CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

2.1 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE

a) Explain the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

Cells that have primitive/no true nucleus, or nuclear material that is not Cells that have true nucleus, or nuclear material that is enclosed by a
enclosed by nuclear envelope by nuclear membrane nuclear membrane
STRUCTURES
Size
Generally small in size (diameter: 1-5 µm) Generally big in size (diameter: 10 - 100µm)
 Membrane-bound organelles
Has no membrane-bound organelles has membrane-bound organelles
Ribosome
Contain small size ribosome (70S) for protein synthesis Contain large size ribosome (80S)
DNA
- As genetic material: - As genetic material:
→ DNA is circular and not associated with histone protein → DNA is linear and associated with histone protein
→Located in nucleoid; region of cytoplasm that is not enclosed by a → DNA is found in nucleus
membrane
Cell wall
Composed of peptidoglycan Plant cell wall composed of cellulose, fungi cell wall composed of chitin
Functions: and animal cell no cell wall
• protect the cell Functions:
• maintain its shape • Protects and supports the plant cells
• prevent excessive water uptake • Maintains the shape of plant cells
• prevent excessive water uptake
Flagellum/Flagella
- Lack of 9+2 microtubule arrangement - Has flagella with 9+2 microtubule arrangement
- Made up by protein flagellin - Flagella made up of protein tubulin
- Has long and threadlike structures
- Protruding from the surface of the cell
- Function :
→Some bacteria use a flagellum for locomotion and feeding
Nucleus
No true nucleus/ DNA lies freely in the cytoplasm True nucleus/ DNA contains in the nucleus
 Capsule
- presents in some bacteria
- Jelly-like/ sticky layer of polysaccharide/protein
- Function:
→ Protect against dehydration/ shield from attacks by host’s immune
system
PILUS / PILI
- Function :
→Assist conjugation/ to communicate with other bacteria
FIMBRIA / FIMBRIAE
- Short hair-like appendages and numerous than pili
- Function:
→Help bacteria to adhere to one another and to attach to surfaces of cells
PLASMID
- small, circular DNA
- Function :
→carries only a few genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome
Site of Cellular Respiration
Mesosome Mitochondria
 b) Describe how cells are grouped into tissues and organ
Cell:
The basic unit of life

Tissue:
A group of specialized cells that are similar in structure and carry out a specific function.

Organ:
Consists of different tissues grouped together and coordinated to carry out one or more
particular functions.

Organ system:
Consist of group of several different organs that work together to perform a specific
function