Chapter 12

8L
Student Name _______________________________
8L – Chapter 12: Statistics and Probability

End OF Test Results........................................................................................................................4
Understanding Statistics and Probability.........................................................................................5
Mean and Median............................................................................................................................7
Mode and Range............................................................................................................................19
Histograms.....................................................................................................................................35
Stem–And–Leaf Plot.....................................................................................................................47
Dot Plot..........................................................................................................................................55
Pie Graph.......................................................................................................................................63
Linear Regression..........................................................................................................................73
Probability Problems.....................................................................................................................80
Combinations and Permutations....................................................................................................90
Chapter 12 Review........................................................................................................................99
Chapter 12 Mixed Review...........................................................................................................106
Chapter 12 Test............................................................................................................................117
Answer Keys................................................................................................................................126
Mean And Medium..................................................................................................................126
Mode and Range......................................................................................................................132
Histogram................................................................................................................................137
Stem–And–Leaf Plot...............................................................................................................140
Dot plot....................................................................................................................................143
Pie Chart..................................................................................................................................146
Linear regression.....................................................................................................................148
© STEM Builders Learning Center Page 2 of 177

Probability................................................................................................................................150
Permutation and Combination.................................................................................................154
Review.....................................................................................................................................154
Mixed Review..........................................................................................................................157
Test..........................................................................................................................................162

Instructions To Teacher
When the student attempts this chapter, please ensure that he/she has a notebook separately on
which the student will perform the lengthy simplifications of the system of equations and will
write the answers on this manual accordingly.
End OF Test Results
S.
Obt. Max.
No
Do as directed
Tota
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Understanding Statistics and Probability
How many calories did each of us eat for breakfast? How far from home did everyone travel
today? How big is the place that we call home? How many other people call it home? To make
sense of all of this information, certain tools and ways of thinking are necessary. The
mathematical science called statistics is what helps us to deal with this information overload.
Statistics is the study of numerical information, called data. Statisticians acquire, organize, and
analyze data. Each part of this process is also scrutinized. The techniques of statistics are applied
to a multitude of other areas of knowledge.
What is Statistics?
Statistics is the science concerned with developing and studying methods for collecting,
analyzing, interpreting and presenting empirical data. Statistics is a highly interdisciplinary field;
research in statistics finds applicability in virtually all scientific fields and research questions in
the various scientific fields motivate the development of new statistical methods and theory. In

developing methods and studying the theory, that underlies the methods statisticians draw on a
variety of mathematical and computational tools.
Two fundamental ideas in the field of statistics are uncertainty and variation. There are many
situations that we encounter in science (or more generally in life) in which the outcome is
uncertain. In some cases the uncertainty is because the outcome in question is not determined yet
(e.g., we may not know whether it will rain tomorrow) while in other cases the uncertainty is
because although the outcome has been determined already we are not aware of it (e.g., we may
not know whether we passed a particular exam).
What is Probability?
Probability is a mathematical language used to discuss uncertain events and probability plays a
key role in statistics. Any measurement or data collection effort is subject to a number of sources
of variation. By this we mean that if the same measurement were repeated, then the answer
would likely change. Statisticians attempt to understand and control (where possible) the sources
of variation in any situation.
We encourage you to continue exploring our website to learn more about statistics, our academic
programs, our students and faculty, as well as the cutting-edge research we are doing in the field.

Mean and Median
 The mean is the average of a data set.
 The median is the middle of the set of numbers.
Mean Value
How to Find the Mean
The mean is the average of the numbers.
It is easy to calculate: add up all the numbers, then divide by how many numbers there are.
In other words it is the sum divided by the count.
Example 1: What is the Mean of these numbers?
6, 11, 7
Add the numbers: 6 + 11 + 7 = 24
Divide by how many numbers (there are 3 numbers): 24 / 3 = 8
The Mean is 8.
Why Does This Work?

It is because 6, 11 and 7 added together is the same as 3 lots of 8:
It is like you are "flattening out" the numbers…
Negative Numbers
How do you handle negative numbers? Adding a negative number is the same as subtracting the
number (without the negative). For example 3 + (−2) = 3−2 = 1.
Knowing this, let us try an example:

Example 2: Find the mean of these numbers:
3, −7, 5, 13, −2
 The sum of these numbers is 3 − 7 + 5 + 13 − 2 = 12
 There are 5 numbers.
 The mean is equal to 12 ÷ 5 = 2.4
The mean of the above numbers is 2.4
Here is how to do it one line:
3−7+ 5+13−2 12
Mean = = = 2.4
5 5
Try it yourself…
Q1. Calculate the mean of each data set.
1. 9, 3, 6 Mean =
2. 14, 12, 17, 9 Mean =
3. 15, 8, 10, 5, 7 Mean =
4. 18, 19, 11 Mean =
5. 4, 20, 16, 4 Mean =
6. 12, 11, 12, 20, 15 Mean =
7. 19, 8, 3 Mean =
8. 7, 13, 6, 2 Mean =
9. 12, 15, 17, 2, 14 Mean =
10. 10, 18, 8 Mean =
11. 5, 2, 0, 1 Mean =

12. 3, 9, 5, 16, 7 Mean =
13. 9.6, 2.8, 6.5 Mean =
14. 2.9, 4.5, 8.2, 5.2 Mean =
15. 13.4, 15.8, 19.6, Mean =

11.7, 14
16. 12.7, 3.5, 4.8 Mean =
17. 8.5, 12.3, 5, 18.4 Mean =
18. 11.4, 17.2, 13.1, Mean =

9.8, 15.5
19. 16.2, 10.5, 14.7 Mean =
20. 6.8, 7.1, 5.2, 8.3 Mean =
21. 11/4, 21/2, 51/2, Mean =

31/4, 21/2
22. 2.2, 10.2, 14.7, 5.9, Mean =

4.9, 11.1, 10.5
Q2. Find the value of x.

1. Values = x, 15, 13 and Mean = 12 2. Values = 11, 20, x, 7 and Mean = 14

Solved for you…
Mean = [ x + 15 + 13 ] / 3
12 = [ x + 15 + 13 ] / 3
12 x 3 = [ x + 15 + 13 ]
36 = x + 28
Or X = 36 – 28
X=8
3. Values = 19, x, 4, 12, 4, and Mean = 4. Values = 4, x, 19, and Mean = 10
11
5. Values = 8, 6, x, 5, and Mean = 5 6. Values 18, 17, 15, x, 16 and Mean =

16
Q3. Word Problems…

Example:

The heights of five runners are 160 inches, 137 inches, 149 inches, 153 inches and 161
inches respectively. Find the mean height per runner.
Solution:
Mean height = Sum of the heights of the runners/number of runners

= (160 + 137 + 149 + 153 + 161)/5 inches
= 760/5 inches
= 152 inches.
1. Find the mean of the first five prime numbers.
2. Find the mean of the first six multiples of 4.
3. Find the arithmetic mean of the first 7 natural numbers.
4. If the mean of 9, 8, 10, x, 12 is 15, find the value of x.

5. If the mean of five observations x, x + 4, x + 6, x + 8 and x + 12 is 16, find the value of x.
6. The mean of 40 numbers was found to be 38. Later on, it was detected that a number 56 was
misread as 36. Find the correct mean of given numbers.
7. The mean of the heights of 6 boys is 152 cm. If the individual heights of five of them are 151
cm, 153 cm, 155 cm, 149 cm and 154 cm, find the height of the sixth boy.
8. A cricketer has a mean score of 58 runs in nine innings. Find out how many runs are to be
scored by him in the tenth innings to raise the mean score to 61.

9. The mean of five numbers is 28. If one of the numbers is excluded, the mean gets reduced by
2. Find the excluded number.
10. The mean of 16 items was found to be 30. On rechecking, it was found that two items were
wrongly taken as 22 and 18 instead of 32 and 28 respectively. Find the correct mean.

Median Value
The Median is the "middle" of a sorted list of numbers.
How to Find the Median Value

To find the Median, place the numbers in value order and find the middle.
Example 3: find the Median of 12, 3 and 5
Put them in order:
3, 5, 12
The middle is 5, so the median is 5.
Two Numbers in the Middle

But, with an even amount of numbers things are slightly different.
In that case we find the middle pair of numbers, and then find the value that is half way between
them. This is easily done by adding them together and dividing by two.
Example 4: 3, 13, 7, 5, 21, 23, 23, 40, 23, 14, 12, 56, 23, 29
When we put those numbers in order we have:
3, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 21, 23, 23, 23, 23, 29, 40, 56
There are now fourteen numbers and so we don't have just one middle number, we have a pair of
middle numbers:
3, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 21, 23, 23, 23, 23, 29, 40, 56
In this example the middle numbers are 21 and 23.
To find the value halfway between them, add them together and divide by 2:
21 + 23 = 44
then 44 ÷ 2 = 22
So the Median in this example is 22.

(Note that 22 was not in the list of numbers ... but that is OK because half the numbers in the list
are less, and half the numbers are greater.)
Where is the Middle?

A quick way to find the middle:
Count how many numbers, add 1, then divide by 2
Example 5: There are 45 numbers
45 plus 1 is 46, then divide by 2 and we get 23
So the median is the 23rd number in the sorted list.
Try it yourself…
Q4. Find the median…
No. Question Order Median
1. 16, 24, 8, 12, 19 8, 12, 16, 19, 24 16
2. 13, 5, 2, 10, 8
3. 4, 1, 1, 6, 5
4. 15, 3, 53, 27, 11
5. 89, 38, 94
6. 75, 29, 12, 17, 15
7. 73, 91, 56, 24, 14, 17, 10
8. 67, 13, 121, 86, 55
9. 142, 173, 129, 156, 181
10. 257, 366, 305, 286, 182

11. 2.5, 3.1, 1.7, 4.8
12. 3, 1.8, 2, 4.7
13. 7.3, 2.9, 1.5, 0.6, 3.8
14. 0.3, 1.5, 0.7, 1.2, 0.3, 1.1
15. 9.3, 1.6, 5, 2.7, 6.4, 4.2
16. 5.8, 2.7, 3.1, 1.6, 9, 2.3
17. 6.1, 2.6, 3.5, 7.4
18. 4.2, 1.9, 3.7, 2.4, 3.7, 8.2
19. 0.32, 0.28, 0.71, 0.36
20. 0.7, 0.24, 0.57, 0.4, 0.1

Example: Meghan wants to get an accurate picture of household salary in her neighbourhood.
The salaries for people in her neighbourhood are 87,000; 94,000; 103,000; 97,000; and 55,000.
What measure of central tendency will most accurate describe the data?
At first glance, we can see that there is an outlier at 55,000. At outlier is going to mess with the
mean, and mode (the frequency) is not going to give us a lot of information. Therefore, we will
use the median, or the middle value.
Step 1: Put the salaries in numerical order, from least to greatest.

55,000,87,000,94,000,97,000,103,000
Step 2: Cross of the numbers evenly from each side until you are left with a middle number.
In this case, the median is 94,000.
Try It!

1. The front row in a movie theatre has 23 seats. If you were asked to sit in the seat that
occupied the median position, in which seat would you have to sit?
2. A set of four numbers that begins with the number 32 is arranged from smallest to largest. If
the median is 35, which of the following could possibly be the set of numbers?
3. The number of service upgrades sold by each of 30 employees is as follows:

32, 6, 21, 10, 8, 11, 12, 36, 17, 16, 15, 18, 40, 24, 21, 23, 24, 24, 29, 16, 32, 31, 10, 30, 35, 32,
18, 39, 12, 20
What is the median number of service upgrades sold by the 30 employees?
4. Christina bought 7 items at a back-to-school sale. The items cost:

$7.93$8.02$7.93$7.93$7.71$8.02$8.66
What was the median price of the items?

5. The 5 students in Mr. Barnett's class ran a loop around the school. The students' times were:
6.8 minutes 6.4 minutes 5.7 minutes 5.7 minutes 5.9 minutes
What was the average time?
6. Logan checked the available memory on 5 computers in the computer lab. The amounts
were:
4.71 GB 6.99 GB 5.48 GB 5.31 GB 2.43 GB
What was the average of the amount of memory available?

Mode and Range
Mode
The mode is simply the number, which appears most often.
Example 1: In {6, 3, 9, 6, 6, 5, 9, 3} the Mode is 6, as it occurs most often.
Finding The Mode

To find the mode, or modal value, it is best to put the numbers in order. Then count how many of
each number. A number that appears most often is the mode.
Example 2: 3, 7, 5, 13, 20, 23, 39, 23, 40, 23, 14, 12, 56, 23, 29
In order these numbers are:
3, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 20, 23, 23, 23, 23, 29, 39, 40, 56
This makes it easy to see which numbers appear most often.
In this case the mode is 23.
More Than One Mode

We can have more than one mode.
Example 3: {1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 9}
3 appears three times, as does 6.
So there are two modes: at 3 and 6
Having two modes is called "bimodal".
Having more than two modes is called "multimodal".

Range
The Range is the difference between the lowest and highest values.
Example 4: In {4, 6, 9, 3, 7} the lowest value is 3, and the highest is 9.
So the range is 9 − 3 = 6.
It is that simple!
But perhaps too simple...
The Range Can Be Misleading

The range can sometimes be misleading when there are extremely high or low values.
Example 5: In {8, 11, 5, 9, 7, 6, 3616}:
the lowest value is 5,
and the highest is 3616,
So the range is 3616 − 5 = 3611.
The single value of 3616 makes the range large, but most values are around 10.
So we may be better off using Interquartile Range or Standard Deviation.
Quartiles
Quartiles are the values that divide a list of numbers into quarters:
 Put the list of numbers in order
 Then cut the list into four equal parts
 The Quartiles are at the "cuts"
Like this:
Example 6: 5, 7, 4, 4, 6, 2, 8
Put them in order: 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Cut the list into quarters:
And the result is:

Quartile 1 (Q1) = 4
Quartile 2 (Q2), which is also the Median, = 5
Quartile 3 (Q3) = 7
Sometimes a "cut" is between two numbers ... the Quartile is the average of the two numbers.
Example 7: 1, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8
The numbers are already in order
Cut the list into quarters:
In this case, Quartile 2 is half way between 5 and 6:

Q2 = (5+6)/2 = 5.5
And the result is:

Quartile 1 (Q1) = 3
Quartile 2 (Q2) = 5.5
Quartile 3 (Q3) = 7

Interquartile Range
The "Interquartile Range" is from Q1 to Q3:
To calculate it just subtract Quartile 1 from Quartile 3, like this:

Example 8: Quartiles of 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
The Interquartile Range is:

Q3 − Q1 = 7 − 4 = 3
Standard Deviation and Variance

Deviation just means how far from the normal
Standard Deviation
The Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out numbers are.
Its symbol is σ (the greek letter sigma)
The formula is easy: it is the square root of the Variance. So now you ask, "What is the
Variance?"
Variance
The Variance is defined as:

The average of the squared differences from the Mean.
To calculate the variance follow these steps:
 Work out the Mean (the simple average of the numbers)
 Then for each number: subtract the Mean and square the result (the squared difference).
 Then work out the average of those squared differences. (Why Square?)
Example 9: You and your friends have just measured the heights of your dogs (in millimetres):
The heights (at the shoulders) are: 600mm, 470mm, 170mm, 430mm and 300mm.
Find out the Mean, the Variance, and the Standard Deviation.
Your first step is to find the Mean:
Answer:
So the mean (average) height is 394 mm. Let us plot this on the chart:
Now we calculate each dog's difference from the Mean:

To calculate the Variance, take each difference, square it, and then average the result:
So the Variance is 21,704

And the Standard Deviation is just the square root of Variance, so:
And the good thing about the Standard Deviation is that it is useful. Now we can show which
heights are within one Standard Deviation (147mm) of the Mean:
So, using the Standard Deviation we have a "standard" way of knowing what is normal, and what
is extra large or extra small.
Rottweilers are tall dogs. And Dachshunds are a bit short, right?

Range of a Function
Range can also mean all the output values of a function, domain, range and co-domain.
Domain, Codomain and Range

There are special names for what can go into, and what can come out of a function:
 What can go into a function is called the Domain
 What may possibly come out of a function is called the Codomain
 What actually comes out of a function is called the Range
Let us practice out on these concepts…

Q1. Find the mean, median, mode and range in each problem.
1. Nine conical tasks have sodium chloride solution of different quantities. The amount of
solution (ml) in each task is given below.
2, 10, 16, 2, 20, 18, 22, 14, 9
Mean Median Mode Range
2. Phillip has 8 red balls, 3 green balls, 6 yellow balls, 3 orange balls, 13 black balls and 15 blue
balls in his bag.
3. Ten students from a class participated in a math quiz. The scores obtained by them were
recorded as follows.
11, 6, 7, 13, 1, 13, 16, 7, 13, 16

4. Ray’s music album had 15 rock songs, 8 karaoke, 12 hip-hops, 10 pop songs, 15 lullabies, 13
jingles and 17 rap songs.
5. Brayden travelled 3 miles by a bus, 25 miles by a train, 9 miles by a van, 30 miles by a car, 9
miles by a bike and walked 2 miles to visit few historical monuments.
Q2. Find the range for each set of numbers.
S.no. Numbers Range
1. 36, 17, 22, 43, 11, 56, 17, 71
2. 84, 75, 9, 28, 57, 64, 42
3. 83, 78, 99, 56, 48, 74, 68, 55, 85
4. 17, 66, 14, 79, 47, 95, 32, 21, 10, 58
5. 88, 74, 41, 59, 39, 82, 44
6. 78, 8, 34, 61, 55, 29
7. Eight baskets of apples weigh (in pounds) 70, 68,

73, 78, 73, 68, 75, and 76. Find the range.
8. The number of people who visited a winter carnival

during the first 7 hours of a day are the following.

79, 83, 50, 69, 92, 77, 88
What is the range of the given data?
Q3. Find the first, second (median) and third quartiles.
S. no. Numbers Quartiles
First Quartile:
1. 4, 6, 5, 6, 2, 7, 6, 8 Second Quartile:
Third Quartile:
First Quartile:
17, 14, 20, 29, 12, 24,

2. Second Quartile:
10, 19
Third Quartile:
First Quartile:
68, 88, 44, 68, 50, 68,

3. Second Quartile:
37, 50
Third Quartile:
First Quartile:
52, 60, 24, 36, 48, 52,

4. Second Quartile:
72
Third Quartile:
5. 102, 78, 312, 170, First Quartile:

Second Quartile:
250, 40, 52, 38, 125
Third Quartile:
Q4. Find interquartile, First quartile, third quartile and median from each set.
S.
Number Set Values
No.
Median:
First Quartile:
1. 6, 12, 8, 15, 9, 7
Third Quartile:
Interquartile:
Median:
First Quartile:
2. 5, 9, 17, 25, 36, 45
Third Quartile:
Interquartile:
Median:
First Quartile:
3. 3, 14, 28, 22, 5, 9
Third Quartile:
Interquartile:
4. 8, 11, 32, 29, 9, 34 Median:

First Quartile:
Third Quartile:
Interquartile:
Median:
First Quartile:
5. 2, 12, 52, 33, 8, 14
Third Quartile:
Interquartile:
Q5. Calculate variance and standard deviation.
1. Calculate the sample variance and the sample standard deviation for the following set
of scores: 1, 1, 0, 4. Note that these data have a SS of 9.
2. A set of scores (n = 10) has a SS = 90. What is the sample variance and sample
standard deviation?

3. If the sample standard deviation of a set of scores (n = 6) is 3, what is the SS and the
S2?
4. If the sample variance of a set of scores (n = 25) is 9, what is the standard deviation?
5. Find the variance for a sample of test scores (n = 5), which has a SS = 40.
6. A set of scores (N = 9) has a SS of 144. What would the variance be if the scores
were for a population?

7. A sample of scores (n = 6) has a standard deviation of 3. What is the value of SS?
1. Find the range of the following data:

59, 46, 30, 23, 27, 40, 52, 35, 29
2. Find the range of the following data:

41.2, 33.7, 29.1, 34.5, 25.7, 24.8, 56.5, 12.5
3. The smallest value of a collection of data is 12 and the range is 59. Find the largest
value of the collection of data.
4. The largest of 50 measurements is 3.84 lbs. If the range is 0.46 lbs, find the smallest
measurement.

5. 9 people take a test. Their scores out of 100100 are:
56, 79, 77, 48, 90, 68, 79, 92, 7156,79,77,48,90,68,79,92,71
Work out the mean, median, and mode of their scores.
6. 55 members of a basketball team had a mean point’s score of 1212 points each per
game.
One of the team members left, causing the mean point score to reduce to 1010 points
each per game.
What was the mean score of the player that left?
7. The mean length of 77 planks of wood is 1.351.35 mile. When an extra plank of
wood is added, the mean length of a plank of wood increased to 1.41.4mile.
What is the length of the extra plank of wood that was added?
8. In a rowing team, the weight of 88 women, in lbs, is:

63, 60, 57, 66, 62, 65, 69, 58
In order to be a more competitive team, the coach has said that each team member
should try to increase their overall muscle mass which will result in a 2% gain in
overall body weight.
What will be the mean weight of the team if all 88 are successful in precisely
meeting this 2% weight gain?
9. The box plots compare the ages of dancers in two different dance troupes.
(i) Find the interquartile (IQR) for each set of data.

(ii) Compare the IQRs. How do the IQRs describe the distribution of the ages in
each group?

Histograms
Histogram: a graphical display of data using bars of different heights.
It is similar to a Bar Chart, but a histogram group’s numbers into ranges.
The height of each bar shows how many fall into each range.
In addition, you decide what ranges to use!

Let us understand Histogram with an example to have real time idea of its use case…
Example 1: Height of Orange Trees

You measure the height of every tree in the orchard in centimetres
(cm)
The heights vary from 100 cm to 340 cm
You decide to put the results into groups of 50 cm:
 The 100 to just below 150 cm range,
 The 150 to just below 200 cm range,
 etc...
So a tree that is 260 cm tall is added to the "250-300" range.
And here is the result:
You can see (for example) that there are 30 trees from 150 cm to just below 200 cm tall…
Notice that the horizontal axis is continuous like a number line…
Example 2: How much is that puppy growing?

Each month you measure how much weight your pup has gained and get these results:
0.5, 0.5, 0.3, −0.2, 1.6, 0, 0.1, 0.1, 0.6, 0.4

They vary from −0.2 (the pup lost weight that month) to 1.6
Put in order from lowest to highest weight gain:
−0.2, 0, 0.1, 0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.5, 0.6, 1.6
You decide to put the results into groups of 0.5:
 The −0.5 to just below 0 range,
 The 0 to just below 0.5 range,
 etc...
And here is the result:
(There are no values from 1 to just below 1.5, but we still show the space.)
The range of each bar is also called the Class Interval
In the example above each class interval is 0.5
When We Use Histogram?

Histograms are a great way to show results of continuous data, such as:
 weight
 height
 how much time
 etc.
Frequency Histogram
A Frequency Histogram is a special graph that uses vertical columns to show frequencies (how
many times each score occurs):

Here I have added up how often 1 occurs (2 times), how often 2 occurs (5 times), etc, and shown
them as a histogram.
Let’s practice out…
Q1. The test scores from the students in a school are summarised in the table. Draw a histogram
for this data.

Q2. The waiting times, h hours, for 40 patients at an accident and emergency department in one
evening is shown below. Draw a histogram for this data.
Q3. The salaries, p pounds, of 10950 people in a town is shown below. Draw a histogram for this
data.

Q4. The lengths of 200 fish in a pond, l centimetres, are recorded below. Draw a histogram for
this data.

Q5. The table gives information about the hours Easyair pilots have spent flying, t hours.
(a) Draw a histogram to show this information.
(b) Estimate the number of Easyair pilots who have flown under 50 hours. The histogram shows
the distribution of time spent flying by Ryanjet pilots.

(c) Estimate the number of pilots who have flown under 250 hours.
Q6. The table gives information about the lengths, l metres, of fish in a pond. Draw a histogram
to show this information.

Q7. Below is a histogram showing information about the value of antiques.

Use the histogram to complete the frequency table.
Q8. A group of students were asked to complete a puzzle. The histogram shows the distribution
of the times taken.
(a) Work out how many students took between 50 and 70 seconds to complete the puzzle.
(b) Calculate an estimate of the number of students who took under 30 seconds to complete the
puzzle.

Bonus Question
The histogram for a frequency distribution is given below.
Answer the following.

(i) What is the frequency of the class interval 15 – 20?
(ii) What is the class intervals having the greatest frequencies?
(iii) What is the cumulative frequency of the class interval 25 – 30?
(iv) Construct a short frequency table of the distribution.
(v) Construct a cumulative frequency table of the distribution.

Stem–And–Leaf Plot
A Stem and Leaf Plot is a special table where each data value is split into a "stem" (the first
digit or digits) and a "leaf" (usually the last digit).
Like in this example:
Example:
"32" is split into "3" (stem) and "2" (leaf).
More Examples:
 Stem "1" Leaf "5" means 15
 etc.
The "stem" values are listed down, and the "leaf" values go right (or left) from the stem values.
The "stem" is used to group the scores and each "leaf" shows the individual scores within each
group.

Example: Long Jump
Sam got his friends to do a long jump and got these results:
2.3, 2.5, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8 3.2, 3.6, 3.6, 4.5, 5.0
And here is the stem-and-leaf plot:
Stem Leaf
2 35578
3 266
4 5
5 0
Stem "2" Leaf "3" means 2.3
Note:
 Say what the stem and leaf mean (Stem "2" Leaf "3" means 2.3)
 In this case each leaf is a decimal
 It is OK to repeat a leaf value
 has a leaf of "0"

Q1. Make stem-and-leaf plots for the given data.
1. 26, 37, 48, 33, 49, 26, 19, 26, 48
Stem Leaf
Key: 3 | 7
2. 67, 42, 58, 41, 54, 65, 65, 54, 69, 53
Stem Leaf
Key: 6 | 5
3. 552, 547, 578, 543, 559, 565, 544, 552
Stem Leaf

Key: 55 | 9
4. 5.8, 6.4, 5.8, 7.5, 6.9, 8.4, 7.6, 6.4, 8.7
Stem Leaf
Key: 8 | 4
5. 74, 88, 97, 72, 79, 86, 95, 79, 83, 91
Stem Leaf
Key: 8 | 6
6. 258, 267, 256, 275, 269, 256, 269, 256
Stem Leaf
Key: 26 | 9
Q2. Word Problems

1. The data for the production of number of components at an industry for three weeks are
given below. Make a stem-and-leaf plot.
56, 22, 45, 24, 13, 39, 15, 34, 26, 45, 51, 18, 38, 26, 55
Key: 5|5
2. The data for air tra!c in ten days at a busy airport is recorded as follows. Make a stem-and
leaf plot for the given data.
293, 287, 309, 306, 295, 288, 285, 294, 306, 281
Key: 29 | 5

Read the given stem-and-leaf plots, and answer the questions.
3. The average temperatures (Fahrenheit) of Lake Michigan recorded from January to
December is given below.
Key: 3 | 7 = 37 0 F
a. What is the maximum temperature recorded in Lake

Michigan?
b. How many months have an average temperature of less than 600 F in Lake Michigan?
c. What is the minimum temperature recorded in Lake Michigan?
4. Ms. Bayle recorded the heights (in inches) of the students in her class and represented the
data in a stem and leaf plot.
Key: 4|3 = 43 inches
a. How many students are in Ms. Bayle's class?
b. How many students have a height of above 60 inches?
c. How many students have a height of 62 inches?

.

5. The average time (in seconds) taken by the swimmers to complete 50mile freestyle
swimming is given below.
47.1, 45.0, 44.3, 45.2, 44.6, 47.1, 44.8, 45.2, 47.7,

44.9, 45.3, 45.6
Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the given data, and answer the following questions.
Stem Leaf
Key: 45 | 6 =
a. What is the range of the given data?

…………………………………………………………
b. How many swimmers took part in the event?
…………………………………………………………
c. What is the median of the given data?
…………………………………………………………
d. How many swimmers took 47.1 seconds to complete 50miles freestyle swimming?
………………………………………
…………………
e. How long did the fastest swimmer take to complete the race?

………………………………………
…………………

Bonus Question
Back-to-Back Stem-and-Leaf Plots

Make back-to-back stem-and-leaf plots for the given data.
7 6 3 1 2 0 5 9

Dot Plot
A Dot Plot is a graphical display of data using dots.
A dot plot, also known as a strip plot or dot chart, is a simple form of data visualization that
consists of data points plotted as dots on a graph with an x- and y-axis. These types of charts are
used to graphically depict certain data trends or groupings. The most famous dot plot is perhaps
the Federal Reserve’s projections for interest rates that are published each quarter. A dot plot is
similar to a histogram in that it displays the number of data points that fall into each category or
value on the axis, thus showing the distribution of a set of data.
Understanding Dot Plots

A dot plot visually groups the number of data points in a data set based on the value of each
point. This gives a visual depiction of the distribution of the data, similar to a histogram or
probability distribution function. Dot plots allow a quick visual analysis of the data to detect the
central tendency, dispersion, skewness, and modality of the data.
Dot plots are typically arranged with one axis showing the range of values or categories along
which the data points are grouped and a second axis showing the number of data points in each
group. Dots may be vertically or horizontally stacked to show how many are in each group for
easy visual comparison.
This is not unlike a line graph. The big difference is that dots on a dot plot are not connected via
a line. However, line graphs connect the dots with a line. The line graph, like a dot plot, has both
an x-axis and y-axis.

Key Takeaways
 A dot plot is a method of visually representing expectations for some data series.
 A dot plot visually groups the number of data points in a data set based on the value of each
point.
 There are two key types of dot plots—the Cleveland and Wilkinson dot plots.
 In finance, the Federal Reserve uses a dot plot to signal its expectations of future interest rate
changes.
 In a Fed dot plot, each member of the FOMC is represented by a single dot, but each dot is
anonymous.
Example 1:
A dot plot is a graphical display of data using dots. A good example would be the choice of
foods that you and your friends ate for snacks. The illustration below shows a plot for a random
sample of integers.
In a table chart, it looks like this:
With dots, we will write it as;

Example 2: Minutes To Eat Breakfast
A survey of "How long does it take you to eat breakfast?" has these results:
Minutes: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
People: 6 2 3 5 2 5 0 0 2 3 7 4 1
Which means that 6 people take 0 minutes to eat breakfast (they probably had no breakfast!), 2
people say they only spend 1 minute having breakfast, etc.
And here is the dot plot:
Another version of the dot plot has just one dot for each data point like this:
Example: (continued)
This has the same data as above:
But notice that we need numbers on the side so we can see what the dots mean.
Your turn?

Q1. Do as directed…
Solved for you…

Find the median and mean for each data set.

Q2. Word problems
Q1. Solve as directed…
In an airline-training program, the students are given a test in which they are given a set of tasks
and the time it takes them to complete the tasks is measured. The following is a list of the time
(in seconds) for a group of new trainees.
61, 61, 64, 67, 70, 71, 71, 71, 72, 73, 74, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 81, 83
Display the data in a dot plot.
a. Are there any clusters?

b. Are there any gaps?
c. What is the average time?
d. What is the median time?
e. What is the Range?

In a science class, the students weighed some samples of dirt to the nearest 1/8 pound. The
weights of the samples are given below.
1/8 lb, 3/8 lb, ¾ lb, ¼ lb, 1/8 lb, ¼ lb, 7/8 lb, ¼lb, 3/8 lb, ¼ lb, ½ lb, 3/8 lb
Make a dot plot for the data.
a) Are there any clusters?

b) Are there any gaps?

c) What is the average time?
d) What is the median time?
e) What is the Range?

People once used body parts for measurements. For example, an inch was the width of a man’s
thumb. In the 12th century, King Henry I of England stated that a yard was the distance from his
nose to his outstretched arms thumb.
The dot plot shows the different lengths, in inches, of the “yards” for students in a 8th grade
class. Use the dot plot and answer the questions given below.
a. Describe the shape of the dot plot. Are the dots evenly distributed or grouped on one side?
b. Describe the center of the dot plot. What single dot would best represent the data?
c. Describe the spread of the dot plot. Are there any outliers?
d. Calculate the mean, median, and range of the data in the dot plot.
The dot plot shows the number of letters in the spellings of the 12 months. Use the dot plot to

answer the questions given below.
a. Describe the shape of the dot plot.
b. Describe the center of the dot plot.
c. Describe the spread of the dot plot.
d. Calculate the mean, median, and range of the data in the dot plot.

Pie Graph
Pie Chart: a special chart that uses "pie slices" to show relative sizes of data.
Imagine you survey your friends to find the kind of movie they like best:
Table: Favorite Type of Movie
Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi
4 5 6 1 4
You can show the data by this Pie Chart:
It is a good way to show relative sizes: it is easy to see which movie types are most liked, and
which are least liked, at a glance.
You can create graphs like that using our Data Graphs (Bar, Line and Pie) page.
Alternatively, you can make them yourself...
How to Make Them Yourself

First, put your data into a table (like above), then add up all the values to get a total:
Table: Favourite Type of Movie

Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi TOTAL
4 5 6 1 4 20
Next, divide each value by the total and multiply by 100 to get a percent:
4 5 6 1 4 20
4/20 5/20 6/20 1/20 4/20

100%
= 20% = 25% = 30% = 5% = 20%
Now to figure out how many degrees for each "pie slice" (correctly called a sector).
A Full Circle has 360 degrees, so we do this calculation:
4 5 6 1 4 20
20% 25% 30% 5% 20% 100%
4/20 × 360° 5/20 × 360° 6/20 × 360° 1/20 × 360° 4/20 × 360°
360°
= 72° = 90° = 108° = 18° = 72°
Now you are ready to start drawing!

Draw a circle.
Then use your protractor to measure the degrees of each sector.
Here, we show the first sector...
Finish up by colouring each sector and giving it a label like "Comedy:
4 (20%)", etc.
(In addition, do not forget a title!)

Another Example
You can use pie charts to show the relative sizes of many things, such as:
 What type of car people have,
 How many customers a shop has on different days and so on.
 How popular are different breeds of dogs
Example: Student Grades

Here is how many students got each grade in the recent test:
A B C D
4 12 10 2
And here is the pie chart:
Q1. Solve for pie chart.

1. The table gives information about the holiday destination of 18 students in a class.

Country Frequency Calculations
France 3
Wales 4
England 11
Draw an accurate pie chart to show this information.

2. The table gives information about the dogs in a village
Breed Frequency Calculations
Spaniel 11
Poodle 7
Greyhound 4
Jack Russell 14

3. The table gives information about the student staying after school to play sport.
Sport Frequency Calculations
Netball 15
Hockey 10
Rugby 26
Football 9

4. The table gives information about the number of students in years 7 to 10.
Year Frequency Calculations
7 200
8 140
9 220
10 160

Drink Percentage Calculations
Cola 10%
Water 50%
Lemonade 40%

Bonus Question.
6. How Katie allocates her wages is shown in the table below.
Percentage Angle in a pie chart
Rent 25%
Other spending 45%
Water
a. Complete the table above.
b. Draw an accurate pie chart to show this information.

Q2. Read each question carefully
1. The pie chart shows the colours of 32 beads.
How many green beads are there?
2. The pie chart shows the colours of cars in a car park.

(a) What is the most common colour of car in the car park?
(b) What is the least common colour of car park?
3. The pie chart shows information about the hair colour of the students in a class.
A student from the class is chosen at random.
(a) Mark, with the letter, the probabilities of each of the
following on the scale below.
The first one has been done for you
A: The student has brown hair.
B: The student has blonde hair.
C: The student has green hair.
There are 24 students in the class.

(b) How many students have blonde hair?

Linear Regression
Linear regression attempts to model the relationship between two variables by fitting a linear
equation to observed data. One variable is considered an explanatory variable, and the other is
considered a dependent variable. For example, a modeler might want to relate the weights of
individuals to their heights using a linear regression model.
Before attempting to fit a linear model to observed data, a modeler should first determine
whether there is a relationship between the variables of interest. This does not necessarily imply
that one variable causes the other (for example, higher SAT scores do not cause higher college
grades), but that there is some significant association between the two variables. A scatterplot
can be a helpful tool in determining the strength of the relationship between two variables. If
there appears to be no association between the proposed explanatory and dependent variables
(i.e., the scatterplot does not indicate any increasing or decreasing trends), then fitting a linear
regression model to the data probably will not provide a useful model. A valuable numerical
measure of association between two variables is the correlation coefficient, which is a value
between -1 and 1 indicating the strength of the association of the observed data for the two
variables.
Linear Regression Equation

Our aim is to calculate the values m (slope) and b (y-intercept) in the equation of a line:
y = mx + b
Where:
y = how far up
x = how far along
m = Slope or Gradient (how steep the line is)
b = the Y Intercept (where the line crosses the Y axis)
Example
The dataset "Televisions, Physicians, and Life Expectancy" contains, among other variables, the
number of people per television set and the number of people per physician for 40 countries.

Since both variables probably reflect the level of wealth in each country, it is reasonable to
assume that there is some positive association between them. After removing 8 countries with
missing values from the dataset, the remaining 32 countries have a correlation coefficient of
0.852 for number of people per television set and number of people per physician. The r² value is
0.726 (the square of the correlation coefficient), indicating that 72.6% of the variation in one
variable may be explained by the other.
Suppose we choose to consider number of people per television set as the explanatory variable,
and number of people per physician as the dependent variable. Using the MINITAB
"REGRESS" command gives the following results:
The regression equation is People. Phys. = 1019 + 56.2 People. Tel.
To view the fit of the model to the observed data, one may plot the computed regression line
over the actual data points to evaluate the results. For this example, the plot appears to the right,
with number of individuals per television set (the explanatory variable) on the x-axis and number
of individuals per physician (the dependent variable) on the y-axis. While most of the data points
are clustered towards the lower left corner of the plot (indicating relatively few individuals per
television set and per physician), there are a few points, which lie far away from the main cluster
of the data. These points are known as outliers, and depending on their location may have a
major impact on the regression line (see below).
Let us try…

Let us understand a detail example:
Sam found how many hours of sunshine vs how many ice creams were sold at the shop from
Monday to Friday:
"x" "y"
Hours of Sunshine Ice Creams Sold
2 4
3 5
5 7
7 10
9 15
Let us find the best m (slope) and b (y-intercept) that suits that data
y = mx + b
Step 1: For each (x,y) calculate x2 and xy:
x y x2 xy
2 4 4 8
3 5 9 15
5 7 25 35
7 10 49 70
9 15 81 135
Step 2: Sum x, y, x2 and xy (gives us Σx, Σy, Σx2 and Σxy):
x y x2 xy
2 4 4 8
3 5 9 15

5 7 25 35
7 10 49 70
9 15 81 135
Σx: 26 Σy: 41 Σx2: 168 Σxy: 263
Also N (number of data values) = 5

Step 3: Calculate Slope m:
m = N Σ(xy) − Σx ΣyN Σ(x2) − (Σx)2
= 5 x 263 − 26 x 415 x 168 − 262
= 1315 − 1066840 − 676
= 249164 = 1.5183...
Step 4: Calculate Intercept b:
b = Σy − m ΣxN
= 41 − 1.5183 x 265
= 0.3049...
Step 5: Assemble the equation of a line:
y = mx + b
y = 1.518x + 0.305
Let's see how it works out:
x y y = 1.518x + 0.305 error
2 4 3.34 −0.66
3 5 4.86 −0.14
5 7 7.89 0.89

7 10 10.93 0.93
9 15 13.97 −1.03
Here are the (x,y) points and the line y = 1.518x + 0.305 on a graph:
Nice fit!
Sam hears the weather forecast which says "we expect 8 hours
of sun tomorrow", so he uses the above equation to estimate
that he will sell
y = 1.518 x 8 + 0.305 = 12.45 Ice Creams
Sam makes fresh waffle cone mixture for 14 ice creams just in
case. Yum.

Q1. The table below gives the amount of time students in a class studied for a test and their test
scores. Graph the data on a scatter plot, find the line of best fit, and write the equation for the
line you draw.
Hours Studied 1 0 3 1.5 2.75 1 0.5 2
Test Score 78 75 90 89 97 85 81 80
Linear Regression Equation: ____________________

Correlation Coefficient (r): _________
Type of Correlation: ______________________
Is the correlation strong? Explain
Using the linear regression equation predict a

Students test score if they studied for 4 hours.
Q2. The table below gives the amount of Krabby Patties made by Spongebob for each year he’s
worked. Graph the data on a scatter plot, find the line of best fit, and write the equation for the
line you draw.
Years worked 1 2 3 4 5 6
Patties made 6,500 7,805 10,835 11,230 15,870 16,387

Using the linear regression equation predict how many

Krabby Patties he will make after working 10 years.
Q3. The table below gives the estimated world population (in billions) for various years.

Year 1980 1990 1997 2000 2005 2011
Population 4400 5100 5852 6080 6450 7000

Using the linear regression equation predict the world

population in the year 2015.
Q4. The table below shows the income for an employee over his first 8 years of work. Use this
to estimate his income for his 15th year of work.
Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Incom 45,000 46,814 48,212 52,870 54,125 58,532 61,075 62,785

e

Using the linear regression equation predict his income

for his 15th year of work.

Quadratic Regression
What is Quadratic Regression?
The first step in regression is to make a scatter plot. If your scatter plot is in a either “U” shape,
concave up (like the letter U) or concave down (∩), you’re probably looking at some type of
quadratic equation as the best fit for your data. A
quadratic does not have to be a full “U” shape; you
can have part of a it (say, a quarter or 3/4).
Quadratic regression is an extension of simple linear

regression. While linear regression can be performed
with as few as two points (i.e. enough points to draw
a straight line), quadratic regression come with the
disadvantage that it requires more data points to be certain your data falls into the “U” shape. It
can technically be performed with three data points that fit a “V” shape, but more points are
desirable. As more data points are required, it’s also more costly than simple linear regression.
Quadratic Regression Equation

Quadratic regression is a way to model a relationship between two sets of variables. The result is
a regression equation that can be used to make predictions about the data. The equation has the
form:
y = ax2 + bx + c,
Where a ≠ 0.
How to solve?
In order to find the quadratic regression by hand, you have to solve the following system of
equations:

This set of equations is sometimes called normal equations. If you are not familiar with the
summation sign (Σ), the steps below should make it clear, but if you are still unsure, you may
want to read this summation notation article for more explanation.
Example
Find the quadratic equation for the following set of data (this is every other data point from the
sample calculator problem above, so the solution should be very close to .34632x 2 + 2.62653x +
31.51190):
x: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
y: 32.5, 37.3, 36.4, 32.4, 28.5
Solution:
Step 1: Make a table (I used Excel so that the calculations would be easier). Input your x-values
in the first column and your y-values in the second column:
Step 2: Add 5 more columns labeled x2, x3, x4 xy, and x2y:
Step 3: Calculate each column. For example, the x2 column is simply the squares of the first
column; the last column is the third column multiplied by the second column (the y-values):

Step 4: Sum the columns. As you might be able to tell, this is where Excel really helps out with
the calculations:
Step 5: Use the blue row (the summations) to fill in the blanks. All you’re doing is transferring
the numbers to the normal equation (n is the number of items in the set, which is 5 in our
example):
Step 6: Solve the system of equations. I used this online calculator:

a = -0.3660714
b = 3.015714
c = 30.42179
Step 7: Insert the values from Step 6 into the quadratic equation (rounding to 3 decimal places
here):

y = ax2 + bx + c
y = -0.366x2 + 3.016x + 30.422
As we expected, that is very close to the TI-89 solution for all 9 points
(.346x2 + 2.627 x + 31.511)
That is it!
Your Turn!
Q1. Compute the quadratic regression equation of following data. Check its best fitness through
graph.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 7.5 3 0.5 1 3 6 14
Solution:

Q2. Consider the set of data. Determine the quadratic regression for the set.
(−3,7.5),(−2,3),(−1,0.5),(0,1),(1,3),(2,6),(3,14)
Solution:

Q3. Quadratic Regression Model Example
Angle Distance
(degrees) (feet
10° 115.6
15° 157.2
20° 189.2
24° 220.8
30° 253.8
34° 269.2
40° 284.8
45° 285.0
48° 277.4
50° 269.2
58° 244.2
60° 231.4
64° 180.4
Tasks:
a. Express answers to 3 decimal places unless told otherwise.
b. Prepare a scatter plot of the data.
c. Determine a quadratic regression model equation to represent this data amd graph the new
equation.
d. Decide whether the new equation is a "good fit" to represent this data.

Solution:

Q4. Apply Quadratic regression on following data set:

Probability Problems
Understanding Probability
Probability is a measure of the likelihood of an event to occur. Many events cannot be predicted
with total certainty. We can predict only the chance of an event to occur i.e. how likely they are
to happen, using it. Probability can range in from 0 to 1, where 0 means the event to be an
impossible one and 1 indicates a certain event. Probability for Class 10 is an important topic for
the students which explains all the basic concepts of this topic. The probability of all the events
in a sample space adds up to 1.
For example, when we toss a coin, either we get Head OR Tail, only two possible outcomes are
possible (H, T). But if we toss two coins in the air, there could be three possibilities of events to
occur, such as both the coins show heads or both show tails or one shows heads and one tail, i.e.
(H, H), (H, T),(T, T).
Formula for Probability

The probability formula is defined as the possibility of an event to happen is equal to the ratio of
the number of favourable outcomes and the total number of outcomes.
Probability of event to happen P(E) = Number of favourable outcomes/Total Number of
outcomes
Sometimes students get mistaken for “favourable outcome” with “desirable outcome”. This is the
basic formula. But there are some more formulas for different situations or events.

Probability Terms and Definition
Some of the important probability terms are discussed here:
Term Definition Example
Tossing a coin, Sample Space (S) =

The set of all the possible outcomes to {H,T}
Sample Space
occur in any trial Rolling a die, Sample Space (S) =
{1,2,3,4,5,6}
In a deck of Cards:
Sample Point It is one of the possible results 4 of hearts is a sample point.
The queen of clubs is a sample point.
The tossing of a coin, Selecting a

Experiment or A series of actions where the outcomes are
card from a deck of cards, throwing
Trial always uncertain.
a dice.
Getting a Heads while tossing a coin

Event It is a single outcome of an experiment.
is an event.
T (tail) is a possible outcome when a

Outcome Possible result of a trial/experiment
coin is tossed.
The non-happening events. The

Complimentary Standard 52-card deck, A = Draw a
complement of an event A is the event, not
event heart, then A’ = Don’t draw a heart
A (or A’)
In tossing a coin, impossible to get

Impossible Event The event cannot happen
both head and tail at the same time

How likely something is to happen.
Many events can't be predicted with total certainty. The best we can say is how likely they are to
happen, using the idea of probability.
Tossing a Coin
When a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes:
Heads (H) or
Tails (T)
We say that the probability of the coin landing H is ½.

And the probability of the coin landing T is ½.
Throwing Dice
When a single die is thrown, there are six possible outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
The probability of any one of them is 1 / 6.
Probability
In general:
Example 1: the chances of rolling a "4" with a die

Number of ways it can happen: 1 (there is only 1 face with a "4" on it)
Total number of outcomes: 6 (there are 6 faces altogether)
So the probability = 1 / 6
Example 2: there are 5 marbles in a bag: 4 are blue, and 1 is red. What is the probability that a
blue marble gets picked?
Number of ways it can happen: 4 (there are 4 blues)
Total number of outcomes: 5 (there are 5 marbles in total)

So the probability = 4 / 5 = 0.8
Probability Line
We can show probability on a Probability Line:
Probability is Just a Guide

Probability does not tell us exactly what will happen; it is just a guide…
Example 3: toss a coin 100 times, how many Heads will come up?
Probability says that heads have a ½ chance, so we can expect 50 Heads.
However, when we actually try it we might get 48 heads, or 55 heads ... or anything really, but in
most cases, it will be a number near 50.
Words
Some words have special meaning in Probability:
Experiment: a repeatable procedure with a set of possible results.
Example 4: Throwing dice
We can throw the dice again and again, so it is repeatable.
The set of possible results from any single throw is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Outcome
A possible result of an experiment.
Example 5: Getting a "6"
Sample Space
All the possible outcomes of an experiment.

Example 6: choosing a card from a deck
There are 52 cards in a deck (not including Jokers)
Therefore, the Sample Space is all 52 possible cards: {Ace of Hearts, 2 of Hearts, etc...}
The Sample Space is made up of Sample Points:
Sample Point: It is just one of the possible outcomes.
Example 7: Deck of Cards

The 5 of Clubs is a sample point
The King of Hearts is a sample point
"King" is not a sample point. There are 4 Kings, so that is 4 different sample
points.
Example 8: Throwing dice

There are 6 different sample points in the sample space.

Event
It is one or more outcomes of an experiment
Example Events:
An event can be just one outcome:
Getting a Tail when tossing a coin
Rolling a "5"
An event can include more than one outcome:
Choosing a "King" from a deck of cards (any of the 4 Kings)
Rolling an "even number" (2, 4 or 6)
Hey, let's use those words, so you get used to them:
Example 9: Alex wants to see how many times a "double" comes up when throwing 2 dice.
The Sample Space is all possible Outcomes (36 Sample Points):
{1,1} {1,2} {1,3} {1,4} ... {6,3} {6,4} {6,5} {6,6}
The Event Alex is looking for is a "double", where both dice have the same number. It is made
up of these 6 Sample Points:
{1,1} {2,2} {3,3} {4,4} {5,5} and {6,6}
These are Alex's Results:
Experiment Is it a Double?
{3,4} No
{5,1} No
{2,2} Yes
{6,3} No
... ...
After 100 Experiments, Alex has 19 "double" Events...
…is that close to what you would expect?
Let’s practice…

Example: What is the probability of getting a 2 or a 5 when a die is rolled?
Solution:
Taking the individual probabilities of each number, getting a 2 is 1/6 and so is getting a 5.
Applying the formula of compound probability,
Probability of getting a 2 or a 5,
P(2 or 5) = P(2) + P(5) – P(2 and 5)
==> 1/6 + 1/6 – 0
==> 2/6 = 1/3.
You Try
1) Consider the example of finding the probability of selecting a black card or a 6 from a deck of 52
cards.
2) A coin is tossed twice. What is the probability of getting two consecutive tails?
3) Consider a pack contains 4 blue, 2 red and 3 black pens. If a pen is drawn at random from the pack,
replaced and the process, repeated 2 more times, What is the probability of drawing 2 blue pens and
1 black pen?
4) A pack contains 4 blue, 2 red and 3 black pens. If 2 pens are drawn at random from the pack, NOT
replaced and then another pen is drawn. What is the probability of drawing 2 blue pens and 1 black
pen?

5) What is the probability of drawing a king and a queen consecutively from a deck of 52 cards,
without replacement?
6) In a class, 40% of the students study math and science. 60% of the students study math. What is the
probability of a student studying science given he/she is already studying math?
7) A single coin is tossed 5 times. What is the probability of getting at least one head?
8) What is the probability of the occurrence of a number that is odd or less than 5 when a fair die is
rolled?
9) A box contains 4 choc-bars and 4 ice creams. Tom eats 3 of them one after another. What is the
probability of sequentially choosing 2 choc-bars and 1 ice-cream?

10) When two dice are rolled, find the probability of getting a greater number on the first die than the
one on the second, given that the sum should equal 8.
11) Find the probability of getting a numbered card when a card is drawn from the pack of 52 cards.
12) There are 5 green 7 red balls. Two balls are selected one by one without replacement. Find the
probability that first is green and second is red.
13) What is the probability of getting a sum of 7 when two dice are thrown?
14) A coin is thrown 3 times .what is the probability that at least one head is obtained?

15) 1 card is drawn at random from the pack of 52 cards.
(i) Find the Probability that it is an honour card.
(ii) It is a face card.
16) Three dice are rolled together. What is the probability as getting at least one '4'?

Combinations and Permutations
What's the Difference?
In English we use the word "combination" loosely, without thinking if the order of things is
important. In other words:
"My fruit salad is a combination of apples, grapes and bananas" We don't care what order the
fruits are in, they could also be "bananas, grapes and apples" or "grapes, apples and bananas", its
the same fruit salad.
"The combination to the safe is 472". Now we do care about the order. "724" won't work, nor
will "247". It has to be exactly 4-7-2.
So, in Mathematics we use more precise language:

 When the order doesn't matter, it is a Combination.
 When the order does matter it is a Permutation.
In other words:
A Permutation is an ordered Combination.
To help you to remember, think "Permutation ... Position"
Permutations
There are basically two types of permutation:
 Repetition is Allowed: such as the lock above. It could be "333".
 No Repetition: for example the first three people in a running race. You can't be first and
second.

1. Permutations with Repetition
These are the easiest to calculate.
When a thing has n different types ... we have n choices each time!
For example: choosing 3 of those things, the permutations are:
n×n×n
(n multiplied 3 times)
More generally: choosing r of something that has n different types, the permutations are:
n × n × ... (r times)
(In other words, there are n possibilities for the first choice, THEN there are n possibilites for the
second choice, and so on, multiplying each time.)
Which is easier to write down using an exponent of r:
n × n × ... (r times) = nr
Example 1 : in the lock above, there are 10 numbers to choose from (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) and
we choose 3 of them:
10 × 10 × ... (3 times) = 103 = 1,000 permutations
So, the formula is simply:
nr
where n is the number of things to choose from,
and we choose r of them,
repetition is allowed,
and order matters
2. Permutations without Repetition

In this case, we have to reduce the number of available choices each time.
Example 2: what order could 16 pool balls be in?
After choosing, say, number "14" we can't choose it again.
So, our first choice has 16 possibilites, and our next choice has 15 possibilities, then 14, 13, 12,
11, ... etc. And the total permutations are:

16 × 15 × 14 × 13 × ... = 20,922,789,888,000
But maybe we don't want to choose them all, just 3 of them, and that is then:
16 × 15 × 14 = 3,360
In other words, there are 3,360 different ways that 3 pool balls could be arranged out of 16 balls.
Without repetition our choices get reduced each time.
But how do we write that mathematically? Answer: we use the "factorial function"
The factorial function (symbol: !) just means to multiply a series of descending natural numbers.
Examples:
4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24
7! = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5,040
1! = 1
Note: it is generally agreed that 0! = 1. It may seem funny that multiplying no

numbers together gets us 1, but it helps simplify many equations.
So, when we want to select all of the billiard balls the permutations are:
16! = 20,922,789,888,000
But when we want to select just 3 we don't want to multiply after 14. How do we do that? There
is a neat trick: we divide by 13!
16 ×15 ×14 × 13× 12× ...
= 16 × 15 × 14
13 ×12 ×...
That was neat: the 13 × 12 × ... etc gets "cancelled out", leaving only 16 × 15 × 14.
The formula is written:
where n is the number of things to choose from,

and we choose r of them,
no repetitions,
order matters.
Example 3: Our "order of 3 out of 16 pool balls example" is:
16 ! 16 ! 20,922,789,888,000
= = =¿ 3,360
( 16−3 ) ! 13 ! 6,227,020,800
(Which is just the same as: 16 × 15 × 14 = 3,360)
Notation
Instead of writing the whole formula, people use different notations such as these:
Examples:
 P(10,2) = 90
 10
P2 = 90
 10
P2 = 90
Combinations
There are also two types of combinations (remember the order does not matter now):
 Repetition is Allowed: such as coins in your pocket (5,5,5,10,10)
 No Repetition: such as lottery numbers (2,14,15,27,30,33)
1. Combinations with Repetition

Actually, these are the hardest to explain, so we will come back to this later.
2. Combinations without Repetition

This is how lotteries work. The numbers are drawn one at a time, and if we have the lucky
numbers (no matter what order) we win!
The easiest way to explain it is to:
 Assume that the order does matter (ie permutations),
 Then alter it so the order does not matter.

Going back to our pool ball example, let's say we just want to know which 3 pool balls are
chosen, not the order.
We already know that 3 out of 16 gave us 3,360 permutations.

But many of those are the same to us now, because we don't care what order!
Example 4: Let us say balls 1, 2 and 3 are chosen. These are the possibilities:
Order does matter Order doesn't matter
1 2 3
1 3 2
2 1 3
2 3 1 123
3 1 2
3 2
1
So we adjust our permutations formula to reduce it by how many ways the objects could be in
order (because we aren't interested in their order any more):
That formula is so important it is often just written in big parentheses like this:
Notation
As well as the "big parentheses", people also use these notations:

Just remember the formula:
Example 5: Pool Balls (without order)

Therefore, our pool ball example (now without order) is:
16 ! 16 ! 20,922,789,888,000
= = =¿ 560
3! (16−3 ) ! 3 ! x 13 ! 6 x 6,227,020,800
Let us practice…
Evaluate each permutation or combination (you must show the set up) :
7
1. P3
7
2. P4
7
3. P7
8
4. C3
8
5. C5. 7C3
7
6. C2
Find the number of possibilities (you must show the set up)

7. The ski club with ten members is to choose three officers captain, co-captain &
secretary, how many ways can those offices be filled?
8. The company Sea Esta has ten members on its board of directors. In how many
different ways can it elect a president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer?
9. For a segment of a radio show, a disc jockey (Dr. Jams) can play 4 songs. If there are
8 to select from, in how many ways can the program for this segment be arranged?
10. Suppose you are asked to list, in order or preference, the three best movies you have
seen this year. If you saw 10 movies during the year, in how many ways can the three
best be chosen and ranked?
11. In the Long Beach Air Race six planes are entered and there are no ties, in how many
ways can the first three finishers come in?

12. In a production of Grease, eight actors are considered for the male roles of Danny,
Kenickie, and Marty. In how many ways can the director cast the male roles?
13. Seven bands have volunteered to perform at a benefit concert, but there is only
enough time for four of the bands to play. How many lineups are possible?
Find the number of combinations (you must show the set up).
14. An election ballot asks voters to select three city commissioners from a group of six
candidates. In how many ways can this be done?
15. A four-person committee is to be elected from an organization’s membership of 11

people. How many different committees are possible?
16. You are on your way to Hawaii (Aloha) and of 15 possible books your parents say
you can only take 10. How many different collections of 10 books can you take?

17. There are 12 standbys who hope to get on your flight to Hawaii, but only 6 seats are
available on the plane. How many different ways can the 6 people be selected?
18. To win the small county lottery, one must correctly select 3 numbers from 30
numbers. The order in which the selection is made does not matter. How many
different selections are possible?
Chapter 12 Review
1. Find the mean of 13, 11, 8, 15, 5, 2
2. Find the mean of 43, 21, 45, 7, 30, 4
3. Find the mean of 5, 60, 28, 44, 5, 87, 23, 36

4. Find the mean of 99, 32, 29, 24, 62, 42, 79, 41
5. Find the mean of 4.2, 17.8, 13.6, 0, 1.3
6. The mean of x, 2, 11, 1 is 5. The value of x is

________________________________
7. The mean of 25 observations is 36. If the mean of the first observations is 32 and that
of the last 13 observations is 39, find the 13th observation.
8. The mean weight of a group of seven boys is 56 kg. The individual weights (in kg) of
six of them are 52, 57, 55, 60, 59 and 55. Find the weight of the seventh boy.
9. Find the median of 6.37, 6.1, 6.7, 6.45, 6.01, 6.7.
10. x is the median for 4, 3, 8, x and 7. Find the possible values for x.

11. Find mean, median, range, and mode from: 82, 23, 59, 94, 70, 26, 32, 83, 87, 94, and
32.
12. Find the variance and standard deviation of the following correct to 2 decimal places:
10, 16, 12, 15, 9, 16, 10, 17, 12, 15
13. The box plots compare the weekly earnings of two groups of salespeople from
different clothing stores.
(ii) Compare the IQRs. How do the IQRs describe the data set in each group?

14. The test scores from the students in a school are summarised in the table.
Draw a histogram for this data.

15. The histogram for a frequency distribution is as shown below.
Answer the following.
(i) Find the class intervals having the greatest and the least frequencies.
(ii) Find the class interval whose frequency is 40.

(iii) What is the frequency of the class interval 30 – 40?
(iv) What is the cumulative frequency of the class interval 30 – 40?
(v) Construct the frequency table of the distribution.
16. Read the given stem-and-leaf plots and answer the questions.
A school conducted a medical camp for students. The data of the weight (pounds) of students
in grade IV are listed below.
a. How many students weight between 50 to 60 pounds?
b. What is the minimum weight among them?
c. How many students attended the camp?

17. Rock Restaurant surveyed a sample of customers on their favorite food. They made a
pie graph with the survey results. Read the pie graph and answer the questions.
a. Which is the most favourite among the customers? ___________________

b. How many customers like fried chicken?
___________________
c. Which is the least favourite food?
___________________
d. How many customers voted for burger as their favourite? ___________________
e. How many customers participated in the survey? ___________________
18. A problem is given to three persons P, Q, R whose respective chances of solving it are
2/7, 4/7, 4/9 respectively. What is the probability that the problem is solved?

19. Two dice are thrown together. What is the probability that the number obtained on one
of the dice is multiple of number obtained on the other dice?
20. Fifteen people sit around a circular table. What are odds against two particular people
sitting together?

Chapter 12 Mixed Review
Arithmetic
Q1. Solve..
1. Simplify: 37 - [5 + {28 - (19 - 7)}] 2. Simplify:78 - [24 - {16 (5 -4−1)}]
3. Simplify:197 - [1/9{42 + (56 - 8 - 9)} 4. Simplify:95 - [144 ÷ (12 x 12) - (-4) -

+108] {3 – 17 + 10}]
5. Simplify: (-20) + (-8) ÷ (-2) x 3 6. Simplify: (-5) - (-48) ÷ (-16) + (-2) x 6
7. Show that 189 is not a perfect cube.

8. What is the smallest number by which 3087 may be multiplied so that the product is a
perfect cube?
9. Evaluate the cube root: ∛2744
10. Determine the smallest equivalent rational number of 210 / 462.
11. In order to express −3/7 as a rational number with numerator 21, find a number which
when multiplied with -3 gives 21.
12. Add 6 / −19 and 8 / 19 13. Find the difference of: -3/4 - 5/6
14. Simplify 3 : 2.4 : 2¹/₄ 15. Find the value of x in 15, x, 27, 63
using properties of ratio.

16. Solve 5a²b² × (3a² - 4ab + 6b²) 17. Multiply (3x² + y²) by (2x² + 3y²)
1. Which is greater +1 or -6?
2. Arrange +27, -32, +16 and -12 in ascending order.
3. The cube of every even natural number is
4. The cube of every odd natural number is
5. The cube of 1²/₃ is
6. Is zero a rational number?
7. 9/16 ÷ 5/8 =
8. Multiply (-7/6) by 5
9. -6/…. = 3/11 = .…/-55
10. 51.02010 has ___________ significant figures
Algebra

1. Express (-5/7)³ as rational number.
2. Divide 35x3yz2 by -7xyz
3. Factorize 36x2y2 – 15xy
4. Factorize 12a2b - 9ab2 + 6ab
5. Factoring of algebraic expression: ax2 - bx2 + ay2 - by2 + az2 - bz2
6.
Resolve into factors: x2 + 3x – 28
7.
Solve: (2x + 5)/(x + 4) = 1

8.
The sum of three consecutive multiples of 4 is 444. Find these multiples.
9.
The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 7. If the number formed by reversing
the digits is less than the original number by 27, find the original number.
10.
Solve the system of equation 2x + y = -4 and 5x – 3y = 1 by the method of
elimination.

11.
Find the solution set for x < 8 ≤ 5, x ∈ N
12.
Solve: x² + 6x + 5 = 0
Trigonometry
1. Find the circumference of each circle from the given radius or diameter. Consider
unit conversion…
a.
b.
2. Find the perimeter and area of each rectangle.

3. Classifying triangles: (equilateral / isosceles / scalene / right)

Statistics
1. Find the mean of 75, 14, 48, 81, 39, 67, 33, 19
2. Find the mean of 89, 80, 85, 83, 70, 100, 95
3. Find the mean of 19.4, 6.3, 11.5
4. Find the median of 0.62, 0.4, 0.81, 0.76
5. Students in Introductory Chemistry are recording the masses of samples as part of a lab
experiment. For 5 samples, Edna has recorded these masses:
6.3 grams 5.2 grams 6.7 grams 6.3 grams 5.7 grams
What is the mode of the masses?

6. Find mean, median, range, and mode from: 83, 93, 77, 33, 62, 28, 23
74, 72, 83, 96, 64, 79, 88, 69
8. The waiting times, h hours, for 40 patients at an accident and emergency department in
one evening is shown below.

9. Read the given stem-and-leaf plots and answer the questions
Average temperatures (Fahrenheit) of Mexico recorded in the last twelve days are given below
a. What is the minimum temperature recorded?
b. Which is the most repeated temperature in North wales in the last 12 days?
c. How many days recorded less than 70 degree Fahrenheit?
10. Find the probability of getting two heads when five coins are tossed.

Chapter 12 Test
1. Find the mean of 75, 14, 48, 81, 39, 67, 33, 19
2. Find the mean of 25, 36, 34, 17, 38, 31, 50
3. Find the mean of 15.9, 18.2, 12.4, 10.7
4. Find the value of x, if the mean of 13, 5, x is 10
5. The aggregate monthly expenditure of a family was $ 6240 during the first 3 months, $
6780 during the next 4 months and $ 7236 during the last 5 months of a year. If the
total saving during the year is $ 7080, find the average monthly income of the family.
6. Find the median of 5.6, 3.73, 1.8, 2.45, 3.5.
7. As part of a research experiment, a chemist is weighing 7 samples. The weights are:

6.67 ounces 7.19 ounces 6.67 ounces 6.67 ounces 5.31 ounces
6.67 ounces 5.73 ounces
What is the mode of the weights?
8. Find mean, median, range, and mode from: 31, 92, 25, 69, 80, 31, 29
£326, £438, £375, £366, £419, £424
10. The number of people who visited a winter carnival during the first 7 hours of a day
are the following. What is the range of the given data?
79, 83, 50, 69, 92, 77, 88
11. The box plots compare the heights of two groups of some small plants.

(ii) Compare the IQRs. How do the IQRs describe the data set in each group?
12. The salaries, p pounds, of 10950 people in a town is shown below.
13. The shoe sizes of a batch of European tourists visiting the Capitol are given below.
25, 47, 39, 45, 26, 46, 38, 29, 44, 38, 46, 24, 37, 46, 25
Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the given data and answer the following questions.

a. Which shoe size is worn by most of the tourists? ____________________
b. What is the maximum shoe size worn among the tourists? ____________________
c. How many tourists wear shoes below size 40? ____________________
d. What is the minimum shoe size worn among the tourists? ____________________
e. How many European tourists visited the Capitol? ____________________
Meal Frequency Angle

Chicken 14
Beef 9
Pork 57
Vegetarian 10
15. A group of rugby fans were asked who they supported. The pie chart and table show
information about who they support.

Use the pie chart to complete the table.
16. A youth club has two rugby teams, Under 13ʼs and Under 15ʼs. The pie charts show
information about the number of games each team won and lost, last season.
The Under 13ʼs played 28 matches. The Under 15ʼs played 18 matches. Which team won
more matches? Show your workings.
17. What is the probability of getting a sum of 22 or more when four dice are thrown?

18. Find the probability that a leap year has 52 Sundays.
19. Three bags contain 3 red, 7 black; 8 red, 2 black, and 4 red & 6 black balls
respectively. 1 of the bags is selected at random and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball
drawn is red, find the probability that it is drawn from the third bag.
20. From a pack of cards, three cards are drawn at random. Find the probability that each
card is from different suit.

Grade 8, Chapter 12
End Of Chapter Test
S.
Obt. Max.
No
Do as directed
Tota
l

Answer Keys
Mean And Medium
Q1.
1.6
2.13
3.9
4.16
5.11
6.14
7.10
8.7
9.12
10.12
11.2
12.8
13. 6.3
14. 5.2
15. 14.9
16. 7
17. 11.4
18. 13.4
19. 13.8
20. 6.85
21. 3
22. 8.5
Q2.
1. solved
2. 18

3. 16
4. 7
5. 1
6. 14
Q3.
1. Solution:
The first five prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11.
Mean = Sum of the first five prime numbers/number of prime numbers
= (2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11)/5
= 28/5
= 5.6
Hence, their mean is 5.6
2. Solution:
The first six multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24.
Mean = Sum of the first six multiples of 4/number of multiples
= (4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 20 + 24)/6
= 84/6
= 14.
Hence, their mean is 14.
3. Solution:
The first 7 natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
Let x denote their arithmetic mean.
Then mean = Sum of the first 7 natural numbers/number of natural numbers
x = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7)/7
= 28/7
=4
Hence, their mean is 4.

4. Solution:
Mean of the given numbers = (9 + 8 + 10 + x + 12)/5 = (39 + x)/5
According to the problem, mean = 15 (given).
Therefore, (39 + x)/5 = 15
⇒ 39 + x = 15 × 5
⇒ 39 + x = 75
⇒ 39 - 39 + x = 75 - 39
⇒ x = 36
Hence, x = 36.
5. Solution: Mean of the given observations

= x + (x + 4) + (x + 6) + (x + 8) + (x + 12)/5
= (5x + 30)/5
According to the problem, mean = 16 (given).
Therefore, (5x + 30)/5 = 16
⇒ 5x + 30 = 16 × 5
⇒ 5x + 30 = 80
⇒ 5x + 30 - 30 = 80 - 30
⇒ 5x = 50
⇒ x = 50/5
⇒ x = 10
Hence, x = 10.
148 + 153 + 146 + 147 + 154
6. Solution:
Calculated mean of 40 numbers = 38.
Therefore, calculated sum of these numbers = (38 × 40) = 1520.
Correct sum of these numbers
= [1520 - (wrong item) + (correct item)]
= (1520 - 36 + 56)
= 1540.

Therefore, the correct mean = 1540/40 = 38.5.
7. Solution:
Mean height of 6 boys = 152 cm.
Sum of the heights of 6 boys = (152 × 6) = 912 cm
Sum of the heights of 5 boys = (151 + 153 + 155 + 149 + 154) cm = 762 cm.
Height of the sixth boy
= (sum of the heights of 6 boys) - (sum of the heights of 5 boys)
= (912 - 762) cm = 150 cm.
Hence, the height of the sixth girl is 150 cm.
8. Solution:
Mean score of 9 innings = 58 runs.
Total score of 9 innings = (58 x 9) runs = 522 runs.
Required mean score of 10 innings = 61 runs.
Required total score of 10 innings = (61 x 10) runs = 610 runs.
Number of runs to be scored in the 10th innings
= (total score of 10 innings) - (total score of 9 innings)
= (610 -522) = 88.
Hence, the number of runs to be scored in the 10th innings = 88.
9.Solution
Mean of 5 numbers = 28.
Sum of these 5 numbers = (28 x 5) = 140.
Mean of the remaining 4 numbers = (28 - 2) =26.
Sum of these remaining 4 numbers = (26 × 4) = 104.
Excluded number
= (sum of the given 5 numbers) - (sum of the remaining 4 numbers)
= (140 - 104)
= 36.
Hence, the excluded number is 36.

10. solution
Calculated mean of 16 items = 30.
Incorrect sum of these 16 items = (30 × 16) = 480.
Correct sum of these 16 items
= (incorrect sum) - (sum of incorrect items) + (sum of actual items)
= [480 - (22 + 18) + (32 + 28)]
= 500.
Therefore, correct mean = 500/16 = 31.25.
Hence, the correct mean is 31.25.
Q4.

Q5.
1. 12th seat
Because it is the middle seat in the row.
(23+1)/2 = 12
2. 32, 35, 35 36
35 + 35 = 70
70 ÷ 2 =35
3. 21
4.
First, arrange the numbers from least to greatest:
$7.71$7.93$7.93$7.93$8.02$8.02$8.66
Now find the number in the middle.
$7.71$7.93$7.93$7.93$8.02$8.02$8.66
The number in the middle is $7.93.
The median price of the items was $7.93.

5. First, count how many numbers are in the group.
There are 5 numbers.
Now add all the numbers together:
5.7 + 5.7 + 6.4 + 6.8 + 5.9 = 30.5
Now divide the sum by the number of numbers:
30.5 ÷ 5 = 6.1
The mean time was 6.1 minutes.
6.
First, find the greatest number. The greatest number is 6.99.
Next, find the least number. The least number is 2.43.
Subtract the least number from the greatest number:
6.99 − 2.43 = 4.56
The range of the amount of memory available was 4.56 GB.
Mode and Range
Q1.
1. Mean :12.6 Median :14 Mode :2 Range :20
2. Mean :8 Median :7 Mode :3 Range :12
5. Mean :13 Median :9 Mode :9 Range :28
Q2.
1. 60
2. 75
3. 51
4. 85
5. 49
6. 70

7. 10 pounds
8. 42 visitors
Q3.
1. 4.5, 6, 6.5
2. 13, 18, 22
3. 47, 59, 68
4. 36, 52, 60
5. 46, 102, 210
Q4.
1. M: 8.5, Q1: 7, Q3: 12, IQR: 5
2. M: 21, Q1: 9, Q3: 36, IQR: 27
3. M: 11.5, Q1: 5, Q3: 22, IQR: 17
4. M: 20, Q1: 9, Q3: 32, IQR: 23
5. M: 13, Q1: 8, Q3: 33, IQR: 25
Q5.
1. Steps:
SS
 To find the variance, recall that the equation is s2 =
n−1
 We already know that SS = 9 and n = 4.
SS 9 9
s2 = = = =3
n−1 4−1 3
 To find the standard deviation, recall that the equation is s = √
SS
n−1
or √ s2
s= √3=1. 7320508
 If we round to the second decimal place then s = 1.73
2. Steps:
SS
 To find the variance, recall that the equation is s2 =
n−1
 We already know that SS = 90 and n = 10.
SS 90 90
s2 = = = =10
n−1 10−1 9

 To find the standard deviation, recall that the equation is s = √
SS
n−1
or √ s2
s= √10=3 .1622776
 If we round to the second decimal place then s = 3.16
3. To find the variance when given the standard deviation, recall that the equation for a sample
standard deviation is √
SS
n−1
√
or S
2
 Thus, we can find the variance by raising 3 to the second power, or, squaring it.
s2 = 32 = 9
SS
 To find SS, recall that the equation for sample variance is S2 =
n−1
SS SS
9= 9= 9×5=SS 45=SS
6−1 5
4. Recall that the equation for standard deviation is

s=
√ ss
n−1
 Or, the square root of the variance. s= S √ 2
 Therefore, we can input the value of the variance that we were given, which is 9. Then
find the square root.
s= √ 9=3
SS
5. Recall that the formula for sample variance is s n−1
2=
40
s2 = =10
 4
SS
σ 2=
6. Recall that the formula for calculating the variance of a population is N
144
σ 2= =16
9
7. First, find variance by squaring the standard deviation. s2= 32= 9

 If the variance is 9, we use the variance formula to find the SS.

SS SS
s2 = 9=
n−1 6−1
 s2 = 45
Q6.
1. 36
2. 44
3. the largest value is 71.
4. S = 3.38 lbs
5. 73.3, 77, 79.
6. Sol..
Step 1: Find the total for the original number of players: 5\times12=605×12=60
Step 2: Find the total after once the mean has changed, so 4\times10=404×10=40
Step 3: Calculate the difference between these two totals as that difference has been caused by
the person who left: 60-40=2060−40=20
Therefore the mean score of the person who left was 2020 points per game. The same method
applies if a new person/amount is added, you find the old and new totals and the difference is
always due to the thing which caused the change.
7.
If the mean length of 77 planks of wood is 1.351.35mile, then the total length of all these planks
of wood combined can be calculated as follows:
7 \times 1.357×1.35mile = 9.45=9.45mile
When the extra plank of wood is added, the mean length of a plank of wood increases to
1.41.4mile. This means there are now 88 planks of wood, with a combined length of:
8 \times 1.408×1.40mile = 11.2=11.2mile
Therefore, by adding this additional plank of wood, the combined length has increased from
9.459.45mile to 11.211.2mile, so the length of this extra plank of wood is therefore:
11.211.2mile - \, 9.45−9.45mile = 1.75=1.75mile

8.
In this question, we do not need to work out a 2% increase in weight for each individual team
member (it would not be wrong to do so, just unnecessarily time-consuming).
The combined weight of all 88 members is:
63 + 60+57+66+62+65+69+58 =500 lbs
If each team member increases their weight by 2%, then this is the same as the team increasing
their combined weight by 2%. Therefore, if the team is successful in achieving this 2% weight
gain, then the combined weight of the team can be calculated as follows:
1.02\times500 = 5101.02×500=510 lbs
Since there are 88 team members in total, then mean weight following this weight gain is:
510 lbs ÷ 8 = 63.75 lbs
9.
Finding the IQR for each set of data :
Group A : IQR = Upper quartile − Lower quartile
= 24 − 20
= 4
Group B : IQR = Upper quartile − Lower quartile
= 26 − 21.5
= 4.5
Comparing IQRs :
The IQR of group B is slightly greater than the IQR of group A. The ages in the middle half of
group B are slightly more spread out than in group A.
Histogram

Q1.
Q2.
Q3.

Q4.
Q5.
a.
b. 24 / 2 = 12
c. 200 x 0.35 = 70 50 x 0.16 = 8 78
Q6.

Q7.
Q8.
a. 70
b. 40
Bonus Question
(i) 25
(ii) 20 – 25
(iii) 90
(iv)
Class Interval Frequency
10 - 15 20
15 - 20 25
20 - 25 30
25 - 30 15
30 - 35 10
35 - 40 5
(v)
Class Interval Frequency Cumulative Frequency
10 - 15 20 20

15 - 20 25 45
20 - 25 30 75
25 - 30 15 90
30 - 35 10 100
35 - 40 5 105
Stem–And–Leaf Plot
Q1.
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
Q2.

1.
2.
3. 70 0 F, 9 months, 37 0 F
4. 22 students, 6 students, 3 students.
5.
a. 3.4 seconds
b. 12 swimmers

c. 45.2 seconds
d. 2 swimmers
e. 44.3 seconds
Bonus Question
Dot plot
Q1. Solve
1. Solved
2.
3.
4.

5.
6. Median = 79 and Mean = 79.12
Q2. Word problems

Q1.
a. Yes
b. Yes
c. About 73 seconds
d. 73 seconds
e. 22 seconds
Q2.

a. Yes
b. Yes
c. 3/8 or 0.375 lb
d. 5/16 or 0.3125 lb
e. 6/8 or 0.75 lb
Q3.
a. The dots are fairly evenly spread out with most in the middle.
b. The dots are fairly evenly spread out with most in the middle.
c. The data values start at 28 in. and end at 35 in. Most of the data is between 29 in. and 34
in. 28 and 35 do not look like outliers.
d. Mean : about 31.6 in. Median : 31.5 in Range : 7 in.
Q4.
a. The dots have a relatively even spread, with a peak at 8 letters.
b. The center of the graph is between 6 and 7 letters.
c. The dots spread from 3 to 9 letters.
d. Mean ≈ 6.17 Median = 6.5 Range = 6
Pie Chart

Q1.
1. Angles: 60, 80, 220
2. Angles: 110, 70, 40, 140
3. Angles: 90, 60, 156, 54

4. Angles: 100, 70, 110, 80
5. Angles: 36, 180, 144
6.
Q2.
1. 8
2. A. Black B. Red

3. A. B. 6
4.
Linear regression
Q1.
Linear regression equation: y = 5.43x + 76.4
Correlation coefficient: 0.79
Type: positive
Is Correlation strong? Yes b/c 0.5 – 1.0 is considered as strong…
Test score: 98

Q2.
Linear regression equation: y = 2115x + 4035
Type: positive
Is Correlation strong? Yes, b/c 0.5 – 1.0 is considered as strong…
patties: 25, 185
Q3.
Linear regression equation: y = 84.9x - 163766
Type: positive
Population: 7327.9 B

Q4.
Linear regression equation: y = 2714x - 41461
Type: positive
Income: $82178.5
Quadratic Regression
Q1. y=1.1071x2+x+0.5714
So the value of Correlation Coefficient, r for the data is 0.99420 and is close to 1. Hence
quadratic regression equation is best fit.
Q2.

Q3.
Q4.

Probability
1. Sol...
We need to find out P(B or 6)
Probability of selecting a black card = 26/52
Probability of selecting a 6 = 4/52
Probability of selecting both a black card and a 6 = 2/52
P(B or 6) = P(B) + P(6) – P(B and 6)
= 26/52 + 4/52 – 2/52
= 28/52
= 7/13.
2. Sol...
Probability of getting a tail in one toss = 1/2
The coin is tossed twice. So 1/2 * 1/2 = 1/4 is the answer.
Here’s the verification of the above answer with the help of sample space.
When a coin is tossed twice, the sample space is {(H,H), (H,T), (T,H), (T,T)}.

Our desired event is (T,T) whose occurrence is only once out of four possible outcomes and
hence, our answer is 1/4.
3. Sol...
Here, total number of pens = 9
Probability of drawing 1 blue pen = 4/9
Probability of drawing another blue pen = 4/9
Probability of drawing 1 black pen = 3/9
Probability of drawing 2 blue pens and 1 black pen = 4/9 * 4/9 * 3/9 = 48/729 = 16/243
4. Sol...
Probability of drawing 1 blue pen = 4/9
Probability of drawing another blue pen = 3/8
Probability of drawing 1 black pen = 3/7
Probability of drawing 2 blue pens and 1 black pen = 4/9 * 3/8 * 3/7 = 1/14
5. Sol...
Probability of drawing a king = 4/52 = 1/13
After drawing one card, the number of cards are 51.
Probability of drawing a queen = 4/51.
Now, the probability of drawing a king and queen consecutively is 1/13 * 4/51 = 4/663
6. Sol...
P(M and S) = 0.40
P(M) = 0.60
P(S|M) = P(M and S)/P(S) = 0.40/0.60 = 2/3 = 0.67
7. Sol...
Consider solving this using complement.
Probability of getting no head = P(all tails) = 1/32
P(at least one head) = 1 – P(all tails) = 1 – 1/32 = 31/32.

8. Sol...
Let the event of the occurrence of a number that is odd be ‘A’ and the event of the occurrence of
a number that is less than 5 be ‘B’. We need to find P(A or B).
P(A) = 3/6 (odd numbers = 1,3 and 5)
P(B) = 4/6 (numbers less than 5 = 1,2,3 and 4)
P(A and B) = 2/6 (numbers that are both odd and less than 5 = 1 and 3)
Now, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A or B)
= 3/6 + 4/6 – 2/6
P(A or B) = 5/6.
9. Sol....
Probability of choosing 1 chocobar = 4/8 = 1/2
After taking out 1 chocobar, the total number is 7.
Probability of choosing 2nd chocobar = 3/7
Probability of choosing 1 icecream out of a total of 6 = 4/6 = 2/3
So the final probability of choosing 2 chocobars and 1 icecream = 1/2 * 3/7 * 2/3 = 1/7
10. Sol...
Let the event of getting a greater number on the first die be G.
There are 5 ways to get a sum of 8 when two dice are rolled = {(2,6),(3,5),(4,4), (5,3),(6,2)}.
And there are two ways where the number on the first die is greater than the one on the second
given that the sum should equal 8, G = {(5,3), (6,2)}.
Therefore, P(Sum equals 8) = 5/36 and P(G) = 2/36.
Now, P(G|sum equals 8) = P(G and sum equals 8)/P(sum equals 8)
= (2/36)/(5/36)
= 2/5
11.
Total Cards = 52. Numbered Cards = (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) 9 from each suit 4 × 9 = 36
P (E) = 36/52 = 9/13

12. P (G) × P (R) = (5/12) x (7/11) = 35/132
13. Probability math - Total number of ways = 6 × 6 = 36 ways. Favorable cases = (1, 6) (6, 1)
(2, 5) (5, 2) (3, 4) (4, 3) --- 6 ways. P (A) = 6/36 = 1/6
14. Sample space = [HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT]
Total number of ways = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8. Fav. Cases = 7
P (A) = 7/8
OR
P (of getting at least one head) = 1 – P (no head)⇒ 1 – (1/8) = 7/8
15.
(i) honor cards = (A, J, Q, K) 4 cards from each suits = 4 × 4 = 16
P (honor card) = 16/52 = 4/13
(ii) face cards = (J,Q,K) 3 cards from each suit = 3 × 4 = 12 Cards.
P (face Card) = 12/52 = 3/13
16.
Total number of ways = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216. Probability of getting number ‘4’ at least one time
= 1 – (Probability of getting no number 4) = 1 – (5/6) x (5/6) x (5/6) = 91/216
Permutation and Combination
1. 210
2. 840
3. 5040
4. 56
5. 1960
6. 21
7. 720

8. 5040
9. 1680
10. 720
11. 120
12. 336
13. 840
14. 20
15. 330
16. 3003
17. 924
18. 4060
Review
Q1.
1. 9
2. 25
3. 36
4. 12
5. 7.38
6. 6
7. solution
Mean of the first 13 observations = 32.
Sum of the first 13 observations = (32 × 13) = 416.
Mean of the last 13 observations = 39.
Sum of the last 13 observations = (39 × 13) = 507.
Mean of 25 observations = 36.
Sum of all the 25 observations = (36 × 25) = 900.
Therefore, the 13th observation = (416 + 507 - 900) = 23.
Hence, the 13th observation is 23.
8. Solution

Mean weight of 7 boys = 56 kg.
Total weight of 7 boys = (56 × 7) kg = 392 kg.
Total weight of 6 boys = (52 + 57 + 55 + 60 + 59 + 55) kg
= 338 kg.
Weight of the 7th boy = (total weight of 7 boys) - (total weight of 6 boys)
= (392 - 338) kg
= 54 kg.
Hence, the weight of the seventh boy is 54 kg.
9. 6.41
10. Arrange the numbers in ascending order with x in the middle.

3, 4, x, 7, 8 This tells us that the possible values of x are 4, 5, 6 and 7.
11. Mean ____ 62 , Median ____ 70, Mode ___________ 32 94 , Range ____71.
12. 7.76, 2.79
13. Finding the IQR for each set of data :

= 1800 − 1100
= 700
= 1850 − 1400
= 450
Comparing IQRs :
Group A’s IQR is greater, so the salaries in the middle 50% for group A are more spread out than
those for group B.

21.
22. Solution
(i) The class interval 10 – 20 has the greatest frequency as the rectangle corresponding to the
interval has the greatest area, the height being the greatest.
(ii) 20 – 30
(iii) 30
(iv) 50 + 40 + 30 = 120
(v)
16. 5 students, 40 pounds, 15 students.
17. hotdog, 20, sandwich, 25, 95

18.
Probability of the problem getting solved = 1 – (Probability of none of them solving the
problem)
Probability of problem getting solved = 1 – (5/7) x (3/7) x (5/9) = (122/147)
19. sol…
Total number of cases = 62 = 36
Since the number on a die should be multiple of the other, the possibilities are

(1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 3) ------ (6, 6) --- 6 ways
(2, 1) (1, 2) (1, 4) (4, 1) (1, 3) (3, 1) (1, 5) (5, 1) (6, 1) (1, 6) --- 10 ways
(2, 4) (4, 2) (2, 6) (6, 2) (3, 6) (6, 3) -- 6 ways
Favorable cases are = 6 + 10 + 6 = 22. So, P (A) = 22/36 = 11/18
20.
15 persons can be seated in 14! Ways. No. of ways in which two particular people sit together is
13! × 2!
The probability of two particular persons sitting together 13!2! / 14! = 1/7
Odds against the event = 6 : 1
Mixed Review
Arithmetic
Q1.
1. 16
2. 68
3. 80
4. 86
5. -8
6. -20
7. Take LCM
189 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 7
Making triplets, we find that one triplet is formed and we are left with one more factor.
Thus, 189 cannot be expressed as a product of triplets.
Hence, 189 is not a perfect cube.
8. Take LCM
3087 = 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 × 7
Hence, to make it a perfect cube, it must be multiplied by 3.
9. 14

10. 5/11
11. -7
12. 2/19
13. -19/12
14. 20 : 16 : 15
15. 35
16. 15a⁴b² - 20a³b³ + 30a²b⁴.
17. 6x⁴ + 11x²y² + 3y⁴
Q2.
1. Since +1 lies to the right of 0 on the number line. +1 is greater than -6.
2. -33, -15, +18, +29
3. even
4. odd
5. 125/27
6. Yes
7. 9/10
8. -35/6
9. -22 and -15
10. seven
Algebra
Q3.
1. -125/243
2. -5x^2z.
3. 3xy(12xy – 5)
4. 3ab(4a - 3b + 2).
5. (a - b)(x^2 + y^2 + z^2)
6. (x + 7)(x - 4)
7. x = - 1 is the required solution of the equation (2x + 5)/(x + 4) = 1
8. Sol...

If x is a multiple of 4, the next multiple is x + 4, next to this is x + 8.
Their sum = 444
According to the question,
x + (x + 4) + (x + 8) = 444
⇒ x + x + 4 + x + 8 = 444
⇒ x + x + x + 4 + 8 = 444
⇒ 3x + 12 = 444
⇒ 3x = 444 - 12
⇒ x = 432/3
⇒ x = 144
Therefore, x + 4 = 144 + 4 = 148
Therefore, x + 8 - 144 + 8 – 152
9. Sol..
Let the units digit of the original number be x.
Then the tens digit of the original number be 7 - x
Then the number formed = 10(7 - x) + x × 1
= 70 - 10x + x = 70 - 9x
On reversing the digits, the number formed
= 10 × x + (7 - x) × 1
= 10x + 7 - x = 9x + 7
According to the question,
New number = original number - 27
⇒ 9x + 7 = 70 - 9x - 27
⇒ 9x + 7 = 43 - 9x
⇒ 9x + 9x = 43 – 7
⇒ 18x = 36
⇒ x = 36/18
⇒x=2
Therefore, 7 - x
=7-2

=5
The original number is 52
10.Sol .
x = -1 and y = -2 is the solution of the system of equations 2x + y = -4 and 5x – 3y = 1
11.
12. solution set = {-1, -5}
Trigonometry
Q4.
1.
a. C=113.04 cm
b. C=113.04 cm
2.
1. P = 42 cm A = 108 cm²
2. P = 34 m A = 66 m²
3. P = 30 cm A = 56 cm²
4. P = 22 m A = 30 m²
3.
1. Equilateral Triangle
2. Scalene Triangle
3. Isosceles Triangle
4. Right Triangle
Statistics

Q5
1. 47
2. 86
3. 12.4
4. 0.51
5. 6.3 grams.
6. 6.67
7. Mean ____ 57 Median ____ 62 Mode ___________ None Range ____ 70
8. 97.36, 9.87
9.
10. 51 F, 71F, 7 days.
10. Number of ways of getting two heads = 5C2 = 10. Total Number of ways = 25 = 32
P (two heads) = 10/32 = 5/16
Test
Q1.
1. 43
2. 33
3. 14.3

4. 12
5. Solution
Total expenditure during the year
= $[6240 × 3 + 6780 × 4 + 7236 × 5]
= $ [18720 + 27120 + 36180]
= $ 82020.
Total income during the year = $ (82020 + 7080) = $ 89100.
Average monthly income = (89100/12) = $7425.
Hence, the average monthly income of the family is $ 7425.
7. 3.5
8. Mean ____ 51 Median ____ 31 Mode ___________ 31 Range ____
9. £2 1,531.22, £39.13
10. 42 visitors
11. Finding the IQR for each set of data :

= 2.0 − 1.7
= 0.3
= 2.3 − 2.0
= 0.3
Comparing IQRs :
The IQRs are the same. The spreads of the middle 50% of the data values are the same for the
two data sets.

12.
13.
a. 46
b. 47
c. 9 tourists
d. 24
e, 15 tourists

14.
15.
16.
Under 13's
Won 28/4 = 7 matches
Under 15's
Won 18/3 = 6 matches
Final answer: Under 13's
17.
Total number of ways = 64 = 1296. Number of ways of getting a sum 22 are 6,6,6,4 = 4! / 3! = 4
6,6,5,5 = 4! / 2!2! = 6. Number of ways of getting a sum 23 is 6,6,6,5 = 4! / 3! = 4.
Number of ways of getting a sum 24 is 6,6,6,6 = 1.
Fav. Number of cases = 4 + 6 + 4 + 1 = 15 ways. P (getting a sum of 22 or more) = 15/1296 =
5/432

18. sol…
A leap year can have 52 Sundays or 53 Sundays. In a leap year, there are 366 days out of which
there are 52 complete weeks & remaining 2 days. Now, these two days can be (Sat, Sun) (Sun,
Mon) (Mon, Tue) (Tue, Wed) (Wed, Thur) (Thur, Friday) (Friday, Sat).
So there are total 7 cases out of which (Sat, Sun) (Sun, Mon) are two favorable cases. So, P (53
Sundays) = 2 / 7
Now, P(52 Sundays) + P(53 Sundays) = 1
So, P (52 Sundays) = 1 - P(53 Sundays) = 1 – (2/7) = (5/7)
19.
Let E1, E2, E3 and A are the events defined as follows.
E1 = First bag is chosen
E2 = Second bag is chosen
E3 = Third bag is chosen
A = Ball drawn is red
Since there are three bags and one of the bags is chosen at random, so P (E1) = P(E2) = P(E3) =
1/3
If E1 has already occurred, then first bag has been chosen which contains 3 red and 7 black balls.
The probability of drawing 1 red ball from it is 3/10. So, P (A/E1) = 3/10, similarly P(A/E2) =
8/10, and P(A/E3) = 4/10. We are required to find P(E3/A) i.e. given that the ball drawn is red,
what is the probability that the ball is drawn from the third bag by Baye’s rule.
20…
Total number of cases = 52C3
One card each should be selected from a different suit. The three suits can be chosen in 4C3 was

The cards can be selected in a total of (4C3) x (13C1) x (13C1) x (13C1)
Probability = 4C3 x (13C1)3 / 52C3
= 4 x (13)3 / 52C3

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8L

Student Name _______________________________

8L – Chapter 12: Statistics and Probability

Understanding Statistics and Probability.........................................................................................5

Mean and Median............................................................................................................................7

Mode and Range............................................................................................................................19

Combinations and Permutations....................................................................................................90

Chapter 12 Mixed Review...........................................................................................................106

Mean And Medium..................................................................................................................126

Mode and Range......................................................................................................................132

© STEM Builders Learning Center Page 2 of 177

Permutation and Combination.................................................................................................154

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End OF Test Results

© STEM Builders Learning Center Page 4 of 177

© STEM Builders Learning Center Page 5 of 177

© STEM Builders Learning Center Page 6 of 177

Why Does This Work?

It is like you are "flattening out" the numbers…

© STEM Builders Learning Center Page 7 of 177

2. 14, 12, 17, 9 Mean =

3. 15, 8, 10, 5, 7 Mean =

4. 18, 19, 11 Mean =

5. 4, 20, 16, 4 Mean =

6. 12, 11, 12, 20, 15 Mean =

9. 12, 15, 17, 2, 14 Mean =

10. 10, 18, 8 Mean =

© STEM Builders Learning Center Page 8 of 177

13. 9.6, 2.8, 6.5 Mean =

14. 2.9, 4.5, 8.2, 5.2 Mean =

15. 13.4, 15.8, 19.6, Mean =

16. 12.7, 3.5, 4.8 Mean =

17. 8.5, 12.3, 5, 18.4 Mean =

18. 11.4, 17.2, 13.1, Mean =

19. 16.2, 10.5, 14.7 Mean =

20. 6.8, 7.1, 5.2, 8.3 Mean =

21. 11/4, 21/2, 51/2, Mean =

22. 2.2, 10.2, 14.7, 5.9, Mean =

Q2. Find the value of x.

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5. Values = 8, 6, x, 5, and Mean = 5 6. Values 18, 17, 15, x, 16 and Mean =

Q3. Word Problems…

© STEM Builders Learning Center Page 10 of 177

Mean height = Sum of the heights of the runners/number of runners

1. Find the mean of the first five prime numbers.

2. Find the mean of the first six multiples of 4.

3. Find the arithmetic mean of the first 7 natural numbers.

4. If the mean of 9, 8, 10, x, 12 is 15, find the value of x.

© STEM Builders Learning Center Page 11 of 177

© STEM Builders Learning Center Page 12 of 177

© STEM Builders Learning Center Page 13 of 177

How to Find the Median Value

Two Numbers in the Middle

© STEM Builders Learning Center Page 14 of 177

Where is the Middle?

No. Question Order Median

1. 16, 24, 8, 12, 19 8, 12, 16, 19, 24 16