JJOD 301 Journal

of
Dentistry
Journal of Dentistry 26 (1998) 641–647

Inclination of the occlusal plane and occlusal guidance as contributing

factors in mastication
T. Ogawa*, K. Koyano, G. Umemoto
Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Received 28 May 1997; received in revised form 4 June 1997; accepted 20 August 1997

Abstract

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to compare the inclination of the occlusal plane with occlusal guidance as a contributing
factor to masticatory movement.
Methods: Masticatory movements of 41 young adults were measured using a 3-D mandibular movement analysing system. The inclination
of the occlusal plane was measured in the sagittal plane using a 3-D digitizer. The contribution of the occlusal guidance and the inclination of
the occlusal plane to the direction of the masticatory path of closure was evaluated at various closing levels.
Results: The masticatory path of closure outside the intercuspal range was influenced mainly by the inclination of the occlusal plane, and
the masticatory path of closure near the intercuspal range was only influenced by occlusal guidance. The so-called gliding type masticatory
pattern was observed predominantly in subjects with a posteriorly inclined occlusal plane. In contrast, a chopping type masticatory pattern
was observed predominantly in subjects with an anteriorly inclined occlusal plane.
Conclusions: The contribution of the inclination of the occlusal plane to masticatory movement was greater than that of occlusal guidance
throughout the closing phase except near the intercuspal range. q 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Occlusal plane; Occlusal guidance; Masticatory movement; Mastication

1. Introduction meter with which to evaluate dentofacial morphology, and a

Ideally the dentition should be located perpendicular to
the bite force [1]. Based on this theory, kinesiological stu-
dies [2–4] hypothesized that a correlation exists between
the sagittally viewed inclination of the occlusal plane and
the direction of masticatory closing movement. The results
of these studies demonstrated that the direction of the mas-
ticatory path of closure varies according to the variation of
the inclination of the occlusal plane. Of note, sagittally the
occlusal plane and masticatory path of closure are consistent
in maintaining an almost perpendicular relationship regard-
less of the interindividual variation in the inclination of the
occlusal plane. In addition, the frontally viewed masticatory
path of closure also varies according to the inclination of the
occlusal plane [3]. Subjects with an anteriorly inclined
occlusal plane have a frontally viewed vertical path of clo-
sure, and subjects with a posteriorly inclined occlusal plane
have a frontally viewed flat path of closure. These findings
suggest that the inclination of the occlusal plane is a para-
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 92-642-6441; fax: 92-642-6380; e-mail:
tack@dent.kyushu-u.ac.jp
0300-5712/98/$19.00 q 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
PII S 03 00 - 57 1 2( 9 7) 0 00 6 6- 3
factor that reflects an acquired harmonious relationship
between form and function.
Occlusal guidance is an acquired relationship between
form and function. Many studies [5–8] have investigated
the role of occlusal guidance in masticatory function and
have shown that the pattern of masticatory movement reflects
the individual pattern of occlusal guidance. Therefore, dentists
attempt to make the occlusal form of a restoration to provide
a contact pattern in harmony with individual occlusal gui-
dance [9,10]. This theory is based on the principle that
restorations should be in harmony with existing factors in
the masticatory system so as not to disturb functional move-
ment and the relationship between individually acquired
form and function [11].
When oral rehabilitation is required, the occlusal plane
and guidance must normally be changed or re-established.
The inclination of the occlusal plane and occlusal guidance
are the only occlusal factors contributory to masticatory
movement that dentists can change. However, little informa-
tion is available regarding the significance of the inclination of
occlusal plane compared to the clinical significance of
occlusal guidance.
642 T. Ogawa et al./Journal of Dentistry 26 (1998) 641–647
Fig. 1. Measurement of the masticatory closing angle. The closing angles at the incisal point were calculated at 0.5 to 5.0 mm levels below the ICP in the
sagittal (A) and frontal (B) planes. The closing angle at 5.0 mm is shown.
The present study compared the inclination of the occlusal
plane with occlusal guidance as contributing factors to mas-
ticatory movement, and suggests a rationale for restorative
dentistry related to the inclination of the occlusal plane.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Subjects
Measurements were performed on 41 young adults compris-
ing 16 males and 25 females (age range, 19 to 28 yr, mean age
21.7 yr), selected at random from among the students and staff
of the Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu University. Before their
entry into the study, a clinical examination was performed
on each candidate. All had complete natural dentition except
for the third permanent molars and Angle’s Class I occlu-
sion with no remarkable abnormalities in maxillary and
mandibular dentitions. There was no history of orthodontic
therapy and no signs or symptoms of temporomandibular
disorders. The subjects included for the present study were
volunteers who were fully informed about the nature of this
investigation.
2.2. Standard coordinates
Camper’s plane, which includes bilateral arbitrary hinge
points and the inferior border point of the left wing of the
nose, was used as the horizontal reference plane for
the analyses of mandibular movements and the inclination
of the occlusal plane. An arbitrary hinge point was located
5 mm vertically inferior to a point 13 mm anterior to the
posterior border of the tragus on the canthus–tragus line.
2.3. Jaw movement measuring apparatus
Jaw movements were measured using the 3-dimensional
mandibular movement analysing system previously
described as reliable for such measurement [2,4,12,13]. A
frame with three light emitting diode targets (LEDs) (HLP-
60RB, HITACHI Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was attached to the
labial surfaces of the mandibular incisors using cast clutches
with cyanoacrylate adhesive (P2000, Alpha Co., Inc.,
Osaka, Japan). A second frame with three LED targets
was attached to the maxillary incisors to cancel head move-
ments. Two cameras including position sensitive detectors
(PSDs) (S-1880, Hamamatsu Photonics Co., Inc., Hamamatsu,
Japan) detected the positions of the six LEDs during move-
ments. Data were recorded using a data recorder in a digital
format.
The positions of six LEDs, analysis points on the
mandible, an anterior reference point on the left wing of
the nose and bilateral arbitrary hinge points, were measured
by a 3-D digitizer (MXF203, Mitsutoyo Mfg., Tokyo,
Japan).
After the movement data (detected by cameras), and the
position data (measured by the digitizer), were linked with a
personal computer, the movement of the head was cancelled
out and 3-D movement at any analysis points on the mandible
could be obtained. The trajectory could be observed both on
the plotter and on computer display. Since there is no
requirement to stabilize the head and the total measuring
apparatus attached to the lower incisors weighs only 15 g, it
is possible to record the natural and physiologic movements
of a subject. The linearity of the cameras was tested by a
specially developed calibrator, with the total possible error
being within 0.1 mm.
2.4. Measurement of jaw movement
Each subject was required to sit upright in a dental chair
with the Frankfort plane almost horizontal, and to chew gum
(1.5 g) (Freezone, Lotte Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The head
of the subject was not fixed. After the gum had softened, one
masticatory sequence of 20 cycles was recorded on the right
side, or the habitual chewing side if there was one.
The maximum lateral excursion, from the intercuspal
position (ICP) to the side that the masticatory movement
was measured, was recorded four times to evaluate the
occlusal guidance.
 T. Ogawa et al./Journal of Dentistry 26 (1998) 641–647 643

Fig. 2. Measurement of the steepness of the occlusal guidance. Occlusal guidance was evaluated as the inclination of the incisal path during lateral excursion at
the 0.5 mm level in each sagittal (A) and frontal (B) plane.

2.5. Masticatory closing angle
Ten out of 20 cycles were analysed in each subject, omit-
ting the first and last five cycles to exclude incomplete
movement and swallowing. The sagittally and frontally
viewed closing angle at the incisal point was used to analyse
the direction of the masticatory paths of closure during
mastication (Fig. 1). When evaluating the effect of contri-
buting factors on the masticatory movement path, the
change of the pathway according to closing levels needed
to be considered. Therefore, the closing angle was calculated at
six different levels from the intercuspal position (i.e. 0.5,
1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mm levels (Fig. 1)). The calculation
was obtained from each cycle during masticatory movement
by computer, and the averaged data from 10 cycles was used
for statistical analysis.
In addition to the quantitative analysis, masticatory
envelopes were visualized on the plotter.
2.6. Occlusal guidance
The steepness or shallowness of the occlusal guidance
was evaluated as each sagittal and frontal inclination of
the incisal path at the 0.5 mm level during the lateral excur-
sion (Fig. 2). For each subject, the averaged data from four
recordings was used for statistical analysis.
2.7. Inclination of the occlusal plane
The sagittally viewed inclination angle of the occlusal
plane was measured relative to Camper’s plane (Fig. 3).
The occlusal plane was defined as a straight line from the
mesial line angle of the lower left central incisor to the tip of
the distobuccal cusp on the lower second molar on the side
that the masticatory movement was measured. The positions
of these points were measured on precision casts using a
3-dimensional digitizer as described above, and the coordi-
nate transformation to the standard coordinate was
calculated on these position data. A detailed description of
the measurement procedure has been reported in previous
studies [3,14].
2.8. Statistical methods
The contribution of the inclination of the occlusal plane
and occlusal guidance to the masticatory closing angle was
assessed by the absolute value of the partial coefficient of
correlation with the masticatory closing angle at each clos-
ing level. The sagittal and frontal occlusal guidance was
used for the analysis in the sagittal and frontal plane,
respectively. The significance of the partial coefficient of
correlation was determined at the 5% level by t-test.
3. Results
The means for the measurements of the sagittal and fron-
tal masticatory closing angles are shown in Tables 1 and 2,
respectively. The means of the inclination of the occlusal
plane and occlusal guidance are shown in Table 3. The
absolute values of partial correlation coefficients of
the sagittal closing angle with the inclination of the occlusal
plane and occlusal guidance are shown in Fig. 4, and those

Table 1
Means and standard deviations of sagittal closing angle (degree)

Level 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

(mm)
Fig. 3. Definition of the inclination of the occlusal plane. This value was
Mean 91.9 90.8 89.5 88.6 88.1 87.9
positive when the incisal point was superior relative to the second molar
s.d. 11.5 11.0 9.5 9.3 8.9 9.4
point; that is, when the occlusal plane was inclined in the posterior direction.
644 T. Ogawa et al./Journal of Dentistry 26 (1998) 641–647
Table 2
Means and standard deviations of frontal closing angle (degree)
Level 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
(mm)
Mean 55.2 59.5 64.3 67.3 69.1
s.d. 11.7 10.7 8.7 7.2 6.5
of the frontal closing angle with the inclination of the
occlusal plane and occlusal guidance in Fig. 5.
The sagittal closing angle correlated significantly with the
inclination of the occlusal plane at the 5.0 and 2.0 mm
levels. These findings indicate that the incisal point
approached the occlusal plane almost perpendicularly at
these levels regardless of the interindividual variation in
the inclination of the occlusal plane. The sagittal closing
angle correlated significantly with the occlusal guidance at
the 0.5 mm level only, indicating that the direction of the
masticatory path of closure reflected the steepness of
the occlusal guidance only near the intercuspal position.
Though the contribution of the inclination of the occlusal
plane to the sagittal closing angle decreased gradually as the
closing level approached the intercuspal position, the con-
tribution of the inclination of the occlusal plane was greater
than that of the occlusal guidance throughout the closing
phase, except at the 0.5 mm level.
The frontal closing angle was also negatively correlated
with the inclination of the occlusal plane at the 4.0 and
5.0 mm levels. These findings indicate that subjects with
an anteriorly inclined occlusal plane had a frontally viewed
vertical path of closure, and that subjects with a posteriorly
inclined occlusal plane had a frontally viewed flat path of
closure. In contrast, the frontal closing angle correlated with
the occlusal guidance at the 0.5 mm level only. The direc-
tion of the frontally viewed path of closure was influenced
significantly by the steepness of the occlusal guidance just
before entering the intercuspal position. Similarly in the
sagittal closing angle, the inclination of the occlusal plane
had greater influence on the frontal closing angle than that
of the occlusal guidance at the 5.0 to 2.0 mm levels.
Fig. 4. Contribution of the inclination of the occlusal plane and occlusal guidance to the sagittal closing angle.
Table 3
Means and standard deviations of inclination of occlusal plane and occlusal
guidance (degree)
5.0
Inclination of Occlusal guidance
occlusal plane
70.9 Sagittal Frontal
5.9
Mean þ 1.7 112.3 38.3
s.d. 5.2 15.9 11.1
Two typical patterns of the masticatory envelopes were
observed in both the sagittal and frontal plane, respectively.
The effects of the inclination of the occlusal plane on the
masticatory envelopes are shown in Figs 6 and 7. In
the sagittal plane, the narrow envelope entering from the
posterior direction dominated when the occlusal plane was
inclined anteriorly relative to Camper’s plane (Fig. 6). In
contrast, the wide envelope entering from the anterior direc-
tion was dominant when the occlusal plane was inclined
posteriorly (Fig. 7). However, the relationship between the
direction of the envelope and the occlusal plane was con-
sistent near the perpendicular in all subjects as shown in
Figs 6 and 7.
In the frontal plane, the envelope with small lateral
displacement, the so-called chopping type [15], was
observed mainly when the occlusal plane inclined anteriorly
(Fig. 6). In contrast, the wide and lateral envelope, the so-
called gliding type [15], was observed mainly when the
occlusal plane inclined posteriorly (Fig. 7).
4. Discussion
The control of mastication depends on the integration of
various information fed to the central nervous system. The
texture [16] and hardness [17] of the test food and head
posture [18] influences masticatory movement. In addition,
there are other existing and acquired factors that affect mas-
ticatory movement, such as age [19], growth [20] and state
of occlusion [21]. The state of occlusion includes the
 T. Ogawa et al./Journal of Dentistry 26 (1998) 641–647
Fig. 5. Contribution of the inclination of the occlusal plane and occlusal guidance to the frontal closing angle.
Angle’s classification [17] and gliding tooth contact,
namely, occlusal guidance [22]. Several studies
[5–8,22,23] have demonstrated the relationship between
occlusal guidance and masticatory movement, and, there-
fore, individual occlusal guidance is considered an
important factor when making restorations.
The pattern of occlusal guidance can be observed as a
pattern of tooth contact during a lateral excursion. The
lateral excursion is performed on an articulator in creating
occlusal form and determining the cuspal incline [22]. This
procedure is based on the principle that the occlusal form
and cuspal inclines of restorations have to be in harmony
with individual patterns of masticatory movement and on
the theory that the lateral excursion simulates the last part of
masticatory closing path, describing the pattern of occlusal
guidance. The present findings regarding the correlation
between occlusal guidance and the masticatory closing
path at the 0.5 mm level supported this theory. The inclina-
tion of the occlusal guidance affected the direction of the
masticatory closing path near the intercuspal area.
The 0.5 mm level can be considered as a position within
or near the intercuspal range in the final phase of masticatory
closure, and the 5.0 mm level outside the intercuspal range
in the middle phase of masticatory closure [2,3]. Although
the existence of other factors might contribute to
Fig. 6. Typical masticatory pattern observed in a subject with an anteriorly
inclined occlusal plane. Sagittally and frontally viewed movement data are
represented by computer-drawn plots. The combined occlusal plane is a
schematic illustration.
645
masticatory movement, the present results showed that the
direction of the masticatory path of closure in the middle
phase was influenced by the inclination of the occlusal plane,
and that the masticatory closing path in the final phase was
influenced by the occlusal guidance. Further, the inclination
of the occlusal plane showed a greater contribution to both
the sagittal and frontally viewed masticatory closing path, in
comparison with the occlusal guidance. There has already
been a consensus that occlusal guidance influences masticatory
movement with interocclusal contact following guiding
incline. In addition, the inclination of the occlusal plane
has been found to be a contributing factor in masticatory
movement.
The influence of the inclination of the occlusal plane is
summarized as follows (Figs 6 and 7): the more posteriorly
the occlusal plane inclined, the more anteriorly the path of
closure appeared when viewed sagittally, and simulta-
neously, the more lateral it appeared when viewed frontally.
In contrast, the more anteriorly the occlusal plane inclined,
the more posteriorly the path of closure appeared when
viewed sagittally, and simultaneously, the more vertical it
appeared when viewed frontally. In a previous study [3],
these characteristics were explained quantitatively by the
timing of the balancing-side condylar return during masti-
catory closure which correlated with the inclination of the
occlusal plane. The sagittally and frontally viewed masticatory
patterns are dependent on each other, and geometrically, the
anteroposterior and mediolateral displacement of the incisal
Fig. 7. Typical masticatory pattern observed in a subject with a posteriorly
inclined occlusal plane.
646 T. Ogawa et al./Journal of Dentistry 26 (1998) 641–647
path varies according to the position of the balancing side
condyle. According to a related study [3], when the occlusal
plane inclines posteriorly, the return of the balancing-side
condyle at one closing level is delayed, thereby increasing
the anterior and lateral displacement of the incisal point. In
contrast, when the occlusal plane inclines anteriorly, the
balancing side condyle is located near the intercuspal posi-
tion at one closing level, showing the incisal path with less
anterior and lateral displacement like a hinge movement.
The present results showed the characteristics of occlusal
guidance and the inclination of the occlusal plane as con-
tributing factors to masticatory movement. Mandibular
movement depends on anterior guidance and posterior
guidance. Anterior guidance during mastication corre-
sponds to the inclination of occlusal guidance mentioned
in the present study. Posterior guidance during mastication
can be described as the timing of the balancing side con-
dylar translation correlated with the inclination of the
occlusal plane.
Occlusal guidance has been focused on from the clinical
point of view, in relation to masticatory movement. For
instance, a wider lateral gliding movement pattern is
observed in persons with a bruxing habit, and in children
[22]. In such cases, the inclination of the occlusal guidance
is shallow, and it is a commonly accepted procedure that
posterior cusp height should be reduced to avoid cuspal
interference [11,24]. However, such a pattern of masticatory
movement was also characterized by the variation in the
inclination of the occlusal plane. Subjects with a posteriorly
inclined occlusal plane, relative to Camper’s plane, tended
to have a wide and gliding masticatory pattern as shown in
Fig. 7. According to the wide masticatory pattern induced
by a posteriorly inclined occlusal plane, cuspal inclines of
restorations might have to be reduced and the occlusal forms
flattened in such cases. Also, the chopping pattern induced
by the anteriorly inclined occlusal plane has to be consid-
ered in restorations (Fig. 6). In such cases, even if cuspal
inclines of restorations were increased, no disturbance of
masticatory movement would be observed. It seems impor-
tant that individual inclination of the occlusal plane could
affect the occlusal form and cuspal inclines of restorations.
At least, background knowledge of the occlusal plane and
the understanding of masticatory biomechanics have to be
considered when restorations are made and evaluated.
In the sagittal plane, the masticatory envelopes were in the
direction perpendicular to the occlusal plane, even in cases
where the occlusal plane inclined in the anterior direction or
posterior direction (Figs 6 and 7). This relationship suggests
that the acquired movement pattern of each individual is
based on dentocranial form and/or that acquired dento-
cranial form is based on the movement pattern. This
motor and morphological characteristic could contribute to
transmit the bite force ideally and efficiently in chewing and
crushing food bolus. It was confirmed that restorations must
be made according to tooth alignment of remaining teeth so
that the restorations would be in harmony with the individually
acquired occlusal plane. In addition, the perpendicular
relationship between the occlusal plane and masticatory
movement should be considered important in the construc-
tion of complete dentures. This position could lead to the
stability of dentures supported by resilient tissue. Clinically,
there is no information available regarding the functional
orientation of the occlusal plane in complete dentures. The
inclination of the occlusal plane in natural dentition, relative
to Camper’s plane, has a great inter-individual variation
range of more than 20 degrees [1,14]. and varies according
to facial type [1,25]. A cephalometric study [26] that
compared the occlusal plane in dentulous and edentulous
subjects showed that the reliability of Camper’s plane as a
guide to simulate the occlusal plane is questionable. This
seems to be the reason why dentists often experience prob-
lems with the discrepancy between the location of artificial
teeth and the form of the supporting tissue. Because the
present study was based on analysis of dentate subjects,
these findings cannot be applied directly to edentulous
patients. However, complete denture patients have already
lost their naturally formed occlusal plane and have an
artificially constructed one, it is impossible to obtain any
information on the original relationship between the occlu-
sal plane and the movement pattern in edentulous patients.
The present results could provide basic information for
functional orientation of the occlusal plane in complete
denture work. Since one goal of restorative dentistry is to
improve masticatory function in patients, the inclination of
the occlusal plane should be considered important - not only
as a morphological factor but also as a factor that reflects the
individual relationship between dentition and mastication.
The present study does not provide any information regard-
ing the effect of the change of the inclination of the occlusal
plane on masticatory movement. Comparative studies, using
different inclinations of the occlusal plane, to investigate its
effect on masticatory movement, is needed to apply these
findings to actual situations.
Considerable interest has been shown in the analysis of
masticatory patterns to enable the diagnosis of functional
disorders [15,27] and occlusal disharmony [15,17]. However,
the mechanism of mastication is not yet fully understood, and
it is difficult to characterize a specific type of functional
disorder and occlusal disharmony through analysis of
masticatory movement only [15,17,28]. As well as occlusal
guidance, the inclination of the occlusal plane was identified
as a contributing factor in masticatory movement. This
could contribute to the evaluation of the masticatory system
and to understanding masticatory biomechanics.
5. Conclusions
In relation to the young adults with Angle’s Class I
normal occlusion, the following conclusions were drawn:
The masticatory path of closure outside the intercuspal
range was found to be influenced by the inclination of the
 T. Ogawa et al./Journal of Dentistry 26 (1998) 641–647
occlusal plane, and the masticatory path of closure near
the intercuspal range was influenced by occlusal guidance,
in both the sagittal and frontal plane. However, the contri-
bution of the inclination of the occlusal plane to masticatory
movement was greater than that of occlusal guidance
throughout the closing phase except near the intercuspal
range. The clinical significance of the inclination of the
occlusal plane should be considered in restorative treatment
and in the evaluation of the masticatory system. The present
findings should serve as a background regarding the
functional role of occlusal plane and occlusal guidance,
and thereby contribute to the understanding of masticatory
biomechanics.
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