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Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
GAS TRANSPORT
o O2 and CO2 travel in the blood to and from cells.
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
o The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and
the tissues.
REGULATION OF BLOOD PH
o The respiratory system can alter blood pH by
EXTERNAL NOSE changing CO2 levels.
o Encloses the chamber for air inspiration.
PRODUCTION OF CHEMICAL MEDIATORS
PHARYNX o The lungs produce enzyme called angiotensin-
o Commonly called the throat, it serves as a shared converting enzyme (ACE), which regulates blood
passageway for food and air. pressure.
CONDUCTING ZONE
o Structures from the nose to the air tubes within the
lungs used strictly for ventilation.
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT HUMIDIFIES AND WARMS THE AIR
o EXTERNAL NOSE o Moisture is added to the air as it passes through the
o NASAL CAVITY nasal cavity.
o PHARYNX
o LARYNX CONTAINS THE OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
o The sensory organ for smell, is located in the most
superior part of the nasal cavity.
NOSE
PARANASAL SINUSES
o Air filled spaces within bone.
o Open into nasal cavity.
o Lined with mucous.
NOSE
EXTERNAL NOSE CONCHAE
o Composed of mainly of hyaline cartilage. o Bony projections on each side of nasal cavity.
o Increase surface area of nasal cavity.
NASAL CAVITY o Help in cleaning, humidifying of air.
o Extends from nares (nostrils) to the choana which
are the openings to pharynx. NASOLACRIMAL DUCTS
o Carry tears from eyes.
HARD PALATE o Open into nasal cavity.
o Is its roof.
NASAL SEPTUM
o Divides it in half.
NASAL CAVITY
o The space inside the nose.
PHARYNX
o A passageway for the respiratory and digestive
systems.
UVULA
o “little grape”
o Extension of soft palate.
PHARYNGEAL TONSIL
o Aids in defending against infections.
TRACHEA
o Windpipe
o Consists of 16 to 20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage
called tracheal rings.
o Lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar
LARYNX epithelium.
o Located in the anterior throat and extends from the o Smoking kills cilia.
base of the tongue to the trachea. o Coughing dislodges materials from trachea.
CONSISTS OF 9 CARTILAGES
THYROID CARTILAGE
o Largest piece of cartilage.
o Called Adam’s apple.
EPIGLOTTIS
o Piece of cartilage.
o Flap that prevents swallowed materials from
entering larynx.
BRONCHI
o Divides into right and left main (primary) bronchi in
the lugs at the carina.
o Lined with cilia.
o Contain C-shaped pieces of cartilage.
TRACHEOBROCHIAL TREE
o Structures become smaller and more numerous
from primary bronchi to alveoli.
o Primary bronchi.
o Lobar (secondary) bronchi. SURFACTANT
o Segmental (tertiary) bronchi. o A mixture of lipoproteins.
o Bronchioles o Is produced by secretory cells of the alveoli.
o Terminal bronchioles o Is fluid layer on the surface lining the alveoli.
o Respiratory bronchioles o Reduces surface tension.
o Alveolar ducts o Keeps lungs from collapsing.
o Alveoli
ALVEOLI
o Respiratory bronchioles have a few attached alveoli.
o Alveolar ducts arise from the respiratory
bronchioles and open into alveoli.
o Alveolar sacs are chambers connected to two or
more alveoli at the end.
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
o In lungs where gas exchange between air and blood
occurs.
o Formed by walls of alveoli and capillaries.
o Alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles also
CHANGES IN AIR PASSAGEWAY DIAMETER contribute.
BRONCHODILATION o Very thin diffusion of gases.
o The smooth muscle relaxes, making the bronchiole
diameter larger.
BRONCHOCONSTRICTION
o The smooth muscle contracts, making the
bronchiole diameter smaller.
ASTHMA ATTACK
o Contraction of terminal bronchioles leads to
reduced air flow.
ALVEOLI
o The sites of external respiration are the alveoli. THORACIC WALL AND MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
o Small air-filled sacs where air and blood come into o The thoracic wall consists of:
close contact. ▪ Thoracic vertebrae
o Where gas exchange occurs. ▪ Ribs
o Surrounded by capillaries. ▪ Costal cartilages
o 300 million in lungs. ▪ Sternum
▪ Associated muscles
PLEURA
o Double-layered membrane around lungs.
PARIETAL PLEURA
o Membrane that lines thoracic cavity.
VISCERAL PLEURA
o Membrane that covers lung’s surface.
LUNGS
o Primary organ of respiration.
o Cone shaped.
o The base rests on the diaphragm.
o The apex extends above the clavicle.
o Right lung has 3 lobes.
o Left lung has 2 lobes.
VENTILATION (breathing)
o The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
MUSCLES OF INSPIRATION
o Increase the volume of the thoracic cavity.
BLOOD FLOW TO LUNGS ▪ Diaphragm
o Oxygenated blood has passed through the lungs ▪ External intercostals
and picked up O2 ▪ Pectoralis minor
o Deoxygenated blood has passed through the tissues ▪ Scalene muscles
and released some of its O2
o Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to PULMONARY VOLUMES
pulmonary capillaries. SPIROMETER
o Blood becomes oxygenated and returns to the heart o Device that measures pulmonary volumes.
through pulmonary veins.
TIDAL VOLUME (TV)
LYMPHATIC SUPPLY TO THE LUNGS o Volume of air inspired and expired during quiet
SUPERFICIAL LYMPHATIC VESSELS breathing.
o Deep to the connective tissue that surrounds each
lung. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV)
o Drain lymph from the superficial lung tissue and the o Volume of the air that can be inspired forcefully
visceral pleura. after a normal inspiration.
PULMONARY CAPACITIES
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC)
o The amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end
of a normal expiration.
o FRC = ERV + RV
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