ç~ /(*)%-.=š/   ƒƒ o/=-  ""->Š/=-a„_""'/=-ê#%-7)ao/=-&/=+ Ìźžº ¡
Ó á¾á(† Ó á Ó á̦¨È¨ªž­žŸCÈ¾Ì  
œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ«Kоáá¾á¡

±?˜§«œ¬Ÿ«µÃ§«œ ̦À¡ ¡H±KŸC·®žÌ¸    ¸


†< ­ˆ ŸC¬¼ØÈ#¸UªžŸCºÀŸC­žªžŸ«­·7µ ·¼¾Ç˜¬˜¸·UÈ
¡åÁA¡8H ˜®­;̤’¡ Ê ¡8H œžš¼°ª Ì !¡
®¾¯™¬˜›­žŸØ¼¾6µ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎúµ?¶^˜›·©>ªžŸC¬¼ØÈŸCª:µÃ·¹¼°·¹Ÿ°¥  ˜
­ <Mʄ6¼¾ººž®¼°§© Ì Šú˜­©~ /(*)%-.=@/  
‚ƒ o/=-  ""->x/=-°„_""'/=-j#%-7)¿o/=-&/=+ Ìoºº ¡ Ó ÷ò(† Ó ÷ò¾üÌ ±?ŸC¶ Œ Ã¬ŸØ¼°­žµ«Ì!<  Ì
Â
ŸC§«Ÿ«ÎYÇÀŸC Ó òò¢¡
±?˜§«œ¬Ÿ«µÃ§«œ ̽¦À¡ ¡ ¸ ¡Ò-š›"'#BAC+,1?#%-7)0"'#BAC+,8Ë(#%1'/=-m/  +,->*#%€"?("9"4@W!Š)"+8#%?B*)

"'#%9   †<
Ì 7© ¡ '¡¾ª˜µµÃŸ« ·¼°·˜®­ Ì 0¼¾ÇÀ®¾¹¼°·®˜ÃŸ=ª 8‚  &ö
œ·®Îú¼°·¹˜ ¨œŸ=ªžŸ6·AŸC­ž®Ǟ¬›Ÿ¾Ì † ±«‚·ÍÌ Ó òòü¡

¸ =  ²
±?˜§«œ¬Ÿ«µÃ§«œ Ì7¦À¡ ¡Hƒ|!Ÿ«Ã˜›Ÿ«µÃ·«Ì 6¡ ¡8H œžš¼¾Ãª Ì 7¡H ˜›®­ Ì!’¡ Ê¡ ¹¦è·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜¸·UÈ =< â ¸ çˆ ¼¾­žªÃ®Ǟœžµ ·
µ ·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜¸·UÈ ¸
®¾¯Ò·¹˜ÎŸ öªžŸ«¬¼ØÈ µ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎúµC¥  šœž˜›ªžŸ«ª ·®œžCÌ Š ˜­ ‹'#BAC+,1?ã#%-7)êo/=-&/=+ˆ/ 

™i4 "—'„_"+8#%?ȋ?("Œ"4@Íç <0ŸC§C·œžŸú±K®¾·Ÿ«µÒ˜­ =


³=®­·®¬ U­¯I®¾Îú¼°·¹˜›®­¦¢§«˜›Ÿ«­ž§CŸ«µ ê ̲7² 9 ¥Ó †

Ó¸
Ó Ì¦¢ºžÃ˜­žšŸC '|!Ÿ«¬¼¾šžÌìKŸ«˜›ªžŸ«¬›ÇÀŸCšžÌ·ÒŸCÎú¼¾­ÈÌ Ó ò¾ò ¢¡ #
±?˜¬µÃµ®­;Ì’¡ Ê6*#%+,—r™i4 Wo/=-1/=+‹?y"Œ"4@6!„_"+8#%?y ü  
Ì 7© ¡ '¡ªž˜µÃµŸCÃ·¼+·¹˜®¾­ Ì ÂŸ«º½¼°Ã· ì¸
Ο«­·!®¾¯  œ·®Îú¼°·¹˜›§^³=®­·¹Ã®¬2Ì oœž­žª < :U­žµ ·¹˜›·œ·¹Ÿ6®°¯;ÁMŸ«§©ž­®¬®š°ÈÌü<oœž­žª Ì¢¦¨¶ÄŸ«ªžŸC­ Ì Ó òòä¡

ŒÂºŸ«­ûŸ í¨˜§«Ÿ«±KŸ ·¼|!Ÿ«­ªž®  µµÃ®¢§C˜¼°·˜®­;Ì „_"¯('ª"w¤5" ÓÒ*#%1'/=- ü


Ì =®¨§Ø¼4É?¼°·¹®­;Ì¢— !Ì <
Ó ò¾ò#¢¡|!ŸCµ˜›®­ûТ¡¤á¢¡

Œ´íŸCµ ·¹ŸCŸC·’¡-ø Ú%
¡8H¢Á CŸ«µCÌ  "¡ ˆ  Ó¸ ¸
­#˜›­·¹Ÿ«Ã­žŸC· Uǽ¼°µŸ«ªúŸ«¼¾¬ 2·¹˜ÎŸ=§C®­·¹Ã®¬Ÿ«­žš˜›­žŸ«ŸC˜›­žšÒ¬¼¾Ç θ
®¼°·¹®¾ÃÈÌ
Š ƒƒ ¤5"1Z4 /Œ
̽ºžº ¡ Ó ò(†¢£¾÷žÌ A§ ·¹®ÇŸ« Ó ò¾òò¡


É?¼yäØ2ÌÉ4¡¤¦À¡ ¹¦¢Îú¼¾ ·7­žŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿¨µ8¯I®7§«®¾­è·®¬EÌ @ƒƒ Š ¤5"1Z4 ̺žº ¡÷ò(†¢ÌG’¾œ­žŸ Ó òò¾÷ž¡

É?¼¾Îú¼¾§©½¼¾­žª¹¼¾­ Ì M¡HB®8®œž­žšÌ3·ü 
¡ ^¡8HÊ>˜µ¼%¶=¼Ì 6¡ Î  ¡ ˆÓU­è·Ÿ«Ãµ¹¼¾Îºž¬Ÿ^®œ¢·¹ºžœ·ÄŸ«µ ·¹˜›Î#¼°·˜®­
¶^˜¸·¹©#ÎYœž¬›·˜¹¼+·¹Ÿ^µ¹¼¾Îºž¬›˜­žšžÌ 4˜­”~ Š /(*)%-.=:/   ƒ‚ã -Œ"Z-7#%1'/=-7#%+o/=-  ""->

/=-“o/=-&/=+7Ò5B57+,'*#%&'/=-3 º /
̞ºžº;¡ ¾üy†°ä Ó Ì ÂŸ«¼¾Ç®Ã­ ̦¢ŸCº·¹ŸCÎ'ÇÀŸC Ó òòü¡

É?¼ØÈÌ  ê
¡ ˆ MŸ« ¯I®Îú¼¾­ž§CŸ ŸCí°¼¾¬œž¼°·¹˜›®­®¾¯KÎúŸCªž˜œÎ ¼¾§C§«ŸCµµ§«®­·¹Ã®¬ÅºžÃ®¾·¹®¨§«®¾¬µY¯I® ª˜µ Ó¸
·˜Çœ·¹ŸCªûªž˜›š˜›·¹¼¾¬o¼Øí¨˜®­ž˜›§«µCÌ Š ™32#%-3C#"1'/=-3_/  ˆ›Á =ÌEGF7o¥å£ #¾á(†¢£#º¢ÌåŸC§«Ÿ«ÎYÇÀŸC
#
Ó ò¾ä ¢¡
Ó üá

É?¼ØÈÌ  âˆìU­·Ÿ«š¼°·¹ŸCª>§C®ÎúÎYœž­ž˜§«¼°·¹˜›®­»¼¾­žª §«®¾­è·®¬oµ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎúµC¥V¼¾Ã·‘ì1Ö


¡8Hì´¼°¬ŸCí¨˜EÌ® ¡
ŸCµ˜š¾­>§C®­žµ˜›ªžŸ«¼°·¹˜›®­žµCÌ Æ
Š ˜›­ ›Á  ¨/=Z-7#%+Ô/  „W?K-7#%4'W‹?("Œ"4@‚°*#=""4 "-
#%-7)±o/=-&/=+ ÌzE‹EGF0¥å£#°÷y†¢£ä Ó Ì/  Ÿ«§«ŸCÎ'ÇŸ« Ó òä¾ä¡
É?¼ØÈÌ  =¡ ˆ ŒÂœ·ºžœ·Å¯IŸCŸ«ªžÇž¼¾§¿Æ§«®¾­è·®¬Àœž­žªžŸC6¹¼¾­ªž®Î¬›ÈÍí°¼¾ÃȨ˜­š'ªž˜µ ·¹Ã˜Ǟœ·Ÿ«ªÆªŸ«¬¼ØȨµ«ÌŠ
  6å¨/="-7#%+/  âÒ&)B#%->6o/=-&/=+•¼#%-7)0„W?=-7#%4' ÌzE ½ ¥ ¾á Ó † ÓÓ Ì’¾œž¬›È¤†  œžšœžµ ·
Ó ò¾ò¾÷ž¡

É?¼ØÈÌ  ¡8Hü<o˜®œ Ì <7¡ ø "ˆ


¡H¢¦¢©Ÿ«­ Ì’¡åìù¡ ¹¦¨·¹¼°·¹Ÿ6ŸCµÃ·˜Îú¼°·¹˜›®­'œžµÃ˜­žšA¼¾­žªž®Î¬›ÈùªžŸC¬¼ØÈŸCªúΟؼ ¸
µÃœžŸCÎúŸC­è·µ«ÌŠ ˆÁ  ¨/="-7#%+¼/  „W?=-7#%4'0‹?("9"4@6¿*#=""4 "-ˆ#%-7)jo/=-&/=+ Ì
E‹Eü5 ¥ Ó ò(†оüÌÊ>¼¾§© Ó òò£¢¡

É^Ÿ«©èǞ˜›­žªžŸ«C̞ì4¡Hž¦¼¾­¯IÃ˜ªžµÃ®­ ÌÊ ‹ˆ
¡ ¦¢§©žŸ«ªœž¬˜›­žš'®¾¯M¼4¬˜Î˜›·Ÿ«ªÍ§«®¾ÎúÎ'œ­ž˜§«¼°·¹˜›®­ú§©ž¼¾­ž­žŸC¬
¯I®Ò®º¢·¹˜Îú¼¾¬²§C®­·¹Ã®¬2Ì :˜­“~ Š /(*)%-.=‘/   ƒƒ o/=-  ""-> /=-Ʉ_""'/=-v#%-7)

o/=-&/=+ ̞ºžº ¡ Ó á ÓÓ † Ó á Ó ü̽¦èÈ¢ª­žŸCÈ¾Ì  


œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ«Kоáá¾á¡

¦¢©ž¼Ì <7¡HÉ?¼yäÿ蜞Îú¼¾«Ì ÉÒ¡8H <0ŸC©ž®¨§%«¿Ⱦ̱’¡6ˆ 7˜®¾˜›·UÈܘ›­ž©žŸ«Ã˜›·¹¼¾­ž§«Ÿ ºž®¾·®¢§C®¬µC¥  ­


¼¾ººž®¼°§© ·¹® ŸØ¼°¬ ö¸ ·˜ÎŸ µÃȨ­ž§©žÃ®­ž˜&%ؼ°·˜®­ ̊偂ƒ ™Á2#%-3C#"&'/=-3a/=-¬o/=4€57Œ" Ì

Å i³*F>µë¥ ÓÓ ÿ¸ ÓÓ ä¨Ìž¦¢ŸCº·¹ŸCÎ'ÇŸ« Ó òòᢡ

< ü<
¦¢©ž¼Ì 7¡H o˜œ ÌKæ'¡8H³Å¼°§«§Ø¼°Îú®žÌ¨Ê¡H =œ·Ã·¼ ü †%¦%«®žÌ· -¡ ˆ ŒÂ­ž¬›˜­žŸ=§«®­·¹Ã®¬ž®º¢·¹˜Î˜ %«¼°·¹˜›®­4œžµ˜›­žš
¬›®¼¾ª4ªž˜¸íŸ«­Yµ§©žŸCªžœž¬˜›­žšžÌ Ҙ­x~ Š /(*)%-.= /   ƒ‚ o/=-  ""->6/=-0„_""'/=-#%-7)

o/=-&/=+ ̞ºžº ¡½÷ä ºº(†¨÷ä¾äТ̽¦èÈ¢ª­žŸCÈ¾Ì  


œžµÃ·¹¼¾¬›˜¼Ì Ÿ«§CŸ«Î'ÇŸ«Kоáá¾á¡

¦¢  "ˆ ü¸
ç ˜›¬èä¼¾¿Ì '¡ ¹¦¢¼¾Îúº¬Ÿ«ª Uª½¼°·¹¼A§«®­·¹Ã®¬µÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«ÎµÄ¶^˜¸·¹©Í·¹¹¼°­žµº®Ã·Ä¬¼°š4ÇÈ#Ê>˜¸·¹®%í¨˜"§ } åµ8¼¾¬›šŸ ς ¸
Ǟ¼¾˜§ùÎúŸ ·¹©ž®¨ª Ì Š ƒƒ ™32#%-3C#"1'/=-30/=-±Ò5B57+,'*#%&'/=-3_#%-7)  -7)%G"&Z? 85
Ì ½ ¥¤Ð°÷ (†¢ÐТÌ

±?®ëí¾Ÿ«Î'ÇŸ« Ó ò¾ü Ó ¡


¦¢º¹¼¾š˜›­žµ«Ì=’¡ '¡8Hì´¼°Îúή­žª Ì(’¡ 7¡8H ™¼Ø¶^¬›˜¿¾®%¶^µÃ¿¨˜EÌ < º  ¡ ™¶"+/=44-'*#%1'/=-3C˜ ~ /=Œ/(/=+•

#%-7)0„@"8.%-3 ̞É^ŸØ¼¾ªž˜›­žšžÌÊ  ¥  ªªž˜µÃ®­ öø θ Ÿ«µÃ¬Ÿ ÈÌ Ó òò Ó ¡

¦¢ºœžšŸC®­ Ìͳ´¡W "Z->"'˜ï™ °„@Ӄ-1¯%aâÒ&) ³Œ°‚¤É^Ÿ«˜›¬¬¸ÈÝá 


Ì °
µµ®¨§«˜¼°·¹ŸCµ«Ì U­§¾¡¸Ì
¦¢ŸCǽ¼¾µ ·¹®º®¬2̽³  Ìоáá¾á¡

¦¨·¹¼¾­šžÌG· ¡G¹ ->*#%ƒ€+Ÿ.CAC2#@#%-7)WƒÒ5B57+,'*#%&'/=-3 


ÌìK¼¾§C®œž · =¹¼°§«Ÿ ¾
’ ®%í°¼¾­ž®%í¨˜§© ̨¦¢¼¾­

˜›Ÿ«š®žÌž³  Ì Ó ò¾ää¡7Á6©ž˜›ª 7ªž˜›·˜®­ ¡


Ó ü Ó

ÁV¼¾­žŸC­¨Çž¼¾œžÎ Ì  ¡Ñ¦¡ o/=4€57Œ"W:"1¼/=p( 


Ì 7ŸC­·¹˜§CŸ'ìK¼¾¬¬EÌIKºžºŸ«´¦¼¾ªªž¬Ÿ4É^˜›íŸC«Ì±›’Ì
Ó ò¾òü¡²Á6©ž˜›ª „7ªž˜›·˜®­ ¡

ÁV¼¾­žšŸCÎ#¼°­ž­ Ì0Ê ¡8HM¦¼¾œŸ««Ì  ҈ VŸCÃ¯I®ÃÎ#¼¾­§«Ÿ


¡ ¼¾­ž¼¾¬›È¨µ˜›µÂ®¾¯!·¹©ŸY·¹˜›ÎúŸCªû·¹®¿°Ÿ«­ ºžÃ®¾·¹®¨§«®¬
‹BçK¼¾­žª—‹BçÀ¸  ÌŠ”ƒƒ
®¾¯=— ¨/=Z-7#%+o/=-É "+"Œ*)ȍ€*#=0-êo/=44-'*#%&'/=-3 Ì
i³²¶µë¥¤Ðº Ó †¢Ðº¾äÌ¢—½Ÿ«ÇžÃœ½¼¾ÃÈ Ó òò Ó ¡

ÁV¼°·¹˜›¿¾®­ª½¼Ì7¦¡H8¦¼°©½¼¾˜2Ì  çˆ
¡8H8Ê>˜¸··¹ŸC«Ì²¦À¡ ³=®­·¹®¾¬8®°¯ ¹<wà:· µ È¢µ ·¹ŸCÎúµ'œ­žªžŸ«ù§«®ÎÎ'œ θ
­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­>§«®­µÃ·¹¼¾˜­·µ«Ì Š ˜›­¿~ /(*)%-.=/   ƒƒ o/=-  ""->/=-©„_""'/=-É#%-7)

o/=-&/=+ ̞ºžº ¡ ÓÓ ü(† ÓÓ ¾áÌÁV¼¾Îº½¼Ì ŸC§«ŸCÎ'ÇÀŸC Ó òò䢡 


ÁMŸ«§©½¼°¿¨˜¸··˜®yäCÌ  ¡ ‹'#BAC+,&?Ç/  ¶#%4€57+*)%—'„ª#%$#“‹?y"Œ"4@  ->"+,Á)%-.ÝéÒÁ#%-&8Ë(#%1'/=- Ì
7© ¡ '
 ¡ëªž˜µÃµŸ« ·¼°·˜®­;̆ŸCº½¼¾Ã·ÎúŸC­·™®¾¯¦¨È¨µÃ·¹ŸCÎúµCÌè³=®­·¹Ã®¬¢¼¾­žª U­ªžœžµÃ·˜¼¾¬ 7­žš¾˜­žŸCŸ«˜›­žšžÌ
³Å¼¾µÃŸAø*ŸCµÃ·¹ŸC­ûÉ?ŸCµŸ« íŸ@IK­ž˜¸íŸ«Ãµ˜¸·UÈÌÊû¼ØÈ Ó òò¾ä¡

|´˜ªÈ¼¾µ¹¼¾š¼¾«Ì?Ê ¡ :/=-+,->*#%”‹?("9"4Ž€-7#%+,?(" ¹ Ò
Ì 7Ÿ«­·˜§«Ÿ:ì´¼¾¬›¬2Ì 7­žš¾¬ŸC¶Ä®¨®¢ª &
³=¬›˜ Àµ«Ì
±€’Ì Ó òò£¡7¦¢Ÿ«§C®­žª ˜7ªž˜¸·¹˜›®­ ¡

ƒ
ø*¼¾¬µÃ© ̶·Í¡¤³´¡8H7®8Ÿ¾ÌÀìù¡8H =œžµ©­žŸ«¬›¬2Ì !¡ ¹¦è·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜¸·UÈ ƒ< ²ˆ ¼¾­½¼°¬›È¨µ˜›µK®¾¯²­žŸC·U¶Ä®¿°Ÿ«ª9§C®­·¹®¾¬Vµ È¢µ ͸
·Ÿ«Îµ«Ì Š ˜­Š~ /(*)%-.=ª/   €4 ""'*#%-¿o/=-&/=+o/=-  ""-> #
Ì¢ºžº;¡Ð¾ä ¾ü(†оääá¢Ì¦¢¼¾­
˜›Ÿ«š®žÌÁ’¾œž­žŸ Ó òò¾ò¡

ø*¼¾¬µÃ© ̃· â
¡Ñ³´¡8H =Ÿ«¬›ªž˜Îú¼¾­ Ì '¡H =œµ©ž­žŸC¬¬EÌ 7¡ Œ ␠=< çˆ  µÃȨκ·¹®¾·˜§úÇÀŸC©½¼Øí¢˜›®Y®°¯6­žŸC·U¶Ä®Ã¿¾Ÿ«ª
§C®­·¹®¾¬µ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎúµCÌ Š ˜›­ ~ /(*)%-.=ˆ/   ‚ƒ“ -Œ"Z-7#%1'/=-7#%+io/=-  ""->ˆ/=-°o/=-—

&/=+7Ò5B57+,'*#%&'/=-3 ̞ºžº ¡ Ó ÷÷äy† Ó ÷è¾£Ì  ®©½¼¾¬¼Í³=®¼¾µÃ· UµÃ¬¼¾­žª Ó¸Ç ®¾¯™ì´¼Ø¶=¼¾˜˜EÌ  œšœžµÃ· Ó òò¾ò¡

ø 
˜¸··¹ŸC­žÎú¼¾¿Ì ´¡8H±K˜›¬µÃµ®­ ÌÁ’¡H½Á:®¾
– ­žšÃŸ«­ ÌÊ¡ ÃÁ6˜Î˜­žš ∠¸
º®Ǟ¬›Ÿ«ÎµÅ˜­»ÃŸØ¼¾¬ ö·¹˜›ÎúŸK§«®­ ü¸
·®¬ÄµÃȨµÃ·Ÿ«Îµ«Ì*
Š ˜­v~ /(*)%-.=”/  €4 ""'*#%-ßo/=-&/=+Õo/=-  ""-> ̲ºžº ¡²Ð¾ááá(†
оá¾á¾÷žÌ¦¢Ÿ«¼°··¬Ÿ°Ì‹’¾œž­žŸ Ó òò¢¡

ø ®­žšžÌMø ²
¡Ñ¦¡H =®¨§¿¾Ÿ ··«Ì7É4¡ ø¡+ˆ¹¦¨È¨µÃ·Ÿ«ÎµY¶^˜›·©1½­ž˜¸·¹Ÿ§«®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­ǽ¼¾­ª¶^˜ª·©
§C®­žµÃ·¹¼¾˜›­·¹µÒ†V
 ¼¾Ã·‘¥À¦¨·¼+·¹ŸÒŸ«µ ·¹˜Îú¼°·˜®­»ºžÃ®Ǟ¬ŸCÎúµCÌ Š‚ƒ ™Á2#%-3C#"&'/=-3_/=-”€Œ/=—
4x#%&'xo/=-&/=+ Ì Ä ²i³¶µë¥ Ó Ð¾ò¾÷y† Ó Ð¾òò¢Ìž¦¢ŸCº·¹ŸCÎ'ÇŸ« Ó òò#¨¡

ø ®­žšžÌMø ²
¡Ñ¦¡H =®¨§¿¾Ÿ ··«Ì7É4¡ ø ¡+ˆ¹¦¨È¨µÃ·Ÿ«ÎµY¶^˜›·©1½­ž˜¸·¹Ÿ§«®ÎÎ'œž­ž˜›§Ø¼°·˜®­ǽ¼¾­ª¶^˜ª·©
§C®­žµÃ·¹¼¾˜›­·¹µW† ™ ¼¾ ·°ì¥™¦è·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜&%ؼ°·˜®­:¶^˜¸·¹©*¬›˜Î˜›·Ÿ«ª ˜­¯I®¾Îú¼°·¹˜›®­:¯IŸ«ŸCªžÇ½¼¾§¿ÌŠj‚ƒ
™3*#%-3C#"&'/=-3@/=-‘€Œ/=4x#%1'o/=-&/=+ Ì Ä‹Ä ³ > 5 µ%¥ Ó á°÷òy† Ó á¾£Ì¢Êû¼ØÈ Ó òòò¢¡
Ó üÐ

®8®¨®¿ÌՒ¡  ¹
¡8HAÁ6˜¬ÇœžÃÈ¾Ì '¡ÑÊ ¡8H4¦¢®ºž¼¾¿+¼¾CÌK±4¡¤ÉÒ¡ ³ˆ ÁV¼¾ªž˜­š§«®Îºžœ·¹¼°·¹˜›®­
ü¸ ¯I®úǽ¼¾­žª
¶^˜›ª·¹© ¥ÅÉ?ŸCªžœž§«˜›­žšÆ§C®ÎúÎYœž­ž˜§«¼°·¹˜›®­»˜­>ªž˜µ ·¹˜›Çžœ·Ÿ«ªû§C®­·¹Ã®¬Vµ ȨµÃ·¹ŸCÎúµ´œžµ˜›­žšÆµÃ·¹¼°·¹ŸùŸ«µÍ¸
·˜Îú¼°·¹®Ãµ«Ì0
Š ƒƒ ™Á2#%-3C#"&'/=-3@/=-ão/=-&/=+¶‹?y"Œ"4뙶->/=+/*.%? ¡!¦¢œžÇÎú˜¸··¹ŸCª ¡
¦;©½¼°­žšžÌ3’¡H  / ˆ ;¸
­®ºžµŸ°Ì³´¡åÉ4¡8HÁ6µÃ˜®¾·¹¼¾µCÌ V¡ ¹¦¨·¹¼¾Çž˜›¬˜›·UÈ'®¾¯ ·¹˜›ÎúŸ UªžŸC¬¼ØÈ͵ÃȨµ ·¹Ÿ«Îµ«¥ =ö蜞˜¸í¾¼ÿ¸
¬›Ÿ«­ž§CŸÂÇÀŸ ·U¶=ŸCŸ«­ < ȼ¾ºœž­ž®%í ¼¾­ªÆµ§«¼¾¬ŸCª ¸ Š
µÎú¼¾¬¬ Uš¼¾˜›­ §«®­ªž˜›·˜®­žµCÌ ƒƒ ™Á2#%-3C#"&'/=-3

/=- €Œ/=4x#%1'o/=-&/=+ Ì Ä ´w³ Å µ%¥å÷äÐ(†¨÷äü¢Ì½Êû¼¾Ã§©:аáá Ó ¡

¦;©½¼°­žšžÌÀø -
¡8H =¼¾­ž˜›§¿èȾÌoÊ !
¡¤¦À¡8H 7©ž˜¬›¬˜ºµ«Ì¦À¡¤Ê ¹ˆ
¡ ¹¦è·¼¾Çž˜›¬˜¸·UÈ ®¾¯!­žŸ ·U¶=®Ã¿¾ŸCª§C®­·¹Ã®¬™µ È¢µ ͸
·Ÿ«Îµ«ÌŠ ƒ‚ Ì ²zE¶³<EÁµ%¥¤ä¾÷y†¢òòÌ—ŸCǞœž¼¾ÃÈ
o/=-&/=+>‹?y"Œ"4@ˆ©#(.B#(ËC-> ‹ аáá Ó ¡

You might also like