SATHYABAMA INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A++” by NACC
JEPPIAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI,
CHENNAI 600 119.

PROJECT - PHASE 1
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

TOPIC - NEXT - GENERATION INDUCTION HEATING: GAN

RESONANT POWER CONVERTER RESIDENTIAL USE

DONE BY:
42340003 - VIGNESH PANDIAN R
DEGREE / BRANCH - M.E POWER ELECTRONICS AND
INDUSTRIAL DRIVES.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report submitted for PROJECT - PHASE 1 is the
bonafide work of VIGNESH PANDIAN R (42340003), who carried out the project titled
“NEXT-GENERATION INDUCTION HEATING : GAN MATRIX RESONANT POWER
CONVERTER FOR RESIDENTIAL USE ”, Under the guidance of Dr. G.T.
SUNDARAJAN during the period JUNE 2023 to OCTOBER 2023.

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

DR. G.T. SUNDARAJAN DR. S.RADHIKA

Submitted for viva voce examination held on 04.11.2023

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

II
DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project report entitled GAN MATRIX RESONANT POWER
CONVERTER FOR RESIDENTIAL USE done by VIGNESH PANDIAN R under the
guidance of Dr. G.T SUNDARAJAN is submitted for the third semester (June 2023 -
October 2023) in the name of PROJECT - PHASE 1.

III
ABSTRACT

Flexible-surface induction cooktops must operate with a variety of induction heating

loads with different behavior and power set points to be heated simultaneously. In this
context, multi-output inverter topologies aim at achieving independent power
management while featuring low power-device count and high power density.
However, they suffer from limitations when applying classical modulation strategies to
ensure soft switching, which is required to reduce transistor losses and achieve
efficient operation. In this scenario, wide bandgap devices reduce switching losses,
opening a new paradigm in power conversion where soft switching is not mandatory
in order to achieve high efficiency.

This letter proposes an implementation of a multi-output resonant inverter

based on GaN HEMTs and evaluates various modulation strategies in terms of
efficiency under different switching modes. The proposed approach is designed and
experimentally validated by means of a two-coil 2000 W prototype implementation.

Domestic induction heating (IH) pursuit of flexibility relies on the usage of multi-coil
structures to generate optimal temperature profiles in the pot base. As a consequence,
the different inductor-pot systems can be considered independent IH loads with their
corresponding electrical equivalent parameters and power set points.

In order to address the multi-load power transmission challenge, multi-output

topologies, derived from the full bridge, half-bridge and single switch , have been
developed. These topologies balance complexity, versatility, and efficiency depending
on the characteristics of the application, e.g., inductor size, inductor number, target
material, heating distance, etc

A cost-effective and versatile family of multi-output resonant inverters, derived from

the half-bridge topology, is described. This letter further develops this idea by
proposing a high-efficiency implementation of an array multi-output converter with a
column structure able to operate under load mismatch achieving reduced power
losses, which eases integration in a flexible IH cooktop.

IV
High-efficiency multi-output converters are a key enabling technology for the
widespread use of flexible surface IH cooktops. Due to the application characteristics,
complex modulation strategies appear, requiring an additional effort in the topology
design, ensuring reduced power losses regardless of the nature of the switching
sequence.

However, they suffer from limitations when applying classical modulation

strategies to ensure soft switching, which is required to reduce transistor losses and
achieve efficient operation. In this scenario, wide bandgap devices reduce switching
losses, opening a new paradigm in power conversion where soft switching is not
mandatory in order to achieve high efficiency.

The prototype presents a peak efficiency of over 96% for nominal power operation.
Additionally, it is shown that high efficiency operation is achieved for a wide frequency
range, allowing a high versatility in the simultaneous power transmission to different
loads.

V
 LIST OF CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENT Pg.NO.

ABSTRACT IV

LIST OF CONTENTS VI

LIST OF FIGURES VIII

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Overview of the field 1

1.2 Brief history of power devices 5

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 8

3 AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENTATION 15

3.1 Objectives 15

3.2 Operating strategy 15

4 METHODOLOGY 16

4.1 Schemes 16

4.1.1 Dc- Dc converter 16

4.1.2 Current feed converter 18

4.1.3 Soft switching 19

5 BLOCK DIAGRAM 21

5.1 Proposed model 21

5.2 Controller working 22

VI
6 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 24

6.1 Circuit design 24

6.2 Simulations 26

7 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 29

7.1 Waveforms 29

7.2 Advantages 35

7.3 Disadvantages 35

7.4 Applications 36

7.4 Conclusions 36

REFERENCE 37

VII
 TABLE OF FIGURES

S.NO LIST OF FIGURES Pg.no

5.1 Block diagram of proposed model 21

5.2 Proposed circuit diagram 25

7.1.1 Input voltage (open loop) 29

7.1.2 With ZCS soft switching (open loop) 29

7.1.3 With ZVS (open loop) 30

7.1.4 Output Voltage 1 & 2 (open loop) 30

7.1.5 Triggering pulses (open loop) 31

7.1.6 Input voltage (base paper) 31

7.1.7 Output voltage (base paper) 32

7.1.8 Triggering pulses (base paper) 32

7.1.9 With ZCS (closed loop) 33

7.1.10 With ZVS (closed loop) 33

7.1.11 Output voltages (closed loop) 34

7.1.12 Triggering Pulses (Closed loop) 34

VIII
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE FIELD

Electrical power is processed by power electron- ics to make it suitable for various
applications, such as dc and ac regulated power supplies, electrochemical processes,
heating and lighting control, electrical machine drives, induction heating, electronic
welding, active power line filtering, static var compensation, etc.

The processing involves conversion (dc-ac, ac-dc, dc-dc, and ac-ac) and control
using power semiconductor switches. Compared to linear mode power amplification
using power semiconductor devices, the switching mode power processing gives
higher efficiency with the penalty of harmonic ripples in the load and source sides. In
modern power electronic equipment, there are essentially two types of semiconductor
elements: the power semiconductors that can be considered as muscle of the
equipment, and the microelectronic control chips that provide the power of the brain.
Both elements are digital in nature, except that one manipulates power up to giga
watts and the other handles only milli watts.

The close coordination of these end-of-the-spectrum electronics is offering large size

and cost advantages and high level of performance in today’s power electronic
apparatus. By using power electronics, we can achieve a high level of productivity in
industry and product quality enhancetronic methods. Today, power electronics is an
indispensable tool in any advanced country’s industrial economy. An important aspect
of power electronics applications is energy conservation, i.e., more efficient use of
electricity.

For example, in a variable speed heat pump, energy up to 30% can be saved by
providing load-proportional speed modulation of the compressor drive. The additional
cost of power electronics can be recovered by energy saving in a reasonably short
time, especially where the cost of electricity is high. The use of electric cars, electric
trams, and electric subway trains can substantially reduce urban pollution problems.

1
Power electronics permits generation of electrical power from environmentally clean
photovoltaic, fuel cell, and wind energy sources. Now we are concerned about acid
rain and world warming(global warming due to accumulation of carbon dioxide and
other gases) effects. Widespread application of power electronics, especially with an
eye for energy conservation and generation of power from environmentally clean
sources, can help in solving these problems. The modem era of power electronics
began with the advent of power semiconductor devices. The pnpn triggering transistor,
which was later defined as a thyristor or silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), was invented
by Bell Telephone Laboratory in 1956 and was later commercialized by the General
Electric Co. Of course, power diodes using silicon or germanium were available prior
to that time. Since then, power electronics has gone through a dynamic evolution in
the last three decades.

The principal research and development efforts in this technology have taken the
following directions: power semiconductor devices, converter topologies, analysis and
simulation, control and estimation techniques, and control hardware and software. In
this, we briefly review the recent advances in power electronics that include power
semiconductor devices, converter circuits, and control techniques. The research and
development trends in these areas are highlighted.

Matrix converters have received considerable attention due to their potentiality to

provide direct ac–ac conversion without energy storage. However, they must use
some four-quadrant switches, sense the switch voltage and current of their switches,
and use some snubber circuits to absorb over voltages coming from the inductive
commutation. As a result, circuit efficiency and reliability are affected. Therefore, they
are rarely used in a wide range of applications. In recent years, the pulse width
modulation (PWM) rectifier-inverter systems with dc link using the indirect ac–dc–ac
conversion method have been the most popular circuits. When compared to matrix
converters, these systems show improved reliability and allow a higher output voltage.
In this system, a big tank capacitor in the dc link provides decoupling between the
rectifier and the inverter, so that the two converters can be driven independently
according to usual PWM techniques providing excellent input and output
performances.

2
In fact, this system is the combination of the boost rectifier and the buck inverter. The
boost rectifier performs the functions of power factor correction and boost ac–dc
conversion. The buck inverter performs the function of buck dc–ac conversion with
output voltage of variable amplitude and frequency. Therefore, the ac–dc–ac system
shown in Fig. 1 have been widely used in industrial applications such as uninterruptible
power supplies (UPS), ac power source, static frequency changers and variable speed
drives. For minimization of size and weight of the overall system, increasing switching
frequency in them is required.

However, increasing switching frequency will result in more switching losses. In order
to overcome this problem, they must use individual soft-switching techniques. This
solution will result in high complexity of the overall circuit, high weight, high cost and
low efficiency. In order to overcome previous problems, a number of zero voltage
switching (ZVS) techniques in which the auxiliary commutation cells are shared
between the rectifier and inverter have been proposed . The idea of sharing a single
auxiliary commutation cell between two stages of power conversion has been explored
in previous recent works, including a similar (but not equal) cell presented in reference.
Unfortunately, their auxiliary commutation circuits are more complex and need
additional switches. It will result in high cost and weight.

Research has been developed in order to reduce the weight and size of the switching
converters to attend the technological advance which demands equipment with high-
power density. High-switching frequency operation is a way to obtain converters with
that characteristic. However, the increase of switching frequency results in an increase
of switching losses and, consequently, decreases the efficiency of the conventional
pulse width modulation (PWM) switch mode converters. Quasi-resonant converters
(QRC’s) were introduced to overcome the disadvantage presented by the PWM switch
mode converters operating at high-switching frequency.

In these converters, zero voltage or zero current in the switches can be achieved
during switching. The problems of this principle are the high-switch voltage or current
stress operation with variable frequency and load limitations. The QRC-PWM
converters, although they work with fixed frequency, present all the other
disadvantages of the QRC converters.

3
Now, there are many converters which do not present the problems described above.
An example of such converters is found in. Although this converter presents several
advantages, it cannot operate in the soft-switching way with duty cycle less than half.
Furthermore, almost all the PWM soft-switching converters proposed have two active
switches. In some applications, the dc voltage ratio can limit the switching frequency.
In PWM converters, it is a function of duty cycle, and the minimum attainable value is
limited in the practical buck converters by minimum on time of the switch and becomes
more restrictive when the switching frequency is increased. In applications that require
a large step down or a large range of input or output, the minimum on time of the
switch limits the operation at low-switching frequency.

In the buck quadratic converters presented in the dc voltage conversion ratio has a
quadratic dependence on duty cycle, and they are electrically equivalent to two basic
buck converters in a cascade with an advantage to use only one switch. These
converters allow the high-switching frequency operation with a significantly lower
minimum conversion ratio for the same on time of the conventional PWM converter,
eliminating the use of transformers where isolation is not required. The new buck
quadratic PWM soft-single-switched (SSS) converter proposed, having only a single
active switch, is able to operate with the characteristics of the PWM converters with
soft switching, large step down, and high switching frequency. It will be presented in
the following sections through detailed analysis to emphasize such characteristics of
this converter.

For overcoming these drawbacks and holding the advantages of conventional ac–dc–
ac converter, a novel high input power factor soft-switching single-stage ac–dc–ac
converter using a ZVS–PWM strategy is proposed in this paper. For overcoming the
problem where the conventional ac–dc–ac converter must use individual soft-
switching techniques to reduce their switching losses, a simple ZVS–PWM strategy
also is proposed in this paper. In the proposed ZVS–PWM strategy, the components
of the boost rectifier showed in the circuit of Fig. 1 are rearranged to provide the zero-
voltage-switching on all semiconductors in the buck inverter and a ZVS–PWM
commutation cell is used to provide the zero-voltage-switching on all semiconductors

4
in the boost rectifier. Thus, the proposed main circuit not only can be simplified but all
semiconductor devices in the proposed converter can be operated at ZVS.

An average-current-mode control is employed in the rectifier side of the proposed

converter to synthesize a suitable low harmonics sinusoidal waveform for the input
current. The sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) control strategy is employed
in the inverter of the proposed converter to achieve good dynamic regulation. System
analysis for predicting and evaluating the ac–dc–ac converter performance are
conducted.

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF POWER DEVICES

Research in the field of power devices originated with the invention of the bipolar
transistor at Bell labs in 1948. Power rectifiers based on germanium were reported in
the 1950s with a switch to Silicon as the favoured material as the decade progressed.
Silicon devices have dominated the field ever since with several different concepts
being introduced. The thyristor structure was proposed in 1956 , followed by the gate
turn-off in 1961. A thyristor is a solid-state semiconductor device with four layers of
alternating P- and N-type materials. It acts exclusively as a bistable switch, conducting
when the gate receives a current trigger, and continuing to conduct while the voltage
across the device is not reversed (forward-biased). Originally, thyristors relied only on
current reversal to turn them off, making them difficult to apply for direct current; newer
device types can be turned on and off through the control gate signal. The latter is
known as a gate turn-off thyristor, or GTO thyristor. The introduction of the power
metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) in 1980 was an important
step in the growth of the power electronics market observed at this time due to its
voltage controlled gate and high input impedance. A device which combines the
voltage controlled gate of the MOSFET and the bipolaron-state conduction seen in
earlier devices was introduced in the mid 80s and named the insulated gate bipolar
transistor (IGBT).

Conductivity modulation in the drift region of IGBTs allows a reduction in on-state

resistance and leads to devices with higher current capability. Some compromise is
however needed in the maximum achievable switching frequency and the transient

5
losses due to the charge removal required when switching. This illustrates that,
depending on the application requirements, different concepts appear more suitable.
At this point an important trade-off consideration in the field of power MOSFETs can
be introduced. This trade off relates to the maximum breakdown voltage which can be
achieved versus the on-state resistance observed in vertical power MOSFETs. This
arises when the electric field distribution in an ideal planar p-n junction is considered.
The reverse bias voltage needed to reach a critical electric field relates to the length
and doping of the drift region. Reduced doping or increased drift region length can
lead to higher breakdown but can also lead to greater on-state resistance thus the
trade-off arises. This relationship is often referred to as the limit of silicon. However, a
more accurate description would identify this as the limit of the specific technology of
vertical power FETs. The relationship between specific on-resistance and breakdown
voltage of an ideal drift region is given by: Ron = 4BV 2 /ϵ0ϵrµnξc

The denominator in the expression above is defined as the Baliga figure of merit
(BFOM) and is based on minimizing conduction losses in vertical power FETs. It is
worth mentioning that this assumes power losses to be solely due to on-state power
dissipation and applies best to operation at lower frequencies where conduction losses
dominate. It is clear that this figure of merit can be used to an extent to compare the
capabilities of different materials as it contains terms which are linked to the intrinsic
properties of a material. This will be discussed in more detail in the following section.
The concept for a device which can surpass the limit of Silicon was first presented in
literature in 1997-1998.

This concept is known as the super-junction and consists of highly n-doped and p-
doped pillars in the device drift region. This offers a more optimized distribution of
electric field in the drift region compared to conventional devices. While conduction
occurs through only one of the pillars the increase in doping is such that a significant
reduction in on-state resistance can still be observed. The super junction concept has
been implemented in different technologies (MOSFETs, IGBTs) leading to significant
improvements in all round performance.

In conjunction with the vertical devices described so far another class of devices has
received a lot of attention. These are lateral devices where the conduction path is
parallel to the wafer surface rather than perpendicular. The advantage of these

6
devices relates to their ability to be integrated monolithically with gate drive circuitry
leading to the design of power integrated circuits.

Similar concepts to the ones described for vertical devices are used in the design of
these lateral devices with the lateral IGBT holding considerable market interest and
the superjunction concept applied in the lateral double diffused metal-oxide
semiconductor (LDDMOS) . While clever engineering has allowed the capabilities of
silicon devices to be redefined for several decades, there is a case to be made for
wide band-gap materials. The main materials which have received considerable
attention as an alternative to silicon in power device applications are silicon carbide
(SiC), gallium nitride (GaN) and diamond. Research into wide bandgap materials for
power electronics application can be traced back to the early 1990s.

7
 LITERATURE SURVEY

Title: Dynamic Analysis and Control for Resonant Currents in a Zone-Control

Induction Heating System

Authors: H. N. Pham, H. Fujita, K. Ozaki, and N. Uchida

Publication Date: March 2013

Abstract: The paper focuses on the dynamic analysis and control of resonant currents
in a zone-control induction heating system. Induction heating is widely used in various
applications, including cooking appliances, and optimizing its performance is of
significant interest. The authors investigate the resonant behavior of the induction
heating system and propose control strategies to improve its dynamic response and
efficiency.

Title: Principle of a Multiload/Single Converter System for Low Power Induction

Heating

Authors: F. Forest, E. Laboure, F. Costa, and J. Y. Gaspard

Publication Date: March 2000

Abstract: The paper discusses the principles and design of a system that combines
multiple loads with a single converter for low-power induction heating applications. The
objective is likely to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of induction heating
systems operating at lower power levels.

Title: Induction Heating Appliances: Towards more flexible cooking surfaces

Authors: O. Lucía, J. Acero, C. Carretero, and J. M. Burdio

8
Publication Date: September 2013

Abstract: The paper explores the topic of induction heating appliances, with a specific focus
on enhancing the flexibility of cooking surfaces. Induction cooking has gained popularity
for its efficiency and precise heating control, and this research likely aims to further
improve and expand its capabilities.

Title: Mutual Impedance of Small Ring-Type Coils for Multi Winding Induction Heating
Appliances

Authors: J. Acero, C. Carretero, Ó. Lucía, R. Alonso, and J. M. Burdío

Publication Date: February 2013

Abstract: The paper focuses on the mutual impedance of small ring-type coils used in
multi winding induction heating appliances. Understanding the mutual impedance
between coils is crucial for optimizing the design and performance of induction heating
systems with multiple coils.

Title: Analysis and Design of Flexible-Surface Induction-Heating Cooktop with GaN-

HEMT-Based Multiple Inverter System

Authors: E. Jang, M. J. Kwon, S. M. Park, H. M. Ahn, and B. K. Lee

Publication Date: October 2022

Abstract : The paper appears to focus on the analysis and design of a flexible-surface
induction heating cooktop that utilizes GaN-HEMT (Gallium Nitride High-Electron-
Mobility Transistor) technology and a multiple inverter system. This suggests an
exploration of advanced technology in the field of induction cooking.

Title: Design and Implementation of a High-Efficiency Multiple-Output Resonant

9
Converter for Induction Heating Applications Featuring Wide Bandgap Devices

Authors: H. Sarnago, Ó. Lucía, A. Mediano, and J. M. Burdío

Publication Date: May 2014

Abstract: The paper discusses the design and implementation of a high-efficiency

multiple-output resonant converter specifically intended for induction heating
applications. The key feature of this converter is the incorporation of wide bandgap
devices, which can offer advantages in terms of efficiency and performance.

Title: Capacitor-Sharing Two-Output Series-Resonant Inverter for Induction Cooking

Application

Authors: V. B. Devara and colleagues

Publication Date: 2016

Abstract: The paper presents a novel series-resonant inverter design for induction
cooking applications. Specifically, it focuses on a two-output configuration where the
inverter shares a common capacitor for improved efficiency and reduced component
count.

Title: Dual Frequency Inverter Configuration for Multiple-Load Induction Cooking

Application

Authors: S. K. Papani and colleagues

Publication Date: 2015

Abstract: The paper discusses a novel inverter configuration designed for multiple- load
induction cooking applications. This inverter configuration incorporates a dual-
frequency approach, likely aiming to enhance the efficiency and flexibility of induction
cooking systems. Title: Dual Half Bridge Series Resonant Inverter for Induction
Heating Appliance with Two Loads

10
Author: Y.-C. Jung

Publication Date: May 1999

Abstract: The paper discusses the design and implementation of a dual half-bridge
series resonant inverter intended for use in induction heating appliances. This inverter
configuration is specifically designed to cater to induction heating applications with two
loads, such as cooktops or similar appliances.

Title: Frequency-Synchronized Resonant Converters for the Supply of Multi Winding

Coils in Induction Cooking Appliances

Authors: F. Forest, S. Faucher, J.-Y. Gaspard, D. Montloup, J.-J. Huselstein, and

C.Joubert

Publication Date: February 2007

Abstract: The paper explores the design and application of frequency-synchronized

resonant converters for supplying power to multi winding coils in induction cooking
appliances. Induction cooking appliances often utilize multi winding coils, and the
synchronization of converter frequencies plays a significant role in optimizing
performance.

Title: "A Three-Switch Resonant Inverter for Multiple Load Induction Heating
Applications"

Authors: B. Salvi, S. Por Pandiselvi, and N. Vishwanathan

Publication Date: October 2022

Abstract : The paper likely discusses the design and implementation of a resonant
inverter for multiple-load induction heating applications. The distinctive feature of this
inverter is the use of a three-switch configuration, which could offer advantages in
terms of simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and control in induction heating systems.

Title: Single Ended Resonant Power Supply for Induction Heating

11
Authors: J. M. Leisten and colleagues

Publication Date: 1990

Abstract: The paper discusses the design and implementation of a single-ended resonant
power supply specifically intended for induction heating applications. The focus is likely
on achieving efficient and controlled power delivery for induction heating coils or loads.

Title: Multiple-Output ZVS Resonant Inverter Architecture for Flexible Induction

Heating Appliances

Authors: H. Sarnago, P. Guillén, J. M. Burdío, and O. Lucia

Publication Date: 2019

Abstract: The paper discusses the design and implementation of a multiple-output Zero-
Voltage Switching (ZVS) resonant inverter architecture intended for flexible induction
heating appliances. This architecture likely aims to provide enhanced efficiency, control,
and flexibility in induction heating systems.

Title: Multiple-Output ZVS Resonant Inverter Architecture for Flexible Induction

Heating Appliances

Authors: H. Sarnago, P. Guillén, J. M. Burdío, and O. Lucia

Publication Date: 2019

Abstract: The paper discusses the design and implementation of a multiple-output

Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS) resonant inverter architecture intended for flexible
induction heating appliances. This architecture likely aims to provide enhanced
efficiency, control, and flexibility in induction heating systems.

Title: Improved Performance of Half-Bridge Series Resonant Inverter for Induction

Heating with Discontinuous Mode Control

12
Authors: I. Millan, D. Puyal, J. M. Burdio, C. Bemal, and J. Acero

Conference: 22nd Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition
(APEC)

Publication Year: 2007

Abstract: The paper discusses enhancements and improvements in the performance of a

half-bridge series resonant inverter used in induction heating applications. The key
innovation presented is the application of discontinuous mode control to optimize the
operation of the inverter in the context of induction heating.

Title: Sigmoid Function Model for a PFM Power Electronic Converter

Authors: Y. Lu, X. Huang, Y. Huang, and D. Liu

Publication Date: April 2020

Abstract: The paper introduces a sigmoid function model for a power electronic
converter operating in Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM) mode. The model is likely
developed to accurately capture and describe the behavior and characteristics of a PFM
converter.

Title: Heat Management in Power Converters: From State of the Art to Future
Ultrahigh Efficiency Systems

Authors: E. Laloya, Ó. Lucía, H. Sarnago, and J. M. Burdío

Publication Date: November 2016

Abstract: The paper addresses the topic of heat management in power converters,
focusing on advancements from the current state of the art to future systems designed
for ultrahigh efficiency. Heat management is a critical aspect of power electronics and
converters, as excessive heat can affect efficiency, reliability, and overall system
performance.

13
Title: Dual-Output Boost Resonant Full-Bridge Topology and Its Modulation Strategies for
High-Performance Induction Heating Applications

Authors: H. Sarnago, Ó. Lucía, M. Pérez-Tarragona, and J. M. Burdío

Publication Date: June 2016

Abstract: The paper discusses a dual-output boost resonant full-bridge topology

designed for high-performance induction heating applications. It focuses on the
development of this topology and its associated modulation strategies to optimize the
efficiency and performance of induction heating systems.

Title: Cascaded Full-Bridge Resonant Inverter Configuration for Different Material

Vessel Induction Cooking

Authors: S. Khatroth and P. Shunmugam

Publication Date: 2020

Abstract: The paper discusses the design and implementation of a cascaded full- bridge
resonant inverter configuration tailored for induction cooking applications that involve
vessels made from different materials. The configuration and control strategies are
likely optimized to accommodate various cooking vessel materials efficiently.

14
 AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENTATION

3.1 OBJECTIVES

● To Achieve high conversion efficiency to minimize energy losses during power

transfer, resulting in reduced energy consumption and lower operating costs for
domestic induction cooking.

● To Enhance the power factor of the converter to ensure it draws a near

sinusoidal current from the grid, reducing harmonic distortion and improving the
overall power quality.
● To Minimize electromagnetic interference to comply with electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC) standards and avoid interference with other electronic
devices in the home.
● Strive to minimize component costs without compromising performance or
reliability, making the technology more accessible to consumers.

3.2 OPERATING STRATEGY

● Conventional scheme uses hard switching with no series inductor and parallel
capacitor.
● Modified scheme with soft switching uses ZVZCS with series inductor and
parallel capacitor.
● Operating conditions for silicon carbide and Gan are similar only.
● Normal n channel MOSFET is equal to Gan, only it has a high power rating.
● ZVZCS is added in each MOSFET for Soft switching.

15
 METHODOLOGY

4.1 SCHEMES

4.1.1 DC-DC converter

A variety of high performance dc-dc power converter topologies have been proposed
for increasing power density and efficiency. In high power applications, soft-switching
phase-shifted PWM (PS-PWM) full-bridge converters have much attention because of
their low switching losses, constant frequency operation and simple control. In most
of PS-PWM full-bridge converters, however, a large circulating current flows through
the transformer and primary side circuit during the freewheeling interval. Due to the
circulating current, conduction losses of the switching devices and transformer are still
high compared with those of hard-switching PWM converters. In recent years, several
soft-switching PS-PWM full-bridge converters, which can reduce the circulating
current,

have been reported . The converter presented in employs saturable reactors and a
tapped inductor for output low-pass filter. The tapped inductor acts as an
autotransformer and a passive clamp element, so that the rectified output voltage is
clamped in positive polarity during the freewheeling interval.

Therefore, the rectifier diodes are biased in reverse, and the output inductor current
flows through the secondary freewheeling diode during the freewheeling interval. As
a result, the circulating current through the transformer and primary side circuit
becomes zero, and is substantially reduced. The converter operates under zero-
voltage switching (ZVS) for the leading leg, and both zero-voltage switching and zero-
current switching (ZCS) for the lagging leg. So, the energy stored in the parasitic
capacitances of the active switches in both legs is not dissipated. The saturable
reactors however need a highly square - magnetization curve and increase somewhat
in cost.

The converter presented in employs an active clamp circuit in the secondary side
circuit to clamp the rectified output voltage in positive polarity during the freewheeling

16
interval. Therefore, the circulating current can be reduced during the freewheeling
interval. The converter needs the active switch and its drive circuit. So, the auxiliary
circuit is a little bit complex. Besides, a high peak current corresponding to output
current flows through the auxiliary active switch, which operates under hard-switching.
The converter presented in [8] uses an auxiliary winding of the transformer, auxiliary
rectifier diodes, and output capacitor (hold capacitor) to keep the rectified output
voltage in positive polarity in the freewheeling interval. There is no additional active
switch however the passive auxiliary circuit is a little bit complex.

The converter is presented in employs auxiliary diodes and capacitors in the

secondary side circuit as an energy-recovery snubber. The auxiliary capacitors are
charged up through the rectifier during the powering interval, and keep the rectified
output voltage in positive polarity in the freewheeling interval. Although the auxiliary
circuit is relatively simple, high voltage stresses appear across the rectifier diodes and
the auxiliary circuit. The converters operate under ZVS for leading leg, and ZCS for
lagging leg. Due to ZCS operation, the parasitic inductance in primary dc bus causes
a high voltage overshoot or current ringing on the switches when each switch in the
lagging leg is turned on because the parasitic capacitance of the switch charges
through the parasitic inductance and dc voltage source. Therefore, the parasitic
inductance in the dc bus must be minimized. As well as full-bridge converter topology,
interleaved two-switch forward converter topology has been often used for high power
applications shows the conventional interleaved two-switch forward converter.

The two forward circuits operate 180 out of phase with each other. As well known, the
peak voltage stress on each switch is clamped to dc voltage source , and current
stresses are also comparable to those of full-bridge converters. Forward configuration
has a disadvantage such that the flux swing of the transformer operates in one
direction, so that the transformer core size is to be enlarged as compared with that of
full-bridge configuration. In high frequency operation however thermal stress due to
power losses of the magnetic core limits the operating flux swing, therefore the
disadvantage is eliminated. Moreover, there is no need to use any flux balancing
methods such as blocking capacitors.

So far, soft-switching topology for interleaved two-switch forward converters has never
been presented. This paper proposes a new interleaved two-switch forward converter

17
topology operating under zero-voltage and zero-current switching with minimized
idling and circulating current with no additional auxiliary circuits. Voltage and current
stresses, and conduction losses on active and passive components can be minimized
as comparable to those of conventional hard-switching interleaved two-switch
converters. The operation principle is illustrated together with steady-state circuit
analysis. Moreover, a 500 W, 100 kHz prototype is implemented to verify the
effectiveness of the proposed converter.

4.1.2 Current-Fed Converter

In general, the current source power conversion circuits based upon the conventional
hard switching scheme have some significant problems which include a large amount
of switching losses of power semiconductor devices, inherent voltage and current
surge pulses and their related EMURFI noises. In order to alleviate these practical
problems, high performance power conversion circuit and system topologies designed
so as to be

able to operate under the conditions of soft switching commutation schemes which are
based upon the principles of zero voltage switching (ZVS), zero current switching
(ZCS)

and zero voltage and zero current switching (ZVZCS) mode transitions have been
proposed and discussed so far. However, there are only a few papers which are
concerned with soft switching circuit technologies of current source PWM
converters"31. A new three phase current source ZCS-PWM converter using a
resonant DC link snubber based on lossless capacitor energy regenerating topology
was proposed, in order to commutate at the resonant snubber soft-commutation in
accordance with PWM pattern change, the soft switching converter proposed
previously has a problem to be improved which includes lowered control performance
due to inherent PWM current reduction. So, this paper presents the current source soft
switching converter with resonant DC link snubber and introduced the current
overlapping soft-commutation and the system improved this problem.

The operating principles of the current overlapping soft-commutation and the resonant
snubber soft-commutation circuit are investigated in detail for this circuit configuration.
Asoft switching circuit is also proposed to reduce the operation number of resonant

18
commutating action from three to one time within the switching carrier interval. Finally,
the effectiveness of this three phase current source soft switching PFC converter is
proved on the basis of the simulation results.

4.1.3 Soft switching method

The soft-switching inverter configuration can be ac link or dc link, zero voltage or zero
current switching. Zero voltage dc link soft switching inverters have received more
attention because they do not need bidirectional or reverse blocking devices. There
are two major types of zero-voltage dc link soft-switching inverters. One is the resonant
dc link inverter which produces resonating voltage across the input of the inverter
bridge, and the other is the resonant pole inverter which adds an auxiliary resonant
branch for each inverter leg.

The resonant dc link inverter provides a common zero voltage to all three phase-legs,
while the resonant pole inverter produces zero voltages for individual phase-legs.

In general, the structure of the resonant dc link inverter is simpler than that of resonant
pole inverters. However, the resonant dc link inverter restraints that all devices be
switched on and off simultaneously. The resonant pole inverter, on the other hand,
allows each phase to be independently modulated, thus achieving higher output
resolution. In other words, to obtain the same level of output resolution, the resonant
dc link inverter needs to be operated at a higher switching frequency .

When considering the inverter efficiency, one must be aware that not all the soft-
switching inverters are more efficient than the traditional hard-switching sinusoidal
pulse width- modulation (SPWM) inverters. A thorough analysis or hardware
experiment is needed for efficiency evaluation.

The purpose of this paper is to analytically evaluate efficiencies of potentially cost-

effective soft-switching inverters. The efficiency evaluation results are then compared
with that of the hard-switching SPWM inverter. In order to evaluate the inverter
efficiency, one must have well defined component models and inverter switching

algorithms. Otherwise, an accurate evaluation can only be obtained by actual tests.

However, by making some assumptions and simple device models, the evaluation can
be fairly applied to different inverter topologies, and a relative performance

19
comparison can then be obtained. For conduction loss evaluation, this paper simplifies
the device model to a voltage source in series with a resistor, which is suitable for both
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) and diodes. For switching loss evaluation
(only applicable to SPWM inverters), a curve fitting technique is applied to find the
selected device turn-on ,and turn-off models.

The efficiency consideration for motor drive applications is somewhat different from
other loads because the load performs as a current filter, and the output power can be
varied with either speed or torque. Under different speed and torque conditions, the
motor current and power factor will be varied and affect the inverter efficiency.

The variation of power factor in an ac induction machine is more noticeable than that
in permanent magnet machines. In order to study the efficiency over a wide speed
range, the authors chose the ac induction machine for the inverter evaluation.
Assuming that the motor is operated with a field-oriented control, the motor current
and power factor can be determined under different speed and torque conditions.

The inverter efficiency can then be evaluated accordingly. The efficiency of the hard-
switching SPWM inverter is calculated for the baseline comparison. Evaluation results
show that the ACRDC and ASCRP inverters have highest efficiency over the entire
speed range, but the CMRP inverter has poorest efficiency because the circulating
energies cause high conduction losses in the switching devices. The discrepancy gets
worse in low speed regions.

20
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

5.1 PROPOSED MODEL

Fig. 5.1 Block diagram of proposed model

The power stage diagram of the proposed soft-switching single-phase ac–dc–ac

converter is shown in Fig. 1(b). The circuit can be divided into three sections. The first
section is the input rectifier which is operated at pulse-width modulation continuous
conduction mode and composed of , and . This section performs the functions of power
factor correction and boost ac–dc conversion at fixed frequency. It also provides the
zero-voltage-switching on all semiconductors in the buck inverter.

The second section is a ZVS–PWM commutation cell to provide the soft-switching on

the switches and . It is composed of the auxiliary diodes, the resonant inductor, the
resonant capacitor , the transformer and auxiliary switch . It is rated for a small power
when compared to the output power. The third section is the output inverter with
unipolar voltage switching. It is composed of the switches, and output filter.

21
This section performs the function of conventional PWM buck dc–ac conversion with
output voltage of variable amplitude and frequency. In the positive (negative) half-
period of the desired output , the switch is always on, switches and performs the
inversion function at high frequency switching, while switching or performing the boost
dc–dc conversion function in PWM continuous conduction mode. For convenience in
analysis, only the negative-half period of the desired output voltage is described.

To simplify the analysis, it is assumed that the proposed single-phase ac–dc–ac

converter is operating in steady-state and the following assumptions are made during
one switching cycle.

1) All components and devices are ideal.

2) During one switching cycle, the power factor pre-regulator inductor is large enough
to assume that the input current is constant and is much greater than resonant inductor

3) During one switching cycle, the output filter inductor is large enough to assume that
the output current is constant and is much greater than the resonant inductor .

4) The capacitor is large enough to assume that the voltage is constant and ripple
free.

5) In the beginning of the switching, the resonant voltage is equal to and the resonant
current is equal to zero. Based on these assumptions, circuit operations in one
switching cycle can be divided into twelve stages. The twelve dynamic equivalent
circuits of the new soft-switching single-phase ac–dc–ac converter and the ideal
relevant waveform during one switching period, respectively.

Stage of Operation of the New Soft-Switching Single-Phase AC–DC–AC Converter

STAGE 1 Before , the switches , and maintain turn-on state, the switches and maintain
turn-off state.

5.2 CONTROLLER WORKING

The controller of the proposed soft-switching single-phase ac–dc–ac converter and in

this controller, the average current mode is used as the control reference in the

22
boost power factor pre-regulator. The boost power factor pre regulator is designed to
operate in continuous-conduction mode (CCM). This average current controller can
prescribe the shape and the frequency of the input current due to its inherently
synchronous feedback loop. In order to obtain an almost unity power factor, the
synchronous signal is sensed from a rectified sinusoidal waveform.

Thus, an isolation transformer T and a signal bridge rectifier are necessary to obtain
the desired synchronous signal and the rms input voltage for the control IC. Hall Effect
sensor for detecting the input current is installed for the average current mode control.

23
 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

6.1 CIRCUIT DESIGN

1. The main idea is to Develop the converter circuit topology, considering soft
switching techniques to reduce switching losses and optimize resonance. The
reason for choosing the soft choosing is to reduce the power loss in
semiconductor devices and also for the reduction of electromagnetic
interference.
2. voltage zero current switching (ZVZCS), When operating in these modes, the
voltage and current. transients are manipulated to reduce the voltage-current
crossover, otherwise defined as the. switching loss. In the ZVS case, the
voltage transients at the turn on and turn off instants are restricted.
3. Because of ZVZCS induced losses are reduced for the ZVZCS operation which
amounts to 26 % and 20 % reduction from the ZVS and the ZCS counterpart
respectively. Besides, the low standard deviation (SD) for the ZVZCS operation
denotes minimal deviation from the average loss profile throughout the
operational states
4. The reference current is then generated by a multiplier/divider combination of
the synchronous feedback loop and input voltage feed-forward loop. In the buck
inverter, a sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) technique is used to regulate the system
dynamics. The feedback circuit includes sinusoidal generator, error amplifier
and compensator network. The sawtooth- wave generator is common for
eliminating noise interference.
5. A novel soft-switching single-phase ac–dc–ac converter with high input power
factor and clean ac output voltage is presented with simple and compact
configuration. Thus, the proposed ac–dc–ac converter is applicable in UPS
design.
6. The proposed circuit is operated at constant frequency, and all semiconductor
devices are operated at soft-switching without additional voltage stress and
current stress.
7. A significant reduction in the conduction losses is achieved, since the circulating
current for the soft switching flows only through the auxiliary circuit and a
minimum number of switching devices are involved in the circulating current

24
 path.
8. In addition, the rectifier in the proposed converter uses a single converter
instead of the conventional configuration composed of a four-diode front-end
rectifier followed by a boost converter.
9. An average-current-mode control is employed in the rectifier side of the
proposed converter to detect the transition time and synthesize a suitable low
harmonics sinusoidal waveform for the input current. The sinusoidal pulse-
width modulation (SPWM) control strategy is employed in the inverter of the
proposed converter to achieve good dynamic regulation.
10. Moreover, the lowside transistor hard switching turn-ON sequence is zoomed
and compared with the one of a silicon transistor in an equivalent
implementation, showing reduced switching times. As a consequence,
switching losses are minimized, leading to a reduction in the power losses of
the converter of more than 10%
11. A power loss breakdown based on the device conduction and switching
parameters is shown. There, the dependencies with the switching frequency
and modulation strategies can be seen, highlighting the minimal contribution of
the switching losses in most of the cases.
12. Moreover, the increase on the number of loads should consider the additive
currents through the high-side transistor, which is limited by the maximum
power of the converter, that might be lower than the sum of the loads.

Fig. 5.2 Proposed circuit diagram

25
6.2 SIMULATION DIAGRAM

Fig. 6.2.1: Simulation 1 - Proposed open loop Pulse generator ZVZCS modified closed GaN

26
Fig. 6.2.2: Simulation 2 - Proposed open loop Pulse generator ZVZCS modified GaN final

27
Fig. 6.2.3: Simulation 3 - Proposed open loop Pulse generator Proposed GaN final

28
 RESULT AND CONCLUSION

7.1 WAVEFORM
7.1.1 GaN Modified waveform with ZVZCS (Open Loop)

Fig. 7.1.1 Input voltage (Open loop)

Fig 7.1.2 With ZCS Soft switching (open loop )

29
Fig 7.1.3 with zvs (open loop)

Fig 7.1.4 Output Voltage 1 & 2 (Open loop)

30
 Fig 7.1.5 Triggering pulses (open loop)

7.1.2 GaN proposed waveform (base paper)

Fig 7.1.6 Input voltage (base paper)

31
 Fig 7.1.7 Output voltage (base paper)

Fig 7.1.8 Triggering pulses (base paper)

32
7.1.3 Modified waveform with ZVZCS (Closed loop)

Fig 7.1.9 with ZCS closed loop

Fig 7.1.10 with ZVS closed loop

33
 Fig 7.1.11 Output voltages (Closed loop)

Fig 7.1.12 Triggering pulses (Closed loop)

34
7.2 ADVANTAGES

● Reduced Heat Generation: GaN MOSFETs are known for their high-speed
switching capabilities and low switching losses. This reduces heat generation
in the converter and contributes to a cooler operating environment in the
kitchen, improving user comfort and safety.
● Fast Response Time: GaN MOSFETs enable rapid adjustments in power
levels and precise control of induction heating. This leads to faster response
times and more accurate temperature control during cooking, enhancing the
cooking experience.
● Compact Design: GaN devices and MOSFETs are both compact and have a
high power density. This allows for the design of smaller and more lightweight
power converters, making them easier to integrate into domestic induction
cooktops and appliances.
● Improved Reliability: GaN MOSFETs are known for their reliability and
robustness. The combination of GaN and MOSFETs can contribute to longer
device lifetimes and increased overall system reliability.

7.3 DISADVANTAGES

● Rating: Normal n channel MOSFET is equal to Gan, only it have high power
rating, not using high power application.
● Cost: GaN devices, especially those designed for high-frequency and high-
power applications, can be more expensive than traditional silicon-based
devices. This cost premium may impact the overall cost of the converter and,
subsequently, the final product's price.
● Complex Control: Achieving optimal performance with GaN devices can
require more sophisticated control algorithms and gate driver circuits. The
complexity of control can increase design and development efforts.
● Gate Drive Considerations: GaN devices have unique gate drive
requirements, including precise voltage and current waveforms. Designing and
implementing gate driver circuits that meet these requirements can be
challenging.
● Thermal Management: While GaN devices generate less heat during
switching, they can still become hot, especially at high switching frequencies.
35
 Effective thermal management is crucial to prevent device overheating and
maintain reliability.

7. APPLICATIONS

 Domestic Induction Cooktops: Matrix resonant converters using GaN and MOSFETs
are well-suited for domestic induction cooktops, offering precise control, high
efficiency, and rapid heating response.
 Electric Vehicle (EV) Chargers: GaN-based converters can be used in high-
frequency EV chargers to increase charging efficiency and reduce size and weight,
making them suitable for both residential and commercial charging stations.
 Server Power Supplies: Data centers and server farms benefit from high-efficiency
power supplies. GaN-based converters help reduce power losses, leading to energy
savings and reduced cooling requirements.
 Telecommunications Power Supplies: High-frequency converters are used in
telecom power supplies to reduce space requirements in base stations and improve
overall system efficiency.
 LED Drivers: LED lighting systems require efficient power conversion. GaN-based
converters can provide the necessary power conversion efficiency for LED drivers,
especially in high-frequency applications.

8. CONCLUSION

● High-efficiency multi output converters are a key enabling technology for the
widespread use of flexible surface IH cooktops.
● Due to the application characteristics, complex modulation strategies appear,
requiring an additional effort in the topology design, ensuring reduced power
losses regardless of the nature of the switching sequence
● Additionally, it is shown that high efficiency operation is achieved for a wide
frequency range, allowing a high versatility in the simultaneous power
transmission to different loads.

36
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