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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:05/May-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
BIO-DEGRADABLE PLASTIC FROM CORN STARCH & CASSAVA STARCH

Amol Salunke *1
*1Department of chemistry, S.P. University, Anand, Gujarat, India.
ABSTRACT
Now a days, increasing use of petroleum based plastic but it causes a problem in the world environment. So,
researchers are finding the alternative material to the petroleum based plastic and that alternative option is
biodegradable-plastics. They made up from renewable resources such as cassava, corn, potatoes, sweet
potatoes etc. under the certain conditions. That biodegradable plastics are known as green materials because it
is friendly to the environment. In addition, most researchers are concerned with renewable resources for non-
food using, such as biodegradable-plastic production. So that’s why, researchers have been focusing on the use
of the remains of food and sustainable items as biodegradable-plastic items. In this study, the bio-plastic was
produced from cassava starch as the food industry. The study prompts produce biodegradable plastic by
utilizing cassava starch and cornstarch as its primary items. In this thesis we review that how starch is going to be
used as a main product to produce the bio-plastic. Here we discuss that how we can produce the biodegradable-
plastic by using different starch or a mixture of starch and also we discuss how plasticizer are used in
production of biodegradable-plastic. We also want to develop this type of technology to India.
Keywords: Environment, Recycle, biodegradable, waste, plastics.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this era plastic is a very essential part of basic routine life. Plastic is a Greek word “plastikos” which is gives
to different type of polymers which have higher molecular weight. Basically ‘Plastic” term is used to refer those
products which are produced by any synthetic or semi-synthetic methods which are constantly used in our
routine life. In the world, the total production of plastic is around 359 million tons per year
(2019).environmental problems which are causes by plastic includes change in the CO2 cycle.
Plastics are everywhere, in clothing, aircraft, decorative items, bottles, foil, molds, tins, computer and mobile
phone casing, cups, bottles, our housing, packaging devices ,our housing , wind turbines as well as solar panels.
The major source to produce the bio-plastics is starch. In the recent past years, it has been come forward that
a glucose unit have two long chain which are joint together, name as branched polymerized amylopectin
andamylose; by this we obtain its granular structure.
A) Bio-degradable plastics: it means that a plastic which is degrade by the naturally occurring
microorganisms such as algae, bacteria and fungi.
B) Photo-degradable plastics: its means that a plastic which is degrade by the natural lights like daylight (sun
rays).
C) Oxidative degradable plastics: Plastics which are degrade by the oxidation methods.
D) Hydrolytically degradable plastics: Plastics which are degrade by the hydrolysis process.
As the plastics are divided are divide in four parts (A), (B), (C) and (D) but in (B), (C) and (D) requires an
additional input, such as UV light, oxygen for the degradation process, while in (A) its only degrade by the
natural process.
A few plastics use corn starch and cassava starch as an added substances. It helps in the normal decay of the
plastic materials. The native Indian people of Latin America has originated and growing cassava since centuries.
Cassava (Mani hot esculent Cants) is a significant resource of starch in tropical and subtropical regions, it has an
awesome potential to use as a raw substance for the manufacturing of biodegradable plastics.
Cassava is essentially essentially made out of Starch. Amylopectin and amylose are two parts of Cassava Starch.
In anhydroglucose units there is a long chain called as Amylose. In anhydroglucose units there is a branch of
chain called as Amylopectin. Since plastics are made of polymers, the creation of plastic starch is a truly good
material. The end result was relied upon to be similar to commercial plastics beyond lucidity, elastic strain,
electrical conductivity and flammability, tensile stress, and water ingestion.
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In 19th century, in Malaysia and some part of Indonesia cassava was also used as starch extraction, while in region
of southern area it was a main food corp. In tropical region it is very cheap and important source for the
carbohydrate. Cassava is good high energy source about 610kJ/100g for humans. The cassava crop has a good
growth advantages and its production can be also done in the poor soil where crops like sweet potatoes, maize
and sorghum cannot grow.
In Myanmar, they are not used cassava as an only a food but there is many more applications that are produced
and extensively used cassava in poultry and agriculture. Then after they are transport cassava to the China,
wherethey will make the coating-paper.
On earth, Second abundant natural polymer is starch. Starch is found in root or tubers like cassava and potatoes
and also in the seed of plant like barely, sorghum, corn, rice, wheat etc. In the world mostly derived starch is from
corn but also cassava, wheat and potatoes are also derived starch in very good numbers.
In, 1850s, a British chemist created biodegradable plastic by using cellulose. Henry Ford experiments soy-based
plastic as an alternative fossil fuel for make high powering various automobiles in early of 20 th century. So from
there bio-plastics are come to know specially in the oil-crisis of 1970s.
Biodegradable plastics are completely decay in land, sewage treatment plants by naturally occurring
microorganisms. Truly biodegradable plastics are zero toxicity. So, production of bio plastic from corn and
cassava starch is studied to overcome these problems of environment.
II. METHODOLOGY
Equipments and Materials:
In this study, cassava starch, corn starch is the primary material. Then after epoxidized soybean oil as stabilizer,
polyvinyl alcohol as binder, and glycerol as a plasticizer. The other equipment there are glassware, Petridis,
oven, sprint burner, hotplate, and analytical scale. Cassava and corn are easily available in the market.
Extraction corn of starch
To start breaking the starch and protein bonds, the cleaned corn is placed in a huge soaking tank and corn is
absorbed for 30 to 45 hours in a boiling water. The gluten bonds inside the corn start to release and loosen the
starch. The soaking is really a controlled fermentation.
(Corn starch)
Extraction of cassava starch
Washing and peeling of the roots to eliminate and clean all sticking soil. Disintegration annihilates the cell body
and punctures the cell walls to deliver the starch as discrete, good granules from other insoluble matter.
Screening or extraction to differentiate crumbled mash into two divisions, viz. waste material and starch milk.
Decontamination or dewatering to isolate the strong hard granules from their suspension in water by
sedimentation or centrifuging. Drying to eliminate adequate dampness from the sodden starch cake gained
duringthe separating stage in order to diminish the dampness content from 14 to 35% to 12 to 14%, a level low
enoughfor years and years of storage.

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(Cassava Starch)
Method for produce biodegradable plastic:
To make the biodegradable plastics we have to determine right combination. Here we take three glassware
andthere prepared perfect combination with different proportion of all materials.
Experiment 1:
In this experiment take 50 gm. of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with 1:4 ration of PVA to water. Then 50 ml water,
25 gm. mix starch, 2.5 gm. glycerol and 2.5 gm. epoxidized soybean oil.
Experiment 2:
In this experiment take 50 gm. of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with 1:4 ration of PVA to water. Then 65 ml water, 65
gm. mix starch, 2.5 gm. glycerol and 2.5 gm. epoxidized soybean oil.
Experiment 3:
In this experiment take 50 gm. of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with 1:4 ration of PVA to water. Then 80 ml water, 80
gm. mix starch, 2.5 gm. glycerol and 2.5 gm. epoxidized soybean oil.
The all-out estimated measure of starch and water were blended and boiled by utilizing a hot plate at around
80 degrees centigrade. Boil mixture until tacky glue isn't formed. Subsequent to eliminating the blend of water
and starch from the heating plate, then the other materials were included.
After the blending, of all materials, put that combination in the stove at 120 degrees to 125 degrees centigrade.
Then, it was packed by a compressor with a temperature around 128 degrees centigrade for 10 minutes.
The samples which was produced was cut into little pieces for testing. A few tests were led to decide the
physical properties of tests. To decide the impacts of strong acids, the plastic strips were drenched in
concentrated Hydrochloric acid for 30 minutes. Changes length, width and appearance were noted.
A tensile test was likewise led. Strips were snared to a spring balance and were pulled until they split into two.
The readings on the equilibrium when the strips broke were recorded. To test the samples for combustibility,
strips with similar aspects were flamed utilizing Bunsen burners. Consuming time was noted. An organic solvent
test was likewise led by drenching the material in ethanol for 48 hours. Changes length, width and appearance
were likewise noted.
III. MODELING AND ANALYSIS
Below tests were performed to know the characterization of biodegradable plastic:
Density Test
The density of the film was measured by preparing 2 in x 2 in size of samples. The samples were weighed
before and weighed when immersed in distilled water at 23oC using a sinker and wire to hold the specimen
completely submerged as required and then weighed partly immersed.
Water Absorption Test
The film was conditioned by oven drying for 24 hour sat 50 oC, and then cooled down in desiccators. At first the
samples were weighed and recorded and then samples were soaked in distilled water for one day. An analytical
weighing balance was used to measure weight of samples.

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Thickness swelling test
The thickness swelling of the film was determined during the water absorption test by measuring and recording
the thicknessof the film before and after soaking the samples for 24 hours at room temperature.
Test for Tensile Strength
The samples were submitted and tests were carried out at the Strength of Material section, Agricultural
Bioprocess Laboratory at university of the Ahmedabad. A universal Test Machine Tensometer was used to test
for the tensile strengthof the biodegradable film. The six specimens with different concentration of glycerol and
starch were cut in to the same dumbbell shape. By fixing the two tips and pulling it upwards until it tears, the
strength and elongation was tested in the laboratory. While the test was in process the machine gathered and
recorded the results.
Test for Biodegradability
The specimens was weighed and put independently in a bottle which has oil added with Trichoderma
harzianum obtained from RM-CARES. Consistently each week weighing was done by burrowing the samples,
washing them with refined water to eliminate soil particles, and oven dried for 24 hours. The weight of the
samples was recorded in a week. The reason for this is to decide whether the treatment can debase in this oil
with harzianum.
Experimental Treatments and Design
The experiment was conducted following a 2x3 factorial design where two levels of starch (5g and 10g ) and
three levels of glycerol (2%, 3%, 4%) were used resulting in six treatment combinations.
Table3. Factorial Design of the glycerol and starch level in the biodegradable plastics
Treatments Starch level (g) Glycerol level (%)
T1 10 2
T2 10 3
T3 10 4
T4 10 2
T5 10 3
T6 10 4
Statistical Analysis
Data gathered from mechanical properties were analyzed using The Statistical Package is used to analyze the
data gathered from mechanical properties for Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Social science (SPSS) was
carried out on the treatment means to determine if there is any significant difference on the main effects.
Variance analysis for 3x2 Factorial in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and Tukey’s Test was used to
determine which treatments were significantly different from each of the samples
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The nature of plastic created enormously relies upon the extent of added substances utilized. Any distinction in
the plan might achieve changes as far as adaptability, shading, texture and transparency. The distinction in how
much an impact the starch has on the transparency and texture of the samples. The various extents were
formed to test which of the examples from the various plans would show the best properties. The remainder of
the recipe was kept at a steady add-up to test the impact of varieties in starch content. Commercial plastic filled
in as the control.
Every one of the arrangements, aside from Preparation which is the main samples that went through the Tensile
Stress Test, were exposed to similar tests. The tests were led to discover which among the samples is similar to
the control. The strong acids affected the samples unfavorably, dissimilar to the control which didn't show any
change. It was seen in the strong base test that as opposed to being dissolved, the samples retained thefluid. No
huge contrast was seen in the elements of the three arrangements and the control. When tested for
combustibility, the samples were totally burnt. It was likewise seen that the samples created resisted heat
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better since they took more time to consume. The soil biodegradability test showed that there was a huge
decrease in the size of the samples when covered in the dirt for seven days. The samples dissolved in the water.
This might be on the grounds that the binder (PVA) utilized is water-solvent. In any case, the examples would
not dissolve in ethanol since the binder (PVA) utilized is insoluble to organic solvents. Openness to air didn't
have any impacton the samples.
V. CONCLUSION
Biodegradable plastics are accepted to be a feasible explanation for the issue of plastic trash. Starch, as a minimal
expense biopolymer got from sustainable resources and accessible in huge amounts, has a high potential to be
broadly utilized for the assembling of biodegradable plastics. Different sorts of starch-based biodegradable
plastics are currently accessible on the lookout. As of now, the significant natural substances for the creation of
starch-based biodegradable plastics are corn and cassava starches. Cassava starch and corn starch have been
utilized for making different sorts of packaging items with properties similar to those pre-arranged utilizing
different starches. As the least expensive starch source in the tropical and sub-tropical areas, cassava starch
and corn starch are the vital raw substances for the improvement of biodegradable plastics.
VI. REFERENCES
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Faculty of Engineering, Universities Negeri Malang, Indonesia. (IMEEEC 2016)
[2] Kaewta Kaewtatip a, Varaporn Tanrattanakul “Preparation of cassava starch grafted with polystyrene
by suspension polymerization” Polymer Science Program, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla
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[3] Esen Gökçe Özdamara,*, Murat Ateşb “Rethinking sustainability: A research on starch based bio plastic”
[4] Department of Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Namık Kemal University,
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[5] Noor Fatimah Kader Sultan1, Wan Lutfi Wan Johari1 “The Development of Banana Peel/Corn Starch
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Plastic and Composite”Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, 302017, India (March 2017)
[7] M.K. Marichelvam, Mohammad Jawaid, and Mohammad Asim “Corn and Rice Starch-Based Bio-Plastics
as Alternative Packaging Materials” Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk
Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu 626005, India (April2019)
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[13] V C Kalia, Neena Raizada. “Bio plastics” Centre for Biochemical Technology, Mall road, Delhi-110007,
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[17] K. Sriroth1, 2 and K. Sangseethong3“Biodegradable Plastics from Cassava Starch” 1Department of
Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro- Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.

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e-ISSN: 2582-5208

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

BIO-DEGRADABLE PLASTIC FROM CORN STARCH & CASSAVA STARCH

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

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